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Fatigue
Fatigue
S-N Curve (alternating stress amplitude (Sa) versus number of cycles (Nf)
to failure)
800
Sa = σa
(MPa) 600
Nf , cycles to failure
stress σa
σa time
Mean Stress Effects
σ max
σa
∆σ
σ min
σm
fully reversed
R = −1 A = ∞
zero to max
R=0 A =1
zero to min
R=∞ A = −1
Mean Stress Effects
−100
σa usual S-N curve
0
100
200
σ m = 400 MPa
Nf
106 107
σu ultimate stress
σa σm
a. Soderberg (USA, 1930) + =1
σ e′ σ y
σa σm σy
b. Goodman (England, 1899) + =1 … yield stress
σ e′ σ u
a b d
σy σu σf σm
General observations
1. Most actual test data tend to fall between the Goodman and Gerber
curves.
2. For most fatigue situations R<1 ( i.e. small mean stress in relation
to alternating stress), there is little difference in the theories
σu σm
σ e′
σm σu
2. That curve is then used to solve for the effective purely
alternating stress, σ e′ , that will cause failure at this same lifetime:
σa σm
+ =1
σ e′ σ u
solve for
3. Using this effective alternating stress, determine the lifetime for
this stress (and the corresponding original alternating and mean
stresses) from the S-N diagram for the given material:
σa
σ e′
Nf cycles to failure
Some References on Fatigue Design