Professional Documents
Culture Documents
American Psychological Association (Apa) Style
American Psychological Association (Apa) Style
ALICE T. VALERIO
APA Style
rules or guidelines observed to ensure clear,
consistent presentation of the printed word
Indented, italicized, uppercase only the first word and proper noun,
paragraph heading ending with a period.
Editing Style
1) Period
• used in initials of names (R. A. Santos); abbreviation for United
States when used as an adjective (U.S. Navy); latin abbreviations
(a.m., cf., i.e., vs.), and reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.,
p. 10)
• No periods for abbreviations of state names (NY, NH, NC),
acronyms (APA, WB, IQ), and metric and nonmetric measurement
abbreviations (cm, ft, hr, kg, min, ml) except “in.”
2) Comma
• used between elements in a series of three or more items; before
and and or
Ex: Imus, Bacoor, or Indang
In a study conducted by Sandoval, Campos, and
Reyes (2005) . . .
• to set off a nonessential or nonrestrictive clause, that is, if removed
would leave the grammatical structure and meaning of the sentence
intact.
Ex. Ex-President Estrada, the 13th President of the Philippines, was
accused of plunder.
Editing Style
Do not use comma
• before an essential or restrictive clause
Ex. These were the infrastructures that were
especially built in tourism.
• between the two parts of a compound
predicate
Ex. The results contradicted Valerio’s findings and
indicated that the effect was not significant.
• to separate parts of a measurement
Ex. 5 years 2 months, 5 min 20 s
Editing Style
3) Semicolon
• to separate two independent clauses that are not
joined by a conjunction
Ex. The freshmen students incurred higher expenditures;
the sophomore incurred lower expenditures
• to separate elements in a series that already contain
commas
Ex. The order of pilot testing was Silang, Imus, Bacoor; or
Imus, Bacoor, Silang.
4) Colon
• used between a grammatically complete
introductory clause (one that could stand as a
sentence) and a final phrase or clause that
illustrates, extends, or amplifies the preceding
thought.
Ex. There are two sources of pollution: the point sources
and non-point sources.
Editing Style
If the clause following the colon is a complete
sentence, it begins with a capital letter.
16) Capitalization
________________________________________________________________
Average 266,322 (11.79) 90,261,726 (8.24)
_________________________________________________________________
Note. From “Title of Article”, by Author and Author, 2004, Title of Journal, 50,p. 30
Copyright 2005 by the Name of copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.
Editing Style
28) Reference List
References cited in text must appear in the reference list; each
entry in the reference list must be cited in text
The text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling
and year
Entry contains the following: author, year of publication, title,
volume numbers (if journals or periodicals), page numbers and
publishing data
Acceptable Abbreviations
chap. Chapter p. (pp.) page (pages)
ed. Edition Vol. Volume
(Vol. 3) Rev. ed. revised edition vols.
Volumes 4 vols.)
2nd ed. second edition No. Number
Ed. (Eds.) Editor (Editors) Pt. Part
Trans. Translators Tech. Rep. Technical Report
n. d. no date Suppl. Supplement
Editing Style
29) Reference Citation in Text
One Work by One Author –author-date method of citation
(do not include Jr.)
Ex. a) As Tan (2000) points out . . . .
b) Both tenants and landless workers in nonrice and
corn lands number about . . . (Ledesma, 2001).
c) In 2001, Ledesma found that . . . .
d) In a study on . . ., Ledesma (2001) emphasized
that . . . Ledesma also found . . . .
If two references with the same year shorten to the same form
(e.g. Sy, Tan, and Co, 2003, and Sy, Co, Tan, and Dy, 2003,
shorten to Sy et al., 2003) cite the surnames of the first authors
to distinguish the two references as:
In text, cite them, respectively as: Sy, Tan, Co, et al. (2005)
and Sy, Tan, Lim, et al. (2005)
Personal Communications
• may be letters, memos, e-mail, personal interviews,, and the like;
cited in text only and not included in the reference list
Ex. T. J. Santos (personal communication, April 3, 1995)
( F. C. Ilagan, personal communication, June 2, 2004)
Encyclopedia or dictionary
Santos, D. R. (Eds.). (1990). The new science encyclopedia
(Vols. 1-20), London:Macmillan.
Proceedings of symposia
Minguez , G. R. (1996). The expanded corn program in the
Philippines. In A. F. Salgado (Ed.), Asian Regional Maize
Workshop (pp. 120-130), University of Bandung Press.
Indonesia.
Editing Style
Unpublished doctoral dissertation
Cruz, D. D. (1982). Technical and institutional
change in renewable resource development
(with application for traditional fisheries).
Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Madison University of Wisconsin.
Article in an internet
Environmental sustainability index. (n.d). Retrieved August
24, 2004, from http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/.