TOPIC – RAY OPTICS

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MIRRORS AND REFLECTION OF LIGHT
LENS AND REFRACTION OF LIGHT
DISPERSION AND SCATTERING OF LIGHT
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Human eye responds to very small portion, known as
visible part of electromagnetic spectrum. The visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum consisting of
wavelength ranging from 4000 A to 7600A is known as
light. We see this beautiful world and the natural
phenomena with the help of light. Everything appears
dark in the absence of light.
Light travel with the speed of .in air or vacuum.
True nature of light is mystery even today. Sun is
natural source of light.
SOURCE OF LIGHT
Thermal source of light:- A hot source which emits
light containing a whole continues range of visible
wavelength is known as thermal source of light.
For example:- bulb, an oil lamp and burning candle
Gas discharge source of light:- if filled source which on
application of potential difference across its electrodes
emits light of a particular color is known as gas source
of light. for example:- neon bulb, sodium vapour lamp
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
The phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same
medium when the light falls on the surface is known as
reflection of light.
Reflection of light obeys certain laws known as laws of
reflection.
LAWS OF REFLECTION:-
1. Angle of incidence is equal to angle
of reflection i.e. angle i= angle r
2. The incidence ray ,reflected ray and
normal to the reflecting surface at
the point of incidence are coplanar.
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Spherical mirrors are the reflecting part of spherical
surface. These are of two types as follows:-
1. Concave mirror:- Concave mirror is a part of a
hollow sphere whose outer part is silvered and inner
part becomes reflecting surface.
2.Convex mirror:- Convex mirror is a part of a hollow
sphere whose inner part is silvered and the outer part
becomes reflecting surface.
IMPORTANT TERMS IN SPHERICAL
MIRRORS
1. Center of curvature
2. radius of curvature
3.pole (vertex)
4.principal axis
5.principle section
6. aperture
7. principal focus
8. focal length
9. focal plane
NEW SIGN CONVENTIONS
Rules of sign conventions are as follows:-
1. All the distance are measured from pole of the
spherical mirror.
2.Distance measured in the direction of the incidence
light are taken as positive whereas distance measured
in the direction opposite to that of the incident light is
taken as negative.
3. The upward distance perpendicular to the principal
axis are taken as positive while the downward distance
are taken as negative.
MIRROR FORMULA AND MIRROR
EQUATION
The distance between the pole of the mirror and the
position of object on the principal axis is represented
by u.
The distance between the pole of the mirror and the
position of the image on the principal axis is
represented by v.
Focal length is represented by f.
LINEAR MAGNIFICATION
Linear magnification produced by a mirror is defined as the
ratio of the size (or height) of the image to the size of object.
It is denoted by m.

Some conclusions:-
Positive magnification means both object and image are upright.
Negative magnification means object and image have different
orientation.
APPLICATIONS OF RAY OPTICS
MICROSCOPE
TELESCOPE
Thank YOU…!!!!!!