AAP Exam Revision

Figure 13.16 Components of a Reflex Arc

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Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17 Methods of Classifying Reflexes

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Figure 13.17
Figure 14.2 An Introduction to Brain Functions

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Figure 14.2
Figure 14.7 The Diencephalon and Brain Stem

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Figure 14.7a, b
 Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
-

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VISUAL PATHWAY

The visual pathway begins at the photoreceptors and ends at the visual cortex of the
cerebral hemispheres.

The photoreceptors (Rods & Cones) of retina receive light information. (Rods for dim
light vision and Cones for color vision)

The photoreceptors synapse with Bipolar cells. Then, bipolar cells pass information
to ganglion cells. (The ganglion cells monitor the Rods, called “M” cells, carrying
general form of an objects, motion, and shadows in dim lighting. “P” cells monitor
Cones carrying information about fine details and color)

Axons from the ganglion cells converge onto the optic disc, penetrate the wall of the
eye, and proceed toward the diencephalon as the optic nerve.

The two optic nerves, one from each eye, reach the diencephalon at the optic
chiasm. From that point, approximately lateral half of the field of vision fibers proceed
toward the lateral geniculate nucleus of the same side of the brain, whereas the
other half (medial half of vision fibers) cross over to reach the lateral geniculate
nucleus of the opposite side.
From each lateral geniculate nucleus, visual information travels to the occipital cortex
of the cerebral hemisphere on the same side. The bundle of projection fibers linking
the lateral geniculates with visual cortex is known as the optic radiation.

Figure 17.19 The Visual Pathways

Light

Photoreceptors
Cones Rods

Bipolar cells
Diencephalon
Ganglion cells

P M

OPTIC DISC

Optic Nerve

R L

Figure 17.19
Figure 18.1 The Endocrine System

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Figure 18.1
 Figure 18.19 The Regulation of Blood Glucose
Concentrations
Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia
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Figure 18.19

Figure 28.1 The Male Reproductive System

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Figure 28.1
Figure 28.13 The Female Reproductive System

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Figure 28.13