hyperbolic functions

e x - e -x e x + e -x
definition sinhx = coshx =
2 2
4

derivative sinh¢ x = coshx cosh¢ x = sinhx 3

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coshx
2

integration † Ú sinhxdx = coshx † Ú coshxdx = sinhx 1

0
symmetry sinh(-x) = -sinhx cosh(-x) = coshx
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-1

value at 0 sinh0 = 0 cosh0 = 1 -2 sinhx

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-3
x3 x5 x2 x4
series expansion † sinhx = x + + + ... † coshx = 1+ + + ...
3! 5! 2! 4! -4
-2 -1 0 1 2

identities cosh 2 x - sinh 2 x = 1 coshx ± sinhx = e ± x

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special equation

X ¢¢(x ) - lX(x ) = 0 l= constant

auxilary equation m2 = l roots m=± l

general solution †
derivative of general solution †

Ï l>0 Ï c 1 le l x - c 2 le - lx l>0
c 1e lx + c 2e - l x Ô
Ô
X(x) = Ì c 1 + c 2x l=0 X¢(x) = Ì c2 l=0
Ôc cos -lx + c sin -lx l<0 Ô-c -l sin -lx + c -l cos -lx l<0
Ó 1 2 Ó 1 2

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Ïc cosh lx + c sinh lx Ï c l sinh lx + c l cosh lx l>0
Ô 1 2 l>0 Ô 1 2

X(x) = Ì c 1 + c 2x l=0 X¢(x) = Ì c2 l=0

Ôc cos -lx + c sin -lx Ô-c -l sin -lx + c -l cos -lx l<0
Ó 1 2 l<0 Ó 1 2

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Ïc cosh l x - x + c sinh l x - x Ï c l sinh l x - x + c l cosh l x - x l>0
Ô 1 ( 0) 2 ( 0) l>0 Ô 1 ( 0) 2 ( 0)
X(x) = Ì c 1 + c 2 (x - x 0 ) l=0 X¢(x) = Ì c2 l=0
Ô Ô-c -l sin -l x - x + c -l cos -l x - x l<0
Óc 1 cos -l (x - x 0 ) + c 2 sin -l (x - x 0 ) l<0 Ó 1 ( 0) 2 ( 0)

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