Função Derivada – Regras de Derivação

f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0 )
f ′ ( x0 ) = lim
h →0 h
1. Função constante: f ( x ) = k
f ( x0 ) = k f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0 ) k −k 0
f ′ ( x0 ) = lim = lim = lim = 0
f ( x0 + h ) = k h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h

k′ = 0
2. Função afim: f ( x ) = ax + b
f ( x0 ) = ax0 + b
f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + h ) = a ( x0 + h ) + b f ′ ( x0 ) = lim =
h →0 h
= ax0 + ah + b ax + ah + b − ax0 − b ah
= lim 0 = lim =a
h →0 h →0 h

( ax + b )′ = a
h

Exemplos:

● ( 5 x − 2 )′ = 5 ● ( 5 x )′ = 5 ● ( x − 2 )′ = 1 ● ( x )′ = 1
3. Função quadrática: f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
f ( x0 ) = ax02 + bx0 + c
f ( x0 + h ) − f ( x0 )
f ′ ( x0 ) = lim
f ( x0 + h ) = a ( x0 + h ) + b ( x0 + h ) + c =
2
h →0 h
= a ( x02 + 2 x0 h + h 2 ) + bx0 + bh + c =
= ax02 + 2ax0 h + ah 2 + bx0 + bh + c

ax02 + 2ax0 h + ah 2 + bx0 + bh + c − ax02 − bx0 − c

f ′ ( x0 ) = lim =
h →0 h
2ax0 h + ah 2 + bh h ( 2ax0 + ah + b )
= lim = lim =
h →0 h h →0 h
= lim ( 2ax0 + b + ah ) = 2ax0 + b
h →0

( ax 2
+ bx + c )′ = 2ax + b
Exemplos:

● (5x 2
− 2 x + 3)′ = 10 x − 2 ● (x 2
− 7 x + 13)′ = 2 x − 7 ● (x 2
− 5 )′ = 2 x

Jorge Freitas Regras de Derivação.doc ESAS 2005/2006

 Regras de Derivação (11º Ano)

( k )′ = 0 ( x )′ = 1 ( ax )′ = a
( ax + b )′ = a ( x )′ = 2 x
2
( x )′ = 3x
3 2

( 2 x )′ = 6 x
3 2
( x )′ = nx
n n −1
( ax )′ = nax
n n −1

⎛ 1 ⎞′ −1 ′ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞′ 1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
= ( x ) = −1 x −1−1
= − x −2
= −
x2
⇔ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ x⎠
= −
x2

⎛ 1 ⎞′ −n ′ ⎛ 1 ⎞′
⎜ n⎟
⎝x ⎠
= ( x ) = − n x − n −1
= −
n
x n +1
⇔⎜ n⎟
⎝x ⎠
= −
n
x n +1

⎛ 12 ⎞′ 1 ⎛⎜⎝ 2 −1⎞⎟⎠ 1 ⎛⎜⎝ − 2 ⎞⎟⎠ 1

1 1

( ) ′
x =⎜x ⎟ = x
⎝ ⎠ 2
= x
2
1
= × ⎛ 1⎞ = ×
1 1
2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2
=
1
x 2 x
x

( )′
x =
1
2 x

⎛ 1n ⎞′ 1 ⎛⎜⎝ n −1⎞⎟⎠ 1 ⎛⎜⎝ n ⎞⎟⎠ 1

1 1− n

( )n ′
x =⎜x ⎟ = x
⎝ ⎠ n
= x
n
= ×
n
1
⎛ n −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1
= ×
1
=
1
n n x n −1 n n x n −1
⎝ n ⎠
x

( x )′ = n
n
n
1
x n −1

1 ′
⎛ 1 ⎞′ ⎛ − 2 ⎞
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ −1− 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
1 ⎜⎝ − 2 −1⎟⎠ 1 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 1 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ 1 1 1
⎜ ⎟ =⎜x ⎟ =−2 x =− x
2
=− x
2
=− ⎛ 3⎞
=− =−
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ 2 x3 2x x
2× x ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞′ 1
⎜ ⎟ =−
⎝ x⎠ 2x x

Jorge Freitas Regras de Derivação.doc ESAS 2005/2006