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Bhagavadgita Pages in English, Chapters 1 to 18
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References:
S = Sankara; R = Ramanuja; RN = Radhakrishnan.
Monier-Williams, 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary'
Chapter 01: Arjuna's distress
Original date of web publication: May 10, 2009
धत
ृ राष्ट्र उवाच
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता यय

ु त्ु सवः ।
मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय ॥१-१॥ 1.1
dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca
dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ
māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś cai 'va kim akurvata sañjaya 1.1
dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca
dharmakṣetraḥ1 kuru-kṣetre2 samavetāḥ3 yuyutsavaḥ4
māmakāḥ5 pāṇḍavāḥ6 ca7 eva8 kim9 akurvata10 sañjaya11 1.1

dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca = Dhrtarastra said:
sañjaya11 = O Sanjaya [a charioteer, a friend and secretary was acting as a reporter to the blind
king Dhrtarastra, the father of Kauravas]; samavetāḥ3 = assembled in; dharmakṣetraḥ1 =
Dharmaksetra [the Field of Dharma or righteousness]; kuru-kṣetre2 = Kuruksetra [the Field of
the Kurus]; yuyutsavaḥ4 = desiring battle; eva8 & kim9 = exactly what; māmakāḥ5 = my people
[Kauravas]; ca7 = and; pāṇḍavāḥ6 = Pandavas; akurvata10 = did do? 1.1

1.1: Dhritarāstra said:
Assembled in Dharmaksetra and Kuruksetra eager for battle, what did my people and the sons
of Pandu do, O Sanjaya?
Copyright © 2009 Veeraswamy Krishnaraj

सञ्जय उवाच
दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यढ

ू ं दर्यो
ु धनस्तदा ।
आचार्यमप
ु संगम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत ् ॥१-२॥ 1.2
sañjaya uvāca
dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṁ vyūḍhaṁ duryodhanas tadā
ācāryam upasaṅgamya rājā vacanam abravīt 1.2
Sañjaya uvāca
dṛṣṭvā1 tu2 pāṇḍav-ānīkam3 vyūḍham4 duryodhanaḥ5 tadā6
ācāryam7 upasaṅgamya8 rājā9 vacanam10 abravīt11 1.2

Sañjaya uvāca = Sanjaya said: tadā6 = When, at that time; rājā9 duryodhanaḥ5 = King
Duryodhana; dṛṣṭvā1 tu2 = upon seeing; pāṇḍav-ānīkam3 = the soldiers of the Pandavas;
vyūḍham4 = in battle formation; upasaṅgamya8 = approached; ācāryam7 = Acharya Drona;
[and] abravīt11 = uttered; vacanam10 = [these] words. 1.2

1.2: Sanjaya said:
Seeing the Pandava army in battle formation, Duryodhana approached his teacher and spoke
these words.
Drona was his Guru.

पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम ् ।
व्यूढां द्रप
ु दपुत्रण
े तव शिष्येण धीमता ॥१-३॥ 1.3
paśyaitāṁ pāṇḍuputrāṇām ācārya mahatīṁ camūm

vyūḍhāṁ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā 1.3
paśya1 etāṁ2 pāṇḍu-putrāṇām3 ācārya4 mahatīm5 camūm6
vyūḍhām7 drupada-putreṇa8 tava9 śiṣyeṇa10 dhīmatā11

ācārya = O Acharya Drona; paśya = behold; etām2 = this; mahatīm5 = very great; camūm6 =
4 1
army; pāṇḍu-putrāṇām3 = of the sons of Pandu; vyūḍhām7 = in battle formation; [deployed]

drupada-putreṇa8 = by the son of Drupada; tava9 = your; dhīmatā11 = intelligent; śiṣyeṇa10 =
disciple. 1.3
1.3: Behold this great army of the sons of Pandu deployed in battle formation by the son of
Drupada, your intelligent disciple, O teacher.

अत्र शूरा महे ष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि ।
यय
ु ध
ु ानो विराटश्च द्रप
ु दश्च महारथः ॥१-४॥ 1.4
atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjunasamā yudhi
yuyudhāno virāṭaś ca drupadaś ca mahārathaḥ 1.4
atra1 śūrāḥ2 maheṣvāsāḥ3 bhīmārjuna4 samāḥ5 yudhi6
yuyudhānaḥ7 virāṭaḥ8 ca9 drupadaḥ10 ca11 mahārathaḥ12 1.4

atra1 = Here; [are] śūrāḥ2 = the heroes; ca9 = and; maheṣvāsāḥ3 = the Great archers; samāḥ5
= equal; [to] bhīmārjuna4 = Bhima and Arjuna; yudhi6 = in battle: yuyudhānaḥ7 =
Yuyudhana; virāṭaḥ8 = Virata; drupadaḥ10 = Drupada; ca11 = and; mahārathaḥ12 = Great
Charioteer. 1.4
1.4: Here are the heroes and the great archers equal to Bhima and Arjuna in battle: Yuyudhana,
Virata, and Drupada, the great charioteer.

धष्ृ टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान ् ।
परु
ु जित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपङ्
ु गवः ॥१-५॥ 1.5
dhṛṣṭaketuś cekitānaḥ kāśirājaś ca vīryavān
purujit kuntibhojaś ca śaibyaś ca narapungavaḥ 1.5
dhṛṣṭaketuḥ1 cekitānaḥ2 kāśirājaḥ3 ca4 vīryavān5
purujit6 kuntibhojaḥ7 ca8 śaibyaḥ9 ca10 narapungavaḥ11

dhṛṣṭaketuḥ1 = Dhristaketu; cekitānaḥ2 = Cekitana; vīryavān5 = valiant; kāśirājaḥ3 =
Kasiraja' ca4 = and; purujit6 = Purujit; kuntibhojaḥ7 = Kuntibhoja; ca8 = and; śaibyaḥ9 =
Saibya ca10 = and; narapungavaḥ11 = foremost among men. 1.5

1.5: Dhristaketu, Cekitana, valiant Kasiraja, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Saibya, the foremost
among men.

यध
ु ामन्यश्ु च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान ् ।
सौभद्रो द्रौपदे याश्च सर्व एव महारथाः ॥१-६॥ 1.6
yudhāmanyuś ca vikrānta uttamaujāś ca vīryavān

saubhadro draupadeyāś ca sarva eva mahārathāḥ 1.6
yudhāmanyuḥ1 ca2 vikrāntaḥ3 uttamaujāḥ4 ca5 vīryavān6
saubhadraḥ7 draupadeyāḥ8 ca9 sarva10 eva11 mahārathāḥ12 1.6

yudhāmanyuḥ1 = Yudhamanyu; vikrāntaḥ3 = the valiant; ca2 = and; uttamaujāḥ4 =
Uttamauja; vīryavān6 = the powerful; ca5 = and; saubhadraḥ7 = son of Sabhadra; ca9 = and;
draupadeyāḥ8 = sons of Draupadi [are]; sarva10 = all; eva11 = indeed; mahārathāḥ12 = the
Great Charioteers (fighters). 1.6

1.6: Yudhamanyu the valiant, Uttamauja the powerful, the son of Subhadra, and the sons of
Draupadi are great chariot fighters.

अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम ।
नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते ॥१-७॥ 1.7
asmākaṁ tu viśiṣṭā ye tān nibodha dvijottama

nāyakā mama sainyasya saṁjñārthaṁ tān bravīmi te 1.7
asmākam1 tu2 viśiṣṭā3 ye4 tān5 nibodha6 dvijottama7
nāyakāḥ8 mama9 sainyasya10 saṁjñā-artham11 tān12 bravīmi13 te14 1.7

tu2 = But; dvijottama7 = O the Best among Brahmanas; nibodha6 = know; tān5 = them; [as]
viśiṣṭā3 = the most distinguished; [on] asmākam1 = our [side] ; saṁjñā-artham11 te14 = for
your information; [I] bravīmi13 = will name; tān12 = them; nāyakāḥ8 = the leaders; [of] mama9
= my; sainyasya10 = soldiers. 1.7

1.7: Know also, O Dvija Uttama, the distinguished leaders of the army. I will name them for
your information. Dvija-Uttama: The “twice-born supreme,” the best of the twice-born
Brahmanas.

भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिंजयः ।

अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च ॥१-८॥ 1.8
bhavān bhīṣmaś ca karṇaś ca kṛpaś ca samitiṁjayaḥ

aśvatthāmā vikarṇaś ca saumadattis tathai 'va ca 1.8
bhavān1 bhīṣmaḥ2 ca3 karṇaḥ4 ca5 kṛpaḥ6 ca7 samitiṁjayaḥ8
aśvatthāmā9 vikarṇaḥ10 ca11 saumadattiḥ12 tathā13 eva14 ca15 1.8

bhavān1 = [Like] Yourself; ca3 = and; bhīṣmaḥ2 = Bhisma; ca5 = and; karṇaḥ4 = Karna;
kṛpaḥ6 = Krpa; ca7 = and; aśvatthāmā9 = Asvatthama; ca11 = and; vikarṇaḥ10 = Vikarna;
ca15 = and; saumadattiḥ12 = the son of Somadatta; tathā13 & eva14 = likewise; samitiṁjayaḥ8
= ever victorious in battle. 1.8

1.8: (Like) yourself, Bhishma, Karna, Kripa, Asvatthama. Vikarna, and the sons of Somadatta
as well, ever victorious in battle.

अन्ये च बहवः शरू ा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः ।
नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः ॥१-९॥ 1.9
anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ

nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ 1.9
anye1 ca2 bahavaḥ3 śūrāḥ4 mad-arthe5 tyakta-jīvitāḥ6
nānā7 śastra8 praharaṇāḥ9 sarve10 yuddha11 viśāradāḥ12 1.9

anye = Many others; ca = and; bahavaḥ = many; śūrāḥ = heroes; tyakta-jīvitāḥ = those
1 2 3 4 6
willing to sacrifice their lives; mad-arthe = for me; nānā śastra praharaṇāḥ = ready and
5 7 8 9
equipped with many weapons [many-weapons-ready and equipped with]; sarve = all of them;
10
yuddha viśāradāḥ = skilled in war . 1.9

11 12 12 11

1.9: Many other heroes have risked their lives for my sake. They are equipped with many
weapons, and all of them are skilled in war.

अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम ् ।
पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम ् ॥१-१०॥ 1.10
aparyāptaṁ tad asmākaṁ balaṁ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam

paryāptaṃ tv idam eteṣāṁ balaṁ bhīmābhirakṣitam 1.10
aparyāptam1 tat2 asmākam3 balam4 bhīṣma5 abhirakṣitam6
paryāptaṃ7 tu8 idam9 eteṣām10 balam11 bhīma12 abhirakṣitam13 1.10
.
tat = That; balam = strength; asmākam = of ours; aparyāptam = is unlimited;
2 4 3 1
abhirakṣitam = protected by; bhīṣma = Bhisma; tu = but; idam = this; balam = strength;
6 5 8 9 11
eteṣām = of theirs [Pandavas]; abhirakṣitam = protected by; bhīma = Bhima; paryāptaṃ

10 13 12 7
= is limited. 1.10

1.10: Our strength is unlimited, protected by Bhisma. Protected by Bhima, the strength of
Pandavas is limited.

अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः ।
भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि ॥१-११॥ 1.11
ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgam avasthitāḥ

bhīṣmam evā 'bhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ sarva eva hi 1.11
ayaneṣu1 ca2 sarveṣu3 yathā-bhāgam4 avasthitāḥ5
bhīṣmam6 evā7 abhirakṣantu8 bhavantaḥ9 sarva10 eva11 hi12 1.11

sarveṣu = All; ayaneṣu ca = On all fronts, yathā-bhāgam = whatever (allotment) rank and
3 1 2 4
file; bhavantaḥ = you are; avasthitāḥ = staying fixed; [offer] abhirakṣantu = support; [to]
9 5 8
bhīṣmam = Bhishma; evā = certainly; sarva eva hi = all without remiss. 1.11
6 7 10 11 12

1.11: All of you, stationed everywhere on all fronts in your respective positions, protect Bhisma
without remiss.

तस्य संजनयन्हर्षं कुरुवद्ध

ृ ः पितामहः ।
सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान ् ॥१-१२॥ 1.12
tasya sañjanayan harṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ

siṃhanādaṃ vinadyocchaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān 1.12
tasya1 sañjanayan2 harṣaṃ3 kuru-vṛddhaḥ4 pitāmahaḥ5
siṃha-nādaṃ6 vinadya7 ucchaiḥ8 śaṅkhaṃ9 dadhmau10 pratāpavān11 1.12
.
pratāpavān11 = Valiant; pitāmahaḥ5 = Grandfather Bhishma; kuru-vṛddhaḥ4 = the eldest of
the Kurus; sañjanayan2 = to raise; tasya1 = his (Duryodhana); harṣaṃ3 = cheer; [roared
making]; vinadya7 = reverberating; siṃha-nādaṃ6 = lion's sound [and] dadhmau10 = blew;
śaṅkhaṃ9 = the conch; ucchaiḥ8 = loudly. 1.12

1.12: The valiant Bhishma, the elder of the Kurus and the grandfather, roared like a lion and
blew his conch loudly to cheer up Duryodhana.

ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखाः ।
सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तम
ु ल
ु ोऽभवत ् ॥१-१३॥ 1.13
tataḥ śaṅkhāś ca bheryaś ca paṇavānakagomukhāḥ
sahasai 'vā 'bhyahanyanta sa śabdas tumulo 'bhavat 1.13
tataḥ śaṅkhāḥ ca bheryaḥ ca paṇava-anaka go-mukhāḥ
sahasā evā abhyahanyanta saḥ śabdaḥ tumulaḥ abhavat 1.13

tataḥ = Thereafter; śaṅkhāḥ = conch; ca = and bheryaḥ = bugles; ca = and; paṇava-anaka =
trumpets and drums; go-mukhāḥ = cow-horns; sahasā evā = all at once; abhyahanyanta =
sounded. saḥ = That; śabdaḥ = sound; abhavat = became; tumulaḥ = tumultuous. 1.13

1.13: Thereafter, conches, kettledrums, trumpets, tabors, and horns were sounded all together. It
was a tumultuous riot.

ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ ।
माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः ॥१-१४॥ 1.14
tataḥ śvetair hayair yukte mahati syandane sthitau

mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaś cai 'va divyau śaṅkhau pradaghmatuḥ 1.14
tataḥ śvetaiḥ hayaiḥ yukte mahati syandane sthitau
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaḥ ca eva divyau śaṅkhau pradaghmatuḥ

8 9 10 11 12

tataḥ = Thereafter; mādhavaḥ = Madhava [Krishna]; pāṇḍavaḥ ca eva = and Pandava
1 8 9
[Arjuna]; sthitau = seated; mahati = on the great; syandane = chariot; yukte = yoked; śvetaiḥ
7 5 6 4 2
= to the white; hayaiḥ = horses; pradaghmatuḥ = sounded; divyau = the divine; śaṅkhau =
3 12 10 11
conches. 1.14

1.14: Thereafter, Madhava and Pandava (Lord Krishna and Arjuna) sitting on the great chariot
yoked with white horses sounded the divine conches.

पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो दे वदत्तं धनञ्जयः ।
पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं भीमकर्मा वक

ृ ोदरः ॥१-१५॥ 1.15
pāñcajanyaṁ hṛṣīkeśo devadattaṁ dhanañjayaḥ
pauṇḍraṁ dadhmau mahāśaṅkhaṁ bhīmakarmā vṛkodaraḥ 1.15
pāñcajanyam hṛṣīkeśaḥ devadattam dhanañjayaḥ
1 2 3 4
pauṇḍram dadhmau mahā-śaṅkham bhīma-karmā vṛkodaraḥ 1.15

5 6 7 8 9
.
hṛṣīkeśaḥ = Hrisikesa [krishna]; dadhmau = blew; [His] pāñcajanyam = Panchajanya;
2 6 1
dhanañjayaḥ = Arjuna; [blew] devadattam = Devadatta; vṛkodaraḥ = Vrkodara; bhīma-

4 3 9
karmā = of terrible deeds; [blew] mahā-śaṅkham = the Great Conch; pauṇḍram =

8 7 5
Paundram. 1.15

1.15: Hrisikesa blew His conch, Pāchajanya; Dhanajaya blew his conch, Devadatta; and Bhima
the big eater and formidable doer of deeds blew his big conch, Paundra.
Hrisikesa is Lord Krishna, Dhananjaya is Arjuna and Virokdara [Bhima] is Arjuna's sibling.
Panchajanya, Devadatta and Paundram are the names of conches of the respective personas.
Bhima means 'The Terrible', and thus are the epithet Bhima and eponymous acts, Bhima Karma
(= terrible deeds).

अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः ।
नकुलः सहदे वश्च सघ

ु ोषमणिपष्ु पकौ ॥१-१६॥ 1.16
anantavijayaṁ rājā kuntīputro yudhiṣṭhiraḥ
nakulaḥ sahadevaś ca sughoṣamaṇipuṣpakau 1.16
anantavijayam rājā kuntī-putraḥ yudhiṣṭhiraḥ
1 2 3 4
nakulaḥ sahadevaḥ ca sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau 1.16

5 6 7 8

kuntī-putraḥ3 = Son of Kunti; rājā2 = king; yudhiṣṭhiraḥ4 = Yudhithira; [blew];
anantavijayam1 = the Conch by name Anantavijayam. nakulaḥ5 = Nakula; ca7 = and;
sahadevaḥ6 = Shadeva; [blew]; sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau8 = the Conches Sughosa and
Manipuspaka. 1.16

1.16: Son of Kunti, king Yudhithira blew the Conch by name Anantavijayam; Nakula and
Shadeva blew the Conches Sughosa and Manipuspaka.

काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः ।

धष्ृ टद्यम्
ु नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः ॥१-१७॥ 1.17
kāśyaś ca parameṣvāsaḥ śikhaṇḍī ca mahārathaḥ
dhṛṣṭadyumno virāṭaś ca sātyakiś cā 'parājitaḥ 1.17
kāśyaḥ ca parameṣvāsaḥ śikhaṇḍī ca mahārathaḥ
1 2 3 4 5 6
dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ virāṭaḥ ca sātyakiḥ ca aparājitaḥ 1.17

7 8 9 10 11 12

kāśyaḥ = Kasi Raja; parameṣvāsaḥ = the wielder of the great bow; ca = and; śikhaṇḍī =
1 3 2 4
Sikhandi; mahārathaḥ = the great charioteer; ca = and; dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ = Dhrstadhyumna;

6 5 7
ca = and; virāṭaḥ = Virata; ca = and; sātyakiḥ = Satyaki; aparājitaḥ = who has never
9 8 11 10 12
known defeat. 1.17

1.17: Kasi Raja, the wielder of the great bow, Sikhandi, the great Charioteer, Dhrstadhyumna,
Virata, and Satyaki, who has never known defeat...

द्रप
ु दो द्रौपदे याश्च सर्वशः पथि
ृ वीपते ।
सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पथ

ृ क्पथ
ृ क् ॥१-१८॥ 1.18
drupado draupadeyāś ca sarvaśaḥ pṛthivīpate
saubhadraś ca mahābāhuḥ śaṅkhān dadhmuḥ pṛthak-pṛthak 1.18
drupadaḥ draupadeyāḥ ca sarvaśaḥ pṛthivī-pate
1 2 3 4 5
saubhadraḥ ca mahā-bāhuḥ śaṅkhān dadhmuḥ pṛthak-pṛthak 1.18

6 7 8 9 10 11

drupadaḥ = King Drupada; ca = and; draupadeyāḥ = the sons of Draupadi; ca = and; mahā-
1 3 2 7
bāhuḥ = mighty-armed; saubhadraḥ = son of Subhadra; sarvaśaḥ = all; dadhmuḥ = blew;

8 6 4 10
śaṅkhān = [their respective] conches; pṛthak-pṛthak = separately-separately [one by one];

9 11
pṛthivīpate = O King of Earth. 1.18

5

1.18: O King, king Drupada, the sons of Draupadi and the mighty-armed son of Subhadra blew
the conches one by one, separately.

Yuddhisthira, Arjuna, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva are the five brothers collectively known as
the Pandavas [the five-some or the pentad]. Yudhisthira, Bhima and Arjuna are the sons of
King Pandu and Kunti; Nakula and Sahadeva are twins born of King Pandu and Madri.
Draupadi is married to the Pandavas, the five siblings.

स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत ् ।
नभश्च पथि
ृ वीं चैव तुमुलो व्यनुनादयन ् ॥१-१९॥ 1.19
sa ghoṣo dhārtarāṣṭrāṇāṁ hṛdayāni vyadārayat
nabhaś ca pṛthivīṁ cai 'va tumulo vyanunādayan 1.19
sah ghoṣaḥ dhārtarāṣṭrāṇām hṛdayāni vyadārayat
1 2 3 4 5
nabhaḥ ca pṛthivīm ca eva tumulaḥ vyanunādayan 1.19

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

sah = That; ghoṣaḥ = sound; tumulaḥ = tumult [tumultuous roar of the conches];
1 2 11
vyanunādayan = reverberating through; nabhaḥ = the sky; ca = and; pṛthivīm = the earth;
12 6 7 8
vyadārayat = split; hṛdayāni = the hearts; ca eva = indeed of; dhārtarāṣṭrāṇām = the sons
5 4 9 10 3
of Dhrtarastra. 1.19

1.19: The tumultuous roar (of the conches), reverberating through the sky and the earth, tore the
hearts of the sons of Dhritarastra (the Kauravas).
The Pandavas are the righteous kings and the Kauravas are the usurpers of the kingdom of
Pandavas. The roar of the conches of the Pandavas shattered the hearts of the unrighteous, a
clue to the outcome.

अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान्कपिध्वजः ।
प्रवत्ृ ते शस्त्रसंपाते धनरु

ु द्यम्य पाण्डवः ॥१-२०॥ 1.20
atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān kapidhvajaḥ
pravṛtte śastrasaṁpāte dhanur udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ 1.20
atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān kapidhvajaḥ
1 2 3 4 5
pravṛtte śastrasaṁpāte dhanuḥ udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ 1.20
6 7 8 9 10

pāṇḍavaḥ = The Pandava [Arjuna], the son of Pandu; kapidhvajaḥ = one with Hanuman's
10 5
flag; atha = thereupon; dṛṣṭvā = seeing; dhārtarāṣṭrān = the sons of Dhristarastra;

1 3 4
vyavasthitān = standing in position; pravṛtte = getting ready to engage; udyamya = [Arjuna]

2 6 9
hoisted up; dhanuḥ = the bow; [for] śastrasaṁpāte = the launching of the arrows... 1.20
8 7
Arjuna takes a bird's eye view of the two armies.

1.20: O King, thereupon Arjuna, whose flag bore the crest of Hanuman, seeing the sons of
Dhritarastra ready for battle, took up his bow.

हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते ।
अर्जुन उवाच सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये रथं स्थापय मेऽच्युत ॥१-२१॥ 1.21
hṛṣīkeśaṁ tadā vākyam idam āha mahīpate

senayor ubhayor madhye rathaṁ sthāpaya me 'cyuta 1.21
hṛṣīkeśam tadā vākyam idam āha mahī-pate
1 2 3 4 5 6
senayoḥ ubhayoḥ madhye ratham sthāpaya me acyuta 1.21

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

tadā = At that time; Arjuna; āha = said; idam = these; vākyam = words; hṛṣīkeśam = To
2 5 4 3 1
Lord Hrsikesa (Krishna): acyuta = O Acyuta (Krishna, the Infallible); mahī-pate = O Great
13 6
King; sthāpaya = stand; me = my; ratham = chariot; madhye = between; ubhayoḥ = the
11 12 10 9 8
two; senayoḥ = armies. 1.21

7

1.21: At that time Arjuna said these words to Lord Krishna: O Acyuta, O Great King, stand my
chariot between the two armies.

यावदे तान्निरिक्षेऽहं योद्‌धक

ु ामानवस्थितान ् ।
कैर्मया सह योद्धव्यमस्मिन ् रणसमुद्यमे ॥१-२२॥ 1.22

yāvad etān nirikṣehaṁ yoddhukāmān avasthitān
kair mayā saha yoddhavyam asmin raṇasamudyame 1.22
yāvat etān nirikṣe aham yoddhu-kāmān avasthitān
1 2 3 4 5 6
kaiḥ mayā saha yoddhavyam asmin raṇa samudyame 1.22

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

yāvat = Until; aham = I; nirikṣe =see; etān = all these [warriors]; kaiḥ & saha = with
1 4 3 2 7 9
whom; yoddhavyam = [I have] to fight with; [who are] avasthitān = in battle formation;
10 6
yoddhu-kāmān = lusting for a fight; mayā = with me; asmin = in this; raṇa &
5 8 11 12
samudyame = war effort. 1.22

13

I see these warriors with whom I have to fight and who are in battle formation lusting for a fight with me in this war effort.

योत्स्यमानानवेक्षेऽहं य एतेऽत्र समागताः ।
धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दर्बु
ु द्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः ॥१-२३॥ 1.23
yotsyamānān avekṣe 'haṁ ya ete 'tra samāgatāḥ
dhārtarāṣṭrasya durbuddher yuddhe priyacikīrṣavaḥ 1.23
yotsyamānān avekṣe aham ye ete atra samāgatāḥ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
dhārtarāṣṭrasya durbuddheḥ yuddhe priyacikīrṣavaḥ 1.23

8 9 10 11

aham3 = I; avekṣe2 = wish to see; yotsyamānān1 = the prospective fighters; ye4 = whoever;
ete5 = they; [are] samāgatāḥ7 = assembled; atra6 = here; priyacikīrṣavaḥ11 = wishing to do
good; [to] durbuddheḥ9 = the evil-minded; dhārtarāṣṭrasya8 = son of Dhrstarastra; yuddhe10
= in the fight. 1.23

1.23: I wish to see those assembled here willing to fight and serve the evil-minded son of
Dhrtarāstra.

एवमक्
ु तो हृषीकेशो गड
ु ाकेशेन भारत ।
सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम ् ॥१-२४॥ 1.24
Sañjaya Uvāca:
evam ukto hṛṣīkeśo guḍākeśena bhārata
senayor ubhayor madhye sthāpayitvā rathottamam 1.24
Sañjaya Uvāca:
evam uktaḥ hṛṣīkeśaḥ guḍākeśena bhārata
1 2 3 4 5
senayoḥ ubhayoḥ madhye sthāpayitvā rathottamam

7 8 9 10 11
Sañjaya Uvāca:= Sanjaya said:

evam = Thus; uktaḥ = spoken to; guḍākeśena = by arjuna; hṛṣīkeśaḥ = Hrisikesa [Krishna];
1 2 4 3
sthāpayitvā = placed; rathottamam = the Highest Chariot. madhye = between; ubhayoḥ =

10 11 9 8
of both; senayoḥ = of armies; bhārata = O scion of Bharata Clan. 1.24

7 5

1.24: Sanjaya said:
O Bharata (Dhrtarāstra), having been addressed by Gudakesana (Arjuna), Hrsikesa (Lord
Krishna) placed the best of chariots in the midst of both armies.

भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम ् ।
उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति ॥१-२५॥ 1.25
bhīṣmadroṇapramukhataḥ sarveṣāṁ ca mahīkṣitām

uvāca pārtha paśyai 'tān samavetān kurūn iti 1.25
bhīṣma droṇa pramukhataḥ sarveṣāṁ ca mahīkṣitām
1 2 3 4 5 6
uvāca pārtha paśyai etān samavetān kurūn iti 1.25

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

pramukhataḥ = Facing; bhīṣma = Bhishma; droṇa = Drona; ca = and; sarveṣāṁ = all;
3 1 2 5 4
mahīkṣitām = Great Chiefs; [Lord Krishna]; uvāca = said; iti = thus: pārtha = O Partha
6 7 13 8
(Arjuna); paśya = behold; etān = these; kurūn = Kauravas; samavetān = congregated

9 10 12 11
here. 1.25

1.25: Facing Bhisma, Drona, and all great chiefs (the Lord) said to Partha thus: Behold (all of)
the Kurus gathered .

तत्रापश्यत्स्थितान्पार्थः पितॄनथ पितामहान ् ।
आचार्यान्मातल
ु ान्भ्रातॄन्पत्र
ु ान्पौत्रान्सखींस्तथा ॥१-२६॥ 1.26
tatrā 'paśyat sthitān pārthaḥ pitṛn atha pitāmahān
ācāryān mātulān bhrātṛn putrān pautrān sakhīṁs tathā 1.26
tatrā apaśyat sthitān pārthaḥ pitṛn atha pitāmahān
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ācāryān mātulān bhrātṛn putrān pautrān sakhīn tathā

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pārthaḥ = Arjuna; apaśyat = saw; sthitān = standing; tatrā = there; pitṛn = fathers; atha =
4 2 3 1 5 6
also; pitāmahān = grandfathers; ācāryān = Gurus; mātulān = maternal uncles; bhrātṛn =

7 8 9 10
brothers; tathā = besides; putrān = sons; pautrān = grandsons; sakhīn = friends... 1.26
14 11 12 13

1.26: Partha could see standing there (on the battlefield) fathers, also
grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons, friends
too, fathers-in-law, well-wishers and the armies of both sides...

श्वशुरान्सुहृदश्चैव सेनयोरुभयोरपि ।
तान्समीक्ष्य स कौन्तेयः सर्वान्बन्धूनवस्थितान ् ॥१-२७॥ 1.27
śvaśurān suhṛdaś cai 'va senayor ubhayor api

tān samīkṣya sa kaunteyaḥ sarvān bandhūn avasthitān 1.27
śvaśurān suhṛdaḥ ca eva senayoḥ ubhayoḥ api
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tān samīkṣya saḥ kaunteyaḥ sarvān bandhūn avasthitān

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

saḥ = He; kaunteyaḥ = Arjuna; samīkṣya = seeing; sarvān = all; śvaśurān = fathers-in-
10 11 9 12 1
law; suhṛdaḥ = well-wishers; ca = and; eva = certainly; tān = those; bandhūn = relatives;
2 3 4 8 13
avasthitān = assembled; api = besides; senayoḥ = [of] the armies; ubhayoḥ = of both sides.
14 7 5 6
1.27 continued

1.27 Arjuna seeing fathers-in-law, well-wishers and relatives assembled besides the armies of
both sides...

कृपया परयाविष्टो विषीदन्निदमब्रवीत ् ।
अर्जुन उवाच दृष्ट्वेमं स्वजनं कृष्ण युयत्ु सुं समुपस्थितम ् ॥१-२८॥ 1.28
kṛpayā parayā 'viṣṭo viṣīdann idamabravīt

dṛṣṭve 'maṁ svajanaṁ kṛṣṇa yuyutsuṁ samupasthitam 1.28
kṛpayā parayā āviṣṭaḥ viṣīdan idam abravīt
1 2 3 4 5 6
dṛṣṭve imam svajanam kṛṣṇa yuyutsum samupasthitam 1.28

7 8 9 10 11 12

āviṣṭaḥ = Overcome with; parayā = supreme; kṛpayā = compassion; viṣīdan = bemoaning;
3 2 1 4
idam = this; [Arjuna] abravīt = spoke; kṛṣṇa = O Krishna; dṛṣṭvā = having seen; imam =
5 6 10 7 8
these; svajanam = relatives; yuyutsum 1 = intending to fight; samupasthitam = readying for

9 1 12
[battle]... 1.28

1.28: Overcome by supreme compassion and bemoaning, Arjuna spoke, O Krishna, seeing
these relatives with intention to fight and readying for battle...

सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति ।

वेपथश्ु च शरीरे मे रोमहर्षश्च जायते ॥१-२९॥ 1.29
sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṁ ca pariśuṣyati

vepathuś ca śarīre me romaharṣaś ca jāyate 1.29
sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukham ca pariśuṣyati
1 2 3 4 5 6
vepathuḥ ca śarīre me roma-harṣaḥ ca jāyate 1.29

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Arjuna continues to speak: mama = My; gātrāṇi = limbs; sīdanti = are afflicted with fatigue;
2 3 1
ca = and; mukham = mouth; pariśuṣyati = is parched; ca = and; [I feel] vepathuḥ =

5 4 6 8 7
tremulousness; śarīre = of the body; ca = and; me = my; roma-harṣaḥ = horripilation;

9 12 10 11
jāyate = is happening. 1.29

13

1.29: My limbs are afflicted with fatigue; my mouth is parched; my body is trembling; my hair
stands on end.

गाण्डीवं स्रंसते हस्तात्त्वक्चैव परिदह्यते ।
न च शक्नोम्यवस्थातुं भ्रमतीव च मे मनः ॥१-३०॥ 1.30
gāṇḍīvaṁ sraṁsate hastāt tvak cai 'va paridahyate

na ca śaknomy avasthātuṁ bhramatī 'va ca me manaḥ 1.30
gāṇḍīvam sraṁsate hastāt tvak ca eva paridahyate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
na ca śaknomi avasthātum bhramati iva ca me manaḥ 1.30

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Arjuna spoke: gāṇḍīvam = [My] bow; sraṁsate = is slipping and sliding; hastāt = from my
1 2 3
hands; ca = and; eva = certainly; tvak = [my] skin; paridahyate = is burning; ca = and; [I]
5 6 4 7 9
na = [am] not; śaknomi = able to; avasthātum = stand; ca = and; iva = as if; me = my
8 10 11 14 13 15
manaḥ = mind; [is] bhramati = roving, reeling. 1.30

16 12
1.30: My bow is slipping from my hand; my skin is burning; I am unable to stand; my mind is
reeling.

निमित्तानि च पश्यामि विपरीतानि केशव ।
न च श्रेयोऽनप
ु श्यामि हत्वा स्वजनमाहवे ॥१-३१॥ 1.31
nimittāni ca paśyāmi viparītāni keśava
na ca śreyo 'nupaśyāmi hatvā svajanam āhave 1.31
nimittāni ca paśyāmi viparītāni keśava
1 2 3 4 5
na ca śreyaḥ anupaśyāmi hatvā svajanam āhave 1.31

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Arjuna said, keśava = O Kesava; [I] paśyāmi = see; viparītāni = adverse; nimittāni =
5 3 4 1
omens; ca = and; na & anupaśyāmi = I am not prescient ; ca = also; [I see nothing] śreyaḥ
2 6 9 6 9 7 8
= good; hatvā = by killing; svajanam = my own people; āhave = in battle. 1.31

10 11 12

1.31: Arjuna said: O Kesava, I see adverse omens; I foresee no good by killing my own people
in battle.

न काङ्क्षे विजयं कृष्ण न च राज्यं सुखानि च ।
किं नो राज्येन गोविन्द किं भोगैर्जीवितेन वा ॥१-३२॥ 1.32
na kāṅkṣe vijayaṁ kṛṣṇa na ca rājyaṁ sukhāni ca

kiṃ no rājyena govinda kiṁ bhogair jīvitena vā 1.32
na kāṅkṣe vijayam kṛṣṇa na ca rājyam sukhāni ca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
kiṃ naḥ rājyena govinda kim bhogaiḥ jīvitena vā 1.32

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

kṛṣṇa = O Krishna; [I have] na = no; kāṅkṣe = desire; vijayam = [for] victory; ca = and; na
4 1 2 3 6 5
= no [desire for]; rājyam = kingdom; ca = and; sukhāni = happiness. govinda = O Govinda;

7 9 8 13
kiṃ = of what use; naḥ = to us; rājyena = is the kingdom. kim = What; bhogaiḥ =
10 11 12 14 15
pleasure; [is there] jīvitena = by living; vā = either. 1.32

16 17
1.32: O Krishna, I long neither for victory, nor for kingdom and nor for happiness. O Govinda,
of what use is the kingdom, enjoyment, or living?

येषामर्थे काङ्क्षितं नो राज्यं भोगाः सुखानि च ।
त इमेऽवस्थिता युद्धे प्राणांस्त्यक्त्वा धनानि च ॥१-३३॥ 1.33
yeṣām arthe kāṅkṣitaṁ no rājyaṁ bhogāḥ sukhāni ca

ta ime 'vasthitā yuddhe prāṇāṁs tyaktvā dhanāni ca 1.33
yeṣām arthe kāṅkṣitam naḥ rājyam bhogāḥ sukhāni ca
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
te ime avasthitāḥ yuddhe prāṇān tyaktvā dhanāni ca 1.33

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

yeṣām = For whose; arthe = cause; naḥ = our; rājyam = kingdom; bhogāḥ = enjoyment; ca
1 2 4 5 6 8
= and; sukhāni = all pleasures; kāṅkṣitam = [are] desired. te & ime = These [people];
7 3 9 10
avasthitāḥ = stand; yuddhe = in this battlefield; [ready to] tyaktvā = relinquish; prāṇān =
11 12 14 13
lives; ca = and; dhanāni = riches. 1.33

16 15

1.33: They, for whose sake kingdom, enjoyment, and happiness are desired, are standing here in
the battlefield ready to give up their lives and riches.

आचार्याः पितरः पुत्रास्तथैव च पितामहाः ।
मातुलाः श्वशुराः पौत्राः श्यालाः संबन्धिनस्तथा ॥१-३४॥ 1.34
ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrās tathai 'va ca pitāmahāḥ

mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinas tathā 1.34
ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrāḥ tatha eva ca pitāmahāḥ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinaḥ tathā

8 9 10 11 12 13

ācāryāḥ = Gurus; pitaraḥ = fathers; putrāḥ = sons; tatha eva ca = in like manner;
1 2 3 4 5 6
pitāmahāḥ = grandfathers; mātulāḥ = maternal uncles; śvaśurāḥ = fathers-in-law; pautrāḥ

7 8 9 10
= grandsons; śyālāḥ = brothers-in-law; tathā = so also so; sambandhinaḥ = relatives. 1.34

11 13 12

1.34: Teachers, fathers, sons, as well as grandfathers, maternal uncles, fathers-in-law,
grandsons, brothers-in-law, and other relatives.

एतान्न हन्तमि
ु च्छामि घ्नतोऽपि मधस
ु द
ू न।
अपि त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्य हे तोः किं नु महीकृते ॥१-३५॥ 1.35
etān na hantum icchhāmi ghnato 'pi madhusūdana

api trailokyarājyasya hetoḥ kiṁ nu mahīkṛte 1.35
etān na hantum icchhāmi ghnataḥ api madhusūdana
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
api trailokyarājyasya hetoḥ kim nu mahī-kṛte 1.35

8 9 10 11 12 13

madhusūdana = O Madhusudhana, ghnataḥ & api = though there is a prospect of being
7 5 6
killed; na & icchhāmi = I do not want; hantum = to kill; etān = all these [people]; api =
2 4 2 3 1 8
even; hetoḥ = for the reason, for the sake of; [gaining] trailokyarājyasya = of the three
10 9
worlds kingdom. [Is there] kim & nu = any need to elaborate [that I do not wish to kill]
11 12
mahī-kṛte = for the sake of earth. 1.35

13

1.35: I do not want to kill them, though they (want to) kill me, O Madhusudhana, even for the
three worlds, not to speak of an earthly kingdom.

निहत्य धार्तराष्ट्रान्नः का प्रीतिः स्याज्जनार्दन ।
पापमेवाश्रयेदस्मान्हत्वैतानाततायिनः ॥१-३६॥
nihatya dhārtarāṣṭrān naḥ kā prītiḥ syāj janārdana

pāpam evā 'śrayed asmān hatvai 'tān ātatāyinaḥ 1.36
nihatya dhārtarāṣṭrān naḥ kā prītiḥ syāt janārdana
1 2 3 1 4 5 6
pāpam evā aśrayet asmān hatva etān ātatāyinaḥ 1.36

7 8 9 10 11 12

janārdana = O Janardhana; nihatya = by killing; dhārtarāṣṭrān = the sons of Dhristarastra;
6 1 2
kā = what; naḥ = our; prītiḥ = happiness; syāt = can there be. pāpam = Sin; evā =
1 3 4 5 7
certainly; aśrayet = comes upon; asmān = us; hatva = by killing; etān = all these;
8 9 10 11
ātatāyinaḥ = heinous sinners. 1.36

12

1.36: By killing the sons of Dhrtrastra, what pleasure can there be? O Janardhana, upon killing
these heinous sinners, sin will descend on us.

तस्मान्नार्हा वयं हन्तुं धार्तराष्ट्रान्स्वबान्धवान ् ।
स्वजनं हि कथं हत्वा सुखिनः स्याम माधव ॥१-३७॥ 1.37
tasmān nā 'rhā vayaṃ hantuṁ dhārtarāṣṭrān svabāndhavān

svajanaṁ hi kathaṁ hatvā sukhinaḥ syāma mādhava 1.37
tasmāt na arhāḥ vayaṃ hantum dhārtarāṣṭrān svabāndhavān
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
svajanam hi katham hatvā sukhinaḥ syāma mādhava 1.37

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

mādhava = O Mahdava, tasmāt = therefore; [it is]; na arhāḥ = not deserving of; vayaṃ = us;
13 1 2 3
hantum = to kill; dhārtarāṣṭrān = the sons of Dhrtarastra; svabāndhavān = our relatives;

4 5 6
svajanam = our own people. hi = Certainly; katham = how; hatvā = by slaying; [can we]
7 8 9 10
syāma = become; hsukhinaḥ = happy. 1.37

12 11

1.37: Therefore, it is not becoming of us that we kill the sons of Dhritrastra. How, by killing
kinsmen, can we become happy O Madhava?

यद्यप्येते न पश्यन्ति लोभोपहतचेतसः ।
कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं मित्रद्रोहे च पातकम ् ॥१-३८॥ 1.38
yady apy ete na paśyanti lobhopahatacetasaḥ

kulakṣayakṛtaṁ doṣaṁ mitradrohe ca pātakam 1.38
yadi api ete na paśyanti lobha upahata cetasaḥ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
kula-kṣaya kṛtam doṣam mitra-drohe ca pātakam 1.38
9 10 11 12 13 14

adi = If; api = certainly; ete = they [whose] cetasaḥ = minds; upahata = are afflicted by;
1 2 3 8 7
lobha = greed; na = do not; paśyanti =see; pātakam = sins; [in the]; kula-kṣaya =
6 4 5 14 9
annihilation of the family; ca = and kṛtam = performance of; doṣam = vice; [and] mitra-
13 10 11
drohe = treachery to friends. 1.38

12

1.38: Even if they, whose minds are overwhelmed by greed, do not see sin in the ruin of the
family, or crime in treachery to friends…

कथं न ज्ञेयमस्माभिः पापादस्मान्निवर्तितुम ् ।
कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं प्रपश्यद्भिर्जनार्दन ॥१-३९॥ 1.39
kathaṁ na jñeyam asmābhiḥ pāpād asmān nivartitum

kulakṣayakṛtaṁ doṣaṁ prapaśyadbhir janārdana 1.39
katham na jñeyam asmābhiḥ pāpāt asmāt nivartitum
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
kula-kṣaya kṛtam doṣam prapaśyadbhiḥ janārdana 1.39

8 9 10 11 12

katham na jñeyam asmābhiḥ = Why is that we do not have the wisdom; nivartitum = to
1 2 3 4 7
turn away; asmāt pāpāt = from these sins; janārdana = O Janardhana? prapaśyadbhiḥ =
6 5 12 11
We see; doṣam = the vice; [of] kula-kṣaya = the ruin of family; kṛtam = happening. 1.39
10 8 9

1.39: Why should not we have the wisdom to see the crime in the ruin of the family O
Janardhana, and turn away from the sins?

कुलक्षये प्रणश्यन्ति कुलधर्माः सनातनाः ।
धर्मे नष्टे कुलं कृत्स्नमधर्मोऽभिभवत्युत ॥१-४०॥ 1.40
kulakṣaye praṇaśyanti kuladharmāḥ sanātanāḥ

dharme naṣṭe kulaṃ kṛtsnam adharmo 'bhibhavaty uta 1.40
kulak-ṣaye praṇaśyanti kula-dharmāḥ sanātanāḥ
1 2 3 4
dharme naṣṭe kulaṃ kṛtsnam adharmaḥ abhibhavati uta 1.40

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

kula-kṣaye = With the ruin of the family; sanātanāḥ = the eternal; Kula-dharmāḥ = family
1 4 3
values; praṇaśyanti = come to destruction. naṣṭe = After ruin; dharme = of righteousness;

2 6 5
adharmaḥ = unrighteousness; abhibhavati uta = overtakes; kṛtsnam = the entire; kulaṃ

9 10 11 8 7
= family. 1.40

1.40: With the ruin of the family, the eternal kula dharma is destroyed. When dharma is
destroyed, the whole family turns to adharma.
Kula-dharmāḥ : Established order of the family, family institution. dharma : Established
3 5
order.

अधर्माभिभवात्कृष्ण प्रदष्ु यन्ति कुलस्त्रियः ।
स्त्रीषु दष्ु टासु वार्ष्णेय जायते वर्णसंकरः ॥१-४१॥ 1.41
adharmābhibhavāt kṛṣṇa praduṣyanti kulastriyaḥ

strīṣu duṣṭāsu vārṣṇeya jāyate varṇasaṁkaraḥ 1.41
adharma abhibhavāt kṛṣṇa praduṣyant kula-striyaḥ
1 2 3 4 5
strīṣu duṣṭāsu vārṣṇeya jāyate varṇa-saṁkaraḥ 1.41

6 7 8 9 10

Kṛṣṇa = O Krishna; [with the] abhibhavāt = ascendance of; adharma = Unrighteousness;
3 2 1
kula-striyaḥ = family-women; praduṣyant = undergo corruption; vārṣṇeya = O scion of

5 4 8
Vrsni. duṣṭāsu = Corruption of; strīṣu = women; jāyate = results in; varṇa-saṁkaraḥ =
7 6 9 10
intermingling of castes. 1.41

1.41: When Adharma prevails, O Krishna, the women of the family become morally corrupt,
and when women are tainted, O Varsneya (Krishna), Varna Samkara comes into existence.
To this day in India, women bear the heavier burden than men in guarding morality and any
scrofulousness on their part brings disproportionably erosive shame to the family.

सङ्करो नरकायैव कुलघ्नानां कुलस्य च ।
पतन्ति पितरो ह्येषां लप्ु तपिण्डोदकक्रियाः ॥१-४२॥ 1.42
saṅkaro narakāyai 'va kulaghnānāṃ kulasya ca

patanti pitaro hy eṣāṁ luptapiṇḍodakakriyāḥ 1.42
saṅkaraḥ1 narakāya2 kula-ghnānāṃ4 kulasya5 ca6

patanti7 pitaraḥ8 hi9 eṣām10 lupta11 piṇḍa12 udaka13 kriyāḥ14 1.42
saṅkaraḥ = Commingling of castes; narakāya = drives to hell; kula-ghnānāṃ = the

1 2 4
destroyers of the family; ca = and; kulasya = the family; eva = for sure. pitaraḥ =
6 5 3 8
Forefathers; hi = surely; patanti = fall down; lupta = deprived of; kriyāḥ = performance of;
9 7 11 14
eṣām = their; piṇḍa = offering of rice; [and] udaka = water. 1.42

10 12 13
1.42: Commingling (of castes) brings hell to the family and those who destroyed the race. The
spirits of the ancestors fall, deprived of their offerings of food and water.
Purport:
Because of commingling of castes, the family and the destroyers of the race go to hell. The
spirit of the ancestor falls, deprived of the offerings of food and water.

दोषैरेतैः कुलघ्नानां वर्णसरकारकैः ।
उत्साद्यन्ते जातिधर्माः कुलधर्माश्च शाश्वताः ॥१-४३॥ 1.43
doṣair etaiḥ kulaghnānāṁ varṇasaṁkarakārakaiḥ

utsādyante jātidharmāḥ kuladharmāś ca śāśvatāḥ 1.43
doṣaiḥ etaiḥ kula-ghnānām varṇa-saṅkara4 kārakaiḥ
1 2 3 5
utsādyante jāti-dharmāḥ kuladharmāḥ ca śāśvatāḥ

6 7 8 9 10

doṣaiḥ = By such vices; etaiḥ = all these; varṇa-saṅkara4 = miscegenation of races; kula-
1 2
ghnānām = by the perpetrators of destruction of family; [and] kārakaiḥ = by the causers;

3 5
śāśvatāḥ = eternal and traditional; jāti-dharmāḥ = Jati Dharma or Caste duties; ca = and;
10 7 9
kuladharmāḥ = Family duties; utsādyante = come to destruction. 1.43
8 6
1.43: By such evil deeds such as kula ghānām and Varna Sankara, eternal Jāti dharmā and kula
dharmā are destroyed.
Ramanuja: By the sins of the clan-destroyers who bring about inter-mixture of classes, the
ancient tradition of the clan and class are destroyed. --Translation from Sanskrit to English by
Svami Adidevananda.
Sankara: Due to these misdeeds of the ruiners of the family, which cause intermingling of
castes, the traditional rites and duties of the castes and families become destroyed. --Translation
from Sanskrit to English by Swami Gambhirananda.

उत्सन्नकुलधर्माणां मनष्ु याणां जनार्दन ।
नरकेऽनियतं वासो भवतीत्यनश

ु श्र
ु म ु ॥१-४४॥ 1.44
utsannakuladharmāṇāṁ manuṣyāṇāṁ janārdana
narake niyataṁ vāso bhavatī 'ty anuśuśruma 1.44
utsanna kula-dharmāṇām manuṣyāṇām janārdana
1 2 3 4
narake niyatam vāsaḥ bhavatī iti anuśuśruma 1.44

5 6 7 8 9 10

anuśuśruma = we have heard it said; manuṣyāṇām = those men whose; kula-dharmāṇām =
10 3 2
family duties; utsanna = having been abolished; janārdana = O Janardana; iti = thus;
1 4 9
niyatam = eternally; bhavatī = happen; vāsaḥ = to dwell; narake = in hell. 1.44

6 8 7 5

1.44: We have heard it said (by the learned) that those men, whose kula dharma is destroyed, O
Janardana, would always dwell in hell.

अहो बत महत्पापं कर्तुं व्यवसिता वयम ् ।
यद्राज्यसुखलोभेन हन्तुं स्वजनमुद्यताः ॥१-४५॥ 1.45
aho bata mahat pāpaṁ kartuṁ vyavasitā vayam

yad rājyasukhalobhena hantuṁ svajanam udyatāḥ 1.45
ahaḥ bata mahat pāpam kartum vyavasitā vayam
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
yat rājya sukha-lobhena hantum svajanam udyatāḥ 1.45
8 9 10 11 12 13

ahaḥ = Alas; bata = oh; vayam = we; vyavasitā = resolved; kartum = to do; mahat =
1 2 7 6 5 3
great; pāpam = sin; udyatāḥ = ready and eager; hantum = to kill; svajanam = our people;
4 13 11 12
[for] yat = that; rājya sukha-lobhena = longing for kingdom and happiness [kingdom-
8 9 10
happiness-longing for]. 1.45

1.45: Alas! We have decided to commit great sins, by getting ready to kill our kinsmen because
of greed for the pleasures of kingdom. Rājya-sukha-lobha: kingdom-pleasure-greed: greed
for the pleasures of kingdom.

यदि मामप्रतीकारमशस्त्रं शस्त्रपाणयः ।
धार्तराष्ट्रा रणे हन्युस्तन्मे क्षेमतरं भवेत ् ॥१-४६॥ 1.46
yadi mām apratīkāram aśastraṁ śastrapāṇayaḥ

dhārtarāṣṭrā raṇe hanyus tan me kṣemataraṁ bhavet 1.46
yadi mām apratīkāram aśastram śastrapāṇayaḥ
1 2 3 4 5
dhārtarāṣṭrā raṇe hanyuḥ tat me kṣemataram bhavet 1.46

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

tat bhavet kṣemataram me = It would be better for me ; yadi dhārtarāṣṭrā
9 12 11 10 9 12 11 10 1 6
śastrapāṇayaḥ hanyuḥ raṇe = if the sons of Dhritrastra with weapons on hand were to kill
5 8 7 1 6 5
me on the battlefield ; mām aśastram apratīkāram = while I remain without weapons and
8 7 2 4 3 2 4
without retaliation . 1.46 3

1.46: Better would it be for me, if the sons of Dhritrastra with weapons on hand were to kill me
on the battlefield, while I, unarmed, offer no resistance.

एवमुक्त्वार्जुनः सख्ये रथोपस्थ उपाविशत ् ।

विसज्
ृ य सशरं चापं शोकसंविग्नमानसः ॥१-४७॥ 1.47
Saṅjaya uvāca
evam uktvā 'rjunaḥ saṅkhye rathopastha upāviśat
visṛjya saśaraṁ cāpaṁ śokasaṁvignamānasaḥ 1.47
Saṅjaya uvāca
evam uktvā arjunaḥ saṅkhye rathopastha upāviśat
1 2 3 4 5 6
visṛjya sa-śaram cāpam śoka saṁvigna mānasaḥ

7 8 9 10 11 12

Saṅjaya uvāca: = Sanjaya said: evam = thus; uktvā = saying; arjunaḥ = Arjuna; saṅkhye
1 2 3 4
= in the battlefield; upāviśat = sat down; rathopastha = on the seat of the chariot; visṛjya =
6 5 7
laying aside; cāpam = the bow; sa-śaram = alongside the arrows; [with] śoka = sorrow;
9 8 10
saṁvigna = agitating mānasaḥ = in his mind. 1.47

11 12

1.47: Sanjaya said:
Thus saying in the battlefield, Arjuna sat down on the seat of the chariot, laying aside his bow
and arrow with his mind taken over by sorrow.

End Chapter 01 Arjuna's Distress

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धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता यय

दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यढ

पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम ् ।

paśyaitāṁ pāṇḍuputrāṇām ācārya mahatīṁ camūm

army; pāṇḍu-putrāṇām3 = of the sons of Pandu; vyūḍhām7 = in battle formation; [deployed]

अत्र शूरा महे ष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि ।

धष्ृ टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान ् ।

yudhāmanyuś ca vikrānta uttamaujāś ca vīryavān

अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम ।

नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते ॥१-७॥ 1.7

asmākaṁ tu viśiṣṭā ye tān nibodha dvijottama

भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिंजयः ।

bhavān bhīṣmaś ca karṇaś ca kṛpaś ca samitiṁjayaḥ

अन्ये च बहवः शरू ा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः ।

नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः ॥१-९॥ 1.9

anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ

yuddha viśāradāḥ = skilled in war . 1.9

अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम ् ।

पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम ् ॥१-१०॥ 1.10

aparyāptaṁ tad asmākaṁ balaṁ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam

eteṣām = of theirs [Pandavas]; abhirakṣitam = protected by; bhīma = Bhima; paryāptaṃ

अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः ।

भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि ॥१-११॥ 1.11

ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgam avasthitāḥ

तस्य संजनयन्हर्षं कुरुवद्ध

सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान ् ॥१-१२॥ 1.12

tasya sañjanayan harṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ

ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखाः ।

ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ ।

माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः ॥१-१४॥ 1.14

tataḥ śvetair hayair yukte mahati syandane sthitau

mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaḥ ca eva divyau śaṅkhau pradaghmatuḥ

पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो दे वदत्तं धनञ्जयः ।

पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं भीमकर्मा वक

pauṇḍram dadhmau mahā-śaṅkham bhīma-karmā vṛkodaraḥ 1.15

dhanañjayaḥ = Arjuna; [blew] devadattam = Devadatta; vṛkodaraḥ = Vrkodara; bhīma-

karmā = of terrible deeds; [blew] mahā-śaṅkham = the Great Conch; pauṇḍram =

अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः ।

नकुलः सहदे वश्च सघ

nakulaḥ sahadevaḥ ca sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau 1.16

काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः ।

dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ virāṭaḥ ca sātyakiḥ ca aparājitaḥ 1.17

Sikhandi; mahārathaḥ = the great charioteer; ca = and; dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ = Dhrstadhyumna;

known defeat. 1.17

सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पथ

saubhadraḥ ca mahā-bāhuḥ śaṅkhān dadhmuḥ pṛthak-pṛthak 1.18

bāhuḥ = mighty-armed; saubhadraḥ = son of Subhadra; sarvaśaḥ = all; dadhmuḥ = blew;

śaṅkhān = [their respective] conches; pṛthak-pṛthak = separately-separately [one by one];

pṛthivīpate = O King of Earth. 1.18

स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत ् ।

nabhaḥ ca pṛthivīm ca eva tumulaḥ vyanunādayan 1.19

प्रवत्ृ ते शस्त्रसंपाते धनरु

flag; atha = thereupon; dṛṣṭvā = seeing; dhārtarāṣṭrān = the sons of Dhristarastra;

vyavasthitān = standing in position; pravṛtte = getting ready to engage; udyamya = [Arjuna]

Arjuna takes a bird's eye view of the two armies.

हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते ।

अर्जुन उवाच सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये रथं स्थापय मेऽच्युत ॥१-२१॥ 1.21

hṛṣīkeśaṁ tadā vākyam idam āha mahīpate

senayoḥ ubhayoḥ madhye ratham sthāpaya me acyuta 1.21

two; senayoḥ = armies. 1.21

यावदे तान्निरिक्षेऽहं योद्‌धक

कैर्मया सह योद्धव्यमस्मिन ् रणसमुद्यमे ॥१-२२॥ 1.22