Anatomy

Terminology

• Anatomy: study of body structure

• Physiology: study of how the body functions
• Pathophysiology: branch of science that describes
the cnsequences of the improper functioning of the
body parts
 Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment in an ever-changing
outside world
• In order for internal constancy to be maintained, we
need to be able to detect variation from set point
 Normal range

Calcium 8 – 10 mg/dl
Phosphate 3 – 4.5 mg/dl
Alkaline Phosphatase 20 – 70 U/L
Urea 7 – 18 mg/dl
 Negative Feedback
• The stimulus and the output moving in opposite
direction
• Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels
 Positive Feedback
• The output enhances the
original stimulus
• Example:
1. Regulation of blood clotting
2. stretching of cervix → oxytocin
secretion → contraction of
uterus → more stretching of
cervix
• A positive feedback requires
an external “break”