CDMA Key Technology

ZTE Corporation
CDMA Division
 CDMA Key Technology
Spread Spectrum Communication
Code Division Multiple Access
Power Control
Diversity
Soft Handoff
Rake Receiver
Variable Rate Vocoder
 Power Control
Why power control is needed for CDMA
 Near-far problem
If all mobiles transmitted at the same power level, the base station
would receive unnecessarily strong signals from mobiles nearby
and extremely weak signals from mobiles that are far away. This
will reduce the capacity of the system.
 Power Control
Power control is a CDMA feature that enables mobiles to adjust
the power at which they transmit. This ensures that the base station
receives all signals at the appropriate power.
Both forward and reverse links uses power control techniques.
 Power Control (1)
 The Need for Power Control
 CDMA is an Interference-limited system (not frequency-limited)

 Same frequency transmission: system internal interference critical to system

capacity and voice quality

 Transmit power of each mobile should be controlled to limit interference

 Changes of RF environment: fast and slow fading, shadowing, external

interference.
 Near and Far effect: mobile closer to the base station transmit less power than

those far away

 Objective: Reducing interference by limiting transmitted power on the forward and

reverse links while maintaining link quality
 Meet user-defined performance objectives: BER, FER, capacity, dropped-call

rate, coverage
 Power Control (2)
 Reverse Link Power Control: on the basis of E/I ratio
 Open Loop Power Control :

No involvement of BS, MS determines initial power transmitted on

the access and traffic channels, adjustment for path loss
 Closed loop control :inner loop control/outer loop control:

MS seizes a forward traffic channel and receives control bits, MS and

BS engage in closed-loop power control
 Inner loop control: Keeps the mobile as close to its target E/I
ratio as possible
 Outer loop control: Adjust the base station target E/I ratio for a
given mobile

 Forward Link Power Control : on the basis of FER

 Reducing both in-cell interference and other cell/sector interference

 FERs are measured instead of E/I

 Power Control (3)

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

(Constant) Transmitting Power ， Control range:±32 dB

MS

Receiving Power

Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BS Target Adjustment instruction Transmitting Power

E b / Io Power control
algorithm
MS
Information packet

E b / Io Inner loop

Outer loop
Adjustment of Target E/I
Error rate algorithm

E b / Io
 Power Control (4)

Forward Link Power Control

Transmitting Power

FER
Base Station MS
 Power Control (Continued)
Reverse Open Loop

Reverse Open Loop

Power Control

Mobile BTS

 Reverse Link Open Loop Power Control

 An initial estimation of required transmission power by the mobile
 Coarse measure of path loss based upon total receive power at mobile
Receive Power+Transmitted Power=-73(dbm)+Parameter
 Power Control (Continued)
Reverse Closed Loop

Mobile BTS
or
Reverse Closed Loop Signal Strength
Power Control Measurement

Setpoint

 Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control

 Used to compensate for asymmetries in forward/reverse links
 Up/down commands sent to mobile based upon SNR measured at Base Station
compared to a specified threshold
 Transmitted 800 times per second at 1dB increments
 Power Control (Continued)
Reverse Outer Loop

Mobile BTS BSC

or
Reverse Closed Loop Signal Strength
Power Control Measurement

Reverse Outer
Setpoint Loop Power FER
Control

 Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

 Setpoint is varied according to FER on reverse link (measured at the
Base Station Controller)
 Sampled at 50 frames per second rate (20msec)
 Setpoint adjusted every 1-2 seconds
 Power Control (Continued)

Stat. Backward link Outer loop adjustment

=1%?
N FER algorithm, new Eb
N0

Outer-loop adjustment
Y
Closed-loop control
Power control
N BS Eb
Nt
> Eb N 0 ? (bit) 0
Eb
Nt
measurement
1%

Y Power control
Transmit
(bit) 1
BS
MS
Transmit power
Power control
adjustment
command detection
 Power Control (Continued)
Forward Link

Mobile BTS BSC

Adjust Fwd.
power

FER

Forward Link Power Control

 Forward Link Power Control

 Base station slowly decreases power to each mobile
 As FER (measured at the mobile) increases, the mobile requests a raise
in forward link power
 Power Control (Continued)
CDMA Power Control Summary

Reverse Open Loop

Power Control

Mobile BTS BSC

or
Reverse Closed Loop Signal Strength Adjust Fwd.
Power Control Measurement power

FER Setpoint
Reverse Outer
Loop Power FER
Control

Forward Link Power Control

All types of power control work simultaneously

to minimize transmit power
 Diversity
Three types of diversity in CDMA.

 Time Diversity
 Frequency Diversity

 Space Diversity
 Diversity Reception (1)
 Definition:
 Simultaneous reception of multiple input signals. Combining and
correlation of the signals help reduce multi-path fading
 Types of Diversity: compensation for fading factors of
frequency, space and time
 Frequency diversity reception: spread spectrum transmission
 Space diversity reception
 Two or more separate antennas for reception and transmission to
guarantee separate propagation fading/loss
 Two BTS: in case of soft handoff

BS 1 BS 2
Reception
Reception
 Diversity Reception (2)

 Time Diversity Reception

 RAKE receivers of both BS and MS. When the
delay of the signals is larger than 1μs ， RAKE
receiver extract them without confusion

Reception window 1

Reception window 2
 Rake Receiver
 The rake receiver is a CDMA feature
that turns what is a problem in other Multi-path Propagation
technologies into an advantage for
CDMA.
 Signals sent over the air can take
multi-paths to the receiver. It can
result in the receiving getting serveral
versions of the same signal but at
slightly different times. Multi-paths
can cause a loss of signal through
cancellation in other technologies. Rayleigh Fading
 CDMA rake receiver is multiple A λ /2
receivers in one. The rake receiver
10-15 dB
identifies the three strongest multi-
path signals and combines them to
produce one very strong signal.
t
 Diversity (Continued)
Time Diversity Output
C0
g0

Input
Convolutional
g1 C1

g2 C2
1 3
3 6
5 97 1
29 1
61 1
93 2
25 2
57 2
89 3
21 3
53 3
85 4
17 4
49 4
81 5
13 5
45
2 3
4 6
6 98 1
30 1
62 1
94 2
26 2
58 2
90 3
22 3
54 3
86 4
18 4
50 4
82 5
14 5
46
3 3
5 6
7 99 1
31 1
63 1
95 2
27 2
59 2
91 3
23 3
55 3
87 4
19 4
51 4
83 5
15 5
47
4 3
6 6
8 1
00 1
32 1
64 1
96 2
28 2
60 2
92 3
24 3
56 3
88 4
20 4
52 4
84 5
16 5
48
5 3
7 6
9 1
01 1
33 1
65 1
97 2
29 2
61 2
93 3
25 3
57 3
89 4
21 4
53 4
85 5
17 5
49
6 3
8 7
0 1
02 1
34 1
66 1
98 2
30 2
62 2
94 3
26 3
58 3
90 4
22 4
54 4
86 5
18 5
50
7 3
9 7
1 1
03 1
35 1
67 1
99 2
31 2
63 2
95 3
27 3
59 3
91 4
23 4
55 4
87 5
19 5
51
8 4
0 7
2 1
04 1
36 1
68 2
00 2
32 2
64 2
96 3
28 3
60 3
92 4
24 4
56 4
88 5
20 5
52
9 4
1 7
3 1
05 1
37 1
69 2
01 2
33 2
65 2
97 3
29 3
61 3
93 4
25 4
57 4
89 5
21 5
53
1
0 4
2 7
4 1
06 1
38 1
70 2
02 2
34 2
66 2
98 3
30 3
62 3
94 4
26 4
58 4
90 5
22 5
54
1
1 4
3 7
5 1
07 1
39 1
71 2
03 2
35 2
67 2
99 3
31 3
63 3
95 4
27 4
59 4
91 5
23 5
55
1
2 4
4 7
6 1
08 1
40 1
72 2
04 2
36 2
68 3
00 3
32 3
64 3
96 4
28 4
60 4
92 5
24 5
56
1
3 4
5 7
7 1
09 1
41 1
73 2
05 2
37 2
69 3
01 3
33 3
65 3
97 4
29 4
61 4
93 5
25 5
57
1
4 4
6 7
8 1
10 1
42 1
74 2
06 2
38 2
70 3
02 3
34 3
66 3
98 4
30 4
62 4
94 5
26 5
58

Interleaving
1
5 4
7 7
9 1
11 1
43 1
75 2
07 2
39 2
71 3
03 3
35 3
67 3
99 4
31 4
63 4
95 5
27 5
59
1
6 4
8 8
0 1
12 1
44 1
76 2
08 2
40 2
72 3
04 3
36 3
68 4
00 4
32 4
64 4
96 5
28 5
60
1
7 4
9 8
1 1
13 1
45 1
77 2
09 2
41 2
73 3
05 3
37 3
69 4
01 4
33 4
65 4
97 5
29 5
61
1
8 5
0 8
2 1
14 1
46 1
78 2
10 2
42 2
74 3
06 3
38 3
70 4
02 4
34 4
66 4
98 5
30 5
62
1
9 5
1 8
3 1
15 1
47 1
79 2
11 2
43 2
75 3
07 3
39 3
71 4
03 4
35 4
67 4
99 5
31 5
63
2
0 5
2 8
4 1
16 1
48 1
80 2
12 2
44 2
76 3
08 3
40 3
72 4
04 4
36 4
68 5
00 5
32 5
64
2
1 5
3 8
5 1
17 1
49 1
81 2
13 2
45 2
77 3
09 3
41 3
73 4
05 4
37 4
69 5
01 5
33 5
65
2
2 5
4 8
6 1
18 1
50 1
82 2
14 2
46 2
78 3
10 3
42 3
74 4
06 4
38 4
70 5
02 5
34 5
66
2
3 5
5 8
7 1
19 1
51 1
83 2
15 2
47 2
79 3
11 3
43 3
75 4
07 4
39 4
71 5
03 5
35 5
67
2
4 5
6 8
8 1
20 1
52 1
84 2
16 2
48 2
80 3
12 3
44 3
76 4
08 4
40 4
72 5
04 5
36 5
68
2
5 5
7 8
9 1
21 1
53 1
85 2
17 2
49 2
81 3
13 3
45 3
77 4
09 4
41 4
73 5
05 5
37 5
69
2
6 5
8 9
0 1
22 1
54 1
86 2
18 2
50 2
82 3
14 3
46 3
78 4
10 4
42 4
74 5
06 5
38 5
70
2
7 5
9 9
1 1
23 1
55 1
87 2
19 2
51 2
83 3
15 3
47 3
79 4
11 4
43 4
75 5
07 5
39 5
71
2
8 6
0 9
2 1
24 1
56 1
88 2
20 2
52 2
84 3
16 3
48 3
80 4
12 4
44 4
76 5
08 5
40 5
72
2
9 6
1 9
3 1
25 1
57 1
89 2
21 2
53 2
85 3
17 3
49 3
81 4
13 4
45 4
77 5
09 5
41 5
73
3
0 6
2 9
4 1
26 1
58 1
90 2
22 2
54 2
86 3
18 3
50 3
82 4
14 4
46 4
78 5
10 5
42 5
74
3
1 6
3 9
5 1
27 1
59 1
91 2
23 2
55 2
87 3
19 3
51 3
83 4
15 4
47 4
79 5
11 5
43 5
75
3
2 6
4 9
6 1
28 1
60 1
92 2
24 2
56 2
88 3
20 3
52 3
84 4
16 4
48 4
80 5
12 5
44 5
76
 Diversity (Continued)
Frequency Diversity

1.25 MHz

Bandwidth of Traditional Signal :

200~300 KHz
50 times
Bandwidth of CDMA Signal :
1.25MHz
200 - 300 KHz
 Diversity (Continued)
Space Diversity

Rake Receiver Soft Handoff Diversity Antenna

Correlator

Correlator

RX1

Correlator
RX0
MS

Diversity receiver is useful in reducing multipath fading

 Soft Handoff
 A soft handoff establishes a
connection with the new BTS prior to
breaking the connection with the old
one. This is possible because CDMA
cells use the same frequency and the
mobile uses a rake receiver.
 The CDMA mobile assists the
network in the handoff. The mobile
Soft Handoff detects a new pilot as it travels to the
next coverage area. The new BTS
then establishes a connection with
the mobile. This new communication
Softer Handoff link is established while the mobile
maintains the link with the old BTS.
 Soft handoffs are also called “make-
before-break”. It reduces call drop.
Soft/Softer Handoff
 Soft Handoff (1)

 Features:
 First establish target connection, then cut off the original connection
 Seamless communication, less call dropping, high voice quality
 Types of soft handoff:
 Inter sector: softer handoff, performed by BTS
 Inter BS : soft handoff, performed by BSC
 Inter BSC/MSC Soft Handoff
 CDMA system with High-speed packet switching functions
 Soft Handoff (2)

M S C M S C

B S C
B S C B
 Soft Handoff Process (3)

Pilot Strength
Ec/No BS A
BS B

Threshold

r1

r2

Threshold
Hand off execution area
BS C Timing

t1 t2 t3 t

Soft Handoff from BS A to BS B

 Variable Rate Vocoder
 Three types of vocoder
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
8K EVRC(Enhanced variable rate
codec)
 Four kinds of speed for 8K QCELP
9.6 Kbps - High Speed
4.8 Kbps - Middle Speed
2.4Kbps - Low Speed
1.2Kbps - Not Talk or Noise
 It reduces the transmitted power,
so its interference to all CDMA
system is reduced and the capacity
of all system increases.
 Voice Coding
 Q-CELP Voice Coder with variable rate
 Voice quality of CDMA 8K Vocoder equals that of GSM 13K Vocoder
 CDMA13K Vocoder has good Voice quality close to that of wire telephone with
strong background noise reduction
 CDMA EVRC very close to CDMA 13K Vocoder

64k 13k 8k 13k

PCM GSM CDMA CDMA
 Q-CELP Coding
Data rate

Tone parameter
Sub-frame Refresh
8KHz 20 ms

Multiplex

Channel
160 LPC Refresh
Voice Sampling Sampled Filter parameter 20 ms
Value Sub-frame （ Fixed ）

Code table
Para Sub-frame Refresh

Self-adaptive
Noise Threshold Data rate
Para Frame
Thank you