Linux OS, Ubuntu Distro taMumif; tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;

uGeyf sKwmqd&k if Windows vdv Yk al wGu wGo

J ad eMuavmufatmif Microsoft &JU Windows awGu Windows 95 uae Window 7
txdatmif emrnf ausmMf um;ygw,f/ ausmMf um;oavmufvJ aumif;rGecf yhJ gw,f/ Microsoft &JU Windows ukod m odMuayr,fh
Linux OS awGukd odot l ok;H jyKMuolawG awmfawmfav;udk enf;aeygao;w,f/ Linux aum ok;H vdaYk umif;vm;/ b,fvrkd sKd ;
tok;H 0ifv/J Windows XP wdYk Windows 7 wdeYk YJ bmuGmvJ pojzifh uGmjcm;rIav;awGukd ajymjyygr,f/
yxrqk;H aps;EIe;f u pajymygr,f/
Windows 7 Starter : USD $199.95
Windows 7 Home Premium : USD $259.95
Windows 7 Professional : USD $299.95
Windows 7 Ultimate : USD $319.95
tJ'gu Windows 7 &JU vdik pf ifwpfcjk cif; aps;EIe;f yg/ atmufuawmh Ubuntu &JU tacG 20 pm tacG 100 pm tacG 200
pmaps;EIef;av;awGyg/
Linux (Ubuntu Distro 9.04)
Pack of 20 - $35.00
Pack of 100 - $150.00
Pack of 200 - $250.00
wu,fvdkY tacG(20)cefYrSmcJh&if Netherlands uae tcrJYydkYay;ygw,f/ &ufowå 4 ywfuae 6 ywf txdawmh
apmifh&r,fvdkY owday;xm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfrSmMunhfwJhtcg 3 ywfyJ Mumwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ License
taMumif;ajym&&if a&SUaeawGvkd vnf; uReaf wmf r&Si;f jywwfygbl;/ q&mwpfa,muf &Si;f jywJh tusÐ OyrmeJyY J &Si;f jyyg&ap/
Microsoft &JU license uawmh EULA yg/ End User License Agreement vkYd ac:ygw,f/ Linux uawmh GNU/GPL wJc h ifAs/ General
Public License rSm tusK;H 0ifwmyg/ OSS u Open Source Software jzpfygw,f/ Microsoft eJY Linux u tusa Ð wG a&mif;w,fqykd gpd/Yk
MS u 0,fvmwJh tusu Ð ay&ifawmh jyefavQmaf yghAsm/ tJ aygufNy&J ifawmh taMumif;yJ Mum;cGi&hf w dS ,f/ ud, k w
f ikd jf yifciG hf
r&Sdbl;As/ taMumif;Mum;wmudv k J [ku d jyifay;r,frjyifay;bl; raocsmbl;ayghAsm/ tusw Ð qH yd af wG vufawGajcawGuv kd J
rajymif;vJ&bl;As/ ajymif;vJ&if w&m;pGJ cH&r,fwJhAsm/ ukd,fu vuf&SnfaevJ atmifhtnf;onf;cHNyD;awmh 0wf?
vufarmif;usyaf evJ atmift h nf;onf;cHNy;D 0wf&awmhrmS ayghAsm/
Linux uawmh tusÐa&mif;&ifyJjzpfjzpf? tcrJh ay;wmyJjzpfjzpf csKyfykHcsKyfenf;eJYwuG wdkif;wmenf;utp tom;udk
b,fvn kd y§ &f w,fqw kd myg vdt k yfw,fq&kd if ay;vdu k w f ,fAs/ tJ'cD sKyyf cHk sKyef nf;udk MunfNh y;D ud, k ef u YJ u
kd n
f oD vdk jyefvnfcsKyw f mwdYk
jyKjyifwmwdv Yk nf; vufcw H ,fAsm/ aps;EIe;f qdw k mvJ csKd rcS sKd Asm/ enf;vrf;awG rod&ifawmh Online rSm q&mawG wuf&mS yg/
olwYkd t&ifvyk cf w hJ v hJ rf;aMumif;awG awG&Y r,f? ar;vd&Yk r,f/ tJvkd uGmw,f/ ud, k yf ikd wf pfck license wpfcck 0k ,fNy;D jyefjyKjyifEikd w f ,f/
Ny;D &if ud, k af y;csiw f v hJ u
l kd w&m;0iftcrJah y;Ekid yf gw,f/ 'grSr[kwf Munfrh &wJh olq&dk if BuKd uaf ps;&rS a&mif;aygh/ tJ 'gayr,fh
csKyyf cHk sKyef nf;vdYk uReaf wmf wifpm;xm;wJh Source Code awGuakd wmh xnfah y; ay;&w,fAs/ OSS &JUrl qdyk gawmh/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
u OSS Open Source Software qd&k if tcrJ&h w,fvyYkd J jrifMuajymMuw,fAs/ trSeaf wmh vGwv f yfwhJ Software qd&k if ydrk eS w f ,f/
tukev f ;Hk tvk;H pkaH wmh tcrJrh &Edik yf gbl;/ FOSS Free & Open Source Software qdkrS vGwv f w G vf yfvyf tcrJo h ;Hk vd&Yk w,f vdYk
ac:wmyg/ COSS vdaYk c:wJh Commercial open source software vJ &Sad o;wmud;k /
GPL vdi k pf if&UJ &nfreS ;f csuaf wGuawmh 1. olw&Ykd UJ Software awGukd vGwv f wG v f yfvyf ok;H vd&Yk r,f/ 2.tJ'D Software awGu
b,fvkd tvkyv f yk v f J Munf½h cI iG &hf &Srd ,f/ avhvmoifMum;Edik rf ,f/ rdrd vdt k yfcsuEf iS t hf nD jyKjyifajymif;vJEikd &f r,f/ ('gayrJh
jyKjyifciG hf awmif;cH&r,f/ t&if Software a&;qGcJ w hJ hJ vlawGukd todtrSwjf yKay;&r,f/) 3. Software udjk yefvnf xkwaf 0cGihf
&&Srd ,f/ 4. tJvrkd sK;d Software udk rnforl qdk tusK;d &Sw d b
hJ ufu jyKjyifajymif;vJwm awG rsm;vmwmeJY wpfNyKd iw f nf; Software
[m wjznf ; jznf ; eJ Y yd k r d k w d k ; wuf v mNyD ; tok H ; jyKwJ h o l a wG u d k yd k r d k v G , f u l v maprS m jzpf y gw,f / ( source code ud k
L

jyKjyifajymif;vJciG u hf awmh awmif;cHjcif;^0,f,jl cif; jyKvyk &f rSmyg/) Linux taMumif; ajym&r,fq&dk if Linux [m Unix-Like
jzpfwt hJ wGuf olo Y rdik ;f aMumif;xJrmS Unix Operation Systems taMumif;ygajymrS jynfph o Hk ifah wmfrmS jzpfygw,f/
OD

UNIX ukd AT&T u 1969 rSm pwifcw hJ ,f/ ueOD;rSm MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) &JU Bell Labs uae 1957
ckEpS rf mS pwifchJ wm jzpfNy;D Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services) vdYk Code Name ac:qdck yhJ gw,f/ aemufyikd ;f rSm
UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service) vdkY ajymif;vJac:qdk&mrS wqifh pmvkH;aygif; UNIX vdkYajymif;vJ
ac:qdck jhJ yefygw,f/ ol&UJ Trade Mark [m pmvk;H tBu;D awGeYJ a&; om;xm;wJh UNIX yJjzpfNy;D tcsKUd u UNIX qkNd y;D Small Caps eJYvJ
a&;avh&w dS ,f/ yxrqk;H tBurd f Release vkyw f muawmh 11/03/1971 rSyg/ UNIX &JU Design udk Portable, Multitasking, Multi User,
kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media
Time Show qdkwJh tcsuaf wG yg0ifatmif tajccHwnfaqmufcw hJ myg/ t&ifwek ;f u Computer avmurSm Unix u vk;H 0
emrnfBu;D Ny;D pk;d rd;k ae&m ,lxm;wJt h csed /f tJ't
D csed rf mS Unix rS Unix jzpfaeawmh Microsoft uae Unix udk pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;Bu;D tkyrf eI YJ
1970 ckEp S af vmufrmS w&m;pGw J ,f/ tJ'yD rJG mS Unix ½I;H oGm;cJw h ,f/ Unix u trI½;HI awmh Unix Source awGukd wjcm;olawGu
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; tvum; ,lo;Hk Muw,f/ tck 'DrmS Windows XP wd?Yk Windows Vista wdu Yk kd ok;H ovdrk sKd ;aygh/ vlenf;pkuyJ
w&m;0ifvikd pf if 0,fo;Hk Muw,f/ ausmif;awG ½k;H awG tvky½f aHk wGrmS vdik pf ifaqmifNy;D ok;H r,fq&dk if awmfawmfuek u f srmS av/
aemuf 10 ESpaf vmufMumawmh 1980 ckESpf avmufrmS Unix u trIujdk yefNy;D t,lc0H ifw,f/ w&m;½k;H uvJ t,lcu H kd
vufcv H u kd w f ,f/ tJ'aD wmhrS pawGw Y myJ/ b,fajy;rvJ tvum;&vdYk ,lo;Hk xm;wJh olawG/ vdik pf ifaMu;ay;rvm; rok;H yJaervm;/
cdk;okH; vdkYuawmh zrf;rd&if avsmfaMu;u enf;rSmr[kwfbl; av/ tJ'DawmhrS ay;&awmhwmyJ/ puf½kHawG ½Hk;awG uawmh
ay;Ekid w f maygh Amount rS odyrf rsm;wmud;k / ray;Edik w f mawGu University awG ausmif;awG aq;½kH vd[ k mawG/ tvk;H a&u
renf;ovdk wu,fvJ trsm; BuD; ay;&avmufatmif tokH;0ifaewm r[kwfbl;/ gayrJh rxm;vdkYvJ rjzpfEdkifbl;av/
b,fvv kd yk rf vJ tusKd ;taMumif; ajymjyMuwmaygh/ 'Dawmh Unix u aeNy;D Kernel omomav; Computer ac:vdYk &w,f qd½k aHk v;
ay;xm;vdu k w f ,f/ bmqdb k mrS ok;H pm;r& wJh tajctaeayghAsm/ tJ'gudk rauseyfawmh Andrew S. Tanenbaum uae ausmif;awG
Education twGuf Minix (Mini Unix) qdw k mudk 1987 rSmpwifNy;D jyifa&; w,f/ Minix 1 u Unix 7 udk vdu k ef mw,f/
Sun wkYd IBM wdYk TOSHIBA wdu Yk vJ Unix ,l ok;H xm;wmyJ/ olwu Ykd rS ok;H wmqdw
k mxuf a&mif;pm;wmqdk ydrk eS w f ,f/
bmaMumifv h q J akd wmh olwYkd Hardware awGrmS Unix OS xnfNh y;D rS a&mif;pm;ae wmav/ tJ'aD wmhrv S J pufua&mif;&rSmud;k /
puf t cG H BuD ; yJ q d k b,f o l u 0,f r wk e f ; ? r[k w f b l ; vm;/ tJ ' D awmh Unix uvnf ; NyD ; wmawG v nf ; &S d y gapawmh
aemufb,fvdkqufvkyfMurvJ uJ (tJvdkawmh rajymaomfvnf; tJ'DykHpHayghaemf)/ 'Dawmh pufwpfvkH;csif;twGuf
ay;&r,fq&dk ifvnf; Hardware orm;awG aoNy/D 'DawmhrS Hardware Industry wpfcjk cif;twGuf Close Source taeeJY Unix-Like
awGukd ESppf OfaMu;ykpH eH YJ Limited av;vkyNf y;D vkid pf ifav;awG csa&mif;ay;ygw,f/
tJ't D xJu emrnfBu;D awGukd ajymjy&&if -
Developer OS
IBM = AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) Unix V 1986 -2007
HP = HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) Unix V 1989- 2008
SIG = IRIX Unix V + BSD 1998-2006
Sun Microsystems = SunOS Unix 7 + BSD 1982 -1994
DEC, HP, IBM, Compaq = Tru64 1992 -2006
DEC = Ultrix (BSD Unix) 1977~78 - 1995
Microsoft = Xenix (Unix) 1970-1989
aemuf MS eJY IBM aygif;Ny;D OS/2 qkNd y;D Unix/Xenix xkwyf gao;w,f/
1977 ckEp
S rf mS yJ Berkeley (University of California) uvJ UNIX like Systems tjzpf BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) udk
a&;om;cJyh gw,f/aemufyikd ;f rSm FreeBSD OpenBSD NetBSD Dragonfly BSD awG qufvufxu G af y:cJyh gw,f/ 1984 ckESpfrSm
Richard Stallman uaeNy;D GNU Project udk pwifcw hJ ,f/ ol&UJ OD;wnfcsuu f Unix rSm tok;H jyKv&Ykd wJh aqmhz0f v J af wGukd a&;om;Ny;D
tcrJh ay;Ekid zf wYkd /hJ aemufwpfEpS f 1985 rSm FSF vdYk tckac:Mu wJh Free Software Foundation udk wnfaxmifw,f/ GNU General
Publish License (GNU GPL) udv k nf; wvufpwnf; qufvufa&;om;w,f/ wpfu,f a&;awmh Compiler, text Editor awG Unix
Shell awGeYJ Windowing System awGukd 1989, 1990 avmufrS Ny;D w,f/
olwdkY b,favmuf copyright udk pdwfukefovJ qdk&if olY&JU license udk Copy left wJhAsm/ olrsm;awGu c ud k
tay:u0dik ;f xm;w,fAsm/ olu qefu Y sib
f uf c &JU ajymif;jyef jrefrm*Pef; 1 vdrk sKd ;av;udk jyef0ikd ;f ay;xm;w,f/ rSwu f a&m
uJ/ aemuf Andrew S. Tanenbaum &JU ausmif;om; Linus Torvalds qkw d hJ wpfa,mufu News Group wpfck rSm Unix vdk OS rsK;d
tcrJh ra&;Edik b f ;l vm;? tpupNy;D a&;Mu&atmifqNdk y;D a<u;aMumfNy;D pwif zdwaf c:wm awG&Y w,f/ Linus Torvalds tJ'aD emufukd
wpf aumufaumufvu kd &f if; yxrqk;H Linux kernel udk C Language eJaY &;Ny;D 1991 ckEpS rf mS Release vkyaf y; Ekid cf w hJ ,f/
wu,fwrf;awmh Linux u kernel wpfckwnf; ygyJ/ Core Kernel vdkYyJ ac:Muygw,f/ t”du jzpfwm rSefayr,fh
L

olwpfcw k nf;eJY Ny;D jynfph w Hk hJ Operation System wpfck jzpfrvmEdik yf gbl;/ Module Base/Component awG vdt k yfygao;w,f/
OD

aemufyikd ;f rSm awmh GPL vdik pf ifrmS ygwJh Software awGu Unix-Like av/ Unix ay:rSm aumif;aumif;tvkyv f yk wf hJ Free Software
/ tcka&;wJh Linux Kernel uvJ Unix-Like qdak wmh Unix vdyk J tvkyv f yk w
f ,f/ ESpcf ak ygif;vdu
k f awmhrS wd;k wufvmwm tHrh cef;yJ/
Unix u 1960 rwdi k rf u
D Assembly eJaY &;Ny;D 1960 aemufyikd ;f awmh C eJY a&;xm;wm/ Linux uvJ C eJyY J a&;xm;wm/
'gayr,fh wpfcak wmh &Sw d ,faemf/ Linux the NOT Unix!.
aemufyikd ;f GPL license eJY Software awGrsm;vm ovdk GPL License uvJ Version 3 txda&mufvmw,f/
kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media
 tJ'rD mS Linus Torvalds u GPL v3 rSm ygwJh tcsKUd pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awG rBuKd uw f thJ wGuf GPL v3 udk vufrcHEikd b f ;l vdYk
qkdvmjyefvdkY Richard Stallman u qDvDuGefawmifMum;u Linus &JU tdrfrSm okH;&ufavmuf tajctwif awmfawmfBuD;
aqG;aEG;cJ&h ygao;w,f/ aemufrS Linus Torvalds u vufco H mG ;wm/
1998 ckEp S rf mS OSS (Open Source Software) awG OSD (Open Source Definition) awG twGuq f Nkd y;D OSI (Open Source
Intiactive) qdw k hJ corporation wpfck ay:aygufvmygw,f/ Eric S. Raymond upNy;D 1997 rSm pwnfaxmifwmyg/ oluawmh
Source awGygrQ a0ay;zd& Yk nf&, G yf gw,f/ Open Source qdw k t hJ rnfukd pwifo;Hk pGcJ w hJ muawmh Netscape (Mozilla)ygyJ/ OSI &JU
Logo uawmh jrefrmvdk * i,fav;As/ CopyRight – EULA awG awmfawmfre k ;f MuykyH /J
OSS eJY FSF u wlovde k YJ rluw JG ,f/ Richard Stallman u GPL udk OSS vdYk wGo J ;Hk &if rBuKd ubf ;l / FSF u Software awG Free
ay;ok;H zdYk &nf&, G f w,f/ OSS u Source awG rQa0ay;zd&Yk nf&, G w
f ,f/ aemufyikd ;f Software awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u OSI u
OSS twGuf Certificate ay;Ny;D todtrSwjf yKw,f/ GPL License &JU pnf;urf;awGatmufrm S tvkyv f yk w f ,f/ tckaemufyikd ;f
Software awGu ESpc f v
k ;Hk udk vdu k ef mawmh OSS, GPL ESpcf v k ;Hk wlwyl v
J Ykd trSwrf mS ;ae MuNy/D OSS awG &Smcsiw f ,fq&kd ifawmh
sourceforge .net vdk qdu k af wG &Syd gw,f/ cifAsm;wdYk ud, k yf ikd f Source awG Free wifxm;Edik o f vdk support services a&mif;cdik ;f vdv Yk J
&ygw,f/ ay;xm;wJh aomif;csaD ewJh Source awGukd ,lNy;D ok;H pGaJ vhvmEdik yf gw,f/ Source awG tcrJah y;xm;ayr,fh support
services udk yduk qf aH y;rS vkyaf y;wmawGvJ &Syd gw,f/ (CVS) Concurrent Versions System eJY (svn) Subversion awGeYJ jyoxm;ygw,f/
wiki udtk ok;H jyKNy;D Source History awG Manual awG Bug Report awG a&;Edik yf gw,f/ tckaemufyikd ;f emrnfBu;D vmwm uawmh
http://code.google.com/hosting/ yg/ tcrJh Source awG oGm;a&mufavhvmapcsiy f gw,f/
udkudk&J
Knowledgebridge Magazine
Vol:1, No.4 October 2009
———————————————
Ubuntu taMumif; ar;xm;wmav;awGudk jyefajzjyxm;wm jzpfygw,f/ FAQ ykp
H aH v; a&;ay; xm;ygw,f/

Ubuntu qd k w mbmvJ /

Ubuntu [m tmz&duefbmomeJq
Y kd “wOD;eJY wOD; pmemaxmufxm;jcif;” vdYk t”dymÜ ,f&ygw,f/ Mark Shuttleworth qdw k hJ
awmiftmz&duom; wpf a,muf&UJ Canonical Ltd uae Free Cost & Freedom ay;xm;wJh Ubuntu OS vdYk odMuygw,f/ DEBIAN
Linux OS ay:rSm tajccHjyD; Euro tajcpdkuf Canonical qdkwJh ukrÜPDu xkwfvkyfygw,f/ tNrJwrf; tcrJhay; r,fvdkYvJ

tmrcHxm;ygw,f/ tdro f ;Hk ? ½k;H ok;H uae Server awGtxd tok;H jyKEikd yf gw,f/ ol&Y UJ rsK;d uGaJ wG taeeJY tajccHtm;jzifh Kbuntu(KDE),
Xubuntu (Xfce), Ebuntu(Education) qdw k mawG &SEd ikd jf y;D Multimedia Professional orm;awGtwGuf Tools awG tpkx H nfh ay;xm;wJh
Ubuntu-Studio Edition, bmoma&;eJY udu k n
f D tqifajyatmif jyKvyk x f m;wJh Ubuntu ME(Muslim Edition),Ubuntu CE(Christian
Edition), MythTV uae xkwa f wmh mythbuntu, Google uae Green OS qdNk y;D xkwaf wmh gOS tJvkd rluaJG ygif;rsm;pGm &Syd gw,f/
ud,k ef YJ tqifajywmudk ok;H ½kyH gyJ/
Debian Linux Base, (FOSS) Free and Open Source Software.

tcrJ h ay;xm;awmh a&&Snfpdwfcs&yghrvm;? olwdkh uaum b,f0ifaiGeJh&yfwnfvJ/

Canonical uawmh Customer Engineering Services, Support, Certification eJh Training pwmawGeYJ &yfwnfygw,f/ Application

awG a&;qGaJ y;jcif;eJY topfxu G wf hJ tcrJh Application awGukd tjrefq;Hk ta&mufyw Ykd mwdYk &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gawGuvnf; Ubuntu
tay:rSm rScD akd ewmawGqakd wmh a&&Snt f wGuf pdwcf s&ygw,f/ Ubuntu twGuf &HyaHk iGtaeeJu Y awmh Ubuntu Logo ½du
k Ef ydS x
f m;wJh
L

KeyChange, aumfzc D u
G f awGuae T-Shirt, c&D;aqmiftw d f, OD;xkwf pwmawG txd rsK;d pkaH &mif;ygw,f/
OD

Ubuntu Software wif z d k h cufcJvm;/

Windows wpfck wifwmavmufawmif rcufcJ ygbl;/ Wubi eJYwif&if Forum wpfckrSm Login vkyf&wmavmufeD;eD;
vG,fygw,f/

kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media
Ubuntu wif z d k h t wG u f Partition xyf y d k i f ; &if Data aysmuf q k H ; wmawG jzpf r oG m ;Ed k i f b l ; vm;/ Windows eJ Y Ubuntu
wGJwifvdkh&vm;/ &&ifa&m vG,fyghrvm/
Windows rSmawmif Partition udk rudi k w
f ,
G f wwf&ifawmh cifAsm;&JU Data awGukd Services orm;eJY jyef&mS &rSmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh
Ubuntu rSm tJ'gudk a&Smif&m S ; Edik rf ,feh nf;vrf;awG ygvmygw,f/ Ubuntu Install DVD eJjY zpfap CD eJjY zpfap vG,v f ,G af v;
wifv&Ykd Edik yf g w,f/ vdt k yfwhJ Partition udk Free Space uae Side Bar av; b,fnma&GU½keH w YJ if,rl vm; &w,f/ Free Space
awGuyJ csed n f , §d o
l mG ;wmjzpfvYkd bm Data rS raysmufap&bl;/ DVD eJw Y if&if Software awG tpkt H vifygEdik af yr,fh CD eJw
Y if&ifawmh
WUBI udk tok;H jyKEi kd v
f Ykd ydv
k , G uf yl gvdrrhf ,f/ Partition rydik ;f yJ Folder av;wpfcx k rJ mS wif Ubuntu wifrvm; Wubi udk ok;H ½kyH aJ v/
Windows &JU Installer wpfcw k ifwm avmufawmif rcufap&bl;/ aemufwpfcg boot wuf &if Windows eJY Ubuntu BuKd u&f m
a&G;ok;H vd&Yk NyaD v/

Wubi qd k w mbmvJ / qd k u f b ,f a vmuf & S d v J / ol Y u d k okH;&if b,favmufay;&vJ/

Wubi qdw
k m Windows User awGtwGuf Ubuntu Installer av;yg/ qdu k uf awmh 1.5 MB &Syd g vdrrhf ,f/ Ubuntu CD rSmqdk
wpfcgwnf;ygvmygw,f/ olq Y u
kd rf mS a&;xm;wmawGU&if cifAsm; ydo k abmus oGm;Edik yf gw,f/ Wubi udk Run vdu k yf g? Username
eJY Password udjk znfyh g/ Install udEk ydS jf y;D &ifawmh Coffee aomufNy;D Ubuntu ok;H zdhk apmifah e½kyH gyJw/hJ olajymwm rSeyf gw,fAsm/
t&rf;udk vG,u f yl gw,f/ olu cifAsm; &JU Harddisk ay:rSm 5 GB avmuf Folder av;wpfcyk J wifxm;rSm Ubuntu udk rvdck siaf wmh&if
Windows &JU Add & Remove Software 'grSr[kwf Ubuntu qdw k hJ Folder atmufu Uninstall uaejyefNy;D Uninstall vkyv f u
kd ½f yHk /J

Ubuntu wif N yD ; rS rBud K uf a wmh & if jyef j zKwf & cufrvm;/ Partition? Data awG aysmufEdkifvm;/
Wubi ok;H Ny;D awmh Ubuntu udk Install vkyx f m; w,fq&kd ifawmh Wubi udk Unistall vkyv f u
kd ½f yHk ?J Partition rydik ;f xm;wJt
h wGuf
bmrSrajymif;vJ roGm;ygbl;/ tysut f pD; rjzpfEidk yf gbl;/
Ubuntu wif z d k h bmawG v d k v J /
Windows rSmae&mtvGwf 5GB avmuf usef aeao;&if Ubuntu udk wifEi kd yf gw,f/
RAM 256 MB, HDD 5 GB qd& k if Ubuntu udk wifvYkd &ygNy/D Xubuntu qd&k if RAM 128 MB &S&d if wifvYdk &ygw,f/ BuKd urf BuKd uf
CD eJth &if Live av;MunfNh y;D prf;vdu k yf gOD;/ tacGxnfx h m;Ny;D Boot wuf&if Ubuntu udk Office Tool awG Internet Tools awG
ok;H vdYk &aeNyAD s/ oabmusrS rdrd Computer xJukd install vkyf r,fqv kd nf; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D Live Function av;udk tok;H jyKNy;D
Windows rwufawmhwhJ pufawGu Data awGukd Recover jyefq,fvYkd &ygw,f/

Windows eJ Y Ubuntu bmawG uGmovJ/

yxrqk;H uawmh Price yg/
Windows udk $ 300 avmufay;&if One User twGuf &ygw,f/ pufwpfv;Hk pmyJaygh/

Ubuntu uawmh CD tacG ESp& f mrSm&if £ 135.32 ay;&ygw,f/

tacGEpS q f ,ftxduawmh tcrJh rSmEdik yf g w,f/ 20 uae 100 txdu £ 80.85 ay;&ygr,f/
yg0ifwhJ Application awGvJ Ubuntu rSmu tcrJyh g/
vGecf whJ hJ ok;H ESpu
f ppfwrf;t& Virus uawmh Windows rSm &Sw d m 2000 qdk&if Linux rSm 1 /
tok;H jyK&vG,u f rl u
I awmh windows ok;H aeus vlawGtaeeJY enf;enf;pdr;f ovd&k adS yr,fh GUI uawmh Design wlwx l m;&if
Windows Vista awG Windows7 awGeYJ Edi I ;f ,SOjf y&mrSm Microsoft &JU Windows awGu Process eJh Memory ydv
k t
kd yfw,f/ Design
L

ydik ;f rSm b,f avmufomw,f vSw,fvaYkd jymajym tok;H jyKaeqJ jzpfwhJ tom;usNy;D om; Windows XP &JUae&meJaY wmh oGm;,SOv f Ykd
OD

&rSmr[kwb f ;l / DTP orm;awGtwGuf uawmh XP u avmavmq,f tqifajyqk;H jzpfaew,fav/

Ubuntu rS m aum Virus r&Sdbl;vm;/

wu,fawmh Linux &JU vkNH cKH a&;pepfaMumihf Virus eJY Trojan awG[m Ubuntu rSm tvkyrf vkyEf ikd yf gbl;/
cufcw
J hJ tqifah wmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk User uae aoaocsmcsm jyKvyk af y;&ifawmif Virus Run zdYk rvG,u f yl gbl;/ Windows
kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media
eJ,
Y OS jf y&&if User taeeJY Admin vdk Root User, Group vdk Signin User, aemuf Everyone vdk Other User qdNk y;D ok;H rsK;d cGx J m;ygw,f/
vk H j cH K a&;taeeJ Y Read, Write, Execute qd k N yD ; ok H ; ck r S m Other User taeeJ Y Read avmuf y J &ygvd r f h r ,f / Setting
wpfckckav;csdef;&ifawmif Password awmif;yg vdrfhr,f/ System udk ajymif;vJr,fqdk&ifawmh Root User taeeJYrSom
vkyaf qmifEikd rf mS yg/ Ubuntu uawmh Default Root udk Disable vkyx f m;ygw,f/ tm;omwm wpfcu k Windows Virus awGu
Ubuntu (Linux) rSm Platform rwlwt hJ wGuf tvkyrf vkyyf gbl;/ Linux twGuf Virus u oyfoyfa&;&wmyg/
Microsoft u xkwfwJh Windows wdkif;uawmh tjyifuae (Web Browser uaeNyD;awmhyJ jzpfjzpf) Run Edkifatmif

vkyx f m;wmyg/ Web Pages awGuae Active vkyw f m Install vkyw f m tqifajyatmifyg/ vuf&t dS ajctaerSmawmh Email awG
IM Client (eg. mIRC) awG Browser awGuaewpfqifh Virus awG Trojan awG Malware awG[m vG,v f ,G u
f ul el YJ Run awmhwmyJ/
ae&mwpfae&muae yke;f Ny;D tvkyv f yk f ygw,f/ wcsKUd ar;aw?G Web awGu Download qGJrS Install vkyrf S jzpfwmyg/ wcsKUd Web
awGuawmh Browser uae zGiv hf u
kd w f meJY tvkyf pvkyaf wmhwm ygyJ/ Click vkyaf y;p&mawmif rvdyk gbl;/
tJ'gqd&k if Linux (Ubuntu) u vk;H 0pdwcf s&vm; ar;ygvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'v D akd wmhvJ r[kwaf o;ygbl;/ ud, k wf ikd uf Root account
udk rvdyk o J ;Hk Ny;D awGUorQ install rvkyzf Ykd Click rvkyzf Ykd vdyk gw,f/ (Root User eJqY &kd if bmrS jyefrar;awmhb;l / User cdik ;f wJt
h wdik ;f
vkyaf y;ygvdrrhf ,f/)

'Dvdkqdk Ubuntu twG u f Anti-Virus Software r&Sdbl;aygh [kwfvm;/

wdu
Yk kd tok;H jyKEikd yf g w,f/ BitDefender qdk&if
Kaspersky, Panda, Vexira Antivirus, RAV Antivirus, Trend Micro, Sophos

tcrJh Version tjyif 7.0 udk 1 year license tcrJah y;aeygw,f/ emrnfBu;D wm uawmh Clamav qdw k hJ Anti-Virus &Syd gw,f FOSS
ygyJ/ olu Windows twGuf Software vJxw k af y;ygw,f/
http://www.clamav.net

aemuf firewall twGuf Firestarter udk ok;H Edik yf g w,f/ tjcm;jcm;aom Software awGvJ &Syd gao; w,f/ 'gawGuawmh
taumif;qk;H vdYk rJay;cH&wJh Software av;awGyg/

Ubuntu rS m okH;zdkY Software awGu aps;BuD; Edkifvm;/ bm Software ygrvJ/

tukev f ;Hk eD;yg; GPL FOSS awGygyJ/ tcrJh ay;xm;wmawGyg/ Microsoft &JU $ 700 wef Office vdrk sK;d tvkyv f yk w f hJ Open
Office ygygw,f/ MS Office rSm rygwJh PDF tjzpfawmif wku d ½f u
dk f Save vkyEf idk yf g vdrrhf ,f/ $ 700 wef Photoshop vdrk sK;d GIMP
ygvm ygw,f/ Movie Player awG Internet ok;H zdYk Firefox Browser ygr,f/ Gtalk, Yahoo, AIM, MSN, QQ pwJh IM awG ok;H zdu Yk Pidgin
ygr,f/
CD eJh oGi;f &ifawmif tJ'gawGygNy;D om; jzpfae rSmyg/ vkc d siw
f m&Sad o;&if Internet u Download qGNJ y;D awmhjzpfap
LRC(Linux Resource Center) rSm tacGom G ; ul;Ny;D awmhjzpfap &,lEikd yf gw,f/
Ubuntu rS m Driver awG u d k & S m &cuf r vm;/

t&rf;Bu;D &Sm;yg;aewJh Driver awG r[kwcf &hJ if tvG,w f ulygNy;D om; jzpfygw,f/ Windows rSm oD;oefx Y yfwifay;&wJh
Audio Driver awG Graphic Driver awG Ubuntu rSm wpfcgwnf;ygNy;D om;yg/ Audio/Video Code yJxnfa h y;&rSmyg/ Ubuntu wuf
wmeJY Audio yg wef;wufvmygvdrrhf ,f/ mp4 player awG Mobile Phone awGq&kd if Windows u USB tae eJyY J odayr,fh Ubuntu
rSmu Phone/Firmware Model udyk g odygw,f/ Printer Scanner awGvJ Autodetect odygw,f/ bmrS odyaf xGaxGx;l xl; wifay;p&m
r&Sd ygbl;/ Internet csw d q
f ufxm;r,fq&kd if tvkd tavsmuf Driver Update vkyaf y;oGm;OD;rSmyg/
L

Windows Application exe zd k i f a wG Ubuntu rS m RUN Ed k i f r vm;/

OD

&Edik yf gw,f/ Wine Installer qdw

k m &Syd gw,f/ Windows Emulator qdyk gawmh/ IE wdYk Photoshop wdYk uae wcsKUd *dr;f awGtxd
&ygw,f/ Half-Life2, Day of Defeat, Call of Duty, Star War pwmawGukd taumif;qH;k Platinum List xJrmS awG&Y ygw,f/ Final
Fantasy XI, Counter-Strike, Command & Conquer 3, Command & Conquer 3 pwmawGvnf; tok;H jyKvYkd &Edi k yf gw,f/ exe
awGwikd ;f tukev f ;Hk awmh tqif rajyao;ygbl;/ avmavmq,fawmh exe application aygif; 7800 ausmf tok;H jyKEikd yf gw,f/

kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media
Ubuntu rS m Myanmar fonts okH;vdkY&r&/
Ubuntu rSm Win fonts, CE fonts eJY Unicode fonts awG/ Oyrm Myanmar2, Myanmar3, Zawgyi-One, Myazedi pwmawG

tokH;jyKEdkifygw,f/
tcrJhay;w,fqdkawmh jrefrmjynfuae rSmvdkY &rvm;/
&ygw,f/ Canonical Ltd uae rSm,lr,fq&kd if https://shipit.ubuntu.com/ rSm Register vkyNf y;D tcrJh rSm ,lEikd yf gw,f/ 4
week uae 6 week Mumr,fvYkd awmh owday;xm;ygw,f/ 4 Week avmufqkd tacG a&mufygw,f/ Adv k af tmifausmv f rf;
atmuf bavmuf pmwdu k Bf u;D em;u qufo, G af &;½k;H rSm ygq,fomG ;xkw&f ygw,f/ rSwyf w
Hk if? oef;acgif pm&if;/ {nfph m&if;awG
rdwLå ul;Ny;D ,lomG ;&ygr,f/ Nick Name eJY rrSmrdygapeJ/Y tzGUJ tpnf; Company emrnferhJ mS &if Company &JU axmufccH suyf g
,lomG ;zkYd vdyk gvdrrhf ,f/
wu,fvdkY tJ'Davmuf rapmifhcsif&if http://www.ubuntu-myanmar.org/ okdhr[kwf http://ubuntu4mm.org/ wdkYwGif
tacGrmS íjzpfap? MM-LRC rSm tacGvw G jf zifh oGm;a&mufu;l ,líjzpfap &,l Edik yf gw,f/
ul;,lEikd af om qdik v f yd pf mrsm;rSm -
Skyworld Internet Café

trSwf 47? a&ausmv

f rf;? ykZeG af wmif/
Brown Hill Internet Café

trSwf 217? qdyu

f rf;omvrf;? ausmufww
H m;/
TipTop Internet Café

trSwf (62)? vdiI jf rpfvrf;? tif;pdeaf ps;a&SU? tif;pde/f

udkudk&J
Knowledgebridge Magazine
Vol:1, No.4 October 2009

—————————————
wu,fvrYkd sm; Ubuntu udk Wubi eJY wifr,fqkd &ifawmh wcsKUd tqifah wGukd ausmyf pfvu kd Nf y;D xm;cJv
h &Ydk ygw,f/ Wubi
xnfx h m;wJh Ubuntu CD udk Click vdu k &f if Demo and Full Installation eJY Install inside the Windows qdNk y;D a&G;cdik ;f ygvdrrhf ,f/ Live
av;yJ Munfch si&f if 'grSr[kwf Partition ydik ;f Ny;D wifr,fq&kd if Demo and Full Installation udk a&G;&rSmyg/ Install Inside the
Windows uawmh Wubi eJY Folder av;wpfcy k J aqmufNy;D Partition rydik ;f yJ Ubuntu udk wifay;oGm;rSmyg/ Install inside the windows
udk a&G;&ifawmh wcg wnf; Ubuntu OS twGuf User Name eJY Password xnfah y;cdik ;f yg vdrrhf ,f/ Install inside the windows
udak &G;&if CD xJu DATA awGukd Ubuntu Folder xJukd ul;oGm;Ny;D Restart tckvyk rf vm;? Ny;D rSvyk rf vm; ar;ygvdrrhf ,f/ wjcm;
udprö &S&d ifawmh tckyJ Restart csvu kd yf g/ Windows jyefwufvmwmeJY Windows eJ0Y ifrvm; Ubuntu eJ0Y ifrvm; ar;ygvdrrhf ,f/
Ubuntu eJY 0ifvu kd yf g/ Installation udk olt Y vdt k avsmuf vkyo f mG ; ygvdrrhf ,f/ bmrSvyk af y;p&m rvdak wmhygbl;/ aemuf Computer
zGivhf ukd w
f ikd ;f Windows eJY Ubuntu udk a&G;Ny;D BuKd uEf pS o
f uf&m OS eJY tok;H jyKEikd yf gNy/D owfrwS x
f m;wJh tcsed pf uúeYf twGi;f bmudrk S
ra&G;ay;&if Windows OS eJY wufomG ;rSmyg/
Ubuntu Installation (Normal)
Ubuntu udk Partition ydkif;NyD; wifr,fqdk&ifawmh Ubuntu wifr,fhtydkif;udk t&if Partition cGJxm;&ifvJ &ygw,f/
rcGx J m;&ifvnf; Ny;D rS oD;oefv Y w G wf hJ ae&mawG qG,J Nl y;D wifzYkd vG,yf gw,f/ uJ Ubuntu tacGav;udk CD/DVD Rom xJxnfNh y;D
L

pufukd Restart csvu kd yf g/ wcsKUd pufawGu BIOS rSm CD eJY Boot wufzYkd 0ifjyifay;&w,f/ tacGukd First Boot Drive taeeJY
OD

a&G;ay;yg/ Ny;D &if Ubuntu tacGuae Boot wufvmyku H kd t&ifjrif&rSmyg/ b,fbmomeJY Ubuntu udk wifrmS vJvYkd ar;wmyg/
Ny;D &if Hardware udk Detect prf;oyfygvdrrhf ,f/ vdt k yfwhJ Driver awGwifzaYkd ygh/ Ny;D &ifawmh pNy;D Loading vkyaf eygNy/D Loading
Ny;D wmeJY Ubuntu &JU Desktop udk pawGU&ygNy/D tay:u Pannel rSm Application &,f Places eJY System &,f Menu ok;H ckeYJ Internet
Email ok;H zdYk Firefox eJY Evolution udk awGU&rSmyg/ Application atmufrm S Accessories, Game, Graphics, Internet, Office, Sound &
Video eJh Add/Remove Software qdw k hJ Sub Menu awGygrSmyg/ Places uawmh Windows u Explorer vdrk sK;d ygyJ Login User &JU Home,

kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media
Desktop, Music, Picture, Video eJY Network awG CD Rom awGukd tJ'u
D ae tjrefomG ;Ny;D Munfv h &Ykd ygw,f/ 'Dtqifu h ae Shutdown
/ Restart vkyv f u kd &f if Computer rSm bmrStajymif;tvJ r&Syd gbl;/ uJ prf;ok;H vdYk pdwaf useyfw,f BuKd uw f ,fqrkd S Desktop
ay:u install icon av;udk Click NyD; HDD xJukd Install vkyf &atmif/
b,fbmompum;eJY Install vkyrf vJ ar;ygr,f/ ENG ayghAsm/ 0goemyg&if *syef? ud&k ;D ,m;awG vkyMf unfah ygh/ ae&meJY
tcsed f Setting csed rf ,f/ Asia eJY Rangoon As/ +06:30 ayghAsm? GMT rSmqd&k ifav/ Keyboard u USA vufuu G af ygh/ Zawgyi awG
Padauk awGu xnfc h siaf emufrx S nf&h rSmyg/ tckq&kd if Harddisk ukd Partition twGuf ppfaq;aeygNy/D cifAsm; HDD &JU tay:qk;H u
HDD wpfcv k ;Hk Insall vkyrf S a&G;aemf/ 'kw, d uawmh Manual ydik ;f xm;&if Manual Install vkyzf yYkd g/ wcgwav ok;H rsK;d ay:rSmyg?
Partition ESpy f ikd ;f cGxJ m;Ny;D wpfyikd ;f udk Windows wpfyikd ;f rSm Data &Sad e&if ESpcf v
k ;Hk uvGwwf hJ ae&mawG,Nl y;D wwd,ajrmuf Partition
vky, f zl yYkd g/ t&rf;vG,yf gw,f/ Ny;D &ifawmh cifAsm;ok;H r,fh Username awG Password awG ½du k x
f nfah y;vdu
k yf g/ Ny;D &if Next yJ
ESyd &f r,fqw kd mawmh ajymp&mrvdak wmhygbl;aemf/ uJ cifAsm;&JU Detail Info udk jyaeygNy/D Next yJ qufomG ;yg/ Windows eJY Dual
wifwm qd&k ifawmh Windows &JU Document & Setting xJu Picture, Music, Video eJY Desktop ay:u Data awG aemufNy;D Mozilla
Firefox &JU Setting awG ul;,lrvm; ar;ygvdrr hf ,f/ awmfawmfav; tqifajyygw,f/ tck cifAsm;&JU uGeyf sLwmxJukd Ubuntu
Install vkyfaeygNyD/ oluNyD;NyD Restart csr,fwJh Restart vkyfyg/ Shutdown csvdkY Boot Screen ay:csdefrSmyJ Ubuntu
tacGjyefxw k af y;ygvdrrhf ,f/ tacG,Nl y;D &if Enter ESyd yf g/ Ny;D &if boot jyefwufvmygvdrrhf ,f/ User Name eJY Password ½du k x
f nfNh y;D
Ubuntu udk tok;H jyKEi kd yf gNy/D Computer rSm Ubuntu udk Install vkyw f m Ny;D oGm;ygNy/D
——
Ubuntu OS udk oGi;f Ny;D oGm;Nyq D &kd if ykHrSef tvkyf awGukd vkyv f &Ykd aeygNy/D Windows rSm qd&k ifawmh &k;H vkyif ef;twGuf Office
tacG0,fNy;D Microsoft Word awG Excel awG PowerPoint awG Email ok;H zdYk Outlook xnfah y;&ygr,f/ ykaH wG zefw;D jyKjyifEikd zf Ykd
Photoshop oGi;f ay;&r,f/ Internet ok;H zdt Yk wGuu f awmh Windows rSm IE ygNy;D om;? 'gayr,fh odwt hJ wdik ;f yJav Mozilla FireFox
r&SdyJ Internet ok;H wJph ufu cyf&mS ;&Sm;/ Ny;D &if Yahoo Messenger, Gtalk, QQ, IRC, pwmawG wpfcck si;f oGi;f ae&wmvJ Windows
&JU'ku/© Ubuntu rSmuawmh Open Office qdw k m Live taeeJu Y wnf;u wpfcgwnf;ok;H Edik w f hJ Office Application yg/ Ubuntu
wifNy;D wmeJY Open Office pok;H Edik Nf yAD sm/ ol&Y UJ ud, k yf ikd f Open Office Format awGtjyif MS Office &JU Format awGjzpfwhJ doc, xls, ppt
awGzwfygw,fAsm/ 'ghtjyif MS Office rSmryg0ifwhJ PDF zdik t f jzpford ;f Edik w f hJ Function ygygw,f/ Internet Browser twGuf
Mozilla FireFox udv k J Ubuntu rSmxnfx h m;ay;Ny;D om;/ Ubuntu 9.10 rSmawmh wifuwnf;u Empathy ygNy;D om;yg/ Windows
rSmwpfcjk cif; wifae&w,fqw kd hJ tay:u IM awGukd Empathy wpfcw k nf;rSmwif tukeo f ;Hk Edik w
f ,f/ Ubuntu 9.10 rwdik cf if
Empathy oD;oefo Y iG ;f ay;&wke;f yJ/ IM ok;H zdt Yk wGuf t&ifuawmh Piding ygw,f/ olu ok;H vdaYk umif;ayr,fh Empathy vdk
Video/Voice awGtqifrajybl;? Empathy rSmawmh Gtalk udkyg Video Chat &aeygNyD/ 'gaMumifhvJ Empathy udk Default
tjzpfa&G;cs,cf MhJ uwmayghAsm/ rygao;wJh Software awGo;Hk zdYk oGi;f yko H iG ;f enf;av; pvdu k Mf u&atmif/ aqmh0aJ wG oGi;f r,fq&kd if
ykrH eS t
f m;jzifah wmh Terminal vdaYk c:wJh Windows u CMD vdrk sKd ; Command Mode eJo Y ;Hk &ygw,f/ 'g[m Linux udk vlo;Hk enf;apcJw h hJ
t”dutcsuyf /J ckawmh 'Dv Command awGukd ausmEf ikd zf Ykd Ubuntu-Tweak qdw k hJ aqmh0aJ v; oGi;f vdu k yf g/
yxrqkH; www.ubuntu-tweak.com uae Ubuntu-tweak oGif;zdkY Installer DEB zdkifudk a'gif;vkyf vkyf,lyg/ olYudk
oGi;f jy;D wmeJY aqmhz0f aJ wGukd trSecf spaf v; cspaf y;Ny;D Install vky, f El ikd yf gjyAD sm/ vlBuKd urf sm; a&G;cs,Mf uwJh Software awG
trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
wu,fawmh Command Mode udk vlawG aMumufaeMuvdyYk gAsm/ wifr,fq&kd if tvG,af v;yJAs/ Oyrm Cairo-Dock udk
oGi;f r,fqykd gpdYk tok;H jyK&r,fh Command u sudo apt-get install cairo-dock vdYk &du k af y;&kyH gyJ/ wckawmh&w dS ,faemf Install
rvkycf if update vkyaf y;&r,fAs/ tpDtpOfwus a&;&r,fq&kd if sudo apt-get updaten Ny;D rS sudo apt-get install software-
name aygh/ sudo qdw k muawmh Windows eJY ,SOaf jym&ifawmh Administrator User taeeJo Y ;Hk r,fvYkd ajymwmAs/ Linux rSmawmh
root user ayghAsm/ sudo Command ok;H Ny;D &if olu Password awmif;rSmyg/ Software-name ae&mrSm ud, k w f ifcsiwf hJ Software
Code Name &du k x
f nf&h yHk gyJAsm/ skype oGi;f csi&f if sudo apt-get install skype ayghAsm/ Opera Browser oGi;f csiw f mvm; sudo apt-
L

get install opera vd& Yk u

kd &f r,fAsm/ cufaevdv Yk m; Linux Command awGu ....
OD

————
udkudk&J
(Editor)
Knowledgebridge Magazine
knowledgebridge07@gmail.com
www.knowledgebridge.net
kokoye2007@gmail.com can you copy, edit and redistribute Not for Commercially Printable Media