1

SOLUTION OF POWER LAW (1/7) FOR TURBULENT FLOW USING MOMENTUM

INTEGRAL EQUATION
(to determine BL thickness, BL momentum thickness, local skin friction, friction drag coefficient)

࢛ ࢟ ૚/ૠ
Power law (1/7, 1/8 or 1/9

=ቀ ቁ
ࢁ ࢾ
(In the exercise of your slide)
Also can refer from Cengel book

‫ݑ‬ ‫ݑ‬
Now, recall the equation of momentum thickness,

ߠ=න ቀ1 − ቁ ݀‫ݕ‬
ܷ ܷ
ఋ

‫ݕ‬
଴

=ܻ
Let assume,

ߜ
(୧୲ ୢ୭ୣୱ ୬୭୲ ୫ୟ୲୲ୣ୰ ୵୦ୟ୲ ୱ୷୫ୠ୭୪ ୷୭୳ ୟ୰ୣ ୳ୱ୧୬୥ ୟୱ ୪୭୬୥ ୷୭୳ ୢ୭୬ᇲ ୲ ୥ୣ୲ ୡ୭୬୤୳ୱୣୢ)
(୷୭୳ ୡୟ୬ ୟ୪ୱ୭ ୳ୱୣ ఎ, ୲୦ୣ ୱ୪୧ୢୣ ୳ୱୣ ఎ ୤୭୰ ୪ୟ୫୧୬ୟ୰ ୆୐ ୠ୳୲ ௒ ୤୭୰ ୲୳୰ୠ୳୪ୣ୬୲ ୆୐

‫ݑ‬ ‫ ݕ‬ଵ/଻ ‫ݑ‬

Thus
=ቀ ቁ = ሺܻ ሻଵ/଻
ܷ ߜ ܷ
→

Before integration, we must first change the limit and also the domain.

The upper limit, ‫ߜ = ݕ‬, thus the limit for =ܻ → ܻ = ߜൗߜ = 1

௬

The lower limit, ‫ = ݕ‬0, thus the limit for =ܻ → ܻ = 0ൗߜ = 0

ఋ

‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
௬

=ܻ = ܻ݀ → ݀‫ܻ݀ߜ = ݕ‬
ఋ

ߜ ߜ
→

‫ݑ‬ ‫ݑ‬
ߠ = න ቀ1 − ቁ ݀‫ = ݕ‬න ൫ܻଵ/଻ ൯൫1 − ܻଵ/଻ ൯ ߜܻ݀
଴ ܷ ܷ
ఋ ଵ

ߠ = ߜ න ܻଵ/଻ − ܻ ଶ/଻ ܻ݀
଴
ଵ

= ߜ ൤ ܻ଻ − ܻ଻൨ ߠ= ߜ
଴
7 ଼ 7 ଽ ଵ 7
→
8 9 ଴ 72

݀ߠ 7 ݀ߜ
ߠሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ = ߜ(‫)ݔ‬
݀‫ ݔ‬72 ݀‫ݔ‬
7
Thus, → =
72

݀ߠ
General Shear stress in the equation form is,

߬ = ߩܷ ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬

ߥ ଵ/ସ
For Turbulent flow, the shear stress is DETERMINED FROM EXPERIMENT

߬ = 0.0225ߩܷ ଶ ቀ ቁ
ܷߜ
Equate both shear equation,

݀ߠ ߥ ଵ/ସ
ߩܷ ଶ = 0.0225ߩܷ ଶ ቀ ቁ
݀‫ݔ‬ ܷߜ
 2

݀ߠ ߥ ଵ/ସ ݀ߠ 7 ݀ߜ
= 0.0225 ቀ ቁ
݀‫ݔ‬ ܷߜ ݀‫ ݔ‬72 ݀‫ݔ‬
→ (then substitute = )

7 ݀ߜ ߥ ଵ/ସ
= 0.0225 ቀ ቁ
72 ݀‫ݔ‬ ܷߜ
ߥ ଵ/ସ
݀ߜ = ൬ ൰ 0.0225 ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ܷߜ
72

ߥ
7

ߜ ଵ/ସ ݀ߜ = 0.231 ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬

ܷ
ଵ/ସ

Integrate from ߜ = 0 at ‫ = ݔ‬0 (result in Constant of zero after integration)

ߥ ଵ/ସ
න ߜ ଵ/ସ ݀ߜ = න 0.231 ቀ ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
ܷ
ߥ ଵ/ସ
ߜ = 0.231 ቀ ቁ ‫ݔ‬
ܷ
4 ହ/ସ
5
ߥ ଵ/ସ ߥ ଵ/ହ ߥ ଵ/ହ ‫ ݔ‬ହ/ହ
ߜ = ቆ ∗ 0.231 ቀ ቁ ‫ݔ‬ቇ = 0.370 ቀ ቁ ‫ ݔ‬ସ/ହ = 0.370 ቀ ቁ ∗ ଵ/ହ
ସ/ହ

ܷ ܷ ܷ ‫ݔ‬
5
4
ߥ ଵ/ହ
ߜ = 0.370 ቀ ቁ ‫=ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
ܷ‫ݔ‬ ܷ‫ ݔ‬ଵ/ହ ሺRe௫ ሻଵ/ହ
0.370 0.370

ቀߥቁ
=

BL THICKNESS AND MOMENTUM THICKNESS

ࢾ ૙. ૜ૠ૙ ߠ ࣂ ૙. ૙૜૟
ߠ= ߜ,
࢞ ሺ‫܍܀‬ ࢞ሻ ‫ ݔ‬72 ሺRe ௫ሻ ࢞ ሺ‫܍܀‬ ࢞ሻ
7 7 0.370
= ૚/૞
and thus, = ∗ ଵ/ହ
→ = ૚/૞
72

LOCAL SKIN FRICTION (Turbulent), ܿ௙,௫ @ ܿ௙ (local coefficient (at any point on plate))
߬ ݀ߠ
ܿ௙ = ߬ = ߩܷ ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬
2 ߩܷ
→ we know that,
1 ଶ

݀ߠ ݀ߠ
ߩܷ ଶ ߩܷ ଶ ࢊࣂ ۹‫ ܖ܉ܕܚ܉‬۷‫࢘࢕ࢌ ܖܗܑܜ܉ܝܙ܍ ܔ܉ܚ܏܍ܜܖ‬
ܿ௙ = ݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ → ࢉࢌ = ૛
ࢊ࢞ ࢌ࢒ࢇ࢚ ࢖࢒ࢇ࢚ࢋ ࢈࢕࢛࢔ࢊࢇ࢘࢟ ࢒ࢇ࢟ࢋ࢘
ᇣᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇤᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇥ
2 ߩܷ 2 ߩܷ
= →
1 ଶ 1 ଶ
‫ ܍܏܉ܘ‬૞૟૛

ߥ ଵ/ହ ࢊࣂ 4 ߥ ଵ/ହ
ߠ= ߜ = 0.036 ቀ ቁ ‫ ݔ‬ସ/ହ → = ∗ 0.036 ቀ ቁ ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ/ହ
ܷ ࢊ࢞ 5 ܷ
7
72

After differentiate the BL momentum thickness, ߠ toward ‫ݔ‬,

݀ߠ ߥ ଵ/ହ ߥ ଵ/ହ
ܿ௙ = 2 = 2 ∗ ∗ 0.036 ቀ ቁ ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ/ହ = 0.0576 ቀ ቁ =
݀‫ݔ‬ ܷ ܷ‫ݔ‬ ܷ‫ ݔ‬ଵ/ହ
4 0.0576

ቀߥቁ
5

૙. ૙૞ૠ૟
ࢉࢌ =
ሺࡾࢋ࢞ ሻ૚/૞
 3

DRAG COEFFICIENT @ FRICTION DRAG COEFFICIENT, ‫ܥ‬஽௙ (Turbulent friction coefficient for overall plate)

Again, Imagine, a flat plate with length of ‫ ܮ‬and width of ܾ

‫݂ܦ‬
‫ܥ‬஽௙ =
Drag force due to boundary layer

2 ߩܷ ‫ܾܮ‬
1 ଶ
Area of plate (view from top)

‫݂ܦ‬ ܾ ‫׬‬଴ ߬݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ݀߬ ׬‬ 1 ௅ ߬

‫ܥ‬஽௙ න ݀‫ = ݔ‬න ܿ௙ ݀‫ݔ‬
௅ ௅

‫ ܮ‬଴ 1 ߩܷ ଶ ‫ ܮ‬଴
1 ௅
ߩܷ ‫ܾܮ‬ ߩܷ ‫ܾܮ‬ ߩܷ ‫ܮ‬
= = = ଴ =
1 ଶ 1 ଶ 1 ଶ
2 2 2 2

૚ ࡸ
࡯ࡰࢌ = න ࢉࢌ ࢊ࢞ (݅݊ ‫)݈݁݀݅ݏ ݎݑ݋ݕ‬
ࡸ ૙

Substitute the result for LOCAL SKIN FRICTION that previously derived,

ࣇ ૚/૞
ࢉࢌ = ૙. ૙૞ૠ૟ ቀ ቁ
ࢁ࢞

ߥ ଵ/ହ ߥ ଵ/ହ
‫ܥ‬஽௙ = න 0.0576 ቀ ቁ ݀‫ = ݔ‬න 0.0576 ቀ ቁ ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ/ହ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ ܮ‬଴ ܷ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ܮ‬଴ ܷ
1 ௅ 1 ௅

0.0576 ߥ ଵ/ହ ௅ ିଵ/ହ 0.0576 ߥ ଵ/ହ 5 ସ/ହ ௅

ቀ ቁ න ‫ݔ‬ ݀‫= ݔ‬ ቀ ቁ ൤ ‫ ݔ‬൨
‫ܮ‬ ܷ ‫ܮ‬ ܷ
=
଴ 4 ଴

5 0.0576 ߥ ଵ/ହ ସ/ହ ௅ ߥ ଵ/ହ ‫ܮ‬ସ/ହ ߥ ଵ/ହ 1

ቀ ቁ ൣ‫ ݔ‬൧଴ = 0.072 ቀ ቁ ቀ ቁ
‫ܮ‬ ܷ ܷ ‫ܮ‬ହ/ହ ܷ ‫ܮ‬ଵ/ହ
= ∗ = 0.072
4

ߥ ଵ/ହ
= 0.072 ቀ ቁ = 0.072 ൬ ൰
ܷ‫ܮ‬ ‫ࡸ܍܀‬
1 ଵ/ହ

૙. ૙ૠ૛
࡯ࡰࢌ = (‫ݐ ݊݅ ݁݉ܽݏ‬ℎ݁ ‫ ݈݁݀݅ݏ ݎݑ݋ݕ ݊݅ ݈ܾ݁ܽݐ‬− ݂‫ ݓ݈ܽ ݎ݁ݓ݋݌ ݎ݋‬1/7)
ሺࡾࢋࡸ ሻ૚/૞

OR Simply determine ࡯ࡰࢌ without finding ࢉࢌ

1 ௅ ߬ ߥ ଵ/ସ ߥ ଵ/ହ
‫ܥ‬஽௙ = න ݀‫→ ݔ‬ we know, ߬ = 0.0225ߩܷ ଶ ቀ ቁ and ߜ = 0.370 ቀ ቁ ‫ ݔ‬ସ/ହ
‫ ܮ‬଴ 1 ߩܷ ଶ ܷߜ ܷ
2

ߥ
ଵ/ସ

0.0225ߩܷ ଶ ൮ ൲
ߥ ଵ/ହ ସ/ହ
ܷ ൬0.370 ቀ ቁ ‫ ݔ‬൰
ܷ
‫ܥ‬஽௙ න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ ܮ‬଴
1 ௅

2 ߩܷ
=
1 ଶ

ߥ ߥ ିଵ/ହ
× ൭ቀ ቁ × ቀ ቁ ൱ න ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ/ହ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ/ସ

‫ ܮ‬1 ሺ0.370ሻଵ/ସ ܷ ܷ
௅
1 0.0225
= ×

0.0576 ߥ ଵ/ହ 5 ସ/ହ ௅ ߥ ଵ/ହ ‫ܮ‬ସ/ହ ߥ ଵ/ହ 1 ૙. ૙ૠ૛

଴
2
ቀ ቁ ൤ ‫ ݔ‬൨ = 0.072 ቀ ቁ ቀ ቁ → ࡯ࡰࢌ =
‫ܮ‬ ܷ ܷ ‫ܮ‬ହ/ହ ܷ ‫ܮ‬ଵ/ହ ሺࡾࢋࡸ ሻ૚/૞
= = 0.072
4 ଴