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Anatomy and Physiology For Nurses - 9781440083525
Anatomy and Physiology For Nurses - 9781440083525
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Rl~I.Jtity .(lJ'I:19', tesr 'h~ l~or .~hl.~; Tr-~~lll ((a(/ b(!((((ljl &ur-kd nc. '1:U Ihil:' urn kl Ihos8 repair 'l1.iat GlTB ~th8r rrue or fair; dead hi1'J~ ~h .(l prayeJ"_
1'0;" tM.8f!
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LEROY
LATH I'OR SURGI:QN NUlI.o;ES TO AT THE
LEWIS,
HOSl'ITAL,
M.D.
ANl.> l'H'YSIOLOGN r.:ITY. MKHIGAf> BAY
ON ANATUl\!Y
PHILADELPHIA
AND LONDON
w.
B. SAUNDERS
COMPAN'V'
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Copyright, ary,
1905,
by \V. B. Saunders
an
1906, April, 1907, August, J988, vised, reprinted, and recopyri Reprinted September, 1910, Revised, entirely reset, recopyri gh t ~d Se pte
Company. Reprinted Januand February, 1909. Rerhre d ] auuary , 1910. nd January, 1912, reprinted, and ber, 1913.
Copyright,
PRINTED
IN AM RIC"
PRESS
OF OW'A~'1' A
W. B
SAUr-'DE"riS PH1LI>.Or:LPtl
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the late
Dr. Le Roy Lewis upon the request of man whom he had instructed He endeavored to make the text as simple prehensive as possible, so that students migh
be able
to grasp the primary principl~s, after which h felt that they would he sufficiently equipped to apply emselves to future studies. The works of Gray, Wilson, Deaver, Bruha er, Kimber, and others were freely consulted, and in some instances their language was employed or par phrased. The publishers furnished many illustrations, w ich elucidate the text and aid the student in grasping t e details of the subject. Owing to the gratifying reception accorded the previous editions of this work, the present edito deemed it wise to depart materially from th plan and manner of presenting the subject. tions have been rewritten, considerable new been incorporated, and the entire book has oughly revised. has not general atter has en thor-
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PREFA CE.
frequen request, on the part of those whom it has been my pleasure to instruct in Anatomy and Physiology during the last few years, to write a book based somewha upon the plan employed in teaching this subject ha been the principal incentive to my
THE
action. The field of natomy and physiology is already too well cultivated or one, in this brief space, to hope to do more than a d the student in acquiring established facts. In preparing this work I have endeavored to make the text as si pIe and comprehensive as could be done, that the students luay be able to grasp the primary princi les, after which they win have sufficient knowled e to apply themselves to future studies. The works f Gray, Wilson, Deaver, Brubaker, Kimber, and 0 hers have been freely consulted, and in some instan es their language has been employed or paraphrased. Through th kindness of the publishers I have been enabled t make use of many illustrations that
I)
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PREFACE.
will be to the student object-lessons and in many instances make the text more comprehensi e. The author desires to acknowledge the a d derived from the sources mentioned, and trusts that the reader will find something to commend in the pages that follow.
LE ROY EWIS.
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CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCfIO
..
,.
..
..
III
-41
..
..
II
CHAPTER
OSTEOLOGY •••••
•••• 't ....
I. . . . . . . . . 13
• 20 · 22
ion of Bones 1 Column. . d Pelvis . . the Upper Extremities Hand . the Lower Extremities
• .. ..
•.
. 24 · 30
34
• • ••
. 37
· 41 • • • 42
The Foot ..
The Arti ulations Tendons ... Adi pose I'issue CHAPTER
THE MUSCUL R SYSTEM ..•.
o
...
.. • • •
Muscles f the Head and Face. Muscles f the Neck . . . . . Muscles f the Trunk. .... Muscles f the Upper Extremities. Mus les of the Shoulder and Arm . Mu cles of the Forearm. ... Mus les of the Hand. ...• Muscles f the Lower Extremities Mu cles of the Leg. Mu des of the Foot Muscles f the Perineum •
• • .. • l1li ...
.. ..
55
.60 · 64
.69 .69
..
l1li .. 0 l1li
.
ill It
til
·72
• .. • 82
•
· 74 • 76 84 84
..
..
'III
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ON TEN TS.
PAGH
THE
CIRCULATORY
OR
ASCULAR
SYSTDI
The Heart ..... The Arterial System. . The Aorta .... The Thoracic orta The Abdomina Aorta The Venous System . . . Veins of the H ad and Neck Veins of the U per Extremities. Veins of the L wer Extremities Veins of the T unk .. The Portal Circulati n. . The Pulmonary Cir ulation • The Blood .... of the Fetus. The Vascular
e
87 87
· no
• •
94 96
• III
· II8
· 121 · 124 · 126 · 127
· 13°
• 130
· 131 · 138
THE
RESPIRATORY
SYSTFM
III
,.
-III
til
144
..
· 145
It • .. "" •
153
C APTER
THE
V.
• • .. c
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
The Esophagus and Stomach. The Intestines .. The Lacteals. .. The Thoracic Duct
REGIONS OF THE
ABDOM ,N AND THEIR
..
CONTENTS.
• • . • 175 • 177
C APTER
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.
VI.
ISO
• • 182 186
...
..
..
. . . 186
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co
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM (
9
PAGIl
ntinued). The Suprarenal Capsule . . • . The Skin . . . . . ..... The Appendages of the Skin CHAP ER V.!:!.
• lyO
• 19° • 194
Nerves .... Brain ..••. Spinal Cord . Nerves of the Gene al System .. Great Sympathetic Terve. . . CHAP
THE
GLANDULAR SYSTEhI
The The The The The The The The The The The The The The
Lymphatic Glands. Liver ...• Gall-bladder Spleen .... Pancreas. . Parotid Glands Submaxillary Gland Sublingual Glands. Thyroid Gland .. Lacrimal Glands . Mesenteric Glands. Mammary Glands .. Sebaceous Glands . Sudoriparous Gland
...
...
..
B DY "
••••..
• • • 25 I
ER X.
• • 253 . 253
....
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10
THE
SAMPLE
PAGE
CONTENTS.
ORGANS
OF SPECIAL SENSE
The Appendages of the Eye Physiology of Vision . Organs of Hearing Organs of Taste . . • • • Organs of Smell . . • . Organs of Touch .•
. . . . . • . . 258
• 260
PAGE
CHAPTER
THE FEII'IALE ORGANS
e • • ••
XI.
0 ••••••
OF GENERATION.
<"
'"
CHAllTER
THE l\TALE ORGA~S
i.W
XII.
• 287 28 • 7 • • 287 • • • • • 288
,., ...
GENERATION
The Prostate (_;and . l Cowper's Glands The Penis . The Testes . The Seminal Vesicles Semen ..... Impregnation CHAPTER
REPAIR
RATIO:'-J"-THE PmVER THAT
• 287
..
XIII.
HEATAND ERSPISUPPORTS
PRE ERVES
AND \VASTE-NUTRITION-ANIMAL • • • • •
HEALTH
294 Nutrition . . ..• • . 296 Animal Heat .. 297 Perspiration . . • 299 The Power that Supports and Preserves Health. 302
0 ,
INDEX
f'o
ill
(I
ill
.....
III
III!
II'
l1li
..
307
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NURSES
INTRODUCTION
up the study of the anatomy of the human body we s all confine ourselves to a general consideration of tho e branches that most concern the nurse, taking up the natomy of the various organs and their physiologic func ions, and omitting the minute anatomy that is required only of those who desire to perfect themselves in a vanced work. The essential points that a nurse shall d be well acquainted with are: The regions of the bod ; the internal organs, their names and their location, t e relation each organ bears to life. Thus only will be enabled to understand the conditions of the body i disease. In apply ng ourselves to that important subject that concerns t e nursing of the sick, we should understand, first what oes to make up the complex organization of the body a d, second, by what means we are to obtain this know! dge. We shall begin our first study by taking up the several systems th t constitute the body, so that the nurse may
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12
ANATOMY
ND PHYSIOLOGY
FOR NURSES
become familiar ith the technical terms that will be employed in the eneral work: The word anat my is derived from two Greek words, avri, apart, and rSflv£tV, to cut, meaning literally dissection. The science of anatomy comprises the study of the body as a whole nd the relations of its various organs. It is divided int the following branches: osteology, the anatomy of the ones; syndesmology, that of the joints; myology, that of the muscles; angiology, that of the vessels; neurology that of the nerves; splanchnology, that of the internal iscera ; adenology, that of the glands; dermatology, that of the skin; genesiology, that of the generative organs
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CHAPTER
OSTEOLOGY
WE shall first consider the framework system) that supports the body. This is kno skeleton" (from the Greek axeisrbv, a dried gives attachment to the muscles and forms a to the internal organs. Bone.-Bone is the hardest structure in it possesses also a certain degree of toughnes
Lacuna ..
Haversian canal.
FIG. I.-Portion
of a transversely ground disk from the sha femur j X 400 (B6hm and Davidoff).
of a human
ticity. Its color, in a fresh state, is of a pin ish white. On examination it will be found to be comp sed of two kinds of tissues, one dense and compact, like ivory, the other made up of slender fibers ilamelle) arra ged in the fonn of lattice work, and called cancellated it sue. The former is always external, and the latter inter al. These combinations vary in different parts of the body. In
13
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bj ct to great
e pa 11
90 :3.
force the
are Dot tissu x
are
that
to
ti sue.
Hone
canals that co
Is f 0 the nutrition
of
ernbrane,
the
issues
"l
is done by s e bo-ne in dl lu te
av-mg
organ tc rna e a! ben can t wisted In to y shape, elas .cit Y and tough ss. The terial 111 ay be d4:!mon ted by
Or
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
os
og heat in an open flre access, un til C Of anie the earthy be ng the origin
rzeJZ.I '.1
OrpniJo: man@]" :
'I
+. ••
•• +.
S' ucalcium
of molll:;n(:~1I. •
I!;tllorit.l 01 sodi
the pmpo.rtj
i erent periods of
t er predornina n a larger pro ing deficient ! in ~hidren j l ~that the bon 50
......._....__
d it ion kuo"'"
ldren of the
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
Boo
16
ton of earthy matter,
W
ealthy qualit -
ret uS
a an
and
Lee-om s ossified"
tilage l
nc to osslfiea ion.
Cart
positio brnnif
ding to
rtieular ~ j Ilte articular ~
rti lage is dj vi led, as to o true or hyali ne c ilage, fi br us yello ., elas tic, or r t ieular C"B. ilage lar artiJage fo il. thin ayer r the bones nd its ela tici t ssion, whi e the: sm moveme t. tv s acco ing to the 5 ape of the
I
u.
lies,
nu trimcu
t
as
eighboring S ovial me bra bone, upon which t ey arc im c marrow "!oj. a cnmp
filts up
it also tends
which
tissue
dric cavity in the shafts the spaces of 11 e cance 11 s ti sue larger bony ca uals ( ave the blood- v sels, 1t l of ; the f ormer i found in he 1 t an is composed of rat 96 d ves ls [ per een fluid J
I
j
Ol[U[)F
I'
blood -ves
two main branche one s nding, g. in he medullary C'Wwl; } e .".~iDS. gh nu rnus openin art iC'Ut
muni -section in Fi .
I
tb Y appear
-.~ob.DI1
I
18
orifices, and those same way into th bone is permeated through t he bony
system,
Periosteum.~
xce
Dear] y
bone, the perioste corn posed of two you ng bones the is intima tf ly conne epiph yseal cartil age hu which it is separa rc by a a n 11m her of grail lar which ossification
j
bone.
ron neetive ~ tissue Ia.
l'j
previous to their
Jiabili ty of bone. to of this mcrn branc necrosis wen r disease. de
one.-It
is
bone develop
membranous,
in mind. howe
ss is the same
«one head.
10St
d Irregularnsist of mas.~ of byaline general way the b ape of the tion of th-ese ca ilage masses S ossification. This is al·
j
of the long
the thick ich radiate fro the cen ter eposi t of lime-s 1ts in these ou t in needle- ke fays todepesi t of bone termed the pri ary cen ter, his. Just before ossification s enlarge and a nge themare deposi ted in the rna trix umns wh ieh en lose obJong o - con tal ni ng c ilage cells, enees by the in owth from ng connect] ve ti ue covered .ch ~ after eausi absorption erted into bone.
I
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
20
NA TO,tJ Y A ND PH Y,
bones oC the body loog, hurt, flat. and irrcgul frame tha.t protects the in attac men t for the several Th 10 ng: bo nes art tho
ties;
flat
ones
e sh ort bones
are
tJw
as we as the ethmoid, the t por 1~ etc. \Vh t ha ve 'We to say abo t th Sitrj ac you amine a. bone, you W 11 no lee tli
tm,t"l1e ICeS
hese
ave t
and i should be the aim of th nun with ach so that she will h in an in] ury in a pr ices and depressions a
to
Ics of articular depre ions ca ...ity of the- seap la ( aceta ulum, t he cavity wit wh' ticulEl es with the pel vis.
-arts cular
emi !tfnces
form: for example ~ a broad. is cal d a tuberosity,' a small, a sh p, slender pointed e eleva t ion. a ridge (l
J
C'cS
11developed
-.~ob.lII1
I I
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
I I
Boou
divided) according to
..
• • .. .. .... • + • ... • • • • .. • • ..
+ +
• •
+ + +
...... .. • •
.. •
.. +
but
nor the small bones of found in the substan great toe. I unman V s of childhood; they d from supplementary
i size <ltl d in shape, 1 r~thus formiDg a sup rtebra is di vi ded into t body th I! posterior,
j
dicles and
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
nts artleu-
aceyx artieu'l'be
pine is a bout
Jr.,,,,,,
J:_
body
i i
'I.
.5.
:a., ~~
5pl!'I.(J ....g.
arllC:uW
Ierent
th~
] QCl:.ip.~a.I•
.?:
I Z
puricul. lrontAl...
k-mlJOral.
id. dlm~ld+
I ~ U eru:;I P
I
;3' :1'13'&:11.1.
:l
z: inlerklr \urb~n.a.ted..
~ vomer. ! i ~f~ri[)f rn."l.:II: mary. e zm n FlllJ'Dllm Boou
oSTEO OGY
e back and d articulates with the aU . It magnHm~ an openin for the exit
of
Spl
of
he nd
thesp
A~ ~A TOM Y ANI)
(tmla,.,l,
and generall
mothers
the
tJmp.:mil::, and
{lr
ij:']
lti-
e zm
FDlJ'Dllm
Boou
_.
II
foraDltom1.noh.lII1
·-·r----
27
The temporal b
ad, and contain the location of t queutly the seat
by ter sctlrlet fever, t considered
or
the
ledge
1"be Iphenoid
of the skuU. an
~tf~,.
(.IIIJ.
J .....
0/
·li:.f·¢
of the
The superior
the face) except •_ sockets for the in fonning th th, the floor an
28
ANATOMy"
or
the orbi t, whic each bone a ca vi t in some foil! bjects tion; th is ca vity bone, and render
withi
, whic fiamm of
TInr
uth.
nd
tum of
(Tal!:!!).
ry bone ron
surmoun ted
I I
ither
body! de by a
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
30
ANA TO
ANO P t, and an
e result
e,
bone, s the
The thorax
up the ch-est. respi ra ti on an of the tru nk, i!l conic in fo formed by th laterally t and its base is for pass the great and sympa the duct ~and api
to make gans of
cavities thorax
The stem
gtadlotu.~,or s The m anubr] u the gl adiclus the third to si
the ensiform
cartilage and
31
are connected
32
'he
nb
\'CCJl
cmbc
or of
elow t
the
j j
t~
•• , ,
brim is a
is the true
e zm n
DIJ'DIIm Boo
33
The latter co tion, the rectum, the bl
blood-ves
areh in pelvic ca
ty.
'S of ,&"enra-
hind t the
or the
let
ural boundaries a
aver
female.
II!!m~:
t,
lnnom
fIII:!1II
e, si tun ted 'be. ing ~ with the It is forme of th year. he ~i:s "9 of four
ect tn fract
"9.
34
ANA]"{)MY
.-'1:
J./(J~$ES
especial re of the chi or the pel vis. form the side yare divi ischium and th~ pubes atcd and form one bone the acetabulum blur. The u if ~he -ilium; he pubes.
!
bor,
su
led the a
or
n between th why the clavi single bone in scapula Or lor and late included bet
, is th or
orsalsunace
the $p1'NC-tl oulder, and is
ituated on the ~ over]yjng the e seventh ribsby an elevated 11 overhangs ieh . Just beneath
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
3S
frW#"11tl _
.. ..:..'. P~(jl.'N~U. ;
~,~
Boou
-.
humerus. situated to
• l
&.Jt.. ..
I?"I'./
)1.-, ...•
AI posinon
"Supil1ali
s muscle.
The that
the
OGY
37
is the arm,
forearm.
is the
Theh
extremity artlculates w
tion a ity of tesser ace of roun
the
tt~bet the h
been institut
often being e carelessness When the said to be
e hand is sis-Is
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.lII1
YAND
The
,a.
he]ower
the- foot+ femu t or thigh. The unded
~,.tJI
iIU.·_·
s:
MHdh.J
III~.···
t)_
ND
10LOGY
PO
by a co stricted
are [ou
end
or
we
k, vi t h th
e jun ctlon 0
which
The
rticulate
ti bia and
ngest m uscle bones+the
gi ves a. t at hrnent
fibula. tendon
·fhe
moid bone
The up
which the k -joint.
FiG.
z.-Righl,-..
Ita·
III All
·~"N;l
I!l
"
'). The lower is know a~ the i er mall ~llf s, and art' astragal s, thus ding in the forma tio joint. ride r bone on The f bula is t the leg, The up is called the crest
I
the shi
kneeup the
p, 1:5 II Dati
ee-joint,
1
Boow..:.
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
the femur.
The
tarsu 7
!-tH'fll
!.u bD-T1 :
i I,
S-
internal
A$1:r~jf<'I' 1.l&O'
~,
'C-1,I'!II;:I'oT
h(!llId In ;
bQlj(!~ ;
ing a total
he up
of 26 bones.
and
and is
bone.
long
The
Th~
tip are forth j
as th
the adj
tion wi
the sut
0'
1l!1C
ral li.lf..' I!'I1 t ~ d. If':t: 3I1IfI1!I1::1: .II! , F~m r: I. !tt>rio')r 1i i!!!:II:1@-n:.a.! ktt(!raI li m!!nt:~. pD:5..terior I
Irncc:- oin
t~
• j\11
rerior a
; J. interoS!l!'Oll.!. .A
gaml!".111
-.
44
5trugaln'!l;
rI. tnnDlM'!
0lil_ 0110 eel . lip,frlll:~1 i
•
I
ca
45
The structures that en ter in t !fibr
nof
and
the
opaquCt pear]
yellow- high
-iderable co and resu roes i
ynooial nltmb
s of the bod
the l1gitu ad th
11
be
e approxi of motio
+
IS
al join
oj
In tl
exteusiv
ligamen
in len
cunnect
I I
to
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.lII1
I
OST£O.l. DC }
47
o the same
n known
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
I
Boo
II
11 VS
-s
rl;:: arc
j t'!l n
L
lo nu t ion?
di ... dcd~ L
1ta.~ nc
"fa~
oi" t he 00
[0
t'l;rll!'tl?
e f orn
lin t 1
temporal
t ~.r. LIrnsta n.-~ m2l.v i , he !if,i1toMiti otn1 rt h n'I
001'.ljl..s~
;~ hone become d OO"RC-s1(1~'.o t~"( 1he ~1)"'riC"r ma: i1lar~,' nes ~tu.al~?
[r~_....
lBI B FlllJ'Dllm
Boou
STA'OLOGY ? rming?
49
is bone aid in
silualMi'
l~
irunl ca
e up t ~ t hornx
sa me (
flo they
Ol[U[)F
mBoou
5
thof:
tiCi\ P uI.&.?
'HYS OLOCY
FOR N
KSES
is it 1oc.attd~
portB.IJt
~toee:!&.'ti
St
"oity Is lormed by
cme anil: u.la~ in t~ o] l::Joi:Jb:. d hal bones ~ the all)' bones fQJTn the 'bone is en the iD:n~f bat does tbe: ulna. a c is the lon;~st bone wl'.la mlu into l urved proa':5S is. p il"'''ty i!i lormed b:.' !i the radi'l1S~ ha t does i l art k lIlll !to tbe i'r.il..L:hu-e called the boees 01 the
~OODe~t?' ul.a.i'
y?
merus b(!IOOlGf
IlI'ICf
<ut.ku!:J.te? );t..remily?
iide
Ihef~m]
r the
j(,uhi I::?
whk
:t.Ildd
occuf!, .II. \
iu, I~
'I
'ided?
po:Lns fQrm?
~ the lcrnur, and wi h ..... docs it atlku.b.u:? h t da!jljj .-.1 bones ( the mur bi:lo~8f hmll:llt?' t does tb is bone I!;i
1::!I..II.l"t
rvutld in
he ~t~lIi\ enter ln s the tibill, 1l[1~ wi ~ [ormed by the Ill\'!, !Ii the fibula? ()t'!I; L h i~bonc= L'Lrticli i!; formed by ils tuw r~:II: t L:s. lh.~ JNl.lClla? Id,ul or ;LL bone j~ it? i~~.out.e-maicls. II; n b the toot di'ljidoo? any OO'H~i are [1'1: is the UPI:!CmJO:st b;tu bone does 1t ;JI,ricula
0[11the kn~e-- j ·nt~ Imn~ does i l i'J.rtj(, zt.~?' mi.)' or the bon~?
:alitll'll
? e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
lilt
an artic:u1llti.ou!5f
here do we fiDd sutural IQ,t Is canilage~ and w at holds lhe jnillt hill. membrane do join t b; the chan.Ct.el" of
1I
muscle.
Eplmysln
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
I
II
-.~ob.DI1
I II
'EM
,3
haraeteristic
, its body
here they is under-
d attaehme
ttachment
usele that
attached, od - \:,Cf.iSC 18
rhe umatic
estimate
in pairs.
r 9~ th
The
Hmm prcialIy ore superfici 1 n u
1
general!
form an the trun forming For pur
id the
various
ones, and
.oi nts, 1n
etes uf the c
eriptlon, th by a t in cellular ~h; th· not only its in t ior in the
j
toogt bro
Each
oR the
,..iI
nd serv-
e zm n FDfZ(I!Im Boou
I
II
-6
,
o
1... en lhl!: fih!n. ( dCJmysi Fi I!r (d ~1':11II11.m~t l r", ark band ; ~, Ii!:ll! t.ll:Ll'ld: H D; ", merlll; ne or K :;'II:'C: e, !.arroll!rn rna: f. m I..i' d ~ I. "-afk band c, 00111 .LC"ring elol!"ml!!nts: d, ~ of
III.
,.. me:
Ulr,;:I~-
brtt., "
fil1rous
0
sure
h!'fllne
U-I::Ill:m 0'
0'
Kr~u I!:: e, :ali ht I'J:Lffl:I .....i1!l~ (If CCl1lr";;1cl,,.. .R-n:d- 11 Ii nil!':' HeM!!!! n (l..i!rfloy)...
In
50
are co
THE
5S
ind3-thl! volune of being moved
nd tbe
involun-
ivided in to groups ions i0 wh ich they are Jaee, the lollowalpe bral, orbi tal,
mporomaxillary ,
FACE
muscle to be 'Will note tha t tal bone ~ and the
ing that the mushe head (ocri put) eir name; in this
he
rn
lU_ 31 ] md I. (!l 11e rlg1l1 ~IILI' nf Ih· llt.! ...J t 'l'llP(' I: . ret heus ILTI;'nl; -l, IJorl.JlL.:ul;n JS p~I .'"11 Il;'l..:.j: • C 'II' pr ssor II Lrh i 7, III.! .ItL~I· tabi i &.u rio i.., ~
::1_
~4,
h· r 1'1"1
JI LI"'i-, 2~.
~f~ ri yloh
!LLt·
Iir"4"j.. 1I:BJii. 3, m;1j:c1,..: 10, hie la i"!o0 ill, deI~: I . 11(·rT[:~[)OI' 11fl.lfU I, '-,1 i~~ I_~_ It tl!'ritl b~lI)' ot --ouL i . h r[l~L, ~1l~; r6, S[y leh ~ id: J p~~ rior b~lIy n'~~~ ('r : fl), ~tl tl'Lnh,·o(1id:~, II tl.:" ie bt:11· of emoid : ';I';iI -:zt, l'lWL~t 11nrt· mid tilt!" c rr-.tr ·t, ~ I! phary ru, i ;;.~. p~1 rlll.l~ i r'1, 1~~';J:lI[lrS-I:3p l:x ~.::! • 1"'1,,1 rior ~h:~II~· 0' oI)lIIouIL1[]14l; 3[).. N rdd I(! ::I ~1 O~ I;:'ril}f" S('id~~u i
~·~IIl;1 !kll~
31.
1'":1pt"~i 1'5.,
this muscle. It
horror. froi the occipital and t he supra-orbi tal and
10
ex-
teriorly by the p
.al, and exceptionally
e lin
I)
FlllJ'Dllm Boou
57
their
: the
uscle
oded
S8
hi they also coot
muscles,
'!,Ii'
AN
this region the tro the] ip and the ize 01 the ant e, muscles WI1 f 1J cnon to pe to th other-r-th at is the rts concerned i
tiqul.l.S
i:r. r~dl)r:
6,
n::c! IU
J.
11,,=y
M .h~.... rflLt:
10,
!.
u'<'aIQr
~(;Jf~I~~M
u..t;
Superior
are rOll r mu
Relion.-I
ch side: t]ley malar bones, superior ma.xil it; some of t lower margi n the mU5('U Iar s of the u pper li hii 5U perioris, as follows: jor, z. gom aticus min zygoma ti t:'1J'S A en-on. elev the upper Ilp: dral and outward, in I ughing or displ
59
o tbat the
]Si
oral
thi n muscle.
, so
tlle
at i
~ usele 4 con .s It arises f maKil and zy of the JOYr.' po
tte
em
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.DI1
60
Region.
In
side-s-the inte
ul in thei acti n,
the
SYSTEM
61
,.
this m
t'esultiag
penn ndition
IS
ned upo
tOTticoJJ.£s,
he sternum
bone.
Sternot yroid,
and
the sternu
the thyroi
cartilage
ll.t'1:m~d.
ohygid.lnl mJ11JIJ.yoid •
ItJlopba'l'
into the h
depresses
backward
larynx
an
Dipst
mediate temporal bone. A.c; iow; ral
o heads. w
mastoid
p
A!lATOM,.
.-fA
NURSES
r ja.w. ntal.
OenjohyogJossus.
t bettie of the lowe j h old bone. side of t e t the tip. Actiol~! P
H yog lossus.-i\
Sty]oglossus.~.1
lnssal,
cnlv-su
is s from
e temporal bone, lion, draws the to onn b ndcd with the oth r
seles.
ungua 11s.-F
Palate Region.
lowing muscles:
Ph aryngea 1 Reg
p aryngeal region a
In n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
I
TIlE MUS
SYSTEM
constricts t
tit1H. into i
-or
COD5triCt
iuferior co trlctor. from the terygoid plate m the hy d. 1nsertio», ~ same mferior CODr side of the
em
rtilage an
side of the
s. lao topharyn-
1 accessory glossophary 11~ and recu t laryngeal eontrnlled >y the pala to-
nx.-Thep 5 inches IOIJg. to 3 point Co I t is wide-st a Us. in the e. ....................... the te ses of two posteri , the Iarynx, an •OIl it is di vid
geal, It is a the thyruidm brane, a mid
Qat.
n is a museu omem branous ing from nder Ihe base dl ng to th si!li:th CCfVJca t
1 I n FDlJ'Dllm
II
Boou
•
Vertebral
Region.~
anticus minot, the The lat-eral vertebral re ~ealenWli anti.c:nst med.i several muscles, to centro
neck: bv means of their
re divided in ba
j nto gTOUpsj
aceo
ON gt'n r from the oceip: at bon the seve nth cervical a nd he tw 1 ;re \\"(>11 as from the Iigame he clavicle and scapu) a. ard ~ back YI.'a rot ;R nd out w ant he chest, Dorsi.---Ori~£~, From ~b ve eb an the crest of the IIiurn : de it c ve _ the lum bar and lower d s one of the most import J se ion. in 10 the humerus. nward and backward wl
!J.
are located: thus 'We have c bdomen, of the thorax, es of the back are rli vid more superficial layer is In tbif; connection the i tudied, in order th at an a iction of these muscles m f these to be described i he u pper and bac-k part is is known as the t rapezi
the
65
so wWsts e oth
lUDg, etc.
rn~ 1 ob"l;jll~
.or
"r~b.~ ;
il'l1!..li
.IIbd'-om
ifllfNb
m~
B.
•
g.".
ul1'P,="r
j("J :
~ -I:
L1
~ illustrat
iratlon,
5
e zm n
IIIJ'DIIm
WI:'!
noting
aetof
t of mo . g the
Boou
66
ANATOMY
11.3
.-.l
13, tl!'!1r1
su JM! T'fi cia1 ~ n TIIIJ ion of btiMimlis Ii!. stl!:rlloco:!.ml n~rt'l;al oblKj LU! : njnrl~: ~I, 1.31"-. l(ll1j ul:
:'0:
us medius i 1'9:iI~.
racilis,
kl1'101Jrnl
it
lmbernat's
iopeetineal thoraa on to whic:h
Nerve-
• he urine ill be
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
spiration,
IS
+
on of mus,the stemseep
68
ANATO/JI
AND
PJJ]"':~/o -OGY
t hat the action are the en talest the or these, the m are all connect and are all con
teTIdofl;:
Fie,
J6-~ Th~
.lIl
ri\;
1 ;.'I N: U:lW!
IJh,I~l.::ii!I'i
Diaphrag
musculofibrous a bdom inal ca \·i and a lesser po eircumfe renee i I t con tains 0 esophagus, yen a muscle of res septu . separa ;ng
y _ T t divide j n l n tinn, It is co vex t
MUSCULA
TI::R1i m~"'_
-r~r~
lid
!=lor.
Triceps e~.(;i\,!Ig,~
~1J.1..:..nc(]tll!1.1!..
1111 i.
ActiQ
id process of
ula.
rib, an
AcUon) d
1'h.e
der and assist t of inspiration rst costal earti ge and surface of the lavicle, rd. nl ne flc:-;hy di rations u ppcr ribs ~it i. 'nserted pula, Actio!, ~ Icvates act of pushi n lar muscle f ing the , from the up border Irf aces of the
a pu la.
Inse«
s or the of the well as
rotates the
Nerve, su
pular,
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
FIG. 37,-SUp~,Ii('i 1 ,..,. major : :iii. !.I lroi pronator mod ii 'If'n::~~ • fI~ e~Lrpi u In:ul:s IQ, supi m~ extensor b revis pollic i l pcUic-i!- ~ ~o...profll dw;
~1tJl1IIli~
pulliC"i~.
o~
; '1. 1.l.1i~!r'I'I1I~ ( IJra.;:hilnl i.., untjeus ; .II. &.upi ator kll'l:g I!~; Ij, -!":(.~.n~or l':iiI q Ii 1":1\1 Ii:'io l"L':'\,l[)r; J.4, x1Clj~r
1I!":tlll!n~OO" -L':arI1i
ulnn
ris
1(1.,
~;I'(lr
II,:~Tfii
11II ~rl~;
1E!l\cl.o'l"l
1/.
poll il:~;
I~,
.::or
tnfraspinatus.
in to the middle h umerus, A Ltio
gz nl inf
spi 1l0US
suprascapular
e zm n FDfZ(l1Im Boou
-.~ob.DI1
THE Muse
T....s M· 4-O"gin, U border of the pula, I the greater l erosity of t the humerus tward. N TMH MaJ .---origi'h1 and is 1 into the bi
ward, as well B~
head, from th
from upper eontiaueus tendon into and by an a renders this f .Brac'.biaUs humerus, em serti~ into the ulna. A .m., :H.f:xrs t
cutaneous an mu5CUIospi
Cubiti.
the shd't of
musculospiral internal, from spiral gTOOVe of the ulna.
.--Qri'gin. a. In enio«, in to
humerus.
73
elbow.
extension
0
.ifY
FOR NUll' es
from inju ~ d
u ospiral,
:r.
uhlJ.ri~ ~ tl iC itorum.
r~,
tI[u-ul
r l"'q'iolMt
t-
~~ttjj
):
Exten
ADt!I.!I!I(!
11 ic
'Pi.
es arises from
diaUs.---Ori ~i .
condvlc;
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
80011..:. _. foraDltom1.noh.lII1 ·-·rI----
1'#£
ian.
digitorum
phalan nges, N
ast
ie.--origi ~,
Ina. Imet~' n, last p the phal Nen'l?:
dius a d
rigin. upper
nIS.
Insert
orearm. N ·s Longior.
lold ridge of
I bone.
ondyle of anees of
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
74
AND
'HYS' OL OG
e finger.
merus,
phalanx.
posterior i
El:tene
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
75
scaph id, nan! rst first p a-
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
OG Y FOR N VR SES
righl,
f the me
angcs of last tw
'Wo
~
01t,
he:
ups aeeor ing to their varlotis Elf'S wi t II wh ieh the a ted bei n described,
he
IPS
SYSTEM
11
ender muse
nsesfrom
[?t.$
al
and t!:llgh
[,CI1.l~L1,!I;
p!!rneW
1e"l,ll I'n;l!tir
1Il1.l~ ,
4.bl~~ !iI!1'1'1 1,
1"I"J(!ft'II
c.-;~er!'l'U~:
el'Uri<!.
; 6,
i 5,
(:11i~i 8
dl,l(;'ot p.t1tt:lI..!
cl' pl.. an
I~J
origin
1I.
oris i
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
PI/ Yo IOl..OG Y
FIG.
I ~t'lQil'l:01u.1:
,,2.
the
19
·gh upon the pel • anterior crural. recN.I femoris ItIS ertioK , in th NetTJf, ant-erior le.
FIt]. 43I
I a, '¥utlll in!~m~;
I:G1lorum •
head or g3S. NC"nl!"rnLl.l<; 1. in II~ r r propml'l!i halh..le-l~: l I!"ltl~~1) ·[!o pc'WIlt::!l5 b~"j&o. 3..-,"t(;I
tI fl)Ot t 11.1~~~I~
~'5 i ~_
nrt
or Mlkn<;:
g.:
n()ri~:
q,
tligi torum :
s. 11 i ;g, 1ill
ori.;
......-sl..lp(:ml:"i;l,j mll!de (:orl,=,g (Ii om hoi! tfld l ~ '[, VI!S RC:lCor 1::1m-;5: J. :!iIl!mi dil1'I'Jm~: 4, sem I I!"m"'r1l"'M1.l~ ~, mcil is ~ fLl.'!i!: 7. O!.l.tt'r ... nd t, Ij:'] U, h.:"Arl: 11'"1 r~!f II~MilJ.'!i!; 9, ants· ~[, P:C~~~ loDn~,.. :I. pt=Mn !I- b~ ~; rJ, flll!"!foQ Ian ]" u.... -pos1;e~: IS lQ"'u fib esof fI "!«II'" 1t111_gt::!- h h..l~1 ... la.li'!io
Action. exten
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
80
magnus,
Adduc or
of the os phbis,
pectineal line. cuon r flexes and ·rural and obt urate ~ brevis arise from t
ier side of the femu .
the thigh.
Iargest muscles
nus
su perior,
em nus inferior,
uadra us. f mo
• US ·5.
is the
1
til is
late
brua
fo
ing
t
A cnQn
holds
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
s
he thigh
ro~
om
[lium,
flexes, in hol
The _-."
part
of t e
thigh
ou warn rom
r .-A rises
at troeha hi~h, N«
sltua margi remul, from
r( ~'t.h
fin trian
am,
The
oris is a short
ON'gbJ.
rr
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
kSES
ctiDn, abducts the thi ranch of the sacral p USLle:!; of the poste PS, the semi tendines iceps is a large muse! 19h. It arises by t t y of the i~hi urn an 1nsertion head tl ~one band embracing 1. tending to the ou ter t s called. the 011 tor ham es the leg, alter w at sciatic.
I
ttl heros
or
other c
muscle hip. fie
th igh ;
lschiu tubero
THF.
tius, gastroene lueis, tlexor 1 o us longus, per the ide }"muscle, SI tua te from the tube
00
or
elongated, flatte 1 the m useles in font rosity of the t bia. n ward, and di v des in second and t j rd
is
84
AN.4
fleXtll1l.,
wh and foot.
The Mu
in terossei.
\\l1ile a the nurse to familiar'
Ioca tiun. The ON
The peri
the pelvis.
the genital
into two
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
8S
smaller s:
geus,
Who.t
What'
HDIIf
riptio
Ho",,"
What
Ho'IIJ What
WhiU
li
LJC'
hOLV(:
rt
or ,11
e in the
head?
oo)'~
Nlum,· til
How
tht:
<LL,nku Ilt
ral rC'sc.1on.
e o~biul r How e 5Upt'.tlot :l.lI;illaf m'US(l~ of this n;!gi
muil!1l ion? region?
m.
herr
adian?
WbtLt SUtc:
~00'l.
How \\llRl
What
Ylhat
~I;)n?,
'1~ of lhf
ate
:l:1J'
hided?
en,
linea alb ~
rbe nbc!
I I::
inal mu
rorminJJ~
-, fot-aottmhoooh.Df1
86
ANA TOM)
AND
~HY.1ii~.~.1
,lj GJ
JrV ro
Ni/RSES
N arne t hree j mpor ant nllJi l.cso1 [the da¢ I~ ~c l"t1ioo. State the hmelion or the !!.E 1V~r;a1 r~ l(~ jlllll ~t des ibed. What BIt= the [rnp ~rtan!. J1l ~Jt"$ ~ t e 'b~ ti' What Iu.nClion do they iil~ ~t in f P.I r(l ~n~nJ(i) What muscle [orlr s the cor ~'"t'3It ... d b !5h uulde r~ What are the gnu; ps Q.[ I'f.IIJ ~J('S i n!! IOr~ rm~ How do. the muse ~:s 01 the forear b~, ~me IIL~r ~~I? Wb.i:lt ;AU' fa!'<·i~ r E~I"tti 11 !.heir 11.l~( Ii n. N arne the imports I:Il muscl ~ of l It iJ~:lJ re rion, WbJ.lt I:!;. the lQnv, t muscle (1i tbe Il~ :r' 1I"lh'C'rr:: ~ Toc.pted~ il Name I hree m1J~' If'",I; of the gluI~<I rej il n. \\'h,a ~ muscle ifI IJ: is nogt.o Ili ari~ ~'~.ret' ~igita pn!ii?' ~ How man)' m usck IS arc the rc in t ~I I g \\-"ha! m usele 'urn '!I the fi.L1 th ? \\.'ha~ is the fun("t IOn of the ,L:r'I ter iI'onll' n ~ul;[J I~ What t he pi:dn 1JIIl, ~nd lww J II n p-ou p~or 11 U5r1~ .1re there in
0"
't;i
.!'
Ihi~
~0l1~
-·~ob.DIJ
ER
THE
dfrom
it p
heart lungs.
passa
pulmo ; from clled
ar-s ape
organ j
It
er the
-.~ob.DI1
II
88
w
ax, its base pointing pto v ani the left side. I •1:S
ricaniium, ingftuid.
-point of t is point the part of th
m.
~:nd
• ~1I'n~:rrl:'ri
m above. both tM- 8ltri(..les n~ It'I.cTII:lty nfllI!'r y arid i.~~1!11,il hh·:~rid. :.:nd IA p. hi~ io', ~~gm~IU of Ifletl.'!iopojd
c heart
is d ivided
i to
These are
at blood- vessels,
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.
II
foraottmhoooh.Df1
The
are 50meW illg about
the right
}Ilowi ng openings are 0 riot ve IlQ cava, hiler imt Tbebesu. midaJ In Conn, and to
interior the followin t:i r. the lat ter guar i rrncr the ope!1 ing be t
the right in having a
its walls are thicker. n ines. T t eon tal ns ope i n number, two empt i into t side or the amide: f y ently com mon open ing. vcn t ride and 8 uri d pro· ~'trai val ",{,,5. r than t 11~ right. a a Sinal I part oJ t he le
0
its projec
much We being J to thinner at
the- "pc'":lI: of the he ,gh t von triele. Its the right side, the pr
S
and semil
tween the ventricle,
t the apex, and gra dtl rovided with the 11Ll t r 1 for mer mak ing a diviki
aortic ope 1
The Va
\I
icle during em] tractie di!'l g t ht aortic orifi t side. ht side, the valve "...11 ngh t auricle to the ri
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
e-
r. o C Y 1-'0A'
mit""
rr
these
anner in wh .iously explai cluse accu tely and for he auricle nd the ven t hrough the arge arteries. rov ided wi t openi n~ f tel" from he ci rcula tic
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
Boo
clear to e blood
)_ When
left
irA TO/(
r os
YS EM
91
the aot'la~ th largest art rial structure ~ orifice of the aortic openi g i guarded the semih~H r ; in the
anterior
ediately coronary
b ich is larger th e thorax the ri(!~---o e 011 each si de : gi \·ef.i IT a l this portion
ronehi .-._.
lng'S.
lastin
'U"n t
~·>!'n:\ .....;l ~ RA, right auricle i e tric 1 ; Jr, 'PuL '-"f1ar~ ~-lLh0.:-5: PEt. pul LA l.e1t auric l· ~ ,I, j ••mil ral l·....ves ; l
pt!tl
f
I
i~ III!!!!L, au
··48,-
C"k~,
1I0J
b"rt:,tt \'C5S('ls :
Ad,
h or 31
(I\Lb"="}.
an
aal arteries. c eel i~x..is. with tri hcpa t Cr and splen ic 0 r fe ri mese terie, SoU pra renal. Iu' bal' ~an l rn idille sacra art
fou t h lu bn r \·trtebra
j
the
w hich each a
pl y ing the pelvic the lower ex mities, Ie heart in the earthy adul t beats ildren and infants. 100 to I 50 times vibrating action, he working of the ndc n t upon the also on a similar
is in pa gan, but
sessed by
r terics thcmscl ves, ood in the art ies is always in a t e heart! an th s fI uid is propelled e ulsating f ree ust described. I ion is mad up of two chiel divis-
d the venous sys ems, In add ition !iCribed-t he pulfirst the arteri al dcseri priori of the
hows the variou
5
arteries t
Ii l~1.inllllti.
...(J ,. ~ ,
{ Eu:r.lachtJ
l Corl)nary,
II.
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
94
NO F'IIVSIOL OG Y
so»
the
ARTHR1AL SYST'EM:
the c:.y lindric tu bes tha rides of the heart to eve pable of preserving thci times. a den ti rnes, t he a rteries being after dea had s i 1 prcserv ing the-ir cylin beIieved ta air. This theory was ti me or discovered the ei rc blood and p the world as
it.
main artery is the aorta: to the arteri at ti thd r origin, descri be-d furt I er arc numerous not terminate n an: connected ter by an in te tern of vessels,
So
III
has been said ~ are th the arteries and veins. ts • lmporta:n r Iunction s or. C
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