The substation Outline

Source: Lakervi & Holmes

• The substation
• Substation equipment
• Overhead lines

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 1 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 2

From generator to customer Substation functions

• Voltage transformation (reduction)
– Power transformer
Generation
| • Connection point for local networks
Transmission
| • Switchyard for network configuration
Distribution
| – Bus bars, circuit breakers, disconnectors
Consumption
• Monitoring point for control center
– Potential and current transformers
Source: vattenfall.se
Östra mottagningsstationen, Lund • Fuses and other protection
At the city limit
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 3 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 4
 Substation equipment Substation layout
ENGLISH SVENSKA
Busbar Samlingsskena
Generator
Two-wdg transformer Transformator
Line Ledning
Circuit breaker Effektbrytare
Disconnector Frånskiljare
Surge arrester Ventilavledare
Current transformer Strömtransformator
Potential transformer Spänningstransformator
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Circuit breaker Disconnector / Isolator

Sweden USA
• Interrupts small current
– Load current
Sweden USA
Open Closed
• Interrupts large current • Visible interruption
Open Closed
– Several kA • Very manual control
– Short-circuit current • Design challenge: Weather
– Hidden contacts
• Control
– Protection systems
Source:ABB

– Manual remote Open Closed

• Design challenge
– Speed and current
Source: Nicklasson
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 Current transformer Voltage/potential transformer
• Reduces current
– Typically 1000/2 A
• Current monitored
– Control center
– Protection equipment • Reduces voltage

Source:ABB
– P, Q transducers – Typically x kV/110 V
• Voltage monitored
– Control center
Source:ABB

– Protection equipment
– P, Q transducers
• Also C voltage divider
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Surge / lightning arrester GIS - Gas Isolated Switchgear

SF6 Air

• Overvoltage trap
• Alternative to air gap
• Short-circuit to ground
Source: Lakervi

• SF6 gas
– Isolates much better than air - reduces size
– Greenhouse gas

Source: ABB Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 11 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 12
Transmission towers Line conductor

Source: Nicklasson
400 kV 750 kV

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 13 Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson 14

Supporting structure Insulator disks

Voltage level
Source:Glover & Sarma

Flashover distance

Number of disks

Air humidity
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