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Matrix Converter - Report
Matrix Converter - Report
Matrix Converter - Report
The inverter is a well known device that converts an input AC voltage into
a DC voltage by a rectifier, and then controls the semiconductor switch of a PWM inverter to
convert the DC voltage into the desired AC voltage. A voltage smoothing capacitor is required
in the DC link circuit, and an electrolytic capacitor is typically used for this purpose.
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The input terminals of the converter are connected to a three phase voltage
fed system, usually the grid, while the output terminal are connected to a three phase current fed
system, like an induction motor might be. The capacitive filter on the voltage fed side and the
inductive filter on the current fed side represented in the scheme of Fig. 3 are intrinsically
necessary. Their size is inversely proportional to the matrix converter switching frequency.
It is worth noting that due to its inherent bi-directionality and symmetry a
dual connection might be also feasible for the matrix converter, i.e. a current fed system at the
input and a voltage fed system at the output.
Since no energy storage components are present between the input and
output sides of the matrix converter, the output voltages have to be generated directly from the
input voltages. Each output voltage waveform is synthesized by sequential piecewise sampling
of the input voltage waveforms. The sampling rate has to be set much higher than both input and
output frequencies, and the duration of each sample is controlled in such a way that the average
value of the output waveform within each sample period tracks the desired output waveform. As
consequence of the input ± output direct connection, at any instant, the output voltages have to fit
within the enveloping curve of the input voltage system. Under this constraint, the maximum
output voltage the matrix converter can generate without entering the over modulation range is
equal to v312 of the maximum input voltage. This is an intrinsic limit of matrix converter and it
holds for any control law.
Entering in the over modulation range, thus accepting a certain amount of
distortion in the output voltages and input currents, it is possible to reach higher voltage transfer
ratio.
Likewise to the output voltages, the input currents are directly generated
by the output currents, synthesized by sequential piecewise sampling of the output current
waveforms. If the switching frequency of the matrix converter is set to a value that is much
higher than the input and output frequency, the input currents drawn by the converter are
sinusoidal. Their harmonic spectrum consists only of the fundamental desired component plus a
harmonic content around the switching frequency.
Fig. 5 Matrix converter input current and harmonic spectrum. Switching frequency 2 kHz.
The matrix converter performance in terms of input currents represent a
significant improvement with respect to the input currents drawn by a traditional VSI converters
with a diode bridge rectifier, whose harmonic spectrum shows a high content of low order
harmonics. By the light of the standards related to power quality and harmonic distortion of the
power supply this is a very attractive feature of matrix converter.
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Fig. 6 matrix converter input line-to-neutral voltage, instantaneous input current and its average value.
Switching frequency 2 kHz
For instance, the algorithm proposed does not require the knowledge of
the load displacement angle in order to fully control the input power factor. On the contrary, the
algorithm does require the knowledge of thee load displacement angle whenever the reference
input power factor is different from unity. From an algorithm computational burden point of
view, this is a drawback, since it implies additional quite heavy calculations.
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With the matrix converter, simultaneous control of the output voltage and
input current is possible, but simultaneous and independent control is not easy to implement.
The control method becomes complicated because switching one bi-directional switch in order to
output a certain voltage causes the change of the input current condition. The higher speed,
higher performance and lower cost of control devices in recent years, however, have made it
possible to realize even complicated control with ease. In the conventional control method for a
matrix converter, the pulse pattern for each bi-directional switch is calculated directly from the
condition for obtaining the desired AC output voltage and the condition in which the input
current becomes a sinusoidal wave. The control method is unique to the matrix converter and is
capable of outputting various pulse patterns. However, since the pulse pattern is calculated
directly, it is difficult to control the input current and the output voltage independently.
Fig. 9 Control method for the matrix converter
Then, a new control method was developed, and is shown in Fig. 9. This
method is based on the virtual indirect control of a virtual PWM rectifier and a virtual PWM
inverter. The matrix converter pulse pattern is obtained by synthesizing the pulse patterns of the
virtual PWM inverter and the virtual PWM rectifier. This method enables the input current and
output voltage to be controlled independently. In addition, since this control method can be
implemented as a direct extension of the control of the conventional PWM inverter, techniques
developed in the past can be applied largely without change. The virtual indirect method
controls the input current and output voltage, and as shown in Fig. 10, assumes a virtual
converter comprised of a virtual PWM rectifier and a virtual PM inverter.
Fig. 10 Principle of virtual indirect control method
The virtual indirect control method is based upon the principle that states,
³In a three phase power converter, if the final input and output connections relations are made
equal, then the input and output waveforms will not depend on circuit topologies.´ In Fig. 10,
for example, if there exist intervals during which the virtual rectifier turns on Srp and Stu, and the
virtual PWM inverter turns on switches Sup, Svp and Swn, then the input and output connection
relations will be such that R-phase is connected to U-phase and V-phase, and T-phase is
connected to W-phase. Consequently, the matrix converter similarly turns on switches Sru, Srv
and Stw'. As a result, R-phase is connected to U-phase and V-phase, and T-phase is
connected to W-phase, and the operation of the matrix converter becomes same as that
of the conventional PWM system.
Fig. 11 Input and output waveform s
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? Decade Counter
? Switches
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Each of the three pins provides an output frequency with the time
period of fraction of a millisecond. This output frequency is fed to the switching
transistors via an optical isolator. IS4N35 is the optical isolator used. The optical
iso lator is used only to provide isolation between the input and the output sides.
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? Minimum energy storage requirements, no more bulky, limited energy storage capacitors
hence there is possibility of a more compact design
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? Matrix converters can be seen as a future replacement concept for variable speed drives
technology
? Future applications in fields that now use PWM rectifiers and inverters.
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As proposed, the full functionality of a 3 phase AC-AC converter can be achieved by using a few
number of switches, and the absence of a dc link with high efficiency.
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[2]. L. Wei, T. A. Lipo, H. Chan, ³Matrix Converter Topologies with Reduced Number of
Switches´.