AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

AW101 Chapter 7
Occupational Safety Occupational First Aid
And Health 1

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Contents Content 1-3

• Understand First Aid 7.1 Understand first-aid
• Understand first-aid equipment 7.1.1 Define first aid
• Understand basic rules of first-aid
7.2 Understand first-aid equipment
• Understand basic first-aid and treatment
7.2.1 Define first-aid equipment
• Practice proper safety methods of first-aid
equipment. 7.2.2 Identify first-aid equipment
• Practice proper and safe methods in 7.2.3 Apply first-aid equipment
conducting Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR).
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Content 2-3
7.3 Understand basic rules of first-aid
7.3.1 Explain the basic rules of first-aid
7.4 Understand basic first-aid and treatment
7.4.1 Explain burns and scalds
7.4.2 Explain bleedings
7.4.3 Explain shock
7.4.4 Explain bone fractures
7.4.5 Explain poisoning
7.4.6 Explain Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
First Aid
DEFINITION
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Content 3-3
7.5 Practice proper safety methods of
first-aid equipment.
7.6 Practice proper and safe methods
in conducting Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR).
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What First Aid?
• Definition
The provision of first-aid facilities,
services and personnel required
for the initial treatment of
persons suffering from injury or
illness at a workplace.
Source : GUIDELINES ON FIRST-AID FACILITIES IN THE WORKPLACE; DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA, 1996
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What is First Aid Facilities? Others Terms 1-2

• Definition first aid equipment; • First-aid requirements - means the

* a first-aid box; requirement for first aid facilities,
services and personnel at a

* a first-aid room; and workplace.

* first-aid equipment, for • First-aid services - means any
example, oxygen equipment procedure or method associated with
and a stretcher the provision of first-aid at a
Source : GUIDELINES ON FIRST-AID FACILITIES IN THE WORKPLACE; DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA, 1996 workplace
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Others Terms 2-2

• First-aider - means a person who has
successfully completed a first-aid course
conducted by an institution recognized by the
Ministry of Health and has been awarded with a
certificate of proficiency in first-aid treatment
• Occupational health services.- means a First Aid
specialised service for the purpose of FACILITY & EQUIPMENTS
conserving, promoting and restoring the health
of employee at a workplace
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

Major Components 1.First Aider

1. First-aider (personnel) • First-aider means a person who has
2. First-aid box successfully completed a first-aid
3. First-aid room course and has been awarded with a
certificate of proficiency in first-aid
4. First-aid requirement by an institution listed in Appendix 1.

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Appendix 1 2.First Aid Box

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Contents of a First-Aid Box Checklist for First-Aid Box

Adobe Acrobat Adobe Acrobat

Document
Document

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3.First Aid Room Facilities For First Aid Room

Adobe Acrobat
Document

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Typical Layout First Aid Room
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4. First-Aid Requirement
1.Provision for Mass Casualties
• In a workplace where there is a
potential risk of mass casualties,
provisions should be made for a safe
place for evacuation and for the
availability of adequate equipment
e.g. stretchers, wheelchairs, sheets,
bandages, blankets, etc
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4. First-Aid Requirement
• 1.Provision for Mass Casualties
• 2.Special Instructions
• 3.Protective Clothing and Equipment
• 4.Cleaning Up
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4. First-Aid Requirement
2.Special Instructions
• Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
for that hazardous chemical kept in a
conspicuous place close to each
location where it used and shall be
easily accessible to the employees
(Chemicals hazardous to health are
as in USECHH Regulations 2000).
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health
4. First-Aid Requirement
3.Protective Clothing and Equipment
• Protective clothing and equipment
should be provided where there is a
possibility that the first-aider may
need protection to avoid becoming a
casualty himself while administering
first-aid.
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First Aid
RULES & TREATMENT
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4. First-Aid Requirement
4.Cleaning Up
• First-aiders should wash their hands
or any other surfaces of their body
splashed with blood or other body
fluids as soon as possible with soap
and water.
• Contaminated surfaces should be
cleansed and disinfected.
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Basic Rules of First Aid
Save life
To avoid even worse injury to victim
To reduce paint
To manage further treatment at
hospital
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

First-Aid & Treatment First Aid - Burn and scalds

Burns and scalds • Burn injury can be avoid by avoiding hot
Bleedings source and use appropriate PPE.
• Burn divided into 3 category;
Shock
i) First Degree
Bone fractures
ii) Second Degree
Poisoning iii) Third Degree
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
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Skin Anatomy Burn - First Degree

• The skin is the largest • Damage skin surface only, such
organ of the body. The
skin and its derivatives as sunburn.
(hair, nails, sweat and • The symptom is:
oil glands) make up the
integumentary system. - Redness of skin. &
One of the main
functions of the skin is
Pain on the skin.
protection. It protects
the body from external
factors such as
bacteria, chemicals,
and temperature

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Burn - First Degree Burn - First Degree

• The treatment is avoiding / remove source of
heat. Cooling skin with cool water or skin • Minor Burn First Aid
cream. Do not use ice, may cause frostbite.

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Burn - Second Degree Burn - Second Degree

• Damage skin surface and tissue
underneath. Symptom is:
i) Redness & Blistering
ii) Feel very paint around the
area that burn, but not feel the
pain at the center of the area.
• Treatment ; avoid / remove heat source. Cool
with water about 10 minute and wrap with
sterile bandage.
• Don’t cut blister, may cause infection. Blister
may disappear in 2 days.
• Danger to life if burn area more
then 9% of body part.

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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

Burn – Third Degree Burn – Third Degree

• Destroy skin surface and tissue
underneath.
• Symptom is;
Gray / black / burn-out skin.
Blistering on the skin.
• Treatment – avoid / remove from heat source.
Cool with water for 10 minute. Loose bandage
the area.
• Don’t use ice or cut the blister. Get immediate
treatment because may cause death if more
then 9% of body area involved.

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Rules of 9’s First-Aid Bleedings

Fastest method to estimate
percentage of body burn area

Second Class – may treat life if
more the 9% of body burn.

Third Class – need immediate
treatment because usually treat
life even only 9% of the body burn.
• First aid is appropriate for
external bleeding.
• Calm and reassure the person.
The sight of blood can be very
frightening.
• Lay the person down. This
reduces the chances of fainting
by increasing blood flow to the
brain. When possible, raise up the
part of the body that is bleeding.
• Put pressure directly on an outer
wound with a sterile bandage,
clean cloth, or even a piece of
clothing. If nothing else is
available, use your hand.
• DO NOT apply a tourniquet to
control bleeding, except as a last
resort. Doing so may cause more
harm than good. A tourniquet
should be used only in a life-
threatening situation and should
be applied by an experienced
•
person
DO NOT try to clean a large
wound. This can cause heavier
bleeding
• DO NOT try to clean a wound after
you get the bleeding under
control. Get medical help

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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

Apply Direct Pressure Apply Tourniquets

• When there is severe bleeding
• Bleeding from most injuries can be where a major artery has been
severed, pressure may be
stopped by applying direct pressure insufficient and a tourniquet
may be necessary.
to the injury. This keeps from cutting Tourniquets are an effective
way of stopping bleeding from
off the blood supply an extremity. They do,
however, stop circulation to
to the affected limb. the affected extremity and
should ONLY be used when
other methods, such as
pressure dressings, have
failed (or are likely to fail).
Pressure from tourniquets
must be relieved periodically
to prevent damage to the
tissue from lack of oxygen.
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Apply Tourniquets Apply Pressure & Ice

• Bleeding from most
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injuries can be stopped
by applying direct
pressure to the injury.
This keeps from cutting
off the blood supply to
the affected limb. When
2 there is severe bleeding,
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where a major artery has
been severed, pressure
may be insufficient and a
tourniquet may be
necessary.
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First-Aid Shock First-Aid Shock

• Check the person's airway,
• Shock is a severe breathing, and circulation.
condition that • If the person is conscious and
occurs when not does NOT have an injury to the
head, leg, neck, or spine, Lay the
enough blood person on the back and elevate
flows through the the legs about 12 inches. Do NOT
elevate the head. If raising the
body, causing legs will cause pain or potential
very low blood harm, leave the person lying flat.
• Give appropriate first aid for any
pressure, a lack of wounds, injuries, or illnesses.
urine, and cell and • Keep the person warm and
tissue damage comfortable. Loosen tight
clothing.
• IF THE PERSON VOMITS OR
DROOLS
• Turn the head to one side so he or
she will not choke.
• Do Not:
• Do NOT give the person anything
by mouth, including anything to
eat or drink.
• Do NOT move the person with a
known or suspected spinal injury.
• Do NOT wait for milder shock
symptoms to worsen before
calling for emergency medical
help.

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First Aid Bone fractures Treatment bone fractures

Causes:
• Fall from a height
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Direct blow
• Repetitive forces, such as those
caused by running, can cause stress
fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia, or
hip
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Treatment bone fractures Treatment bone fractures

Symptoms:
• A visibly out-of-place or misshapen
limb or joint
• Swelling, bruising, or bleeding
• Intense pain, Numbness and tingling
• Broken skin with bone protruding
• Limited mobility or inability to move a
limb
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First Aid:
• Keep the person still and calm.
• Examine the person closely for other injuries.
• If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or
sling. Possible splints include a rolled up newspaper
or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and
below the injured bone.
• Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling.
• Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches
above the head, and cover the person with a coat or
blanket. However, DO NOT move the person if a head,
neck, or back injury is suspected.
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Fracture types (1) Fracture types (2)

Types of bone fracture: • Greenstick - an
• Oblique - a fracture which incomplete fracture
goes at an angle to the
axis in which the bone
• Comminuted - a fracture bends
of many relatively small
fragments
• Transverse - a
• Spiral - a fracture which fracture that goes
runs around the axis of across the bone's
the bone axis
• Compound - a fracture
(also called open) which • Simple - a fracture
breaks the skin which does not
break the skin
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AW101 Occupational Safety and Health

First Aid Methods Danger of poisons

ankle_splint elbow_splint
• Persons of any age can become ill if they
come into contact with certain medications,
household pesticides, chemicals, cosmetics,
or plants.
• However, children, in particular, continue to
face a greater risk of unintentional poisoning
arm_splint
upper_leg_splint death and exposure than adults - not only
because they are smaller, but, also because
they have faster metabolic rates and are less
able physically to handle toxic chemicals.
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Treatment poisoning Swallowed Poisons

• There are many poisonous • Get the poison away from the child.
substances that can potentially turn • If the substance is still in the child's
fatal if inhaled, digested, or absorbed mouth, make him/her spit it out or remove
by the body. Listed are some, it with your fingers.

Lead Poisoning • Call your local poison control center or

Food Poisoning your child's physician.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • If your child swallowed another

Chemical Poisoning and Syrup of substance, describe it as much as you can
Ipecac 55 to help identify it. 56

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Syrup of ipecac
What is syrup of ipecac?
• Syrup of ipecac is an emetic (an
agent that causes vomiting) made
from the dried root of a plant called
ipecacuanha that is grown in Brazil.
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Poison in the eye
• Flush the eye by holding the eyelid
open and pouring a steady stream of
lukewarm water (not hot) into the inner
corner of the eye. Continue flushing
the eye for 15 minutes, and call the
poison control center for further
instructions. Do not use an eyecup,
eyedrops or ointment unless the
poison center instructs you to do so.
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Poisons on the skin
• If your child spills a chemical on her
body, remove his/her clothes and
rinse the skin with lukewarm - not hot
- water. If the area shows signs of
being burned, continue rinsing for at
least 15 minutes. Then call the poison
control center for further advice. Do
not use ointments or grease.
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Poisonous fumes or gases
• From the following sources:
• a car running in a closed garage
• leaky gas vents. wood, coal, or kerosene
stoves that are not working properly
• If your child breathes in fumes or gases,
get him/her into fresh air right away.
• If your child has stopped breathing, start
CPR and do not stop until your child
breathes on his/her own. 60
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Treatment CPR “CardioPulmonary Resuscitation

• Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation • Definition;
CPR is a procedure to support and
maintain breathing and
circulation for a person who has
stopped breathing (respiratory
arrest) and/or whose heart has
stopped (cardiac arrest).
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CPR Steps

CPR Video
F:\Polisas\03-Sem
Jul 2008\E4008 Keselam

C:\Users\AS4937\
Videos\RealPlayer Downloa
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Reference 1

Adobe Acrobat Adobe Acrobat

Document Document

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Reference 2
• First aid equipment, facilities and
training Adobe Acrobat
Document

• www.umm.edu , University of
Maryland Medical Center

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