PREFACE

This report comprises of all the sessions of training, I have been through in the
duration of four weeks during vacations.

I visited MPMKVV Co. ltd.(Madhya Pradesh Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitran), a

govt. undertaking company dedicated to distribution of Power and Tariffing .The
City Circle is divided in four zones and its one of the premier company of MPSEB
(Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board ), which focuses ob providing the best
services to the consumers that include quality and reliable supply of power,
quicker attention to fuse-off calls and billing related problems.

There are one 220/132KV substation, three 132/33KV substations, twelve

33/11KV substations in City circle (west zone). Substations of each category
were visited where I was made aware of all the equipments installed there, their
controlling and the distribution system functioning. I also had one week visit of
Transformer repairement unit, Energy meter testing lab of MPMKVV Co. ltd. were
informative knowledge about the devices was given.

We also were made familiar with the general way of conduct with the consumers
of the company, how to handle their problems and entertain up to the possible
satisfactory level.

The overall experience was very informative.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Practical training is an important aspect of an engineering curriculum as it
enables to understand the practical application of the theoretical concepts that
were learned during academics. It acquainted the student with the latest
advancement in the field of technology & engineering.

To get this training completed we are thankful to Mr. K.K. Dubey (EE,Training
cell) ,Mr. Amrit Tiwari (AEE) ,Mr. Manoj Kelkar (AEE), Mr. Shivram Solanki
(Supervisor,Transformer repairment unit) and all the employees if MPMKVV Co.
Ltd. who shared their knowledge zealously. We are thankful to Prof. K.S. Sandhu
(H.O.D.,Electrical Dept.) for providing us opportunity to undergo this training
session during vacations at MPMKVV Co. Ltd.

I want to convey my sincere note of thanks to all Professors and lecturers of

Electrical Dept. NIT Kurukshetra , for being a key guide and kind support.
CONTENTS
Forwarding letter
Preface
Acknowledgements

1. Electrical Energy Meters

Introduction
 Types of meters
o Electromechanical meters
o Mechanism of electromechanical meters
o Solid state electronic meters
 Testing and calibration
 Domestic and Industrial energy meters

2. Electrical Substations
Introduction
 Transmission substations
 Distribution Substations
 Switching Function
 Equipments installed
 Capacitor bank Charging unit
 Tasks performed by substation staff

3. Transformer testing and repairment

Introduction
 Basic Principle
 Induction law
 Practical considerations
 Effect of frequency
 Energy losses calculations
 General faults
 Transformer oil testing
 Instrument transformers
 Accessories of transformers

4. Functions and tasks performed by MPMKVV Co. Ltd.

Introduction
 Electrification of new localities
 Load surveys
 Tariffs
 Action against electricity theft
 Minimization in transmission losses
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
METERS

INTRODUCTION

An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of

electrical energy consumed by a residence, business or an electrically powered
device.

Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one
being the kilowatt hour. A periodic reading of electric meters establishes billing
cycles and energy used during a cycle.

In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may
measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas,
the electric rates are higher during certain times of day, to encourage reduction in
use. Also, in some areas meters have relays to turn off nonessential equipment.

The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt
hour, which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over
a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules. Some electricity companies use the SI
mega joule instead.

Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a
quarter or half hour.

Reactive power is measured in "Volt-amperes reactive", (varh) in kilovar-hours.

By convention, a "lagging" or inductive load, such as a motor, will have positive
reactive power. A "leading", or capacitive load, will have negative reactive power.
TYPES OF METERS

Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage

(volts) and current (amperes) and finding the product of these to give
instantaneous electrical power (watts) which is then integrated against time to
give energy used (joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services ( such
as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line between source
and customer. For larger loads, more than about 200 amps of load, current
transformers are used, so that the meter can be located other than in line with
the service conductors. The meters fall into two basic categories,
electromechanical and electronic.

Current transformers being used with meters

ELECTROMECHANICAL METERS

The most common type of electricity meter is the Thomson or electromechanical

induction watt-hour meter, invented by Elihu Thomson in 1888.

The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of

an aluminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power.
The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes
a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts.

The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way
that it produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other
produces a magnetic flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil
is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. This produces eddy currents in the disc
and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in proportion to the
product of the instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet exerts an
opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the disc. The equilibrium
between these two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed
proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a register mechanism
which integrates the speed of the disc over time by counting revolutions, much
like the odometer in a car, in order to render a measurement of the total
energyused over a period of time.

The type of meter described above is used on a single-phase AC supply.

Different phase configurations use additional voltage and current coils.

The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a worm gear which
drives the register. The register is a series of dials which record the amount of
energy used. The dials may be of the cyclometer type, an odometer-like display
that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is shown through a window
in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates each
digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite
directions due to the gearing mechanism.

The amount of energy represented by one revolution of the disc is denoted by

the symbol Kh which is given in units of watt-hours per revolution. The value 7.2
is commonly seen. Using the value of Kh, one can determine their power
consumption at any given time by timing the disc with a stopwatch. If the time in
seconds taken by the disc to complete one revolution is t, then the power in watts

is . For example, if Kh = 7.2, as above, and one revolution took

place in 14.4 seconds, the power is 1800 watts. This method can be used to
determine the power consumption of household devices by switching them on
one by one.

Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a

representative of the power company . Where the meter reader reads the meter,
the reading may be supplied to the power company by records, post or over the
internet. The electricity company will normally require a visit by a company
representative at least monthly in order to verify customer-supplied readings and
to make a basic safety check of the meter.

In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect

accuracy, that occurs when the meter disc rotates continuously with
potentialapplied and the load terminals open circuited. A test for error due to
creep is called a creep test.
 ..
energy meters

MECHANISM OF ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY METERS

The key point: metering is based on the product of two electrical entities, current I
and voltage V; power is the product of these two entities, V and I. Energy is
calculated integrating over time (that is adding together time after time) the V*I
products. It is energy what we are paying for. Within electromechanical meters V
and I feed two coils: the voltage coil (which is in parallel to
the line) requiring low power and a current coil (in series with the line) made of
thick copper wire. Metering can be stopped or started interrupting the connection
to the voltage coil.
Internal assembly of a electromechanical energy meter

The meter has two coils in it, one responsive to voltage, the other to current.
They are arranged so that the torque they apply to the disc is proportional to the
voltage times the current times the cosine of the phase angle so that the disc
only responds to active power (kWh) and not to reactive power (kVAR). The
device works upon induction principle with current coils and the torque is
produced in the aluminium disc and the dials records the energy consumed.

SOLID STATE OR ELECTRONIC ENERGY METERS

Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display, and can
also transmit readings to remote places. In addition to measuring energy used,
electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such
as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used etc. They can also
support time-of-day billing, for example, recording the amount of energy used
during on-peak and off-peak hours.

As in the block diagram, the meter has a power supply, a metering engine, A
processing and communication engine (i.e. a microcontroller), and other add-on
modules such as RTC, LCD display, communication ports/modules and so
on.The metering engine is given the voltage and current inputs and has a voltage
reference, samplers and quantisers followed by an ADC section to yield the
digitalised equivalents of all the inputs. These inputs are then processed using a
Digital Signal Processor to calculate the various metering parameters such as
powers, energies etc.The largest source of long-term errors in the meter is drift in
the preamp, followed by the precision of the voltage reference. Both of these vary
with temperature as well, and vary wildly because most meters are outdoors.
Characterizing and compensating for these is a major part of meter design.The
processing and communication section has the responsibility of calculating the
various derived quantities from the digital values generated by the metering
engine. This also has the responsibility of communication using various protocols
and interface with other addon modules connected as slaves to it.RTC and other
add-on modules are attached as slaves to the processing and communication
section for various input/output functions. On a modern meter most if not all of
this will be implemented inside the microprocessor, such as the Real Time Clock
(RTC), LCD controller, temperature sensor, memory and analog to digital
converters.

Electronic meter possess a microprocessor and interfaced by a Programmable

Periphral Device which receives its Input from Two CT's, one is on the phase &
the other is on the neutral,the PPI recieves signals from both CT,s but it
reads whichever the current is greater & a V.T. is positioned in the casing of
Energy meter of which outputs is fed to PPI so the proceessor reads V from
V.T.,I(depends on Power Factor) from C.T. so their product is seen on the
digital screen of the Meter.
TESTING AND CALIBRATION

Sometimes due to excessive load on the meter the current becomes very and
crosses its upper limits which may burn the current coil which leads to meter
jammed and sometimes due to sudden change in load partial damage is done to
the meter which leads to loss in calibration due to which meter runs slower and
sometimes when we have heavy load on meters the calibration is disturbed and
meter runs fasted even on less load. So inorder to overcome such problems of
the customers the meters are tested and calibrated on complaint of the
customers by the MPMKVV staff members.

General and traditional method of meter testing is by putting only 1Kw load
across the meter and the pulses are counted and if the supervisor finds an error
then the meter is replaced and if the error is still unnoticeable then the meter is
sent to meter testing lab of MPMKVV (CPRI, Bhopal ). General methods of
testing and calibration includes calibration test bench, where every meter is
tested before installation. The bench accords with the standards of “IEC
60736:1982”. The bench can do warm up test, starting test, no load test(creep
test), error test, dial test, test of influence quantities (negative phase, voltage
unbalance,harmonic wave and so on)and test of repeatability of measurements.

The bench uses the PWM( Pulse Width Modulation) to amplify voltage/current
output, the high efficiency >85% and lowers the heat.

The bench is using the HY5303C-22 reference standard energy meter with
comparision technology to offer test for error determination and calibration.

Load tests are done at starting meter reading is taken ,meters are calibrated at
unbalanced phase voltages, tests are done at negative power factors
,temperature and vibration tests are also done on energy meters to provide good
service to the consumers.

Meter testing lab Temperature testing lab

DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL ENERGY METERS

Domestic energy meters generally record active energy consumed by the

consumer and they are charged accordingly. The domestic meters are generally
electromechanical and electronics meters are also installed in new connections
with rating 10-40 Amps. They have simple construction and give basic
information with LED indicators 3 indicators for three phases, 1 for earth if any
short circuit occurs in wiring this indicator blinks, 1 for reverse this indicator blinks
when there is leakage due to improper wiring. The meter reader takes monthly
meter reading on its billing machine and gives the bill on the spot. The bill is then
billed by consumers at MPMKVV zonal offices or through automatic billing
machine installed at various places in city.

Commercial and Industrial energy meters are sophisticated their rating is 100-
500 Amps. They have CTs installed with the meter setup, these energy meters
are digital meters where Kw, Kwh, KVAR, PF, MD, CMD, DATE, TIME, Voltages
of 3 phases, current in three phases are recorded. These energy meters
automatically detect and correct the phase reversal eliminating the need to be
concerned with CT load orientation.They have push buttons, hwen they are
pressed various quantities mentioned above can be seen and are thus recorded
by representative of MPMKVV. The bill is processed at the regional level on the
basis of Kwh and KVAR of power consumed at authenticated limit of pf. The bill
is mailed to the commercial units and they are collected monthly at regional
office.

Industrial energy meter Domestic energy meter

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS

INTRODUCTION
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,
transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to
low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in
voltage in several steps.

A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while

decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage
while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution.

Sukhi Sewaiya Substation

TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION - EHV 220KV SUBSTATION

EHV Substation forms an important transmission network and distribution

network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring
efficient transmission and distribution of power the substation configuration
should me such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum
interruption in power supply. Flexibility in future expansion in terms of number of
circuits and transformer MVA capacity also needs to be considered while
choosing the actual configuration of the substation. EHV substations are
constructed as near as possible to the load centre. The voltage level of the power
transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load
centre.
Generally, the relation between EHV voltage level and the power to be
transmitted is as follows:

Sno. Power to be transmitted Voltage level

1. Upto 150MVA 132KV
2. From 150MVA to 300MVA 220KV
3. 300MVA to 1000MVA 400KV
Substations visited

The 220KV/33KV substation at Sukhi Sewaiya, Bhopal (2x100 MVA +50 MVA)
and 132KV/33KV substation at MACT, Bhopal (2x40 MVA + 40 MVA) were
visited the distribution 33KV/11KV substations under these substations are also
visited :

Sno. Substation Name Capacity

1 Chambal 2x5 MVA
2 E-8 2X5 MVA
3 Rohitas 2X5 MVA
4 Rachna Nagar 2X5 MVA
5 Saket Nagar 2X5 MVA
6 Vidhya Nagar 2X5 MVA
7 Rajat Nagar 1x3.15 MVA
8 Amramad 1x3.15 MVA
9 Baag Mugalia 2X5 MVA
10 Vallabh Nagar 2X5 MVA
11 Misrod 1x5 MVA
12 Habibganj 1x5 MVA

Single line diagram :

Sukhi sewaiya 220KV/33KV substation

Chambal 33/11 KV substation
Various equipments installed at substation :
The instruments are named below according to the single line diagram as
follows:
1. Lightening arrestors,
2. C V T
3. Wave trap
4. Current transformer
5. Isolators with earth switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Line isolator
8. BUS
9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator
10. Isolator
11. Current transformer
12. Circuit breaker
13. Lightening arrestors
14. Transformer
15. Lightening arrestors with earth switch
16. Circuit breaker
17. Current transformer
18. Isolator
19. Bus
20. Potential transformer with a bus isolator
21. A capacitor bank attached to the bus.
22. AB switch
23. Measuring Equipments (ME)
24. DC supply
25. Control system and measuring instruments
26. Outgoing feeders

Brief descriptions of the instruments in the line diagram are-

1. Lightening arrestors : Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used
in the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main
station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the
substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage
lightening arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to
fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and
ground it to the earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which
is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arrestors are grounded
to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening arrestor
works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone.

Lightening arrester
2. C V T : A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power
systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals
either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the
device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to
the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four
terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a
ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the
instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used
for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first
capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This
results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the
first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second
capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

C.V.T. WAVE-TRAP
3. Wave trap: Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The
function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping
wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so
that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation.

4. Current transformer: Current transformers are basically used to take the

readings of the currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the
current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done because we have no instrument
for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this transformer is (a)
distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.

CT in 33KV/11KV S/S CT INTERNAL DAIGRAM CT in 220KV/132KV S/S

The working of CT can be understood by the diagram J1 is the current in the
conductor and CT core is around the conductor J2 is the current induced in
CT winding which is proportional to current in the conductor and thus current
and voltage of the line can be measured using CT.

5. Lightening arrestors with earth switch: Lightening arrestors after the

current transformer are used so as to protect it from lightening i.e. from high
voltage entering into it. This lightening arrestor has an earth switch, which can
directly earth the lightening. The arrestor works at 30° to 45° angel of the
lightening making a cone. The earth switch can be operated manually, by
pulling the switch towards ground. This also helps in breaking the line
entering the station. By doing so maintenance and repair of any instrument
can b performed.

6. Circuit breaker:
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the
instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other
instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to
break the line current. This is only done automatically by the circuit breaker.
There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any
substations. They are (a) SF6 circuit breakers; (b) vacuum circuit breakers.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high
input kv input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit
breaker by force i.e. under high-pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there
is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas
went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it
can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas
to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker
has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm
bell rings.
During the arching period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas
removes the head from the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation as a
result the arc diameter reduces during the decreasing mode of the current wave.
The diameter becomes very small during current zero period and arc is
extinguished. Due to its electro negativity and low arc time constant, the SF6
regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero the rate of rise of
dielectric strength is very high and time constant is very low.
The vacuum circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring here
reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The
spring type is used for step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv
and so on. They are only used in low distribution side.
With rated current upto 3000 Amps., these breakers interrupt the current by
creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container.

.
. Power VCB

7. Line isolator :The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow
through the line into the bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get
damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself.It is
used to isolate the system from other incoming feeders and this is done using a
handle connected through a pipe (can be viewed in picture in red colour)
 Line isolators 220KV BUS Pot. transformer
8. BUS :The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into
the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting
the incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line in the bus so that
if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply
will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distanceby a
conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a
time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.

9. Potential transformers with bus isolators :There are two potential

transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The potential
transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer
is to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail
information of the voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are
two main parts in it (a) measurement; (b) protection.

10. Isolators :The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other
instrument in the line. The isolator isolates the extra voltage to the ground and
thus any extra voltage cannot enter the line. Thus an isolator is used after the
bus also for protection.

Isolator handle isolator bars at feeder bus

11. Current transformer :Current transformers are used after the bus for
measurement of the current going out through the feeder and also for protection
of the instruments.

12. Circuit breaker :The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault
occurs in the circuit of the any feeders.

13. Lightening arrestors : The use of lightening arrestors after the bus is to
protect the instrument in the station so that lightening would not affect the
instruments in the station.

14. Transformer :There are three transformers (100MVA each) in the

incoming feeders of 220KV substation so that the three lines are step down at
the same time. In case of a 400kv or more kv line station auto transformers
are used. While in case of lower kv line such as less than 220kv line double
winding transformers are used. In 33KV substation two transformers( 5MVA
each) are installed in incoming feeders.

15. Lightening arrestors with earth switch : The lightening arrestors are
used with earth switch so that lightening would not pass through the
Instruments in the station.

16. Circuit breaker :The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into
and get into the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is
used for putting the incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line
in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current
and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little
distance by a conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one
can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.
17. Current transformer :Current transformers are used to measure the current
passing through the transformer. Its main use is of protection and measurement.

18. Isolator : These are used to ground the extra voltage to the ground.

19. Bus :This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required
place.

20. Potential transformer with a bus isolator : Two PT are always connected
across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be measured.