FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

BPS3623
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
GROUP ASSIGNMENT 1

PREPARED BY:

SITI MUNIRAH BT HUSSEIN PA08013

ASHA LAKSHIMI A/P ANANDAM PA08020
SITI NURHIDAYAH BT CHE ABDULLAH PA08005
NORMASTURA BT MOHAMAD PA08008

SECTION: P05

COURSE: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH

PREPARED FOR:
MADAM NURUD SURIA BT SUHAIMI
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 30TH MARCH 2011

EMISSION STANDARD

DEFINITION OF EMISSION STANDARD

  Emission standards are requirements that set specific limits to the amount of pollutant
that can be released into the environment
 Maximum amount of a specific pollutant allowed to be discharged into the atmosphere
from a single fixed or mobile source.

HOW DOES EMISSION STANDARD HELP IN CONTROLLING AIR QUALITY?

 Implementing a wide range of measures to control emission from motor vehicles, power
plants, industrial and commercial facilities.
 Establishing strict clean fuel quality standards for use by the transport sector
 Reducing emission from local sources.
 Reduce the occurrence of haze from domestic sources
 Reduce emission of pollutants from mobile sources
 Control of pesticides through the introduction of safer handling measures, penalties for
non-compliance with safety labels and promotion of safety features in production and
sales.
 Improve protection of the environment and conserving natural resources

Emission standards are applied mainly to limit the emission source, and emission standards have
been implemented for several fields and its categories are as stated below:

Category Type of pollutants

 Transportation/automobile Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide
(NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs), Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
Agriculture Pesticides – DDT, dioxin, furan etc
Industries and Power Plant Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Particulate Matter
(PM10), acid gases, Sulphur Oxide (SOx),
Chlorine gas, Hydrogen Chloride, Fluorine,
Hydrogen Sulphide, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
Domestic Particulate Matter (PM10)
- Open burning

Oil and Gas Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Particulate Matter

- Diesel and Petrol Engine (PM10), acid gases, Sulphur Oxide (SOx),
Chlorine gas, Hydrogen Chloride, Fluorine,
Hydrogen Sulphide, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)

Therefore by applying emission standards, it will help control the air quality. Once the air quality
is controlled thus it will help provide benefits to the health of humans and animals as well as for
the environment.

LIST OF EMISSION STANDARD IN MALAYSIA

In Malaysia, industries are actually required to comply with both air emission and
effluent discharge standards. These standards are said to be regarded as acceptable conditions or
emissions and discharge allowed in Malaysia, which mainly has been stipulated by the
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978 and the Environmental Quality (Sewage
and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979.

The various emission standards in Malaysia can be found in a list of Environment Quality
Regulations as stated below:

i. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (CLEAN AIR) REGULATIONS 1978

The stack gas emission standards of Malaysia as extracted from this regulation are;

Pollution Emission sources Standards

Dark smoke Solid fuel equipment or Ringelmann Chart No.1
facilities

Equipment using others Ringelmann Chart No.2

types of fuel
Dust Facilities used for the Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.2 gm/Nm3
0.3 gm/Nm3 0.25gm/Nm3
heating of metal other
than Cold Blast Foundry
Cupola
Standard A Standard B Standard C
Facilities discharging dust 0.4 gm/Nm3 0.2gm/Nm3 0.12 gm/Nm3
containing asbestos and
free silica

Portland Cement
Standard A Standard B Standard C
Manufacturing: 0.4 gm/Nm3 0.2gm/Nm3 0.2 gm/Nm3
Kiln

Clinker, cooler, Standard A Standard B Standard C

grinder,etc 0.4 gm/Nm3 0.2gm/Nm3 0.1 gm/Nm3

Asphalt
concrete/bituminous
mixing plant:
# Stationary Plant Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.5 gm/Nm3 0.4gm/Nm3 0.3 gm/Nm3

# Mobile Plant
Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.7 gm/Nm3 0.7gm/Nm3 0.4 gm/Nm3

Other source
Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.6 gm/Nm3 0.5gm/Nm3 0.4 gm/Nm3
Metal and Metallic Industry
Compound

 Mercury Standard A
0.02 gm/Nm3
Standard B
0.01gm/Nm3
Standard C
0.01 gm/Nm3

 Cadmium Standard A Standard B Standard C

0.025gm/Nm 0.015gm/Nm 0.015gm/Nm
3 3 3

 Lead
Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.04gm/Nm3 0.025gm/Nm3 0.025gm/Nm3

 Antimony Standard A Standard B Standard C

0.04gm/Nm3 0.025gm/Nm3 0.025gm/Nm3

 Arsenic
Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.04gm/Nm3 0.025gm/Nm3 0.025gm/Nm3

 Zinc
Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.15gm/Nm3 0.1gm/Nm3 0.1 gm/Nm3

 Copper
Standard A Standard B Standard C
0.15 gm/Nm3 0.1gm/Nm3 0.1gm/Nm3

 Gases

i. Acid gases Manufacture of sulphuric Standard A Standard B Standard C

7.5 gm of 6.0 gm of 3.5 gm of
acid SO3 /Nm &3 SO3 /Nm &3 SO3 /Nm &3

no persistent no persistent no persistent

mist mist mist

ii. Sulphuric Acid Any source Standard A Standard B Standard C

Mist or SO3 or 0.3 gm of 0.25 gm of 0.2 gm of
both SO3 /Nm &3

no persistent
SO3 /Nm &3

no persistent
SO3 /Nm3
and no
mist mist persistent
mist

iii. Chorine gas Any source Standard A Standard B Standard C

0.3 gm of 0.25 gm of 0.2 gm of
HCl/Nm3 HCl/Nm3 HCl/Nm3

iv. Hydrogen Any source Standard A Standard B Standard C

Chloride, HCl 0.6 gm of
HCl/Nm3
0.5 gm of
HCl/Nm3
0.4 gm of
HCl/Nm3
 v. Fluorine, Manufacture of aluminium Standard A
-
Standard B
-
Standard C
0.02 gm of
Hydrofluoric from alumina HCl/Nm3

acid,Inorganic
fluorine compound

vi. Fluorine, Any source other than Standard A Standard B Standard C

Hydrofluoric manufacture of aluminium 0.15 gm of 0.125 gm of 0.1 gm of
acid,Inorganic from alumina as in (v) HCl/Nm3 HCl/Nm3 HCl/Nm3

fluorine compound above

Any source Standard A Standard B Standard C

vii. Hydrogen 6.25ppm 5ppm 5ppm
Sulphide (vol %) (vol %) (vol %)

Standard A Standard B Standard C

viii. NOx Acid Nitric 4.6 gm of 4.6 gm of 1.7 gm of
Manufacturing SO /Nm3 and SO /Nm3 and SO /Nm3 and
Substantially Substantially Substantially
Colourless Colourless Colourless

ix. NOx Any source other than vii Standard A

3.0 gm SO
Standard B
2.5 gm SO
Standard C
2.0 gm SO
/Nm3 /Nm3 /Nm3

Standard A, B and C have to be referred to be based on the situation. The compliance

requirements are as follows:
a) Every new facility shall comply with Standard C.
b) Every existing facility shall comply with Standard A within two years and comply with
Standard B within three years, from the date these Regulations come into force.

ii. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS)

REGULATIONS 1996

The parameter limits of effluent of standards A and B are as follows:

Parameter Unit Standard

 *A B
Tamperature ºC 40 40
pH value - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
BOD or 20ºC mg/l 20 50
COD mg/l 50 100
Suspended solids mg/l 50 100
Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05
Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02
Chromium, Hexavalent mg/l 0.05 0.05
Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.10
Cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.10
Lead mg/l 0.10 0.50
Chromium, Trivalent mg/l 0.20 1.00
Copper mg/l 0.20 1.00
Manganese mg/l 0.20 1.00
Nickel mg/l 0.20 1.00
Tin mg/l 0.20 1.00
Zinc mg/l 2.00 2.00
Boron mg/l 4.00 4.00
Iron (Fe) mg/l 1.00 5.00
Phenol mg/l 0.001 1.00
Free chlorine mg/l 1.0 2.00
Sulphide mg/l 0.50 0.50
Oil and Grease mg/l Not detectable 10.0

The other regulations that include related emission standards in Malaysia include:

i. Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) Regulations 1996

ii. Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Petrol Engines) Regulations 1996
iii. Environmental Quality (Control of Lead Concentration in Motor Gasoline)
Regulations 1985
iv. Environmental Quality (Declared Activities) (Open Burning) Regulations 2003
v. Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan) Regulations 2004
vi. Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Motorcycles) Regulations
2003

CITY/ NATION WHERE EMISSION STANDARD HAVE HELPED IMPROVE AIR

QUALITY
HONG KONG

Hong Kong has been facing two air pollution issues. One is local street-level pollution. The other
is the regional smog problem. Diesel vehicles are the main source of street-level pollution.
Smog, however, is caused by a combination of pollutants from motor vehicles, industry and
power plants both in Hong Kong and in the Pearl River Delta region.

To strategies used to improve air quality:

 Implementing a wide range of measures to control emissions from motor vehicles, power
plants, and industrial and commercial processes locally.
 Working with Guangdong Provincial Authorities to implement a joint plan to tackle the
regional smog problem

Reducing Emissions from Vehicles

Motor vehicles, especially diesel vehicles, are the main causes of high concentrations of
respirable suspended particulates (RSPs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at street level in Hong
Kong. To tackle this problem, the Government introduced a comprehensive programme in 2000
with targets to reduce RSPs and NOx emissions from motor vehicles by 80% and 30%
respectively by the end of 2005. The key measures include adopt tighter fuel and vehicle
emission standards. Air quality in districts with heavy traffic has already improved. Compared
with 1999, the roadside concentrations of the major air pollutant emissions from vehicles,
namely respirable suspended particulates (RSP) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), had been reduced by
22% and 23% respectively in 2008, and the number of smoky vehicles spotted has also been
reduced by about 80%. 

Emission Standard has helped reducing emissions from industrial sources and power
plants in Hong Kong
The Air Pollution Control Ordinance and its subsidiary regulations provide the control of
emissions from power plants, industrial and commercial sources, construction activities, open
burning, asbestos, petrol filling stations and dry-cleaning machines. A regulation introduced in
1990 limiting the sulphur content of industrial fuel has reduced sulphur dioxide pollution to very
low levels. The graph has proved the emissions from power plants have been substantially
reduced over the years even though demand for power has increased.

Figure1: Reduction of Sulphur Dioxide in Hong Kong

Source adapted from Environmental Protection Department, The Government of Hong Kong
 Figure1: Reduction of pollutant emission from power plant in Hong Kong

Source adapted from Environmental Protection Department, The Government of Hong Kong

Emission Standard has helped reducing Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions in
Hong Kong

To reduce VOC emissions, the Government has implemented control measures to recover petrol
vapor released during petrol unloading and refueling at petrol stations and to tighten emissions
standards of motor vehicles in line with the European Union standards.

The VOC Regulation effective from 1 April 2007 under the Air Pollution Control Ordinance,
controls the VOC content in architectural paints/coatings, printing inks and six broad categories
of consumer products (i.e. air fresheners, hairsprays, multi-purpose lubricants, floor wax
strippers, insecticides and insect repellents); and requires emission reduction devices to be
installed on certain printing machines.
The regulation was amended in October 2009 to extend the control to other products with high
VOC content, including adhesives, sealants, vehicle refinishing paints/coatings, and marine
vessel and pleasure craft paints/coatings, starting from 1 January 2010 in phases.

Figure1: Reduction of VOC emission in Hong Kong

Source adapted from Environmental Protection Department, The Government of Hong Kong

Emission standards have helped Hong Kong to tackling regional air pollution

Vehicles, industry and power plants in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region all
contribute to a regional air pollution problem, commonly seen as smog. The Hong Kong and
Guangdong governments are working on a joint plan to reduce the total amount of emissions and
stop air quality from further deteriorating as soon as practicable, and in the long term to achieve
good air quality for the whole region.
Source adapted from Environmental Protection Department, The Government of Hong Kong