awmf v S e f a &; pmayr~ Z if;

trS w f (22)Ed k 0 if b m =2010

opPmr*~Zif;ESihf opPmtifwmeuf
wm0efcH t,f'Dwm
armifp dk; csd e f

tifwmeufESihf pmtkyftzGJŒtEGJŒ
xGef;atmif

rsufESmzHk; yef;csD
oD[armifarmif

twGif;yef;csD/ 'DZdkif;
oD[armifarmif/ xGef;atmif

tkyfa& = 1000

trSwf -22 1
 awmf v S e f a &;pmayr~ Z if ;
.
pmayrl 0 g'
1? zufqpf ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd wprusef zsufodrf;a&;/ Armjynf trsKd;om;vlxkwkdif;
'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;/ 90 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'ftwkdif; tyGef;tyJhr&Sd vlxktpkd;&w&yf
ay:xGef;a&; qkdonfh xkdta&;oHk;yg;yg0ifaom vlxkvrf;pOfudk ukdifpGJxm;onf?

2? vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;tygt0if vlxkwkdufyGJESifh awmfvSefa&;w&yfvHk;ukd awmfvSef

a&;pmayjzifh axmufultm;ay;&ef/ yHhykd;jznfhpGuf&ef?

3? awmfvSefa&;ukd aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;zsufqD;aeonfh tacsmiform;0g'ukd qef@usifwkduf

zsuf&ef? xkdokd@wkdufzsuf&mwGif yk*~dKvfa&;wkdufcdkufr_ukd vHk;0a&Smif=uOf&rnf?

4? jynfwGif;wGif tzdESdyfcHae=u&onf hpmayESifhpma&;q&mrsm;/ awmfvSefa&; pmay

tiftm;pkrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;ðy&ef?

5? urBmhawmfvSefa&;orkdif;ESifh tzdESdyfcH EdkifiHwumjynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pD

a&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_ pdwf"mwf/ tawG;tac: ZGJowWdwkd@ukd azmfxkwfay;&ef?

6? wkdif;&if;om; ,Ofaus;r_"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ukd av;pm;&ef/ nD!Gwfr_ukd OD;wnf&ef?

&? tEkynmvuf&mrsm; zefwD;=u&mwGif tEkynmt&nftaoG;aumif;rsm;ESifh awmf

vSefa&;b0/ EkdifiHa&;b0ESifh vlxkb0ukd xif[yfazmfjy&ef?

t,f'DwmtzGJ@

2 trSwf -22
 awmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif;
rmwdum

t,f'Dwmhtmabmf 6

uAsm

Aef;armfndKEGJ@odk@ armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH) 7
a&wpufeJ@ jrpfwpif; atmifyifv,f 9
q&mAef;armfndKEGJ@qdkwJhvl atmif+idrf; 10
odk@ æ rpPwm *sif0ufwfxHrS wqifh opfaumif;tdrf 12
rdk;csKyfawmhr,f aqmif;,Gef;v 13
a':vma& wmhwm 0ifharmf(RTC) 15
'DZifbmeJ@ ZEM0g&D yef;&xm; {y&,f 17
tazrsm;odk@ rif;wm&m 18
ESvHk;aoG;eJ@ a&;cJhw,f cif(opPm) 19

aqmif;yg;

orkdif;oif=um;csufawGxJu owdðyp&mwck &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 20

ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufqdk;&Snfapol vlxk&efol armifpdk;csdef 23
awmfvSefa&; Zumwifjcif; aX;odef; 27
wkdufyGJxJu orifvdkuftursm; xGef;vif;atmif(opPm) 30
v,form;xkawmif;qdkaom 'Drdkua&pD apmrdk;atmif 34

opPmtxl;u¾
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm ESpf 90 jynhfarG;ae‹trSwfw&rsm;
rdef‹cGef;/ aqmif;yg;/ aumufE+wfcsufrsm;

wkdif;jynfodk@ajym=um;onhf touf 90 jynhftrSmpum; 36

1949 vGwfvyfa&;ae@rdef@cGef; 37
rsKd;cspfjynfol@wyf ESihf cg;ykdufaqmifwyf 41

trSwf -22 3
ausmif;om;eJ@ trsKd;om;a&; 47
AdkvfcsKyfESihf tm&ftufzfat tifwmAsL; 55
aumufE_wfcsufrsm; 57

AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmarG;ae‹trSwfw&rsm;

o0%fv$mrsm;/ oabmxm;aumufcsufyJhwifoHrsm;/
qkawmif;arwWmydk‹ojcif;rsm; 61

jynfol@*sme,f t,f'DwmwOD;. aqmif;yg; jynfol@*sme,ft,f'DwmwOD; 71

u|efr qufa&;csifaom azazhta=umif;rsm; a'gufwmvSausmfaZm 77
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm armifpGrf;&nf 85
xGef;awmufqJ=u,feDokd@ ydk@wJhuAsmo0%f 0if;wifhxGef; 86
ESvHk;vSyef;wyGifh zdk;eD 89
Armjynf&JΠ=u,feD &J+idrf; (tvif;tdrf) 90
touf 90 zdk;ouf&Snf AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmokd@ armifpdk;csdef 91
u|Ekfyfwdk@. zGihf[0efcHcsuf aerif;eD 94
wefbkd;ESpfrsKd;eJ@ ESpfrsufESm pkdif;avmifrdef;ouf(=u,furBm) 95

0wˆKwkd

n$wfawG0kdif;wJhaiGAsKdif;jzL&,f jrav;ndK 97
tiHkaºuG aumif;rGefcsKd(jrefatmif) 103
wkdufyGJ0if&ifckefoH rsuf&nfpufrsm; xl;wifh 109

v+yf&Sm;aeaom urBm

w±kwfjynfopf&JŒ }uD;jrwfwJh yxr tESpf 30 c&D; &Jabmf±_,Of 120

vli,fzwfpm

avSeH"g;xpf/ pm/ oli,fcsif; 2 a,muf/

xif;ckwf&mrSm ykqdefaoG;wm rrSm;bl; OD;OD;uefqifh 123

4 trSwf -22
qef;ppfcsuf
(EkdifiHa&;/ tawG;tac:)

rsufarSmufEkdifiHa&;tajctaeukd tuJcwf=unhfjcif; Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD 126

vwfwavmEkdifiHa&;ESihf ywfowfwJhtjrif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD 128
ppftm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drdkua&pDokd@ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD 131
,Hk=unf+rJ,Hk=unfv#ufyg (4) &JabmfuHarmif 135
yg&rDqdkwm óud;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;ygwJh wifodef;0if; 138

0wˆK&Snf pmayESihf tvSzGJ‹pnf;r+

cGyfa'gif;tvHatmufu aemuf=unhfrSef aEGOD; 141

ajymufusm;ppftawG‹tóuH

aumif;vif; aumif;vef;wdkufyGJ armifpdefaomf 148

EkdifiH&yfjcm; 0wˆK

ukd,fhudk,fudk,f ,Hk=unfvkdufprf;yg(qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk) xGef;vSatmif 158

wHwm; (w±kwf) &JabmfpdefxGef; 160

orkdif;jzwfoef;jcif;xJrS ±kyfyHkv$m

±dk;rawmifxufav;wJht&m xGef;jrwf 162

trSwf -22 5
 t,f'Dwmhtmabmf
ppftkyfpku xkdokd@yif ,kwf,kwfrmrm pdefac:vdrfhrnf[k aocsmayguf wGufxm;+yD;om;jzpf
onf? 0kd;w0g; rSef;qxm;jcif;r[kwf? ppftkyfpku bmvkyfOD;awmhrnfqdkonfudk 48 ESpf ocFef;pmrsm;u
oif=um;+yD;om;? vlxkwyfOD; 'DcsKyfygwDESifh vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk zufqpfwkd@.
a&G;aumufyGJxJrSm yg0ifcGifhr&atmif ab;z,fxkwfawmhrnf? okd@r[kwf zsufodrf;ypfapawmhrnf[k
wGufxm;+yD;om;? aocsmayguf wGufxm;onfhtwkdif;yif 2010 rwfv 8 - 9 - 10 wGif a&G;aumufyGJ
Oya'qdkonfh zufqpftrdef@ukd xkwfjyefvkdufonf?
ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh zufqpfppftkyfpkudk em;vnfoabmraygufolrsm;/ EkdifiHa&; *a,mif
ajcmufjcm;rsm;/ pdwful;,Ofolrsm;/ tacsmifvkdufolrsm;rSm ppftkyfpk. ol&Jabma=umifaom pdefac:r_
a=umifh toJuGJ/ toJem=uvdrfhrnf xifyg&JŒ? ,kwfrmonfh 0SufzJcsyfrsm;udk wcsyf+yD;wcsyf xkwf
upm;wwfonfh zufqpfppftkyfpkta=umif;ukd odxm;olrsm;/ wGufxm;olrsm;/ 'Drdkua&pD ckcHr_
wkdufyGJtwGuf óudwifjyifqifxm;olrsm;rSm a&SŒodk@wvSrf;wkd;&ef toifhjzpfae=uayvdrfhrnf? &efolESifh
rD;pOf=unfh+yD; orifvdkuftujzifh uaeolrsm;twGuf vlxkaemufrSm usef&pfcJhayawmh? ESpfaygif;
ESpfq,ftwGif;rSm xdkodk@yif vlxkaemufvkdufrsm;tjzpf ºuGif;usefcJh+yD;om;? bmrS rqef;?
,ckuJhokd@ a&G;aumufyGJppfrdef@udk xkwfjyefjcif;tm; EkdifiHa&;owfuGif;[k wcsdKŒu owfrSwf=u
ayvdrfhrnf? wu,fu vlxkwyfOD;ygwD 'DcsKyfESifh vlxktoD;oD;udk owfuGif;okd@ ydk@vkdufjcif;onf
ppftkyfpkzufqpfwkd@udk,fwkdif vnfyif;óud;uGif;pGyf vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? okd@r[kwf rdrdukd,fudk owfu;Gif
odk@ ydk@vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? owfuGif;okd@ykd@olonf owfuGif;odk@ oludk,fwdkifyif tykd@cHae&onf? vlxk
qENudk qef@usifeif;acsaeor#/ vlxkaxmufcHr_r&or# ppftkyfpkonf usqHk;aerSmjzpfonf? wkdif;jynf
ESifh vl@tzGJ@pnf;onfvnf; rwnf+idrf/ rat;csrf;/ rwkd;wufyJ usqHk;aerSmvnf;jzpfonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap vufonfw&m;cHrSm t&m&mudk zefwD;aeonfh ppftkyfpkom jzpfonf?
tm%m+rJzdk@/ xdef;odrf;zkd@/ aumufaumufuspfuspf enf;rsdK;pHkjzihf óud;pm;&avav/ vlxktoD;oD;
uvnf;/ rdrdwkd@tcGifhtm%mukd jyefvnf&&Sd&ef óud;pm; tm;xkwf&avonf? zdESdyftEkdifusifhcH&avav/
vGwfvyfr_twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&avav jzpfonf? vl@ordkif;onf pOfquf rjywfaom wkdufyGJorkdif;om
jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDESifh vGwfvyfr_qHk;±H_;ae&+yDqdkv#if xdkvlxkonf rjzpfrae/ rvGJraoG wkdufyGJ
0if&ayawmhrnf? vGwfvyfa&;onf wefbkd;rsm;pGm ay;qyf&rSmjzpfonf? wefbkd;ray;yJ vGwfvyfa&;
r&Ekdif? Todk@jzifh vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJonf wkdufyGJtqufquf/ wkdufyGJtqifhqifh/ wkdufyGJtxyfxyfjzifh
vGwfvyfa&; &ifjyifrkcfOD;okd@ rvGJraoG a&mufvm&rSmjzpfonf r[kwfayavm?

wm0efcH t,f'Dwm

6 trSwf -22
uAsm

armifvS0if; (jrif; _cH)

wm0efaus+yD
t+idrfhuwJh
uacsonfawmifrS
ywfpmcGm zsmtodrf;rSm
xrDodrf;acguf y0gacgufodrf;
rD;r+idrf;rD tdrfjyefem;awmhrnf?

wm0efaus+yD
ajrjyifaumif;uif
tarSmifcsdef tm;tifjzpfapzdk@
tvif;csnfr#if&uf,S,f
aumif;uifu =u,fuav;awGawmifrS wm0efaus+yD
wzswfzswf rSdwfwkwfrSdwfwkwfeJ@ oifh&Jabmf qDrD;cGufav;awmifrS
tdyfcsifae&Sm=u+yD? qD&nf=unfcef;/ rD;Zmu|rf;vk
ol@wm0efrS em;&awmhrnf?
wm0efaus+yD
jrnfwJh yDwJh tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
a&'D,kduav;awmifrS touf 80 ausmftxdzGJ@EGJ@cJh
'Drdkua&pDowif; jrefrmhtvSukdcspfwJh oifh&JŒuAsm
urBmhowif;/ Armhowif; trsKd;om;ukdcspfwJh oifh&JŒpm
owif;awG ukefwifukefcsvdk wkdif;jynfukdcspfwJh oifh&JΠayzl;v$m
xrf;&ydk;& armvGef;vSvdk@ rn‡Kd;yef; a&mifpHkyGihfav;awGygyJ
r[E_wfqdwf wdwfav+yD? csefxm;&pfawmh tdyfpufavmh?

trSwf -22 7
tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
trSefeJ@ trSm;
pnf;a=umif;xif;xif;xm;vdk@
rw&m;r_ukd zDqef
trSefbufu &yfwnfwJh
oifh&JΠpdwf"mwfeJ@ ESvHk;om;
bufawmfom;awGu arhroGm;ygbl;
csefxm;&pfawmh tdyfpufavmh?
tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
'Drdkua&pD/ a&mifjcnfvif;p
r&ao;cif æ oif
aemufqHwif;pGm/ cGJcGm&wJhtjzpfayr,hf
,Hk=unfvdkufprf;yg
wae@aomtcg
rsufESmcsKdjr/ 0if;yyeJ@
zdk;vrif;}uD; xdefxdefom
'dk@jynf'dk@&Gm
'Drdkua&pDtvif;awG jzmvdk@
atmifyGJ&rSm taotcsmygyJ
pdwfcsygawmh tdyfpufavmh?
tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
wm0ef ausyGef+yD;olawG oGm;ESihf=u
wm0efvufqifhurf;
o,fxrf;r,fholawG vmaeqJ
atmifyGJr&rcsif;
wkduf&JwJhwkdif;jynfyg
wkduf&JwJh jynfolawGyg
oif,Hk=unfrSmyg
pdwfcsygawmh tdyfpufavmh?
tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
obm0rdcifu
vuf,yfac:wJhtcg
8 trSwf -22
0rf;enf;a=uuGJp&mayr,fh
b,fol jiif;omrSmvJ
ajzomwmu
oifhwm0ef auscJh+yDav
oifxrf;Ekdifor# xrf;cJh+yD;+yDav
óudqdk*k%fðyaewJh
{&murf;u ajr0okefrSm
oif æ +idrf;csrf;pGm em;aetdyfpufavmh?
tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
vlolwum rodayr,fh
'dk@twGuf
oifay;a0cJhwJh oajywcuf
oifurf;vSrf;vdkufwJh a&csrf;wtdk;
oifh vufaqmif yef;wayG@
'dk@ wawG rarha=umif;
ta=umif;=um;vdkufw,f &Jabmf æ ?
tdk æ uAsmq&miJh
tvif;acwfodk@a&G@vsm;ae+yDyJ
tarSmif&nf ap;yspfyspf&JŒ
txGwftxdyf tcsdefygyJ
wm0efauspGm
tarSmifwHcg; ydwf&awmhrSm
tvif;wHcg; zGihf&awmhrSm
pdwfcsom oGm;ygawmh
óudqdk*k%fðyaewJh
{&murf;u ajr0okefrSm
+idrf;csrf;pGmeJ@
acgif;csem;ae tdyfpufavmh? ?
armifv S0 if; (jrif; +cH)
24- 11- 2009
(ta&S Πrd k; aumif ; uif0 uf q dk ' f r Su l; ,l a zmfj yonf? )
 a&wpufeJ‹ jrpfwpif;
atmifyifv,f

rif;[m aemufqHk;
wyifvHk; udk,fhajymif;eJ@ udk,fhusnfukdyJ a&G;vdkufw,f
qD;ESif;awGzHk;cJaewJh jrufwyifyJ rsufrSefeufav; wvufeJ@
b,fhES,fvkyf+yD; usaemfwdk@ukd E_wfquf xm;cJhw,f?
aqmif;&ufrsm;twGuf
toHxGufvdk@ idkEkdifyghrvJ? &efolom t&Sif&oGm;&if
cifAsm;ukd
[dk azG;azG;r_efr_efjrLxJ vkyfom;aumvdyfu
&J&Jpl;pl; rD;yHkav; awmcdkausmif;om;vdk@ odcJh&if
aea&mifaEG;aEG;qD b,fvdk&SdrvJ bmjzpfrvJ
t±k%frdk;aomufaw;eJ@ av#mufoGm;ae+yD? usaemf odygw,f oli,fcsif;&,f?

at; cifAsm;[m
ac|;waygufeJ@ opPmazguf rjzpfcsifbl;
qm;wyGifhay:rSm cifAsm;[m
&Sd&Sdor# vufeufcs rjzpfcsifbl;
,Hk=unfr_ cGeftm;ukd pkESpfvdk@xm;vdkufprf;yg? cifAsm;[m
aemufxyf axmifjyef ruscsifawmhbl;
rif;&ifxJrSm bl;
aEGOD;om&Sd&if bl;
aEGOD;[m a&mufukd a&mufvmrSm? bl;
toufeJ@ ‘bl;’ukd a&G;cJhw,f?
yifv,fukd tdyfruf rufwJha&wpuf[m
jrpfwpif;&JΠt&Sdeft[kefrsKd;awmh udkrdk;aumif;
&Sdae&rSmaygh? cifAsm;&JŒ ‘bl;’ukd
usaemfhOD;acgif;rSm &Gufxm;w,f
ukdrdk;aumif; usaemfhusnfxdyfzl;rSm oGif;xm;w,f
aEGaESmif;&JΠusaemfhESvHk;aoG;a=umxJrSm xnfhxm;w,f?
vSnf;vrf;a[mif;wckay:rSm
atmify ifv ,f
trSwf -22 9
 jrefrmrif;vufxuf
aumif;wHkvdk@ac:wJh
{&m0wD wzufurf;
a&SŒwef;uif;pcef; jzpfcJhwJhòrd@?

wydef jrpfa=umif;vrf;
{&m0wD jrpfa=umif;vrf;
ukef;vrf; a&vrf;
&Srf; ucsif w±kwf ukvm;
oGm;vmul;oef;
ydk;vrf;r}uD;&JΠwpdwfwa'o
ukefoG,f a&;vrf;ray:u òrd@?

'kwd, urBmppf umv

ppfa&;tcsuftcsm us
vD'dkvrf;r}uD;ay:uòrd@?

t*Fvdyfwyf *syefwyf
tar&duefwyf w±kwfwyf
wyfaygif;pHkausmfjzwfeif;
ppfwvif; jzpfcJhwJhòrd@?

q&m Aef;armfndKEGJΠqdkwJhvl
atmif_idrf;
'Dòrd@uav;[m
rawmfwmqdk&if
&Sifbk&ifudkyif cGwdkufwJh
omoemh tausmftarmf
Aef;armfq&mawmf tp
jrpf{&may:u oHr%dvif;,kef
Aef;armfwifatmif tqHk;
ESvHk;&nfvufeuf uavmifxufwJhòrd@?

vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
&&if& r&&ifcszdk@
Adkvfatmifqef;udk,fwdkif vma&mufpnf;±Hk;
vuf±kef; awmifhwJhòrd@?
10 trSwf -22
udkvdkeDacwf
zufqpf *syefacwf
vGwfvyfa&;acwf
'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJacwf
acwfòydif ordkif;tqufquf
awmfvSefa&; rsKd;quf rjywfwJhòrd@?

'Dòrd@uav;rSm
touf 87 ESpft&G,f
ausmif;q&m
uAsmq&m
jynfolcspfwJh q&mtdkwa,muf
aygufzGm; aexdkif}uD;jyif;xGufcGm
vGrf;p&mawGusefcJhwJhòrd@?

apwem 0goem tepfem

emoHk;em eJ@&yfwnf
opPm0g'D wOD;
awm&Sif; ajrjyif v,fopfxGif wJhòrd@?

"m;rsm;ukd xufapol
yef;rsm;ukd yGifhapol
ausmufom; vdkrm+yD;
ajrqDajrom;vdk EknHhaysmhaysmif;pGm
rxifr&Sm;aexkdifoGm;cJhol
'Dòrd@eJ@'Dvl bmukd r_rwkef;?

'DvdkvlawG &Sdaeoa&GΠatmif+idrf;

'Dòrd@eJ@ 'Djynf[mb,fawmhrS rwdrfaumbl;?
16 - 10 - 2009

(ta&S @ rdk ; aumif ; uif 0ufq d k' f r S ul; ,la zmfj yonf)

trSwf -22 11
odkY
rpw?m*sif0ufbfxH
rw
Sqifh
opfa umif; tdr f
urBmtESH@tjym;rSm
t=urf;zuform;awGukd vdkuf&Smae+yD;
tdrfOD;cef;rSm vlowform;awGukd xrif;zdwfau|;aewJh
tdk æ tar&dum;
vlxlxlrSm
vl&Sdefatmif ppfyGJvSvSawGukd
xnfvnf; wGJjywwfol vlacsmvlvS tar&dum;
oifhòrdŒvnfyef;+cHawGrSm oifhEkdifiHom; q,fa,mufavmufu
ppfqef@usifa&; qENjyyGJawGusif;yae+yD;
oifhi,fxdyfrSm
'Hk;usnfxdyfzl;awGukd uGef'Hkvdk pGyfxm;ol tar&dum;
txnf}uD;ysufrdk@ aoG;odyfysufaeovm; tar&dum;
cifAsm;eJ@ usaemfh=um;rSm
tvkyf&SifeJ@ tvkyform;qufqHa&;yJ&SdwJh tar&dum;
ighukd t&ufjzwfzdk@ rajymcif
tD&wfppfyGJ}uD;ukd t&if&yfay;yg tar&dum;
acsmif;aewJhe*g;eJ@ 0yfaewJhusm; odkif;=urf;Zmwfawmf}uD;rSm
ixGm;ucg;emrl0g'eJ@ aphpyf'l;axmufa&;bk&m;uk igwdk@wkdif;jynfukd
ukpm;ay;rvdk@vm; tar&dum;

zaemifheJ@aygufoludk
zdeyfav;eJ@jyefaygufrdolawGvnf; w&m;ygw,faemf tar&dum;
cifAsm;ezl;trm&Guf cifAsm;awmh tmz*efrSm ajrvSef&SmwHk;
cifAsm;udk,fwdkifawmh
a¹rGayG;eJ@ aoG;aºuG;rSm ajzaq;r&SdcJhbl; r[kwfvm;
tdkb,fh b,f tdkb,fh opf a umif ; td r f
toif tar&dum;? ? atmufwk db m 2 / 2009
12 trSwf -22
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wm0efrauswJh todawGyJ yHk&dyfvdkxif[yf
pdwfu usKyfukdraorcsif;owfaew,f æ

udkvSoef;pmom; c%iSm;&&if
“ta=umif;a=umif;a=umihf
vufcarmif;cwf&r,fhae@ukd ar#mfaerdw,f æ”

ta[mif;ta[mif;awGeJ@ vGJcJh&ovdk
topftopfawGuvnf; b0eJ@ tHruscJhao;ygbl; æ

tdkrmc&rfvdk jyuQ'defwGufwwf&ifawmh
jy\'g;ae@awGukd jyuQ'defxJu t+yD;xkwf
&uf&mZmawGeJ@ eef;wufbk&ifvkyfcsifw,f æ

*sL;vd,ufzl;cspfqDuawmif;+yD;
ypfzl;cJhwJh aemufqHk;usnfqHawGvnf;
owfuGif;xJrSm wawmifh+yD;wawmifh æ

vufajzmihfwyfom;rjzpfcJhvdk@ usnfqHawGðyef;
c|efoavmuf wHk;ae&wJhuH=urRm
ae&mwumrSm tuGufwkdif;[maewm aocsmoavmufyJ æ

trSwf -22 13
 a&mihf&Jr_wGif;xJrSm
pdwfawGtenfxdkifwJhxd xkdifapmihf=unhfae&&if;
ar#mfvifhjcif;ukd a&cyfqif;rdwJhtcg
tcsyfydkpum;vHk;awGom w&Guf+yD;w&GufydkvmcJh
w&uf+yD;w&uf tv[\tdkvmcJhw,f æ

b,fqDb,f0,fqdkwm
rSef;qum wrf;wae&r,fht&mvm;
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zDvifrvmwJh ewfok'Ngukdpm;&ovdkyJ æ

rdepfukd;q,fvHk;vHk; vufpGrf;jycGihfr&cJhwJh
*dk;orm;wa,mufvdkyJ
rdk;xJa&xJrSm olrsm;awGuefwmukdyJ
onf;rnf;=unhfaecJh&
rdk;csKyfawmhrSyJ yGJurpao;rSef;odcJh&awmhw,f æ ?

wa&;Ekd ; wkd i f; ajcmufv Se f @ aewJ h td y fr uf a wG e J @ twl 'D u Asmukd

wa&;Ekd ; rSm xa&;rdy gw,f ?
uAsm+yD; qH k; csde f ? ? Ekd0 ifbmv 24 &uf reuf 3 em&D 30 rdepf

aqmif ; ,Ge f ; v

14 trSwf -22
Ð a':vm æ cspfa=umuf±kdao
a':vm æ eJ@ ighxD;&dyfatmufrSm ae=u
aysmfp&m ºum;p&m a':vmawGeJ@
ae&mwumrSm awmfwefwdwf=u?
olryg&if
vl&mr0if Ð 'Drkdua&pDa&;
olr&Sd&if vl@tcGifhta&;
vlyifrjzpfawmhavmufatmif qkay;r,f '%fay;r,f
wkd@axmifxm;cJhwmyg? a':vm,lrvm;
'Hk;ysH,lrvm;
Ð ppf}uD; ESpfckeJ@ odw,fr[kwfvm;
xkcGJckwfxpf [kdrSm=unfh æ
ukyfcspfvk,uf=u+yD;wJhtcg tD&wfeJ@ tmz*ef
a':vmae&m&vmw,f? u|rf;jyefusae+yD
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Ð 0if±kd;wckwnf;urBm a':vmawGeJ@
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igomyifjzpfawmhoukd;vkd@
urBmvSnfhAsdK@[pf

trSwf -22 15
Ð tpGef;a&mufeJ@ t=urf;zuf tvSL&Sif}uD;awG
tpGrf;xufwJh vufeufawGeJ@ ol@tylawGeJ@ol
urBm}uD;ukd zsufawmhr,f wlaomtusdK;ay;aeyg+yD
tm&SvHk+cHKa&; wlaomtusdK;ay;ygawmhrnf?
Oa&myvHk+cHKa&;
tdrfjzLawmfvHk+cHKa&; Ð ckvJ=unfhav
pnf;wm;ay;r,f tuGyfrJh tumrJh
}udKuf&ma&G; txdef;rJh ta=umif;rJh
ai;raeeJ@ukd,fhvl OD;wnfcsufrJh
qkay;r,f '%fay;r,f t+rD;usuf t+rD;pm;
a':vm,lrvm;/ 'Hk;ysH,lrvm; acgif;usufacgif;pm;wJh
odw,fr[kwfvm; aps;uGufrsm;vJ
e*g;rsufapmif; uGJtufvJ+ydK
ta=umif;ra&G; [kdt&if[kdtcgu
tJav æ [kwfaygif wkd@jynfwkd@&GmrSm oHk;cJh&wJh
a':vmrsufapmif; bk&m;eDyHkeJ axmifrvJ
ta=umif;ra&G;bl;[Jh? oJaumfb0
a&muf&awmhrSmaygh
Ð tyluGufawGeJ@ a':vm&,f?
qlyGufaerS
ig;pmcs tpmjy 0ifharmf (RTC . Mdy)
a':vm&r,fqkdwJh
r[mapwemh apwem&Sif

16 trSwf -22
{y&, f
ESpfa[mif; v_yfa¹cG
yef;aºuGa[mif;rsm;
'DZifbm&xm;u o,faqmif
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ESpfopfOD;
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awmwGif;om;±dkif; wd&p>mefrsm;
trSwf -22
tiftm;}uD;ol tEkdif&
ykwfyG npfax; ,Ofaus;r_ta[mif;ukd
taxmiftaomif; 'DZbFm&xm;rsm;u
csefxm;&pfcJh? ?
tdk æ ZEM0g&D &JŒ
oifh&JΠyef;&xm; OD;acgif;xuf
vif;vufar$;=unf
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17
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ordkif;jzwfoef;jcif;xJ tarawGq Hk;yg;

usefcJhaomtazarwdk@ b,folursm;
tu|efwdk@&ifxJ òyH;xm;Ekdifr,fy?
pGJrSwfaw;xm;
wefbdk;}uD;rm; wcsdefu
tpm;rxdk;Ekdifaomt&m tm&Swkduf&JΠpyg;usnf
xdkt&m tu|efwdk@ jrefrmjynfy?
rdbeJ@ olwdk@arwWm
ukefqHk;oGm;aomtcsdefrsm;pGm? wcsdefu
urBmrSmtm&S
ESpfaygif;ig;q,ftwGif; tm&SrSmjrefrm
ta&;cif;rsm;pGm Ak'<omoem
ppfrufrsm;pGm vif;a&mifjzmcJh
tu|efwdk@ jynfrSmjzpfcJh? ckawmh ckawmh
qHk;yg;cJhwJh oHCmrsm;
ta&;tcif;eJ@ ppfrufawGu qHk;yg;cJhwJh tazarrsm;pGm
tazaygif;rsm;pGmav#mhyg;oGm;apcJh wdk;wufa&;twGuf qHk;yg;cJhwJh tcsdefrsm;pGm
a&wGufEkdifvdk@vm;? tpm;rxdk;Ekdifaom t&mrsm;pGm?
rif ; wm&m
18 trSwf -22
 cif (opPm)

Ð eDapG;oGm;wJh aoG;pufawGtwGuf
idkaºu;Gjcif;&JŒ wzufrSm
tarmajy a&wpufavmuf
raomufcJh&vJ auseyfcJh&wmygyJ?

Ð aewwfcJhcsifw,f
trSefw&m;&JΠvufwzuf
ukd,fwdkifwG,frufcJhawmh
"g; "g;csif;wJhvm;
trSm; trSm;csif;rxyfcsifvdk@
+idrf;csrf;pGm wHcGefxl
w&m;ojzifh awmif;,lcJhwmawmif
ppfzdeyf&JŒ
,kwfrmwJh &ufpufjcif;atmuf
toufawG tajrmuftjrm;ygyJ
'l;raxmufyJ ay;cJhw,f?

Ð wdkif;jynftwGuf
ordkif;wGifr,fh
ESvHk;aoG;eJ@ a&;cJhw,f?

cif (opPm )
trSwf -22 19
aqmif; yg;

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fzd
k;oH
acsm
if;

wavmav;uyJ yxrurBmppf+yD;qHk;wm tESpf90ajrmufwJh tcrf;tem;rsm;udk

Oa&my tESH@tjym;rSm crf;crf;em;em; usif;ycJh=uwmawG@&ygw,f?
+Adwdo#bk&ifr}uD;tygt0if EdkifiHtrsm; tjym;u xdyfoD;awGwufa&muf=uygw,f? 'gayrJh
vl@toufaygif; 87 odef;ausmfcsKyf+idrf;apcJhwJh 'DppfyGJ}uD;+yD;oGm;wm =um+yDjzpfvdk@vm;rod/
'Dtcrf;tem;rSma&m/ 'DumvtwGif; rD'D,mawGrSma&m 'Dppf}uD;aygufzGm;vmyHk/
tqHk;owfoGm;yHkawGeJ@ywfoufvdk@ odyfrajym=uawmhygbl;? ajym&wmrsm;vdk@
armoGm;=uwmvm;/ oaAŠowWmta0&ma[mE WKyJ vkyfvdkuf=uwmvm; rajymwwfyg?
'Dae&mrSm awmh tJ'DtxJu rarhoihfwJhoifcef;pmwckudk jyefaxmufjycsifygw,f?
'kwd,urBmppfeJ@ yxrurBmppfwdk@qufaeyHkudk rSwfrd=uvdrfhtkef;r,fvdk@ xifygw,f?
urBm ppf}uD;wck +yD;vdk@ tESpf20 r±SdcifrSmyJ aemufurBmppf}uD;wcktwGuf jyifqif=uwm/
ajcykef;ckwf=uwm/ wu,fvnf;aygufuGJxGufvmwm pwJhudpPawG[m rawmfwq
wdkufqdkifr_awGr[kwfygbl;? txl; ojzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rSm pwifppfcif;ol[m
yxrurBmppf}uD;wkef;u ppf±H_;cJholjzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsuf[m owdrðybJraeoihfygbl;?

20 trSwf -22
 yxrurBmppf b,fvdktqHk;owfcJhw,f
qdkwmudk jyefpOf;pm;=unhfyg? ppf±H_;ol *smr%D
tay:rSm Amqdkif;pmcsKyf- The Treaty of
Versailles (28-6-19)/ avmfZef;pmcsKyf The
Treaty of Lausanne (24-7-23ck ) /
pd ef @ *smrd ef ; pmcsKyf The Treaty of St.
Germain (10-9-19) pwJhpmcsKyfawG trsm;
}uD;csKyfqdk+yD; ppf±H_;EdkifiHawGudk zdxm;cJhwmjzpfyg
w,f? Amqdkif; pmcsKyfudkqdk&if +AdwdefEdkifiHuawmif
rS *smr%Dtay:rSm awmif;qdkwm odyfjyif;xef
vGef;w,fvdk@ ajymcJhygw,f? 'D pmcsKyfa=umihfrdk@
*smr%DEdkifiH[m ppfrjzpfrDu±SdcJhwJh ol@e,fajr {&d
,m&JŒ13²5µ(vlOD;a& 7 oef;) udk qHk;±H_;oGm;cJhyg
w,f? aemuf+yD; jynfyrSm±SdwJh olwdk@ udkvdkeDawG
tm;vHk;udkvnf; vufv$wfvdkuf&ygw,f? wcg
wl&uD[mqdk&ifvnf; avmfZef; pmcsKyfa=umihf
ol@&JΠatmfwdkreftifyg,m qdkwmudk vHk;0vuf
v$wfvdkuf&+yD; e,fajrawG trsm;}uD;qHk;±H_;oGm;
ygw,f? [ufbfpb*ftifyg,m (Habsburg
empire) udkqHk;±H_;vufv$wf vdkuf&wJh =opx&D;
,m;EdkifiH[mvnf; ol@e*dk a'oawG cGJxkwfay;
ypf&/ ol@wyfudk 3 aomif; txdav#mhcs& pojzifh
wouftcJra=up&mawG cHpm;cJh&ygw,f?
'Dv dk r w&m;wzufo wfu swJ h ppf ajy
+idr f; pmcsKyfa wG a=umif hr dk @ 'k wd ,urB mppf }uD;
ay:aygufw,fqdkwmudk urBmhordkif; ynm±SifawG
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ðy=uygw,f? rw&m;tcsKyfcs,fcHcJh& wJh Edk ifiH
awGrSm trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"mwfeJ@vlxkudk pnf;±Hk;
vdk@taumif;qHk;vnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? ppfyGJ}uD;wyGJ
+yD;w,fqdkwdkif; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tmrcHcsuf
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uazmfj yaeygw,f? aemuf +yD; yÉdyuQ awGu dk
wzufowfajz±Sif;wJhenf;eJ@ ajz±Sif;vdk@ r&a=umif;
vnf; oifcef;pm,loihfygw,f?
trSwf -22
'geJ @ wquf w nf ; / r=umao;rD u rS
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p&moihfy gw,f? ppfat;ppfy GJ qdk wm}uD ;[m
aoewf oH w csuf r=um;&yJ +yD ; oGm ;w,f v dk @
ajym&if&ygw,f? b,fvdkppfajy+idrf;pmcsKyf/ typf
tcwf&yfq Ja &; vufrSwfa&;xdk;wmawGr±SdyJ
od ef; eJ@ csD wJh 0gaqmpmcsKyfw yfz GJ@ qdk wJh {&mr
ppfwyfawGvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;ygw,f? 'gay
rJh tJ'DvdkjzpfoGm;wJhtwGuf tJ'Da'oawGrSm
wu,fwrf; +idrf;csrf;a&;&cJhygovm;? renf;vSwJh
EdkifiHawGrSm'kwd,urBmppf +yD;wJhaemuf t}uD;rm;
qHk;òyduGJr_awGeJ@ yxrqHk;aoewfoHawG jyef=um;
vm&w,f r[kwfygvm;? ajym&&if 0gaqmppf
tkyfpk r±SdawmhwJhtwGuf aewdk;ppftkyf&JŒwnf±Sdr_
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qdk&if olvnf; wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,f&awmh
rSmyg? 'gayrJhtckawmh tJ'Dvdkr[kwfbJ aewdk;udk
wdk;csJŒvmvdkufwm ±k±Sm;eJ@e,fpyfcsif; uyfaewJh
Ed k i f i H a wG u d k a wmif a&muf v myg+yD ? 'D v d k e J @
ylwifwdk@zufuvnf; tcktcg trsdK;om;a&;
aºuG;a=umfoHawGudkwif+yD; ppftif tm;wdk;csJŒwm
jznfhq nf;wmawG vkyfvmvdk@ 'kwd,ppfat;
ppfyGJudk jyefa&mufvmtkH;rSmvm;vdk@ awG;p&m/
ar;p&mjzpfvm aeygw,f? wygwnf; Armjynf
EdkifiHa&;&JΠtckaemufq Hk; jzpfay:r_awG[m tJ'D
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w,fr[kwfygvm;?
urBmppf wck +yD ;awmh aemuf urBmppf
wck? ppfat;ppfyGJwck+yD;awmh aemufppfat;
ppfyGJwck?
'DvdkygyJ? ordkif;rSm wzufpD;eif;qHk;jzwf
cJh/ vkyfudkifcJhwmawG[m wu,fwrf;+yD;jywf
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21
 “
ppfyGJ}uD;wyGJ_yD;w,fqdkwdkif; _idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tmrcHcsuf
&wmr[kwfa-umif; 'Dacwfvlom;awGudk 'Dordkif;u azmfjyaeygw,f?
aemuf_yD; yÉdyuQawGudk wzufowfajz±Sif;wJhenf;eJŒ ajz±Sif;vdkŒ
r&a-umif;vnf; oifcef;pm,loihfygw,f?
jzpfysufaewmawGudk=unhf+yD; t&m&mudk etz
ppftkyfpku xifovdkcs,fvS,fvkyfudkifEdkifae+yD/
etzppftpdk;&[m ocF g&w&m;eJ@ uif ;vGwf
aeolawGjzpfw,f/ usefwJhwEdkifiHvHk;/ jynfol
”
w&yf v Hk ; [m ol wd k @ ay;oem;wJh payh p fa v;
xJrSmyJ v_yf±Sm;=uayawmhvdk@ qdk+yD; 2010 a±G;
'Drd kua&pD tzGJ@ csKyf udk a±G ;aumuf yGJr0if&if
zsufodrf;ypfr,f/ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
xJrSm a±G;aumufyGJ0ifzdk@ qHk;jzwfcsufus+yD;+yD
pwJhaumvm[vawG tus,ftjyef@ =um;vm
&ygw,f ? b,f o l u v$ i f h w ,f q d k w mawmh
rod&ygbl;? 'gayrJh =uufwl a±G;xufuJaewJh
aumufyGJudk wckwnf;aom wvrf;oGm; vrf; r,fabmfawGuawmh trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@
a=umif;vdkajymolawGu ajymae=uygw,f? 'Dvdk csKyfu dk zsufo dr f; ypf cH csif ovm; vdk @awmif
taetxm;atmufrSm etzAdkvfcsKyfawG[m armufarmufrmrm/ rdkufrdkuf±dkif;±dkif;awG a&;ae
vnf; aejrih favt±l ;&ifh avqdko vdk tJ 'Dv dk =uygw,f? olwdk@taeeJ@ 'Dvdka&;vdkufjcif; tm;
ajr‡mufajymwmawGudk em;axmif&if; pdwf}uD;0if jzif h trsd K ;om;'D r d k ua&pD tzG J@ csKyf u dk v nf ;
oxuf0if/ twdkuftcHawGudk ±Sdw,fvdk@awmifrS rajcmufvSef@Edkifbl;/ jynfolvlxkudkvnf; rsufpd
oabmrxm;yJ vkyfcsifwmvkyfae=uygw,f? vnfatmif rvkyfEdkifbl;qdkwm olwdk@odygw,f?
1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyGJrSm jynfol wu,fu q&mvkyfwm tusifhygaewJholwdk@[m
awGu wcJeufrJay;xm;wJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGudk “csvdkufygawmhvm;” qdk
tzGJ@csKyfudk &efukefwòrd@xJrSmom qdkif;bkwf wifcGifh wmrsdK; t}uHay; wdkufwGef;aewmom jzpfygw,f?
ay;/ olwdk@udkzm;aewJh “jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH txuf r S a &;cJ h o vd k y J ord k i f ; qd k w m
trsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@csKyf” qdkwJh tzGJ@vdk[mawG tompD;&aewkef; wzufowfvkyfcJhwmawGeJ@
udkawmh wdwfwdwf axmufyHha=u;awGay;+yD; csnf; +yD;oGm;wmr[kwfygbl;? wefjyefudpPawG
wjynfvHk;rSm v_yf±Sm;cdkif;xm;ygw,f? 'DvdkyJ ay:xGufvmEdkifygw,f? wefjyefw,fq dk&if ydk
ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;rSm bk&m;um;atmuf arsmuf awmifjyif;xef/ ydkawmifoJoefwwfw,f qdkwm
um;txuf jzpfaewm=umyg+yD? udkvnf; rarhoifhygbl;?
ppf t m%m±S i f a wG & J Œ 2010
a±G ; aumuf yG J e J @ eD ; vmavav/ trsd K ;om; &J a bmfz d k; oHa csmif;
22 trSwf -22
 (u )

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twGuf ppfu|efðya&; zGJ@pnf;yH k jzpf vmcJhonf? xdk ppfzGJ @pnf;yHkudk 2010 a&G;aumufyGJu taumif txnf
azmfrSm jzpfonf?
uvdefuuspf a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;v#if ArmjynftrsdK;om; jynfolvlxktoD;oD;onf udk,fykdif
jyXmef;cGifh/ udk,fh=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhjzpfonfh vGwfvyfpGm qENxkwfazmfcGifh/ a[majyma&;om;cGifh/
or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmrJay;cGifh/ vlxktpdk;& xlaxmif&&SdoGm;rSmvm;? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfvkyf
a&mif;0,fcGifh/ pkdufysdK;cGifh/ tcGifhta&;rsm; wef;wl&&SdcHpm;cGifh/ omwlnDr#cGifh/ w&m;r#wcGifh ponfh
'Drkdua&pDESifh +idrf;csrf;jcif;udk &&SdoGm;Ekdif=uyghrvm;?
tzdESdyfcH trsdK;om;vlxktoD;oD; vdkcsifawmifhwaeonfh xdktcsif;t&mrsm; wckrS r&&Sd
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trSwf -22 23
w&m;0if qufvufqdwfokOf;+rJ qdwfokOf;um
zufqpfppftkyfpk wnfaxmifxm;aom ppftm
%m&Sifacwfonf ydkIyif rJarSmifeuf±d_if;aerSm
jzpfonf? onfhxufrydkay? aocsm&JŒvm;/ [kwfygh
rvm;[lI ar;vmygu xkdolrSm ppftm%m&Sif
pepfudk vufawG@cHpm;ae&jcif;udk ab;z,fxkwf
um wrif vrf;v$Jypfvdkufonfh vlomjzpfay
vdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk rodusdK;u|efðyolom
jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
(c)
xkdodk@aom ppfu|efðya&; ppfzGJ@pnf;yHk/
uvdrfus,kwfrmaom a&G;aumufyGJudk axmufcH
rJay;olrsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifvkdolrsm;um; t
b,folrsm; jzpf=uoenf;? t*F gò*dvfom;rsm;
avm? odk@r[kwf tjcm;aom ò*dvfom;rsm;avm?
ay:vGif xif&Sm;ap&ef r[kwfrSef;odvsuf wrif
ar;cGef;xkwfvkdufjcif;om jzpfonf? b,fò*dvfurS
a&mufvm=uolrsm; r[kwf? &efol ppftkyfpk
rm&fewfu arG;zGm;ay;vkdufonfh vufudkfifwkwf
rsm;/ opPmazmufavmufaumifrsm; jzpfonf?
zufqpfu arG;zGm; jc,fvS,fcJhojzifh xdkvlyk*~dKvf
rsm;rSm trGefjrwfrsm; rjzpfEkdif? wkdif;jynf. om;
aumif;&wem/ orD;aumif;&wemrsm; rjzpfEkdif?
vHk;0rjzpfEkdif? wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;udk u,fwifol
rsm; rjzpfEkdif? wkdif;jynfudk qkwf,kwfepfrGef; apol
rsm;/ wkdif;jynfudk +idrf;csrf;om,mr_xuf/ avmifrD;
usaeol ppftkyfpkrmefewfrsm;. vufyg;aprsm;
jzpfojzifh jrifhjrwfolrsm;/ wefbkd;&Sdolrsm;/ *k%f
oduQm}uD;rm;olrsm; vHk;0rjzpfEkdif?
wenf;tm;jzifh &efolu ol.vuf udkif
wkwfrsm;udk ESpfESpfq ,ftwGif; arG;zGm;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf? &efolzufqpfu vGwfvyfr_ESifh 'Drkdu
a&pDudk vHk;0 qdwfuG,fysufokOf;oGm;atmif zef
wD;+yD; zdESdyftEkdifusifhr_udk taomrowf rD;ukef
24
,rf;ukef usifhoHk;&mrS ynmwwfwcsdKŒonf '%f
rcHEdkifbJ udk,fusdK;zufwG,f&if; tacsmiform;jzpf
vmonf? avSóuHpD;jzpfvmonf? xkdokd@ qkwf,kwf
oGm;&if; wcsdKΠopPmazmufrsm; jzpfoGm;=uonf?
wcsdKΠwefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfvmonf?
ppftkyfpk. a&G;aumufyGJonf ppftm
%m&Sifpepf a&ykwfrpiftdkif}uD; ab;u a&pD;
ajrmif;tjzpf vrf;zGifhay;vkdufonfh a&ykwfajrmif;
a&v$Jajrmif;jzpfonf? xkda&ykwfajrmif;udk pnf;
urf;&Sdaom 'Drkdua&pD[k zufqpfu urŠnf;xdk;
xm;onf? xdk a&ykwfa&pD;a=umif;xJokd@ tb,f
odk@aom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh ckefqif;vkdufygap/
ckefqif;vkduf=uonfh vlyk*~dKvfrsm;rSm tacsmif
orm;rsm;tjzpfomru opPmazmuf jzpfoGm;=u
onf? wkdif;jynfudk u,fwifrnfhtpm; zdESdyfol
ppftkyfpkESifhtwl epfrGef;onfxuf epfrGef;atmif
ESpfxm;ojzifh opPmazmufjzpfoGm;=uonf?
ynmrJh/ tm%mtcGifhta&;rJh/ "et&if;
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u t±dk;t&if;aºuG; uavuacs opPmazmuf
avmufaumifrsm;jzpfatmif vkyfckdif;vdkufonf?
Todk@jzifh ppftkyfpk aemufvkduf vufudkifwkwfrsm;/
opPmazmuf }uHŒzGwfrsm;/ acG;ckefwufrsm;/ ppfzdeyf
v#mjzifhv#ufolrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif
t"du*dk%f;ESdrfeif;a&; zufq pf*dk%f;om;rsm;/
wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfvmcJh=uonf?
wu,f u a=uuG J p &maumif ; onf ?
zufqpfrmefewfppftkyfpku ol. ppfu|efacwf
udk zefwD;xlaxmifcJh+yD;jzpf&m vufudkifwkwf/
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"g;pm;cHrsm;jzpfonf? om;aumifrsm;jzpfonf?
zufqpfppftkyfpk acwfu oGef;avmif; xkwfvkyfcJh
onfh tykwftyJh raumif;qdk;0g; uavuacs
pm&if;xJwGif xkdom;aumifrsm;onf pm&if;0if
tif;0if jzpfvmcJhonf?
trSwf -22
 (* )
AdkvfcsKyfatmifq ef;ESifh 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0if
rsm;tm; owfj zwfc Jha om e,fc sJΠ+Ad wdo#ESi fh
vufyg;ap *VHKOD;apm. wynfhrsm; jzpf=uonfh
armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ pdef}uD;/ &ef}uD;atmifESifh okc/
b!Gef@/ r_H}uD;/ armifeDwdk@onf e,fcsJŒacwfu }uHŒ
zGwfrsm;jzpf=uonf? raumif;qdk;0g; uavuacs
rsm;omjzpfonf? ,ae@ }uHŒzGwfuavuacsrsm;/
opPmazmuf avmufaumifrsm; 2008 ppfu|efðy
[efa&;jyum opPmazmufavmufaumiftjzpf
azmfjycJholrsm;xJwGif ausmuf}uD; v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS ,fonf wcsdKŒxJu wa,mufjzpfonf?
tar&duefa&muf v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
xJrS opPmazmufavmufaumiftjzpf olonf
yxrOD;qHk; aps;OD;azmufoljzpfoGm;onf? Todk@
tm;jzifh tazmufjyefqHk;aom zufqpfppftkyfpk
ESifh opPmazmufvufudkifwkwfrsm; tm;vHk;onf
vlxk.&efol/ wdkif;jynf.&efolrsm;yif jzpfonf?

uvdefuuspf a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;v#if ArmjynftrsdK;om;

jynfolvlxktoD;oD;onf udk,fykdif jyXmef;cGifh/ udk,fh-urRm
udk,fzefwD;cGifhjzpfonfh vGwfvyfpGm qENxkwfazmfcGifh/
a[majyma&;om;cGifh/ or*~zGJŒpnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmrJay;cGifh/
vlxktpdk;& xlaxmif &&SdoGm;rSmvm;?

a&;zGJ@pnf;yHkudk axmufcH+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ 0if=u (C )

rnfh yl;wGJorkdif;w&m;cH ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;
onf wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;twGuf/ tzdESdyfcH vlxk
twGuf bmrSrpOf;pm;/ ppftkyfpkvufoyfarG;jrL
yGwfoyfay;or# t&omawG@um zdESdyfa&;u&d,m
vufudkifwkwfrsm;/ ppftkyfpkaemuf+rD;qGJ acG;rsm;
tjzpf ociftm;& u|efyg;0ppftkyfpkudk tvkyf
tau|; ðycJh=uonf?
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pepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf jynfol@v$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf wifajr‡mufjcif;cHcJh&onfh
vlyk*~dKvfwcsdKŒonf rdcifygwD NLD ESifh vlxkudk
pkefuef+yD; &efol@ajcaxmufajy;zufum ppfzdeyf
v#mjzifhvsufvkduf=uonf? a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef
ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;ESifh zufq pf ppf
tkyfpkudk qufvufoufqdk;&Snfaprnfh tb,f
yk* ~d Kvfy if jzpf ap wkd if ;jynf. &efo l/ tzd ES dy fc H
vlxkw&yfvHk;. &efoljzpfojzifh/ &efoljzpfv#if
ajcr_ef;ypf&rnfom jzpfonf? ,if;onf vlxk
vrf;pOfw&yf jzpfonf? vlxktoD;oD;onf rdrd
wkd@. tcGifhtm%mudk jyefvnfwkduf,l&onfh
wkdufyGJtwGif; (wkdufyGJpOfrsm;twGif;) teD;uyfqHk;
&efoludkyg acsr_ef;ypf&rSmjzpfonf? vlxktiftm;
onf pGrf;tif}uD;rm;ouJhokd@/ enf;y&d,m,f rsm;
udkvnf; zefwD;Ekdifolrsm; jzpfonf?
(1) &efol opP mazmuf avmufaumifr sm;udk
vl@todkif;t0kdif;rS z,fxkwf&rnf? z,fusOfxm;

trSwf -22 25
 ‘ &efolzufqpfu vGwfvyfr+E Sifh 'Drkdua&pDudk vHk;0
qdwfuG, fysufokO f; oGm ;atmif zefw D; _yD; zdE Sdy ft Ekdifusifhr +u dk
tawmrowf rD;uke f,rf;uke f usifhoHk;&mrS ynmwwf
wcsdK Œonf '%f rcHEdkifbJ udk,fusdK;zufwG,f&if; tacsmiform;
jzpfvmonf? avSóuHpD;jzpfvmonf? xkdokdŒ qkwf,kwoGf m;&if;
wcsdK Œ opPmazmufrsm; jzpfoGm;-uonf? wcsdKŒ

’
wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; jzpfvmonf?

&rnf? wkdif;jynfESifh b0wl vlxkrsm;tay: opPm
azmufI ,kwf!Hhojzifh E_wfrquf/ pum;rajymyJ
a&iHk E_w fydw fz,fusOfx m;&rnf ? opfoD ;yk wf
wvHk;/ rpiftrd_ufwptjzpfESifh pGef@ypfxm;&rnf?
rd wfa qGyifjzpfv ifh upm; &efol jzpfvmojzifh
xkdokd@yif qef@usif&ayrnf?
(2 ) vlxkxJ0ifvmaom opPmazmuf avmuf
aumifudk 0kdif;0ef;±H_Œcs&rnf? opPmazmuf avmuf
aumif tvkdr&Sd/ opPmazmuf avmufaumifudk
±H_Œcsw,f/ ±_HŒcs=u? æ ponfjzifh 0kdif;0ef; atmf[pf
±_HŒcs&rnf? xkdtðytrlESifh vkyf[efonf &efol@
twGuf usnfqefrsm; jzpfonf?
(3) owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm; usif;y+yD; vlx±Hk _Œcs
yGJrsm;vkyf&rnf? ypfy,fjcif;/ ±H_@csjcif;onf t
aumif;qHk;aom vlxk vufeufjzpfonf?
xkdwkdufyGJyHko¾efrsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;
jzifh &efoludktedrfhqHk;tqifhtjzpf acsr_ef;EkdifrSm
jzpfonf? 88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD; umv/ ppftkyfpk
tm%modrf;+yD;pwGif oHyHk;wD;=u/ paumwD;=u+yD;
raumif;qkd;0g; ppf&mZ0wfaumif&efoludk awm
xkwf cJh=ubl;onf? ,if;onf vlxkwkdufyGJ yHk
26
o¾mefw&yfyif jzpfonf? ,ck wkdufyGJ enf;y&d
,m,f (3)&yfonfvnf; &efoludk acsr_ef;&mY
ydkIoifhawmfr_&SdrSm jzpfonf? xdkokd@ acsr_ef;=updk@?
tar&d u ef / tif ' D , m;em;jynf e ,f /
zdk@wf0def;òrd@&Sd vli,fpmaytiftm;pk/ 'Drkdua&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;u}uD;rSL;I 2010 Zefe0g&Dv 2
&ufwGif pmaya[majymyGJESifh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ
qef@usifv_yf&Sm;r_yGJu dk usif;y=urSmjzpfonf?
uAsmq&m atmifa0;/ pma&;q&mrrsm; jzpf=u
onfh a':cufrmESifh a':ar+idrf;wdk@ a[majym+yD;
onfhtcg qufvufI 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk
qef@usif=urSmjzpfonf? xkduvdefuuspf a&G;
aumufyGJudk rnfodk@wkdufzsuf=u/ qef@usiftHkºuG
wkdufyG J0if=urvJ/ a&G ;aumufyGJ0ifrnfh opPm
azmufavmufaumifudk b,fvdk 0dkif;0ef;±H_Œcs=u
rvJ/ acsr_ef;=urvJ æ? xdktcsufrsm;ukdaqG;aEG;+yD;
rlrsm;csrSwfcJh=uonf? xdkta=umif;&if;udk tajc
cH+yD;/ onfaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? ?
armifpdk;csdef
'DZifbm 21/ 2009
trSwf -22
 'g w±kwfawmfvSefa&; Zmwfum; w um;
emrnfy g? u|ef awmf wkd@ vuf euf ukdi f awmf
vSefa&;vkyfaepOfumvu u|efawmfwkd@ygwDu
acgif;aqmifwa,muf[m r=umr=um 'DZmwf
um;ta=umif;ajymjy&if; u|efawmfwkd@wawGukd
ynmay;avh&Sdvkd@ 'DZmwfum;ukd t+rJwrf; owd
&aew,f? tJ'D vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; tajc
cHa'otwGif;rSm &SdaepOfwkef;uawmh 'DZmwfum;
&J@ twdrfteufukd tckavmuf owdrxm;rd
ovdk av;vnf;rav;eufrdygbl;? rav;eufrd
wmvnf; obm0awmhusygw,f? ukd,fukd,f
wkdifu awmfvSefa&;b0awGukd jzwfoef;&wm
odyfrSrrsm;ao;wmukd;? 'Dawmh tm±Hk odavmuf
yJ jzpfaewmaygh? rqef;ygbl;?
trSwf -22
xdkenf;wlygyJ? awmfvSefa&;xJrSm usef
wJhta=umif;t&mawGukd odyfrav;eufovkd
*±krrlrdwmawGvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@
awmfvSe fa&;xJ a&muf wJht csde fu Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwJh jynfol@ 'Drkdua&pD
vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; tESpf 30 ajrmuf
tcrf;tem;}uD; usif;y+yD;umpjzpfygw,f? tJ'D
umvawGrSm ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh +rdK@awG
ay:rSm qufvufaexkdifvkd@ roifhawmhwJh u|ef
awmfwkd@ygwDu ajratmuf&JabmfawG vufeuf
ukdifawmfvSefa&;xJ a&muf&Sdvmwm tawmfrsm;
w,fvkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ a&muf&Sdvm
olawG[m trsm;tm;jzifh A[dkXmcsKyf&Sd&m yefqef;
rSm vkyfief;wm0ef xrf;aqmifcGifh&ol awGvnf;
27
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w,f? pm;p&mvnf; xrif;pm;p&m tajccH&Sd
w,fvkd@ qkdEkdifygw,f? v#yfppfrD;eJ@ 5 &ufwaps;
eJ@ qkdawmh ajym&r,fqdk&if awmfvSefa&; ±kyfb0
taeeJ@ jynfhpHkvSygw,f? 'DvkdawG jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
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tcsdK@u 'DvkdawmfvSefa&;rsdK;uawmh tESpf 30
rubl;/ tESpf 100 vkyf&vnf; vkyfEkdifw,fvkd@
tqifjcifrJhpGm ajymqkdwJhavoHawG =um;vm&
ygw,f? awmfvSefa&;orm;qdkwm rkefwkdif;'%f
ukdvnf; cHEkdif&r,f/ avEkat;'%fukdvnf; cHEkdif
&r,fqkdwJhtod pkdufxla&;ukd av;euf&rSef; rod
&Sm=ubl;? awmfvSefa&;qkdwm t+rJrkefwkdif;xefae
wm r[kwfbl;? rkefwkdif;rxefwJhae&mrsdK;vnf;
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awmfvSef a&;orm;qkd wm &S daewJ htajctae
atmufrSm rdrdukd,fukd,fukd,f }uHhckdifatmif wnf
aqmuf&w,fq k dwmuk d ol wkd@ av;euf=uyHk
ray:ygbl;?
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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDukd ykefuefvkdufwJhtcg
tESpf 100 vkyf&vnf; vkyfEkdifolvdk@qdk=uwJh u|ef
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ukdifwkdufae&wJhae&mrsdK;/ cufcJ=urf;wrf;wJh b0
ukd aeylrkd;&Gmra&Smif jzwfausmfae&wmrsdK; r[kwf
=uygbl;? 'ga=umifh 'Dvkdae&mrsdK;rSm aexkdif&if;
28
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pOf &ifqkdifae&wmrsdK;r[kwfawmh avEkat;'%f
avmufom txdcH&wmyg? qdkvkdwmu pdwfat;
vufat;rdk@ b0[mvGwfajrmufovkdjzpfae+yD;
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u|efawmf ajymwmyg? tJ'D avEkat;'%fukd
rcHEkdif&ifvnf; awmfvSefa&;u vGifhoGm;wwfyg
w,f? &nfrSef;csufaysmuf/ vrf;aysmufoGm;wwf
ygw,f? vufawG@jzpf&yfawGu 'gukd oufaocH
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u|efawmfwkd@ygwDu acgif;aqmifawG u
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rd rd,H k=unfcsufeJ@ rdr d&nfrSe f;csufyef;wk difu kd
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&Sdygw,f? ±kd;±kd;av;eJ@ tvGefrSwfom;p&mvnf;
aumif;ygw,f? zdESdyfr_&Sd&if tHkºuawmfvSefr_qkdwm
&Sdaewmyg? 'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;qkdwm cifAsm;
r&Sdvnf; &SdaerSmjzpfovkd u|efawmfr&Sdvnf; &Sd
aerSmyg? 'gukd u|efawmfwkd@ ygwDacgif;aqmifawG
u “awmfvSefa&;&xm;}uD;uawmh ol@bmom
ol csDwufaerSmyg? 'DawmfvSefa&;&xm;}uD; auG@
oGm;wJhtcg awmfvSefa&; &xm;}uD;ay:u vdrfh
usroGm;atmif awmfvSefa&;&xm;}uD;ukd +rJ+rJ
qkyfukdifoGm;=u”vkd@ a[majymavh&Sdygw,f?
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vmawmh ygwDeJ@ awmfvSefa&; ,Hk=unfcsuf/ rdrd
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rxm;EkdifolawG[m awmfvSefa&;&xm;}uD; auG@
vkdufwJhtcg awmfvSefa&;tajctae qkwf,kwf
oGm;wJhtcg awmfvSefa&;&xm;}uD;ay:uae v$ifh
pifoGm;wmukd awG@vkduf&ygw,f?
awmfvSefa&;qkdwm wae@w&uf udpP rsdK;
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trSwf -22

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wu,fhb0ukd jzwfoef;vkduf&awmh wa,muf
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awmfvSefa&;ukd pdwf"mwfusoGm;+yD; tdrfjyefoGm;
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trSwf -22
“
awmfvSefa&;qkdwm
t_rJrke fwkdif;xefaewm r[kwfbl;?
rke fwkdif;rxefwJh ae&mrsdK;vnf;
&Sdwwfwmukd;qkdwm olwkdŒ
owd rxm;rd-ubl;?
awmfvSe fa&;orm;qkdwm
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rdrdukd,fukd,f }uHhckdifatmif
wnfaqmuf&w,f qkdwmukd
olwkdΠav;euf-uyHk ray:ygbl;?
”
&ifh&ifh qHk;jzwfcsDwufoGm;wmukd ±kdufjyxm;wm
yg? tJ'Dvkd awmfvSefa&;c&D; a&S@qufcsDwufoGm;
jcif;ukd ‘awmfvSefa&;Zumwifjcif;’vkd@ t"dy`m,f
zGifhjyoGm;ygw,f?
b,f E k d i f i H u awmf v S e f a &;yJ j zpf j zpf
tauG@taumuf/ twuftqif;/ tusyf t
wnf;awG &Sdwwfp+rJyg? b,fvkd tajctaersdK;eJ@
awG @ &awG @& bmrxD Z G Jo wWd e J@ csD w uf E kd i f wJ h
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkawG &Sdwwfp+rJygyJ? tJ'Dvkd
awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkawG &JabmfawGukd awmf
vSe fa&;Zumwif &Jabmfrsm;vkd @ ac:ygw,f?
‘awmfvSefa&;Zumwif’&Jabmfrsm;jzpfEkdif =u+yD;
awmfvSefa&;orm;ppfppfrsm; jzpfEkdif=uygap?
aX;ode f;
19 ZGe f 2009?
29
 (1) &efolu ol.&efoljzpfaom wkd;wuf/
wuf ºuGawmfvS efonf h vlxkudk tjywf acsr_ef;onf?
,ae@jzpfysufaeaom orkdif;udk a&; ppftkyfpkudk rsufapmif;xkd;ol/ t&dyfta&mifjzifh
rnfqdkv#if zdESdyfol &efolppftkyfpkESifh tzdESdyfcH qef@usifol Oyrm- bk&m;rSm yef;vSL qDrD;uyfol
jynfolvlxk/ 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk awmfvSefa&; udkyifra&Smif tjywfzrf;qD; zdESdyfypfonf? t"rR
tiftm;pkESifh &efolppftkyfpkt=um;wGif yÉdyuQ tiftm;oHk;+yD; tay:pD;u&,lum acgif;raxmif
u jyif;xefaomfvnf; wzufESifhwzuf aoG;wkd; Ekdifatmif &rf;&rf;um;um; acsr_ef;ypfaeonf?
prf;r_/ apmifh=unfhr_/ tuJcwfr_/ t&dyfta&mifjyr_ tm%mudk vufv$wfqHk;±H_;&rSmudk a=umufav
ponfhorifvkduf tu˜ursm;aeonf? Todk@ av/ t+idK;taw;}uD;}uD;jzifh tEkdifusifh zdESdyf&av
jzifhvnf; ESpfESpfq,fumv wkdifcJhonf? jzpfonf? xkduJhodk@ rw&m;r_udk ppftkyfpku tpD
30 trSwf -22
tpOft&aum/ óuH&ifóuHovkdyg vufudkifusifhoHk;
&ojzifh tdyfIraysmfEkdifawmh? vlxkudk a=umuf
vm&onf? a=umufpdwfu ol@udk,fol jyefajcmuf
aecJhonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf; EkdifiHa&;pm;yGJ0kdif;wGif
trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&;udk rajz&Sif;vkdawmh? ppftkyfpk
onf ol@udk,feJ@ol@pdwf 0Jvnfum orifvkdufu
uaeavonf? 88 pufwifbm 18 wGif tm%m
odrf;,lcJhonfh ppftkyfpkonf trsdK;om;EkdifiHa&;
vkyfygrnf[k aºuG;a=umf&if;/ zufqpf+yD;zufqpf
jzpfvmum tm%m+rJa&;vkyf&if; zufqpfbDvl;
pG,frsm; xGufvmcJhonf?
tm%m+rJckdifa&;twGuf trsdK;om;nD
vmcH qkdonfudk usif;yonf? vrf;jyajryHk qGJ
onf? tJ'g ppftkyfpktwGuf yxrqHk; aowGif;yJ?
2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk odk@r[kwf ppfu|efðya&; zGJ@pnf;yHk
udk t"rRaxmufcHckdif;um t"rR twnfðyypf
vkdufonf? em*pfrkefwkdif;'%fjzifh r±_rvS ao
a=uysufqD;oGm;onfh ajrtjyifay:wGif rkdufuef;
vSpGm twnfðyypfvkdufonf? ,if;onf ppftkyf
pk. aowGif;euf}uD; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpkonf
,cktcg xdkaowGif;E_wfcrf;ay:wGif aorif;ESifh
ol wk d@ orifv kd uf upm;aevsuf &S donf? t
aumufuspfqHk; zefwD;vkyf}uHcJhonfh 2008 zGJ@
pnf;yHktwkdif; w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJ
udk 2010 rSm vkyf+yDqdkwmeJ@ wòydifeuf ppftkyfpk
onf wwd,aowGif;udk wl;rd&ufom; jzpfoGm;
vdrfhrnf?
jynfolvlxkudk qef@usifum 1990
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk eif;acsypfvkdufonf? xkd@jyif
ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm; wkd;yGm;vmaponfh vl
owfyGJrsm;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; usif;ycJhonf?
txif&Sm;qHk;ESifh b,fvkdenf;ESifhrS a=uat;I
r&Ekdifonfh 'DyJ,if; vlowfyGJ/ 2007 pufwifbm
vlowfyGJ/ omomem zsufqD;apmfum;yGJ/ u&if
jynf e,f vlr sdK;wHk ; wkduf yGJrsm;onf olw kd@.
trSwf -22
óud;pifrsm;jzpfonf? &mZ0wfaumifwkd@. óud;pif
rsm;jzpfonf? Tokd@jzifh tm%mvufv$wf&rnfh
a=umuf p dw f / tm%mvufv $ w f &rnf h ab;
tE W&m,fonf }uD;rm;vmcJhum zdESdyftEkdifusifh
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cJhjcif;jzpfonf? vlxkESifh ppftkyfpkt=um;&Sd yÉdyuQ
wkdufyGJxuf ppftkyfpkonf rdrdESifh rdrdyÉdyuQu
ydkI }uD;rm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdyÉdyuQrsm;/
wkdufyGJrsm;u olwkd@wnfaqmufxm;aom ppf
tm%m&Sifpepf puf±Hk}uD;twGif;u taiG@wvl
vljzifh rD;avmifaeonfh avmifpmrsm;yif jzpfonf?
,if;onf ,ae@ppftkyfpk. orkdif;yifjzpfonf?
(2 )
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jrifrsm;udk z,fI a&;&rSmjzpfonf? xdkenf;wlpGm
'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkESifh awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pk
rsm;ukd a&;&rSmjzpfonf? vlxkudkvJ a&;&vdrfhrnf?
t x l;o jz i fhv lx kw y fOD ;}u D ; jz p fo n fhNLD udk
ydkIyif a&;&vdrfhrnf? &efolzufqpfppftkyfpk.
NLD tay: t±kdif;pdkif;qHk; acsr_ef;zsufqD;ae
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wGif vlxkwyfOD;tjzpfESifh qufvuf xdef;odrf;
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epfðryf/ vlxkudk u,fwifapmifha&Smuf/ vlxkESifh
twlwl &J&Jawmuf wkdufyGJ0ifEkdif/ r0ifEdkif? ,if;
onf NLD .orkdif;jzpfonf?
ol&Jaumif; jynfolvlxkrsm;u NLD
.ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&; EkdifiH a&;tvH/
vl x k v rf ; pOf tvH a tmuf w G i f pk p nf ;
cJh+yD;jzpfonf? ygwD0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh &J&J
awmuf vli,fwcsdKŒrSm ol&Jaumif;rsm; jzpf=u
onf? okd@aomf A[kdwGif&Sdaom xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmif
31
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm vlutdkemusdK;uef; jzpfonf
xuf tawG;tac:u tdkemusdK;uef;jzpfaeolu
rsm;onf? &J&Jrawmufonfhtjyif xdkxdyfydkif;
wcsdKŒrSm &efol+idKjiifrSm a=umufonf? &efol@
ZmwfckHay:wGif &efola&;aom ZmwfuGuf/ pnf;
csuftwkdif; rD;pif=unfhuzdk@ óud;pm;cJh=uonfu
rsm;onf? wcsdK@ ppftm%m&Sif vlxGufrsm;rSm
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;&rnfqkdaomtcg
bmrS rvkyfEkdifawmhay? ppftkyfpk. e*g;wkd@ rsuf
apmif;atmufwGif jymusroGm;&atmif ,kef
oli,frsm; vkyfaecJh=uonf? ,kefwkd@rnfonf
vlxkwkdufyGJudk rjr‡ifhwifcJhay? OD;raqmifEkdifay?
acgif;aqmiftjzpf zGJ@pnf;yHkt& wm0ef,l&rSm
jzpfaomfvnf; ygwDqdkif;bkwf tðzwfrcH&atmif
qkdonfh ta=umif;jycsufjzifh ygwDwGif; yÉdyuQ
wkdufyGJuav;rsm;jzifh orifvkduf upm;aecJhav
onf?
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A[dkxd yfy dki f;yk *~d Kvf wcsd K@rSm tzdE Sdy fcH vlxk ESi fh
uif;uGmvmjcif;/ vlxkxJwGif rdrdb0udk awmf
vSefa&;orm;tjzpf ðryfESHrxm;Ekdifjcif;/ vlxkESifh
twl vlxka&SŒrS wkdufyGJr0ifEkdifjcif;/ vlxkwkdufyGJ
jyifqifr_r&Sdjcif;/ rwnfaqmufEkdifjcif;wkd@onf
orkdif;wGif rSifeDtwm;cHxm;onfh tcsufrsm; jzpf
onf? Todk@tm;jzifh “awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ trsdK;
om;&if=um;apha&;/ trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwf
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onfh avaoewf jzpfcJhonf? vlxkwkdufyGJ wyGJ
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pum;ajym&rSm jzpfonf? vlxkwkdufyGJvnf;r&Sd/
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vJ r&Sdojzifh &efolu t
zwfvkyfI pum;rajymawmhay? xdktcg ukvm;
xkdifwGif xkdifaeaom &efoludk udk,fhbufu w
zufowf orifvkduftu uae&avawmhonf?
jynfya&muf a'oqkdif&m NLD
32
ygwDrsm;zGJ@=upOf tar&duef&Sd NLD OuUXu
NLD A[dktzGJ@0if ppftm%m&Sif vlxGufrsm;udk
tm;udk;w}uD;jzifh ajymcJhbl;onf? “cifAsm;wkd@
=unfhomae oef;a&$wdk@ ppftkyfpkudk NLD A[kd
tzGJ@0ifxJu ppfAkdvfcsKyfvlxGufawGu b,fyHk
b,fenf; jywfjywfo m;om; pum;ajymrvJ
qkdwm apmifh=unfh tJ'Dae@udk a&mufvm&awmh
r,f? apmifh=unfhayawmh”[k 2007 wkdusdKpum;
0kdif;wckwGif ajymbl;onf? ppfAkdvfvlxGufawG&JŒ
tpGrf;owWd}uD;rm;r_udk jrif&aphr,f? 'Drkdua&pD
&&Sdap&r,f[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckxdawmh xkd
yk*~dKvfwkd@onf &J&Jawmuforkdif;udk ra&;Ekdifao;
ay?
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tif t m;pk r sm;onf vl x k a cgif ; aqmif a':
trSwf -22
atmifqef;pk=unfukd pdk;&drfvmawmhonf? trsdK;
om;jyefvnf &if=um;apha&;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;
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tvGefESajrmp&maumif;aom tcsdefjzpfonf?
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zkd@om vkyfwwfonfh ppfAkdvfxGufwpkrSm vlxk
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trSwf -22
vlxkESifh rudkufnDawmhbl;qdkv#if xkdygwDonf
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Edk0 ifb m 26/ 2009
33
 v,fo rm;xk a wmif; qdk a eaom 'Dr k du a&pD

(u )
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;wck ay:xGef;vmap &ef qdkr_awG ygvmcJhonf? b0opftwGuf awmif;qdkr_?
ESpftawmftwef apmifh&onf? ta&;awmfyHk ta&;awmfyHkwckudk wenf;tm;jzifh trsdK;
wckonf bmudkjyovJ? vlxkwpf&yfvHk;. b0wGf i om; jynfolvlxktoD;oD;yg0ifonfh trsdK;om;
tjrpfpGJckdatmif;aeaom cHpm;r_rsm;ESifh tawG; t nDvmcHwck[k qkd&rSmjzpfonf? ta&;awmfyHkonf
ac:rsm;udk tvHk;t&if;ESifh jyovkdufjcif;jzpfonf? trsdK;om;nDvmcH jzpfvmcJhojzifh wkdif;jynf wck
awmfvSefyHkuefr_ qef@usifr_wdk@u ygvmcJh+yD; jzpfonfh vHk;. ajrtjyifonf nDvmcHusif;y&m ajrtjyif
twGuf xdkcHpm;r_ESifh tawG;tac:u jyif;xef jzpfayawmhonf? vlxktoD;oD;. qENoabm
wufºuGonf[k qkd&rSmjzpfonf? xkdawmfvSefykef xm;rsm;udk ta[mif;zuf wG,fa&; tkyfpku aoew f
uefr_/ qef@usifr_wkd@uvnf;vlxkpepfa[mif;ESifh ppfwyfjzifh zdESdyfacsr_ef;onf? xdkokd@ zdESdyfowfjzwf
xdkta[mif;udk zufwG,fae onfh tkyfpkd;olwkd@udk av vlxku oabmxm;qENawGudk jyif;jyif;
qef@usifykefuef&jcif; jzpfojzifh awmfvSefa&; jzpf xefxef xkwfjy&avav? Todk@jzifh ta&;awmfyHk
vmcJhonf? ta[mif;rvkdcsifol/ topfESifhoGm; onf wkdufyGJ}uD;i,f toG,foG,fwkd@ESifh twd+yD;
rnf? pkwfcsmaqG;ajr@aeonfh ta[mif;udk zuf aom wkdufyGJvd_if;wHydk;wkd@ xºuGaom wkdufyGJ
wG,faeoluwzuf/ vGwfvyf at;csrf;onfh t yifv,f}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf?
opfudk awmif;qdkolwkd@uwzuf? vlxkonf t (c)
opfudk awmif;qdk&mY ta[mif;udk emusifvSpGm vlxk toD;oD;onf xkdw kdufyGJ ta&;
armif;xkwfavawmhonf? xkd@a=umifh ta&;awmf awmfyHk}uD; jrpfra&pD;xJodk@ t[kefjzifhpD;qif;0if
yHkwckonf b0udk vSpf[zGifhqdkr_awG ygvmonf? cJh=uonf? tvkyform;rsm;/ v,form;rsm;/
b0. '%f&m'%fcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwfjyor_awG ynmwwf rsm;/ atmufq Hk; v$m ypPn f;rJ hrsm;/
ygvmonf? b0ESifh qDavsmftyfpyfrnfh awmif; vufvkyfvufpm;rsm;/ ysHusrsm;/ todynm&Sif/
34 trSwf -22
twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ tEkynm&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh cH=u&onf? ae0if;ppftkyfpkonf ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;
,Ofaus;r_vkyfom;rsm; ponfwkd@ pD;qif;0ifvmcJh jzpfvmcJh onf? v,form;rsm;rSm oD ;pm;v,form;
=uonf? vlrsdK;aygif;pHk vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD; b0okd@ csufjcif;av#musoGm;onf? pdkufysdK;r_/
onf ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;ypf/ ygwDtm }udwfcGJ/ o,f,lr_wdk@ bmwckrS rvGwfvyfawmh?
%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;ypf æ [pf aºuG ;awmif;qk doHEfh Si oD;pm;v,form;onf tjcm;aom tzdESdyfcHrsm;
twl 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;udkyg awmif;qdkcJh=uonf? ESifhtwl ppfu|efb0 a&mufvmcJhonf?
zufqpfESihf 'Drkdua&pDonf vHk;0qef@usif oD;pm;v,form; ppfaus;u|efrsm; onf
onf? ppftm%m&Sif pepfESi fh 'Dr kdua&pDonf oref ; v,f u G u f r S òrd Œ awmf v rf ; ray:txd /
jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf; qef@usifonf? vlrsdK; rqv±Hk;csKyftxd csDwufvmcJh=u+yD; wkdufyGJ0if
aygif;pHk vlwef ;pm;toD;oD; awmif ;qkd aom 'Drkdua&pDxJwGif v,fvkyfolv,fykdifqkdifcGifh tyg
'Drdkua&pDonf topfjzpfaom 'Drkdua&pD? wcsdKΠt0if tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm; yg0ifonf? vGwfvyf
EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;u “taxGaxG pGm pdkufysdK;xkwfvkyf/ ydkifqdkifxm;aom v,f,m
'Drkdua&pD”[k urŠnf;xdk;onf? rnfokd@yifqdkap O,smOfudk vSLcGifh/ tarGay;cGifh/ a&mif;cs aygifESHcGifhwdk@
tarSmifacwf vl@tzGJ@pnf;a[mif;xJu vlxk yg0ifonf? qefpyg;oD;ESHwkd@udk vGwfvyfpGm }udwf
awmif;qdkaom 'Drdkua&pDrSm 'Drdkua&pDopf jzpf cGJcGifh/ o,f,lcGifh/ a&mif;cscGifh/ okdavSmifcGifhwdk@ yg0if
onf? vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;cGifh/ ajymqkdcGifh/ vGwf onf? xdkjyif ynma&;/ usef;rma&;ESifh ywfowfI
vyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ awmif;qdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm qHk;±_H;uif;uGmcJhonfh tcGifhta&; &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk
qENjycGifh/ udk,fh=urRmukd,fzefwD;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm &&Sdvdkr_vnf; yg0ifonf? r#wr_ nDr#r_udk &,lvkd
wifjycGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ rJay;cGifh/ onf? xkd@jyif v,form;or*~rsm; vGwfvyfpGm
wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;toD;oD;uvnf; udk,fydkif zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ vlxktpdk;&udk ukd,fwkdifudk,fus a&G;
jyXmef;cGifh æ ponfh 'Drkdua&pD vGwfvyfr_udk t& aumufwifajrmufzGJ@pnf;cGifh/ v,form;rsm;
,lvkd=ujcif;jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDopf. =ueftif udk,fwdkif v,form; tcGifhta&;udk awmif;qkdcGifh/
rSm vGwfvyfjcif;/ r#wjcif;yifjzpfonf? tpdk;&xJwGif jynfol@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf
(* ) yg0ifcGifh æ ponfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh
88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;wGif t}uD;rm;qHk; eJ@ =ujcif; jzpfonf?
tzdESdyftcH&qHk; v,form;xk}uD;onf tjcm; 88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;wGif vlrsdK;pHk/ vlwef;
aom vlrsdK;pHkvlwef;pm; toD;oD;ESifhtwl wkdufyGJ pm;tv$mpHkyg0ifonfh vlxk}uD;u ppf tm%m&Sif
0ifvmcJh=uonf? 1962 rS 88 twGif; 26 ESpf pepf zsufodrf;a&;onf yef;wkdifodk@ ra&mufao;?
umvtwGif; qHk;±_H;vufvGwfcJhonf &ydkifcGifhrsm; csDwufawmfvSefae&qJjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh ppftf ky
udk wkdufyGJ0ifum awmif;qdkcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? pk ajr&Sif}uD;pepfatmufrS aus;vufajr,mESifh
“'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&; 'kd@ta&;”[k wcsufawmif;qkd ywfowf aom 'Drkdua&pDopf awmif;qdkr_rSm aysmuf
vkdufwkdif; olwkd@. ydkifqkdifcGifh &ydkifcGifh rsm;rSm wyg uG,froGm;onfhtjyif wkdufyGJ. awmif;qdkr_tjzp f
wnf;ygvmcJh+yD;om;jzpfonf? ajr,mESifh ywf qufvuf&Sifoef xufjrufaeqJ jzpfonf?
owfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;yif jzpfonf? 63 - apmrkd;atmif
64 rSpI ajr/ ,m/ O,mOf+cHajrrsm; todrf; Zlvkdif 27/ 2007

trSwf -22 35
 o p? m t xl ; u @

AkdvfcsKyfausmfaZm
touf 90 jynfhaeŒ
trSmpum;
u|efawmf 'Dae@ touf
90 jynfhyg+yD? q&m}uD;r_dif; ajym
ovkd “tkdrif;rpGrf;” jzpfaeyg+yD?
u|efawmf cspfvSwJh jynfol
awG tcktxd qif;&JwGif;eufae
ao;wJh twGufa wmh u|efawmf
pdwfraumif;Ekdifygbl;?
'gayrJh u|efawmfwkd@ jynfol
awG rw&m;r_/ zdESdyfr_ rsdK;pH kukd tav#mh
ray;bJ wAkdvfuswAkdvfwuf/ w
rsdK;quf+yD;wrsdK;quf qufvuf wkdufyGJ0ifae=uwmukd rjywf=um;odae&wJhtwGuf tJovkd
jynfolrsdK;twGufawmh u|efawmf tvGef *k%f,l+yD; tm;&auseyfr_vnf; &Sdygw,f? qufvuf+yD;
awmh vnf; rav#mhw rf; ZGJ eJ@ }udK;pm; tm;xkw f=uygvkd@ tm;ay;rSm =um;csifygw,f ? rdrd wkd@
tcsif;csif;=um;vnf; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf=uyg? oabmxm; }uD;=uygvkd@ ajymyg&ap?
etz&JΠwyfrawmfom;rsm;ukdvnf; jynfolom trd/ jynfolom tzyg? jynfol@rsufESmyJ
=unfhyg? jynfolukd &efolvkd oabmrxm;=uygeJ@vkd@ rSm=um;vkdygw,f?
jynfolrsm; vkdvm;awmifhwaewJh 'Drkdua&pDpepf tjrefqHk; &&SdEkdifygap?
tm;vHk;usef;rmcsrf;om=uygap?
Akd v fa usmf a Zm
'DZ ifb m 3 &uf/ 2009 ckESp f?
36 trSwf -22
 Ad k vf cs K yf a u s mf a Z m a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

&Jabmfwdk@ Tae@Tae&modk@ igwkd@

vma&mufpk±Hk;=ujcif;onf igwkd@EdkifiHonf
tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfaom
orRwEkdifiHawmf}uD;tjzpf wESpfajrmuf
aom txdrf;trSwfyGJudk qif,ifusif;y&ef
jzpfonf? vlrsdK;jcm; wkdif;wyg;om;
e,fcsJŒorm;wkd@vufatmufwGif
tESpf ‘100’ (wpf&m)ausmf u|efb0
tjzpfjzifh toufaygif;rsm;pGmudk ‘paw;’
cH+yD;aemuf/ 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif vGwfvyfa&;atmifyef;udkqGwfvSrf;EdkifcJhayonf?
Tae@onf igwkd@om;pOfajr;quf rarhoifhrarhtyfaom ae@xl;ae@jrwf jzpfayonf? tb,f
a=umifh rarhtyfonfudk ajymjyvkdayonf? Tta=umif;udk rajymrD ‘vGwfvyfa&;qkdwm bmvJ’
vGwfvyfa&;.t&om[m b,favmuf rGefjrwfovJqdkwm ajymjycsifw,f?
a,bk,stm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&; (3) rsdK;&Sdonf? (1) EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;/ (2) vlyk*~dKvfvGwfvyfa&;/
(3) pD;yGm;a&;OpPm vGwfvyfa&; 'DoHk;rsdK;rSm EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;onf ta&;t}uD;qHk;yJ/ EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;
r&bJESifh tjcm;vGwfvyfa&;qdkwm t"dy`m,f r&SdEkdifbl;?
Edki fi Hv Gw fv yfa &;qdkw m æ
(u) wkdif;jynfEdkifiH}uD; wckck. pdk;rdk;csKyfjc,fjcif;rS vGwfuif;&rnf?
(c) EkdifiHawmftpdk;&onf jynfoljynfom;wkd@u pdwfoabmus/ vGwfvyfpGm a&G;aumufaom
tpdk;&jzpf&rnf?
(*) EdkifiHawmf. tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;udk rdrdzmom vGwfvyfpGm a&;qGJEkdif&rnf?
(C)a&;qGJxm;aom w&m;Oya't&/ vufawG@EkdifiHawmfudk tkyfcsKyf&mwGif rdrdwkd@ oabm
uspepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfEkdif&rnf?

trSwf -22 37
 (i) EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; vGwfvyf&rnf?
(p) wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;wGif oabmus pDrHaqmif&GufcGifh &Sd&rnf?
(q) EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@wGif vlwkdif; tqifhtwef;tvkduf 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufEkdif&rnf?

vl y k * ~ dK vf v Gw fv yf a &;qkd w m
(u) vGwfvyfpGm pdwful;pOf;pm;cGifh
(c) vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh
(*) vGwfvyfpGm ðyrlaqmif&GufcGifhrsm; jzpfonf? ðyrlaqmif&GufcGifhqdkwm vlwkd@. +idrf;csrf;a&;udk
rxdcdkufEkdifaom tajctaetxdudk qdkvkdonf?

pD;yGm;OpPm vGwfvyfa&;qkdwmuawmh EkdifiHwkdif;trsdK;rsdK; rdrdwkd@óudufESpfoufovkd t"dy`m,f

,l=uonf? w&m;enf;vrf;tusqHk; t"dy`m,fuawmh æ
(u) vlwdkif; rdrdEdkifiHuxGufaom ypPnf;tiftm;tavsmuf/ pm;aomufaexkdifa&; tqifh
twef; jrifh&rnf?
(c) wOD;ESifhwOD; ypPnf;OpPmykdifqkdif&mwGif rsm;pGmruGmjcm;&bl;? tJ'gawG[m vGwfvyfa&;.
t"dy`m,ftusOf;yJ?
'Dae&mrSm &Jabmfwdk@u ar;csif=uvdrfhrnf? jrefrmjynf ,ckvGwfvyfa&;[m TtcsufoHk;csufh ESi
nD!Gwfovm;vdk@/ rSefayonf? igwkd@onf 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif yxrEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;
udk &cJhayonf? xkdrSwqifh vlyk*~dKvfvGwfvyfa&;udk tcsdeftcg ae&mtvkduf &cJhayonf? xdkrSwqifh
pD;yGm;OpPmvGwfvyfa&;odk@ csDwufvsuf &Sdayonf? oufaocHum; igwkd@ “jynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'”rsm;wGif twdtvif;azmfjy+yD; jzpfavonf?
txufuajymcJhonfh tcsufrsm;udk =unfhvdkufwmESifh vGwfvyfa&;[m b,favmuf ta&;
}uD;w,fqdkwm odavmuf+yD;‘vl.b0’udk &zdk@&ef bmomw&m;wkdif;rSma&m/ avmu"mwfynmwkdif;
rSma&m/ tvGefjzpfcJwJh 'kv†w&m;qdkwm urBmu od=u+yD? xdk@aemuf wefbkd;rjzwfEkdifaom vl@b0udk
&=u+yD;aemuf/ vGwfvyfa&;ukd r&=uv#if Tvl@b0[m tcsnf;ESD;yJqdkwm urBmh,Ofaus;wJh vlrsdK;
wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf=u+yD; jzpfw,f?
urBmhynm&Sifrsm;u ‘vGwfvyfjcif;r&Sdu pkd;&drfa=umifh=ujcif; &Sdrnf? pdk;&drfr_&Sdu pdwfaysmf&$ifr_
r&SdEkdif? pdwfraysmfu OD;aESmufr=unfvif/ trSm;trSef rcGJjcm;Ekdif? trSm;trSefrodu ynmxGef;um;r_/
wdk;wufxGef;um;r_/ wkd ;wuf}uD;yGm;r_/ touf&Snf r_r&Sd Ekdif/’ xdkok d@jzpf u‘wd&p>mefb0ESifh jcm;em;rnf
[kwrf’
[l Ivnf ;aumif;/ “vl .toufudk vnf yif ;"g;wif+yD; owfrS aornfr[kwf/ vGwfvyfjcif;tm;jzifh wjznf;
jznf; toufudkaoEkdifonf” [lIvnf;aumif;/ “ vGwfvyfjcif;udk ay;yg/ odk@r[kwf aojcif;udkay;yg”
[lIvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;.wefzdk;udk Todk@jzifh teufazmfjycJhavonf?
vufawG@jy&v#if +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒvufatmufodk@ u|Ekfyfwkd@ tESpfw&mae&pOfu tjzpftysuf
rsm;ESifh tjcm;udkvdkeDEkdifiHrsm;udk csdefxdk;+yD; =unfh=u&efjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;onf vlb0ES
@ ifh
xyfwl ta&;}uD;vSojzifh vGwfvyfa&;udk wpfurBmvHk; b,favmufcspfjrwfEkd;onf/ b,favmuf
38 trSwf -22
óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh=uonfudk tenf;i,f ajymjycsifonf?
urBmhorkdif;udk jyef=unfhvkdufv#if urBmwGiftkyfpkd;aom vlwef;pm;ay:aygufvmonfrSp+yD;
,ae@wdkif vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufaygif; ukaÉcsDtaocHvsuf ckcHwkdufcdkufcJh&onf? vGefcHaom
tESpf 2000 (ESpfaxmif)ausmf urBm@t,Ofaus;qHk;jzpfaom ‘*&dwf’wkd@yifv#if ‘yg&Sm;’ vufatmufrS
vGwfajrmuf&efaomfvnf;aumif;/‘a&mr’wdk@onf‘umaoh’ESifh ‘=opaw;&D;,ef;’wdk@vufrSvnf;aumif;
‘tar&duef ’ Ed kifiHyifv#if c&mZf ouU&mZf ‘1700’ (axmifh ckESpf&m)wG if +Adwd o#vuf atmufrS vGwfajrmuf f &e
ckESpfESpfywfvnf wkdufckdufcJh&jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ +Adwdo#wdk@yifv#if a&mrvufatmufwGif tESpf
200 (ESpf&m)eD;yg;u|efb0a&mufcJhI vGwfajrmuf&ef óud;yrf;jcif;rsm;ESifh 18 &mpkESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;
}uD;rsm; qifE$JcJh&jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ 1800 (axmifh&Spf&m)ckESpf jyifopfta&;awmfyHk}uD;rsm;/ 1900
(axmifhudk;&m)ckESpf ±k&Sm;ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rsm; ,cktcg tif'dkeD;&Sm;jynf. vGwfvyfa&;udk csKyfjc,fzdEdyS f
wkdufckdufv#uf&Sdaom a[mfvef 'wfcsfwkd@onf 1600 (axmifhajcmuf&m)ckESpfavmufwGif pydefwkd@
vufatmufrS vGwfajrmuf&ef tESpf40(av;q,f) ppfqifE$JcJhjcif;rsm; paomxif&Sm;onfh tjzpftysuf
rsm;tm;jzifh vlwkd@onf rdrdwdk@vGwfvyfa&;udk tb,fr#cspfjrwfEkd;I xkdvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tb,fr#
pGef@pm;wkdufckdufcJhonfudk xif&Sm;cJhayonf? tcsKyftm;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;tb,fuJhodk@ wdkufckdufvHk;yef;
cJh&onfukd azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf?
urBmhorkdif;udk rqdkxm;ESifh u|Ekfyfwkd@Armjynfyifv#if e,fcsJŒpepfrSvGwfajrmuf&ef b,favmuf
óud;pm;cJh&oenf;?
+Adwdo#wkd@onf (1885) axmifh&Spf&m&Spfq,fhig;ckESpf/ Armjynftm;vHk; odrf;ydkuf+yD;onfhtcsS defr
‘1895’ (axmifh&Spf&mudk;q,fhig;) ckESpftxd/ txufArmjynf/ jrpf0u|ef;ay: yJcl;wkd@wGif Armwkdif;&if;om ;
wk d@u vGwfvyf a&;twGuf ckcHwkdufckd ufonfuk d +Adwd o#wk d@u ppf om;aygif; ‘45000’ (av;aomif;ig;axmif)
jzifh 10 (q,f)ESpfausmf ESdrfeif;cJh&mwGif/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom Armhom;aumif;&wemrsm; qHk;±H_;cJh&
onfudk arhEkdif=urnfr[kwf/ xdkta&;awmfyHkESifh qufvsuf “1896” ckESpfwGif/ txufArmjynfY
csif;vlrsdK;wkd@u +Adwdo#wkd@tm; yHkuefxºuGr_udkvnf; arhEkdif=urnfr[kwf?
“1930”ckESpf/ om,m0wD q&mpHolykef}uD;wGif rsm;pGmaomqif;&Jom;wkd@ toufpnf;pdrf
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9” ckESpf/
ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;/ rE Wav;jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkrsm;wGif e,fcsJŒorm;wkd@.aoewf/ eHygwf
'kwfwdk@jzifh aoa=uysufpD;=uukefaom tmZmenfrsm;udkvnf; igwdk@arhEkdifrnfr[kwf?
aemufqHk;wGif +yD;cJhaom 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;wGif igwkd@.vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;csufum; urBmu
wkefv_yfavmufatmif igwdk@pGrf;cJhayonf? igwkd@onf TurBmppfxJwGif toufpnf;pdrfrsm;pGm tepfem
tqHk;±H_;cH+yD;/ ‘e,fcsJŒorm;’udkvnf;aumif;/ ‘zufqpf’udkvnf;aumif;/ a=umufcref;vdvd awmfvSefcJh
onfudk b,frSmarhEkdifrvJ?
TuJhodk@ urBmhorkdif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Armhorkdif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vltaygif;wkd@ bma=umifh
&J0HhpGef@pm;pGm wkdufckduf=uygoenf;? igwkd@onf wkdufpdwf/ cdkufpdwf/ owfjzwfvkdpdwfa=umifhvm;/ r[k fyg?w
vl@b0wGif tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom vGwfvyfa&;twGufjzpfygonf?

trSwf -22 39
 u|Ekfyfonf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf &Snfvsm;pGm ajymjy&jcif;rSm vGwfvyfa&;onf tb,fr# ta&;
}uD;onf/ tb,fr#rGefjrwfonf/ vlwkd@onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tb,fr# pGef@pm;wkdufckduf&onf
wkd@udk od&Sdav;eufap&ef vnf;aumif;/ u|Ekfyfwkd@onf Tppf}uD;wGif trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk oa=uysufpD;jcif / ;
pGef@pm;jcif;/ vHk@vxkwfjcif;wkd@t=um;rS ay:xGufvmaom EkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;onf wESpfr#rjynfhrD
twGif; trsdK;rsdK;aom vGwfvyfa&;. tE W&m,frsm;udk u|Ekfyfwkd@ &ifqdkifae&aoma=umifh vnf;aumif;
jzpfonf?
vuf&Sd wkdif;jynftajctaeum; &Jabmfwdk@ odjrifonfhtwkdif;yif jzpfonf? Ttajctaeudk
igwkd@rausmfvGefEkdifv#if/ T&+yD;vGwfvyfa&;onf qHk;±H_;&ayrnf/ ysufpD;&ayrnf?
wacwfwcgu igwkd@bdk;ab;rsm;!Hhzsif;ojzifh u|efjzpfcJh&onf? igwkd@acwfusrS wzefu|eftjzpfk ud
jyefa&muf&v#if igwkd@avmuf !H@zsif; toHk;rusol &SdygtHk;rvm;?
'Dawmh igwdk@a&G;cs,f&ef (2)csuf&Sdonf? igwkd@onf vl!HhcH+yD; tESpfw&m 100 twGif; touf
pnf;pdrfESifh vJ,lxm;&aom vl@avmuwGif trGefjrwfqHk;jzpfonfh vGwfvyfa&;}uD;udk qHk;±H_;cH=u
rvm;? (odk@r[kwf) TvGwfvyfa&;}uD;. &efoludk toufay;+yD; wkdufckduf=urvm;qdkwm jzpfonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@[m vGwfvyfa&;&efoludk toufay;+yD;wkdufckdufrnfhvrf;udk a&G;cs,f&vdrfhrnf?
bma=umifhvnf;qkdv#if vGwfvyfa&;udk rvkdcsifwJhol[m/ rdrdEkdifiH rdrdvlrsdK;udkomru urBmol urBm
om;tm;vHk;udkyg opPmazmufoljzpfw,fqdkwm txufuajymcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;v#if tuGif;om;
jrifEkdifonf?
ArmwrsdK;vHk;ESifhwuG wurBmvHk; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufckdufcH&jcif;/ wkdufckdufae&jcif;wkdk d@u
igwkd@ arhaysmuf rypf=uprf;ygESifh?
ed*Hk;csKyfajymvdkonfrSm TvGwfvyfa&;}uD;udk tpOft+rJwnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;zdk@ Arm
wkdif;&if;om;wkdif; wm0efjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh u|Ekfyfwkd@ cifAsm;wkd@ ppfom;awG[m TvGwfvyfa&;}uD;
ukd umuG,fwJhae&mrSm ta&;}uD;qHk;aom aemufcHausm±kd; vufeuf}uD;wck jzpfonf? ,ckvkdtcgrSm
u|Efkyfwkd@wm0ef[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm b,favmuf}uD;av;onfqkdwm odapcsifw,f? av;pm;ap
csifw,f? jynfol. toufpnf;pdrfonfvnf;aumif;/ TvGwfvyfa&;}uD;onfvnf;aumif;/ u|Ekfyfwkd@
opPmr&Sd=uv#if wm0efraus¹yGefv#if b,favmuf qdk;0g;rnfqkdwmudkvnf; em;vnf=uapcsifw,f?
Tr#}uD;av;aom wm0efawGudk aus¹yGefzkd@[m u|Efkyfwkd@onf vlwkd@.vGwfvyfa&;ukd
toufESifhxyfwl cspfcifwJhpdwf rGefjrwfwJhpdwf&SdrS jzpfr,f? Edk@+yD; u|Ekfyfwkd@ppfr_xrf;jcif;qdkif& m tvkyf
wm0efawG twwfynmawGudkvnf; u|rf;u|rf;usifusif wwfajrmufzdk@ óud;pm;&r,f?
aemufqHk;rSm TvGwfvyfa&;ae@rSm igwkd@vGwfvyfa&;}uD;udk igwkd@raorcsif; toufESifh
xyfwl umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ygrnf? igwkd@. zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'}uD;udk xdef;odrf; apmifh
a&Smufygrnf? igwkd@.wm0efudk aus¹yGefpGm xrf;&Gufygrnf[k oHEMdXmefcs=uygpkd@? ?

ae@pGJ - 1949 ckE S p f/ Zef e 0g&Dv (4)&uf?

40 trSwf -22
 Ad k vf cs K yf a u s mf a Z m a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

rsdK;cspfjynfolŒwyfESifh cg;ydkufaqmifwyf
1957 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (9) &ufae@ Armhwyfrawmf wyfrSL;rsm;nDvmcHwGif EkdifiHawmf
0ef }uD; csKyf rd ef @cGe f; onf ta&;}uD; I tcsuf tjcm usvSa yonf ? u|ef awmf wk d@ tbkd @&m
wyfrawmf}uD;twGuf wygwD/ wyk*~dKvf oHa,mZOfuif;aom rsdK;cspfjynfol@wyfrawmftjzpf vkd
vm;=uaom yk*~dKvfwkdif; qENESvHk;udk wkduf±kdufEdk;aqmfay;&m usayrnf? wm0efem;vnf ±kdaoaom
jynfom;wa,muf taejzifh "rR"dXmefjzifh u|efawmf. tmoDoudk wifjyvkdygonf?

trSwf -22 41
 owd &Sdzkd Πvkd _ yD

0ef}uD;csKyf. rdef@cGef;wGif wyfrawmftm; wzGJ@wygwD wyk*~dKvf wOD;wa,muf. =oZmcH

cg;ydkufaqmifppfwyf rjzpfapESifh/ pnf;urf;Oya'udk ±dkao=u/ jynfolvlxkukd cspfjrwfEkd;aom jynfol@
wyfrawmf}uD;tjzpfudk cH,l=u[laom =o0g'pum;onf wyfrawmf}uD;twGuf tcsdeftcg tajc
taeESifh udkufnD[yfrdvS±Hkomru xm0pOfvrf;!$efwkdif; (Sign Post) ozG,f oabmxm;I
aqmif&GufoGm;tyfayonf? wyfrawmfom;wkdif; xkdrdef@cGef;. tqDtESpfukd em;vnfav;pm;=u&ef
vkdtyfayonf? wkdif;jynfuvnf; em;vnfowd&Sdzkd@ vkdtyfayonf?

ta-umif ; rJ h r ajym

Txl;jcm;aomrdef@cGef;udk ,ckvkdtcsdeftcgwGif ta=umif;rJhay;rnf r[kwfay? ta=umif;pHdk ku

jrifawG@ae&aom EkdifiHacgif;aqmifwa,muftaejzifh tcsdeftcg tajctaet& ajymoifhajymxkduf
Iom ajymjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf?

cg;yd k u f a qmif w yf

wzGJ@wygwD wyk*~dKvf. vufukdif'kwf/ cg;ydkufaqmifppfwyfoabmrSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;

twGuf umuG,frnfr[kwf/ udk,fpm;ðy&mtzGJ@ygwDESifh yk*~dKvftusdK;udk umuG,fayvdrfhrnf? udk,f
pm;ðy&m ygwDyk*~dKvfonf jynfolvlxkudk qef@usifayvdrfhrnf? rnfodk@aom ta=umif;a=umifhjzpfap/
wkdif;jynf. }uD;rm;aom vufeufudkif tiftm;pkjzpfonfh jynfolydkif wyfrawmf}uD;onf wzGJ@
wygwD wyk*~dKvf. cg;ydkufaqmifwyftjzpf taumiftxnf ±kyfvHk;ay:vmcJhaomf Twkdif;jynfwGif
'Drdkua&pDpdwfokOf;+yD; vlwkdif;.vnf*kwfay: "m;0Jjcif;cH&zkd@om &Sdayrnf?

zuf q pf E k d i f i Ht jzpf

wzGJ@wygwD wyk*~dKvf. vufudkif'kwf cg;ykdufaqmifppfwyfoabmrSm jynfolvlxk. tusdK;

twGuf umuG,frnfr[kwf/ ukd,fpm;ðy&m tzGJ@ygwDESifh yk*~dKvftusdK;udkom umuG,fay;vdrfhrnf?
udk,fpm;ðy&m ygwDyk*~dKvfonf jynfolvlxktusdK;udk qef@usifv#if xdkwyfrawmfonfvnf; jynfol
vlxkudk qef@usifayvdrfhrnf? aemufqHk;wGif wzGJ@wygwD yk*~dKvfwOD; tusdK;twGuf bmrqdk vkyf=u
&vdrhfrnf? Tenf;jzifh wpwp ppf0g'v$rf;rkd;aom zufqpfEkdifiHtjzpfodk@ usa&mufEkdifavonf?

42 trSwf -22
 *syef j ynf w G i f

teD;uyfqHk;jrifcJh&aom om"uwckrSm *syefjynfwGif ppfbufu wefckd;tm%m wpwp

}uD;rm;vm+yD; EkdifiHa&;tm%mudkyg ppf0g'v$rf;rdk;vm=uI zufqpfEkdifiHtjzpf a&mufcJhojzifh *syef
jynftwGufvnf;aumif;/ tm&Swkduf wwkdufvHk; twGufvnf;aumif;/ rnfuJhodk@ twd'kuQa&mufcJh
&onfudk jrifawG@&avonf? xkd@a=umifh Tta&;udk owday;[ef@wm;aom 0ef}uD;csKyf. rdef@cGef;onf
vlwkdif; av;pm;*±kðy&ef ta&;}uD;ayonf?

16 ESp f o uf w rf ;

wyfrawmfudk jyef=unfhv#if vuf&Sdwyfrawmf}uD; ay:aygufvmaom oufwrf;onf (16)ESpf

&Sday+yD;? xkd (16) ESpfoufwrf;umvtwGif; wyfrawmf. b0jzpfpOfudk qef;ppf=unfhapvkdonf?
vuf&Sdwyfrawmf}uD;onf ab;bkd;tpOftqufu pwif+yD; u|efawmfwkd@tarG&cJhaom
wyfrawmf}uD; r[kwfcJhay? wzGJ@wygwD/ wOD;wa,mufu wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom cg;ydkufaqmif
ppfwyfvnf; r[kwfcJhay? u|efawmfwkd@ jynfaxmifpk}uD;onf +Adwdo#vufatmuf tESpf 100
(wpf&m)ausmf u|efb0a&mufae&mrS ±kef;xGufvGwfajrmuf&ef vGefcJhaom (16)ESpfausmfu jynfol
vlxkw&yfvHk; vufeufpGJudkif awmfvSef=uaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf}uD;rS tqifhqifh
aygufzGm;vm+yD; ,ckvuf&Sd wyfrawmf}uD;tjzpfudk a&mufcJh&ayonf?

wkd u f yG J } uD ; rsm;

wyfrawmf}uD;onf ol. (16) oufwrf;wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf vnf;aumif;/

vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;udk xdef;odrf;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;/ &mZ0ifajymifaom/
rsm;pGmaom wkdufyGJ}uD;rsm;udk ausmfjzwfcJh&ayonf?

atmif y G J c H _ yD

TwkdufyGJ}uD;rsm;wGif ol.oufwrf;ESifh rvkduf/ t&G,fyrm% t&nftcsif; tawG@tóuHwfh kd@ESi

rr#avmufatmif cufcJvSaom wkdufyGJrsm;udkvnf; ausmfjzwf atmifyGJqifE$JcJhayonfwyf ? rawmf }uD ;
ausmfjzwfcJh&aom wkdufppfwvif;rsm;wGif jynfolvlxkxJrS rsm;pGmaomrsdK;csykp*f ~dKvfrsm;/ vli,fvl&G,f
rsm; usqHk;cJh&ayonf? wyfrawmf. zcifjzpfaom AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;yifv#if usqHk;cJh&ayonf?
odk@jzifh wyfrawmf}uD;onf ol.oufwrf;twGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf &mZ0ifuay;aom
ppfa&;wm0ef}uD;rsm;udk rsm;pGmaom touf/ aoG;/ ac|;wdk@jzifhvJI atmifjrifpGm ausmfjzwfcJhayonf?

trSwf -22 43
 wyf r awmf } uD ; ay:cJ h y H k

xk d@a=umif h aemuf a=umif;jyef =unfhcJhaom Twyfrawmfonf tb,f uJh odk@ ay:aygufvmoenf ;?

wzJG@wygwD wyk*~dKvftusdK;twGuf/ wzGJ@wygwDu wnfaxmifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom wyfrawmf}uD; r[kwf
cJhay? wyfrawmf}uD;onf jynfolwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jynfolwkd@wkd@xHrS ay:xGufvmcJhaom
jynfolwkd@. wyfrawmfomjzpfonf? rsdK;cspfjynfolwkd@ tb,fa=umifh rdrdwkd@. udk,fusdK;pGef@I
touf/ aoG;/ ac|;wdk@udk pGef@I vufeufudkif+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhygoenf;? &mZ0if orkdif;ESifhcsDI yifu,
dk f
pdwf"mwfcHjzpfaom rdrdwkd@.vGwfvyfa&;udk cspfjrwfEkd;onfh rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfcH jzpfayonf? wygwD
wyk*~dKvf wOD;wa,muf tusdK;twGuf toufpnf;pdrfudk pGef@v$wfcJh=ujcif; r[kwfay?

yk* ~d K vf u dk cspf I r[kw f

wzef tb,fa=umifh oufwrf;EkvSaom wyfrawmfonf tiftm;yrm%rr#aom &efol

wkd@tay: atmifyGJqifEkdifcJhygoenf;? ,cktxd rarmryef; qufwdkuf wkdufyGJ0ifEkdifcJhygoenf;? t
a=umif;rSm vlxkwGif cGeftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfaom rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfa=umifhom jzpfayonf? wzGJ@wygwD
wyk*~dKvfudk cspfjrwfEkd;aom oHa,mZOfpdwf"mwfa=umifh r[kwfygay?

rsd K ;cspf p d w f " mwf

odk@jzifh wyfrawmf}uD; ay:aygufvmjcif;/ atmifyGJrsm; cH,ljcif;/ atmifyGJtwGuf udk,fusdK;pGef@

v$wfcJh=ujcif; ponfwkd@onf wzGJ@wygwD wyk*~dKvfudk cspfjrwfEkd;Ir[kwfay? rdrdwkd@vGwfvyfa&;udk
jrwfEdk;aom rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfa=umifhom jzpfayonf?
vlwkd@wGif rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfonf wefcdk;tiftm; }uD;rm;vSayonf? urBmhorkdif;wav#muf
wGif }uD;Edkifi,f!‡if;cJhaom ppfyGJrsm;jzifh ¹yGef;wD;vsuf&Sd&m vlrsdK;wkdif; rnfr#yifao;vifhupm;rdrdvlrsdK;
ryaysmufatmif xdef;odrf;vmEkdifcJhaom pGrf;tm;rSm rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf jzpfayonf?

cg;yd k u fa qmif w yf jzpf v #if

TuJhodk@ obm0vnf;us tpOftvmvnf;jzpfaom/ atmifyGJ. t&if;cHvnf;jzpfaom

rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfudk ausmfv$m;+yD; wenf;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynfvlxkudk cspfjrwfEkd;aompdwf"mwfudk z,f
ab;
+yD; wzGJ@wygwD yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,muf. vufudkif'kwf cg;ydkufaqmifppfwyftjzpf zefwD;±kyfvHk;azmf
jyrnfqkdv#if wyfrawmf}uD;. &mZ0ifajymifcJhaom tpOftvmukdvnf; y,fzsuf&m usavonf?

44 trSwf -22
 wkdif;usdK;jynfusdK;aqmif wkdif;cspfjynfcspf wyfrawmf}uD;tjzpfrS av#musedrfhqif;&ayrnf?
rsdK;cspfpdwfacgif;yg;+yD; usOf;ajrmif;aom udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;ukdom a&Sα_rnfhwyfrawmftjzpfokd@ usa&muf
oGm;&ayrnf?
TwyfrsdK;onf pnf;urf;pepfudkvnf;aumif;/ w&m;Oya'udkvnf;aumif;/ trsm;qEN
'Drkdua&pDw&m;udkvnf;aumif;/ jynfolvlxkudkvnf;aumif;/ ±dkaoav;pm;=urnf r[kwf? rdrdwdk@
udk,fpm;ðy&m wzGJ@wygwDyk*~dKvf. trdef@ =oZmudkom emcHav;pm;=uvdrfhrnf?

wk di f ; jynf & ef o l t jzpf

Todk@aomwyfrsdK;onf wpwp pGrf;&nfowWdavsmhus+yD; ,cifuuJhodk@ atmifyGJrsm;udk

ay;Edkifrnfr[kwfay? ta&;óuHv#if wkdif;jynftm;vnf;aumif;/ xkd@jyif ‚if;wkd@udk,fpm;ðy&m wzGJ@wygD w
wOD;wa,mufudkvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wkd@ udk,fwkdifyifvnf;aumif;/ umuG,fay;Edkifrnf r[kwfacs?
aemufqHk;wGif rnfol@udkrS umuG,fay;Ekdifrnfr[kwfbJ/ vufudkif'kwf cg;ykdufaqmifwyftjzpf wkdif;jynf
&efoltjzpfokd@ usa&mufoGm;Edkifayonf?

jynf c spf r sd K ;cspf p d w f

txuf ygwkd @udk axmuf xm;+yD; TvGwfvyfa&;ud kta=umif ;ðyI ay:aygufvm&aom wyfrawmf
.orkdif;pOfvmESifh rl&if;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk axmufxm;Ivnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf udk,f
usdK;pGef@cJh&aom tmZmenfjynfolwkd@udk axmufxm;Ivnf;aumif;/ ,ckxd wyfrawmfu atmifyGJ
rsm;xlvmEkdifcJhaom wefcdk;pGrf;tm;}uD;onfh rsdK;cspfpdwf. aus;Zl; tmedoifudk em;vnf=ujcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;/ cg;ykdufaqmifppfwyf ±kyfvHk;ay:cJhaomf jzpfysufvmEkdifrnfhwkdif;jynfESifh wyfrawmftay:
usa&mufvmEkdifaom ab;tE W&m,fwkd@udk axmufxm;Ivnf;aumif;/ vuf&Sdwyfrawmf}uD;onf
wygwD wyk*~dKvf. =oZmcH cg;ydkufaqmifppfwyftjzpf ±kyfvHk;ay:xGufrvmapatmif umuG,f&ef
twGufvnf;aumif;/ tpOftvm jzpfvmaom wkdif;cspfjynfcspf rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfudk tpOft+rJ xdef;
odrf;&ef;vnf;aumif; rnfr#ta&;}uD;onfudk odjrifEkdif=uayonf? Twm0efrSm wyfrawmfwGif
omru vlwkdif;wGif tenf;trsm; wm0ef&Sdayonf?

wm0ef & S d o l r sm;

xdyfqHk;wm0efcH tpdk;&wGifvnf;aumif;/ wyfrawmf ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;/

wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd tqifhtwef; trsdK;rsdK;&Sd=uonfh &Jabmfwkdif;wGifvnf;aumif;/ wkdif;oljynfom;
rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; wm0ef&Sdayonf?

trSwf -22 45
 ta&;}uD ; aom rd e f ΠcG e f ;

xdk@a=umifh 0ef}uD;csKyf. wzGJ@wygwD wyk*~dKvf. =oZmcH cg;ykdufaqmifwyf rjzpfapESifh/ jynfol

wyfrawmftjzpf cdkif+rJatmifvkyf[laom ,ckESpf wyfrSL;nDvmcHrdef@cGef;onf wyfrawmfwGifomru
wkdif;jynftwGufyg ta&;}uD;aom rdef@cGef;jzpfayonf?
u|Ekfyfwk d@onf tE W&m,f}uD;vS aom cg;ykd uf aqmif ppf wyfrjzpf&atmif umuG ,f &ef vnf;aumif ;/
rsdK;cspfjynfol@ wyfrawmf}uD;tjzpf xdef;od rf;xm;&ef vnf;aumif ;/ ta&;}uD;vSaom wm0efjzpfa=umif;
vlwkdif;od&Sd owdðy=u&ef wyfrawmf}uD;u ydkrdk*±kðy=uap&ef jynfoljynfom; wa,muftaejzifh
xdyfrHEd_;aqmf owday;a&;om;wifjy &onf?

a0zef r + t a&;on f

Tae&mwG if a&;om;vd kaom ta=umif;wcsuf rSm u|efawmf +Ad wdefokd@a&muf pOf u yk*~dKvfw uOD ;
ajymzl;ygonf? +Adwdo#wyfrawmf}uD; wdk;wufajymif;vJvmjcif;rSm olwkd@. ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;ESSifh
tpkd;&acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u ðyjyifzefwD;jcif;a=umifhomr[kwf/ +Adwdefjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh +Adwdo#
ygvDrefwdk@. vGwfvyfpGma0zef yJhjyifay;r_a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf[kqdk.? a0zefuwdðyjcif;/ t}uHay;jcif;
wkd@onf ðyjyifwkd;wufa&;wkd@twGuf vufeuftiftm;yif jzpfavonf? u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;jynfwGif
udkvkdeDacwf. taiG@touf t&Sdeftapmf usef&pfcJhr_a=umifh jzpf[efwlonf? ppfwyfqkdv#if ab;z,f
v#pfvsL±_csif=uonf? tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;yifv#if ppfwyfudk cyfcGmcGm qufqHcJhonf? xif&Sm;onfrSm
txufyg 0ef}uD;csKyf rdef@cGef;wae&mwGif “tpdk;&taejzifh wyfrawmf}uD;twGuf vkdaomaiG&Sm+yD;/
aumif;atmifvkyf=uuGm[k ajym±HkrSwyg; bmr# rwwfEkdif” azmfjyxm;onf?
+Adw de fw Gi f xdk od k@ r[kw fa y? ol wd k@ onf wyf rawmfu dk csD ;usL;p&m&S dv#if csD ;usL;I
a0zefp&m&Sd v#if a0zef=uonf? Todk@a0zefjcif;/ t}uHay;jcif;wkd@udk wyfrawmftaejzifhvnf;
rdrdwkd@aumif;&m aumif;usdK;twGuf em,loifhonfwkd@udk em,l=up+rJ jzpfavonf? ,cktcg
ArmjynfwGif wyfrawmftm; ygvDrefYvnf;aumif;/ owif ;pmrsm;Yvnf;aumif; pwif+yD;
tawmfyifa0zefjcif;/ t}uHay;jcif;rsm; wpwp ðyvm=uay+yD;?
Ttjcif;t&mwkd@onf u|efawmfwkd@. umuG,fa&;wyfrawmf}uD;tzdk@ wkd;wuf&m
wkd;wufa=umif;twGuf tiftm;w&yftjzpf pwifjzpfxGef;vmjcif;jzpfI aus;Zl;wifzG,fyif
jzpfavonf?

Ð wkdi f; jynfo nf wyfr awmft wG u f r[k w f?

Ð wyfr awmfo nf wd ki f; jynf t wG u fo m jzpfo nf?

(AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; rdef@cGef;aqmifyk'f)

46 trSwf -22
 Ad k vf cs K yf a u s mf a Z m a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &
+Adwdo#wdk@u oDaygbk&iftm; ppfa=u
nmzrf;qD;+yD;/ 1886 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae@wGif
txufjrefrmjynftm; +Adwdo# tifyg,matmuf
oGwfoGif;vdkufa=umif; a=unm+yD;onfhaemuf
ArmjynfrSm e,fcsJΠurBmatmuf usa&mufcJhonf?
xd k t csd e f r S p I Armjynf r S m e,f c sJ Œ
t&if;&SifavmutwGif; usa&muf+yD; cyfodrf;
aompD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ynma&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_
paom vlr_qufqHa&; tm;vHk;wdk@onf wjznf;
jznf; t&if;tjrpfupI ajymif;vGJvm&ayonf?
trSwf -22
ta=umif;rSm +Adwdo#wdk@ Armjynftm;
wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufjcif;rSm omref odrf;ydkuf tkyf
csKyfxm;&efr[kwf? jywfom;aom &nfrSef;csuf
rsm; &Sdayonf? ,if;rSm ‚if;wdk@. udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;
twGuf udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd Twkdif;jynfwGif
xlaxmif&efjzpfayonf? ,if;onf Armjynf
tay: pepfwus aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,f&ef jzpfay onf?
pD;yGm;a&;wGif a&S;pepfjzpfaom udk,hf
tdk;udk,fhtdrf zlvHka&;om ukefxkwfvkyfaom pepf
rS/ ‚if;wdk@ tjrwftpGef;twGuf a&mif;ukef xkwf
47
vkyf&aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfodk@vnf;aumif; a&eH/
owWKpaom ajratmuftzdk; wef "gwfowWK
&wemrsm; wl;az:a&;twGuf vnf;aumif;/ ajr
ay: qefpyg;/ opfawm paom pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;
rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; vkyf
ief;rsm;ESifh b%fvkyfief;rsm; ponfwdk@ wjznf;
jznf;csJŒxGifaoG;pkyfvmayonf?
tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifvnf; wzufwGif vuf
eufudkifppfwyf/ ykvdyfwyfrsm;ukd trSDðyaom
jAL±dku&uf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzifh vnf;aumif;/
wzufwGif t"duvnf;jzpf/ EkdifiHa&;enf;vnf;
jzpfaom aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzihf v$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKfy
xm;cJhayonf?
ynma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_wdk@wGif ‚if;wkd@ .
jAL±d ku &uft ky fc sKyf a&;jzifh txufp D; yG m;a&;
vkyfief;}uD;rsm;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;&mxrf;/
r_xrf;rsm;ukd arG;xkwf&ef acwfopfynma&;
ausmif;rsm; zGihfvSpfoif=um;ay;&onf?
odk@&mwGif ukdvdkeDpepfu ynma&;ESihf
,Of aus;r_wd k@uk d ‘abmif ’ cwfxm;ayonf?
‚if;rSm ynma&;ESihf aoG;cGJjcif;ukd toHk;csjcif;/
Oyrm a&S;acwf ynmoifausmif;rsm;ukd t*Fvdyf/
t*Fvdyf - jrefrmESifh wdkif;&if;om;bmom jrefrm
ausmif;rsm;[lI oHk;rsKd;oHk;qifh cGJxm;ayonf?
xdk@tjyif ‚if;wdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;twGuf
vdktyfoavmuf tr_xrf;/ t&mxrf; tenf;
i,fr#ukdom t&nftcsif;a&m t&nftwGufyg
uef@owfI xkwfvkyfcJhayonf? wrsKd;om;vHk;
twdkif;twmESifh us,f0ef;aom ynmwwfOD;a&
rsm;jym;vmrSmukd tvGefpdk;&drf=uayonf? ‚if;wdk@
. cg;ydkufaqmif ynmwwftenf;i,fom tvkd
&Sdayonf?
tvm;wl taxGaxG ,Of aus;r_ e,f
y,fwGifvnf; trsKd;om;tusKd;ESihf udkufnDrnfh
,Ofaus;r_tESpfom&ukd acwfopfavmu"gwf
48
odyH̀enf;jzifh pl;prf;az:xkwf zGH@òzd;ap&rnhftpm;
ydkrdkarS;rSdefapcJhayonf? rsKd;cspfpdwf"gwf wufºuGr_
ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ wdk;wufzGH@òzd;jcif;ukd pdk;&drfwm;qD;
cJh=uayonf? Todk@enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh ArmtrsKd;
om;wkd@rSm udkvdkeDzdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_ukd cHcJh&ayonf?
Trw&m;r_}uD;ukd wGef;vSef&ef t wGuf
TacwfwGif vljzpfvm&aom Armwkdif;&if; om;
rsKd ; cspf w d k @ tay: wm0ef u sa&muf a yonf ?
xkd@a=umihf wkdif;&if;om;trsKd;om;taygif;wdk@onf
ol@acwfESihfol trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;/ ukdvdkeD
qef@usifa&; ta&;awmfyHk}uD;rsm; tqifhqifh qif
E$JcJh=uayonf?
TacwfvGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_rSm 1918
ck E S p f / q&mawmf OD ; OwW r rS 1948 ck E S p f
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;txd tESpf (30) wdkif wkdufcdku f
+yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_ukd &&SdcJh=uayonf?
,if;rSm ArmtrsKd;om;wdk@. ukdvdkeD qef@usif
a&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;. yxracwfyif jzpfayonf?
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ta&;awmf
yHk}uD;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;. udkvdkeDynma&;
pepfukd qef@usifaom trsKd;om;ynma&; v_yf
&Sm;r_wdkufyGJrsm;rSm }uD;rm;awmihfwif;aom ppf
rsufESm}uD;w&yftjzpf wacwf+yD;wacwf jynf
olvlxkESifh vufwGJyg0ifqifEGJcJh=uayonf? ‚if;wdk@
. v_yf&Sm;r_ta&;awmfyHkrSm ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
ordkif;ESihf cGJr&±Hkru wjznf;jznf; aygif;qHkcsDwufcJh
=uayonf?
TonfrSm obm0usayonf? udkvdkeD
qef@usifa&;acwf. apmapmydkif;wGif tvkyform;/
v,form;/ ukefoG,fpD;yGm;&Sm=uaom vlwef;
pm;ygwDrsm; pepfwusr}uD;xGm;rDwGif tvGef
apmpGm rsufpdyGihf=u+yD; vlpkvla0;ESihf pkpk±Hk;±Hk;
&Sd =uaom ausmif; om;rsm;onf trsKd; om;
v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tpOfojzihf wyfOD;u&SdcJhavonf?
trSwf -22
 e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; tpumvjzpfaom
q&mawmf OD; OwWr acgif;aqmifo nfh 0HomEk
ta&;awmfyHk}uD;twGif; jzpfyGm;cJhonfh yxrqHk;
ausmif; om;rsm;. 1920 ck/ wefa qmifr ke f;
vqkwf(10)&ufae@wGif ay:xGufcJhaom udkvdkeD
ynma&;ukd qef@usifonfh ta&;awmfyHkrSm rsm;
pGm}uD;rm;us,fjyef@cJhayonf? ,if;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm
trsKd;om;ynmwwfOD;a&ESif h t&nf tcsif ;yg
csKyfcs,fuef@owfonfh &efukef,leDbmpDwD Oya'
ukd qef@usifaom trsKd;omynma&; v_yf&Sm;r_
omjzpfaomfvnf; xdkacwf. e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;
ppfrsufESm}uD;w&yfvHk;ukd }uD;xGm;xdckduf apcJhay
onf?
xdk@a=umihf ,if;ae@ukd xdkacwf. e,fcsJŒ
qef@usifa&; t}uD;qHk;atmifyGJtjzpf “trsKd;om;
atmifyGJae@”[lI usif;yEkdifcJhayonf? xdkaemuf
wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mpHv,form;
olykefrSwyg; trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tpOfwpdkuf
yg0ifcJh=uayonf?
Ð 1936 - 37 'kwd,t}udrfausmif;om;
ta&;awmfyHk?
Ð 1938 - 39 “ocif”acwftwGif; jzpfcJhaom
1300 jynhfta&;awmfyHk?
Ð 1941 - 42 wGif vufeufukdif e,fcsJŒqef@usif
a&; ta&;awmfyHkwdk@wGif wyfOD;rS yg0ifcJhayonf?
yxrqH k; ArmtrsKd;om;wd k@. awmf vSef a&;
trsKd ; om;vuf e uf u d k i f wyf r awmf wnf
axmif&ef *syefjynfodk@oGm;aom &JabmfoHk;usdyf
rSmyif/ 1300 jynhfta&;awmfyHkrS aygufzGm;vm
aom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh/ ausmif;om;
rSqif;oufvmaom ocifacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=u
onf?
yxr trsKd;om; wyfrawmfjzpfaom
bDtdkifatwyfwGif ausmif;om;ESihf ocifrsm;om
trsm;tm;jzihf OD;pD;cJh=uayonf? zufqpfawmf
trSwf -22
vSefa&;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;onf tm&S
vli,frsm;ESifh wyfrawmfwGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf+yD;
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; qifE$JcJh=uayonf?
ausmif;om;wdk@. trsKd;om;ynma&;wkdufyGJrSm
Tacwf. Ek difiHa &;wdku fyGJ/ trsKd ;om; vGwf
ajrmufa&; vufeufudkifppfyGJtxd wrsKd;om;vHk;
ESihf vufwGJqifE$JcJh=uayonf?
TonfrSm tESpf(30) trsKd;om; vGwf
vyfa&;wkdufyGJ}uD;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; yg0if
cJhoaom ppfrsufESmrsm;jzpfayonf? e,fcsJŒpepf
rSm ol. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ 0g'rsm;a=umihf
ausmif;om;rsm;/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;tm; arG;
xkwfcJh&ayonf? TtxJrS rsKd;cspfvli,frsm;
ay:xGufvm+yD; e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
wGif yg0ifOD;pD;cJh=uayonf? tvm;wl udkvdkeD
vkyfief;udkifief;}uD;rsm; zGihfvSpf&ojzifh e,fcsJŒ
qef@usifaom tzdESdyfcH tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
rsm; ay:vm&ayonf? xkd@twl v,f,majr
pd k u f y sKd ; zuf w G i f wtd k ; wtd r f z l vH k a &;pepf r S
t}uD;tus,f a&mif;ukefxkwfvkyfa&;pepfodk@
ul;ajymif;vmojzihf v,form;rsm; vlwef;pm;
ydkrdkuGJjym;jcm;em;vm+yD; wjznf;jznf;ESihf vlrsm;
pk}uD;rSm qif;&Jaom v,form;rsm;tjzpf }uD;
rm;pGm jzpfay:vmawmh.?
Tvlo Hk; rsKd; rS m(ausmif;om;/ tvk yf
orm;/v,form;) e,fcsJŒwkdufyGJrsm;twGuf rsKd;
cspfol&Jaumif;rsm; jzpfvm&.? xdk@tjyif a&mif;
ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;a=umihf ukef=urf; ukefacsm
ypPnf;rsm; o,f,la&;twGuf vrf;yef;}uD;rsm;
azmufvkyf&.? wzef +idrf0yfydjym;a&;twGuf òrd@
jytkyfcsKyfa&;ukd pepfwus wajy;nDpGm tkyfcsKyf
uGyfuJ&.? ,if;wkd@a=umihf a&S;acwfuuJhodk@
a'otvkduf olwvligwrif;jzpfaeaom Arm
jynfrSm wajy;wnf; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;odk@ OD;
wnfvm&.?
49
 Ttcsuftm;vHk;onf e,fcsJŒpepf qef@ odk@&mwGif r=umrDwGif nDnGwfa&;òyduGJ
usifa&;tiftm;pk}uD;ukd }uD;xGm;jzpfay: apawmh &jcif;/ jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;/ w±kwfjzL ppfa&;
.? odk@jzihf ,ck vGwfvyfa&;ukd tESpf (30) =um tE W&m,fóuH&jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;wGif taESmifht,Suf
wdkufyGJrsm;qifE$J+yD; &&SdcJhayonf? trsKd;rsKd; awG@qHk&jcif;wdk@twGuf u|efawmfwdk@.
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; ta&;awmfyHkrSm ,m,D
(2 ) tm;jzihf }uD;rm;aom twm;tqD;jzihf &ifqdkif
aecJh&ayonf? trsKd;om;trSDtcdkuif;a&;/ pufr_
1948 ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &&Sd+yD;aemuf vufr_EkdifiHawmfopfodk@ csDwufa&;rSm e,fcsJŒwdk@.
u|efawmfwdk@. trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ aESmifóud;ydkufuGefrS ±kef;rxGufEkdifao;ay?
ord kif;pOfwGif tqif hopf wck od k@ a&muf &Sdvmayonf ? xdk@a=umihf trsKd;om;wdk@.vGwfajrmuf
u|ef awmfwd k@ onf e,fc sJŒ aESmifóud; rS a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm pD;yGm;a&; trSDtcdkuif;a&; wdkufyGJ
EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfajrmufcJh&ayonf? odk@&mwGif ukd aemufq Hk;atmifyGJ&onftxd qufvufcsD
pD;yGm;a&;aESmifóud;rS rvGwfajrmufao;ay? &mpk wuf&ayrnf? ,if;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ +idrf;csrf;
ESpfESihf tjrpfpGJxm;aom e,fcsJŒukdvdkeD pD;yGm;a&; a&;/ nDnGwfa&;wkdufyGJrsm; 0ifoGm;=u&ayrnf?
pepfukd rSDcdkae&wkef;jzpfonf? e,fcsJŒorm;rsm; Ttqif hu mvwGif trsKd;om; v_ yf
onf Armjynfukdodrf;ydkuf+yD; EkdifiHa&;t& csKyfcs,f &Sm;r_. 'kwd,wm0efrSm a&S;ya'o&mZfESihf udkvkd
v$rf;rdk;xm;&jcif;rSm ,if;ukdvdkeD pD;yGm;a&;twGuf eDpepfa=umihf tqifhqifh zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_cHae&onfh
yif jzpfayonf? wdkif;jynf. {&mr vlrsm;pkjzpfaom v,form;
tkyfcsKyfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;bufwGif ajcw rsm;ESihf v,f,majrjy\emudk ajz&Sif;ay;&rnf?
vSrf;qkwfcGmay;&aomfvnf; tESpfom&jzpfaom Ek di fi Ha &;t& ud kv dk eD xrf;ydk ;atmuf rS
pD;yGm;a&;bufwGif enf;rsKd;pHkESihf qufvufI csKyf vGwfajrmuf+yD;aemuf yifyef;qif;&JvSaom v,f
udkifxm;&rnfomjzpfayonf? orm;rsm;ukd aESmifóud;rS ajzvGwfay;&rnf? ‚if;
xdka=umihf ArmtrsKd;om;wkd@. trsKd; wdk@. acwfaemufusaeaom v,f,majrpepf
om;v_yf&Sm;r_toGifopfrSm &&Sdxm;+yD;aom EdkifiH a[mif;}uD;udkvnf; pufr_vufr_EkdifiHawmfopf
a&;vGwfvyfr_udk ajcukwf,l+yD; ,if;rS yGifhvif; wnfaxmifr_ESihf twl,SOfwGJI acwfrSD v,f,m
vmaom tcGihfta&;ukdyg toHk;csI pD;yGma&; ajrpepfodk@ awmfvSefajymif;vGJ&efjzpfayonf?
trSDtcdkuif;a&; wdkufyGJukdcsDwuf=u&ayrnf? xd k @ a=umif h Tacwf . vG w f vyf a &;
,if;rSm trsKd;om; vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ 'kwd, v_yf&Sm;r_rSm æ
tqifhjzpfayonf? (u) udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;pepfrS vGwfvyfI
TwkdufyGJrSm 1948 rS ,cktxd (12) trSDtcdkuif;aom udk,fydkifpufr_vufr_ EdkifiHawmf
ESpfr# =umanmif;cJhayonf? yGJOD;xGufwGif trsKd; opf xlaxmif&ef?
om;nDnGwfa&; ròyduGJrD atmifyGJrsm; &&SdcJh=uay (c) acwfaemufus qif;&Jyifyef;vS aom
onf? e,fcsJŒorm;wdk@xHrS tajccHt&if;tESD v,f,mpepfukd ðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef jzpfonf?
vkyfief; }uD;rsm; tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd trsKd;om;ydkif Tonfr Sm ArmtrsKd;om;wdk@. 'kwd
odrf;ydkufEdkifcJh=uayonf? ,tqifh trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_.
50 trSwf -22
0ef±dk; armif;wef}uD;jzpfayonf?
udkvdkeD trSDtcdkuif;a&;twGuf
acwfopfpufr+vufr+ESifh pkdufysKd;a&;
twwfynm&Sifrsm;/ wdk;wuf ayguf
yGm;vmatmifvnf;aumif; ,Ofaus;r+
tqDtESpf az:xkwfa&;wGif vnf;aumif;/
óud;yrf;-ujcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;.
trsKd;om; ynma&;
wm0ef}uD;jzpf&ayrnf?
(3)
T'kwd,tqifhwGif trsKd;om; ynm
a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_wdk@onf rnfonhftcef;wGif
&yfwnfae=u&rnfenf;? ausmif;om;ESihf ynm
&Sifwdk@. trsKd;om;a&; vkyfief;wm0efrsm;um;
rnfodk@ygenf;?
txufwGifaz: jycJhaom trsKd;om; trSD
tcdkuif;a&;/ pufr_vufr_ EkdifiHwnfaxmifa&;ESihf
acwfrSDajr,mðyjyifa&;wdk@ukd taxmuftul ðyrnfh
ynma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_pepfrsm;ukd zefwD;azmf
xkwf&ayrnf? wenf;tm;jzifh udkvkdeDacwf.
tusKd;ukd t"dua&Sα_cJhaom ynma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_
ta[mif;wdk@ukd udk,fykdifvGwfvyfaomacwfESihf
trSwf -22
av#mfnD+yD; trSDtcdkuif;aom pD;yGm;a&;pepfESihf
ajr,mðyjyifa&;pepfukd xlaxmif&ef a&S;±_aom
ynma&;pepf/ ,Ofaus;r_pepf wnfaxmif &ayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh TacwftrsKd;om; trSDtckd
uif; a&; óud ;yrf; tm;xkw fae&aom wd ku fy GJ
umvwGif trsKd;om;ynma&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_wdk@.
tcef;u¾opfrSm æ
(u) vG w f v yf I trS D t cd k u if ; aom
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf pufr_vufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm; wdk;
wufwnfaxmifoGm;&ef wwfu|rf;aom trsKd;
rsKd;aom twwfynm&Sifrsm;pGm &&Sdvmatmif
óud;yrf;&ayrnf?
(c) acwfESihfav#mfnDpGmaom ajr,m
awmfvSefa&;twGuf tvm;wl acwfrSDaom pdkuf
ysKd;a&; twwfynm&Sifrsm; &&Sd&ef óud;pm;&ayrnf?
(*) pmayord ki f ;,Of aus;r_ e,f y,f
w&yfvHk;wGifvnf; udkvkdeD,Ofaus;r_atmufwGif
arS ; rSd e f aeaom trsKd ;om; pmay,Ofa us;r_
a[mif;wGif;rS wrsKd;om;vHk; tusKd;ðyaprnfh ,Of
aus;r_rsm;ukd avmu"gwfodyH̀enf;jzihf ppfaq;
wdk;csJŒI jynfolwdk@. tusKd;ukdðyap&rnf? udkvdkeD
trSDtckd uif;a&;wkdufyGJukd tusKd;ðyap&rnf?
jynfolwdk@b0 wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&; óud;yrf;r_
rsm;ukd tusKd;ðyap&ayrnf? jynfoltcsif;csif;/
wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; cspf=unfa&;/ 'Drdkua&pD
a&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk@ukd tusKd;ðyap&ayrnf? EkdifiH
jcm;rS &&Sdaom pmay,Ofaus;r_rsm;udkvnf; rdrd
trsKd;om; tusKd;&Sdrnfh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukd rdrdwdk@
ESihf qDav#mfatmif zefwD;ðyjyif odrf;oGif;tm;jznhf
oGm;&ayrnf?
odk@jzihf udkvdkeDtrSDtckduif;a&; vGwf
ajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;ukd tbufbufrS 0dkif;
0ef;tusKd;ðy&m a&mufayrnf? vufawG@ trsKd;
om;tusKd;pD;yGm;ESihf udkufnD&ma&mufayrnf?
Tonfwkd@rSm vuf&Sdacwf. ynma&; ,Ofaus;
51
r_e,fy,fwGif aqmif&Guf=u&rnfh wm0efrsm; acwfrDaom ynm&Sifrsm;xkwfvkyfa&;ukd twm;
jzpfayonf? tqD;jzpfaeonf/ a&SŒudk tb,fr# csDwuf v_yf
T,Ofaus;r_wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif &Sm;&OD;rnfwdk@ukd qef;ppf=u&ayrnf? ,if;rS awG@
=u&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf t"dutiftm;pk óuH &ifq dkif ae=u&aom twm;tqD ; tuef@
}uD;jzpfayonf? udkvdkeD trSDtcdkuif;a&;twGuf towfwdk@ukd wjznf;jznf; ajz&Sif;csDwufoGm;=u
acwfopfpufr_vufr_ESifh pkdufysKd;a&; twwf &ayrnf?
ynm&Sifrsm;/ wdk;wuf aygufyGm;vmatmif ‚if; Tae&mwGif rSm;,Gif;aoGzDaom t,l
,Ofaus;r_ tqDtESpfaz:xkwfa&;wGif vnf; tqrsm;ukdvnf; owdðy&ayrnf? ‚if;rSm ,ck
aumif;/ óud;yrf;=ujcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;. ynma&;pepfonf rSefuefaompepfr[kwfao;/
trsKd;om;ynma&; 0mm0ef}uD;jzpf&ayrnf? xdk@a=umihf tusKd;r&Sd xdxda&mufa&muf rwwf
,if;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm vG,fulacsmarmpGm jzihf ajrmuf[k,lq+yD; &or#tcGifhta&;ukd trsKd;om;
ay:vmrnf r [k w fa y? txuf wG i f azmfj ycJ h ynma&;twGuf óud;pm;oihfoavmuf róud;pm;
onftwkdif; (12) ESpf=umcJh+yDjzpfaom trsKd;om; bJ ayghayghqq oif=um;ae=uv#if vnf;aumif;/
pD;yGm;a&; trSDtcdkuif;a&; wdkufyGJuJhodk@ ynma&; odk@r[kwf vHk;0roif=um;bJae=uv#if vnf;
ESihf ,Ofaus;r_e,fy,fwGifvnf; udkvdkeD0g'. t aumif;/ wzef wbufwGif ,ckynma&;onf
oGiftrsKd;rsKd;ESihf taESmift,Suf twm;tqD; ajymp&mr&Sd jynfhpHk+yD;/ acwfESihfav#mfnDonf[k
tueftowfrsm;udk &ifqdkif=u&ayonf? ,lq+yD; usOf;ajrmif;aom “abmif”twGif;Y a&mifh
,if;ukd ,cktxd ynma&; “rl” wdwd &Jae=uv#ifvnf;aumif; ,if;tpGef; ESpfbuf
ususr&Sdao;bJ [dk,drf;'D,drf;jzpfaeaom ynm pvHk;wGif wu,fhacwfopfxlaxmifa&;wGif t
a&;pepf ukd jrif awG @&jcif;jzih f xif &Sm;od jrifEdkifayonf? wwfynm ,Of aus;r_e ,fy,fwG if rnfonhf
xdk@a=umihf ausmif;om;rsm;. trsKd;om; wm0efrS ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif=urnf r[kwf
ynma&;v_ y f & S m ;r_ r Sm txuf y g(3) csuf u d k ay? odk@jzihf EdkifiHopfwnfaxmifa&;/ trSDtckduif;
ydwfqdk@wm;qD;aeaom taESmuft,Sufrsm;ukd a&; wdkufyGJ}uD;udk rsm;pGm aES;auG;av;vHapay
ausmfjzwfEkdif&ef vHk;yrf;&ayrnf? TonfrSm vdrfhrnf? twm;tqD;jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf?
ausmif;om;wdk@. trsKd;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpf xdk@a=umihf wzufwGif wdk;wuf&&Sdor#
ayonf? tcGihfta&;“abmif”twGif;Y tpGrf;ukef óud;pm;
jynfolwdk@. trsKd;om;a&; vGwfajrmuf oif,l=u&ayrnf? wzufwGif rjynfhpHkao;aom
a&; trSDtckduif;a&;wdkufyGJESihf ausmif;om;wdk@. trsKd;om;ynma&;. twm;tqD; tuef@towf
udkvdkeDynma&;pepf qef@usifaom trsKd;om; wdk@ukdvnf; tqifhqifh vHk;yrf;ajz&Sif; xdk;azmuf
ynma&;v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@onf wrsKd;om;vHk; v_yf&Sm; oGm;&ayrnf?
r_ESihf ,SOfwGJI aeayvdrfhrnf? wOD;ukdwOD; tusKd; Tae&mwGi f u|ef awmfw d k@ udk ,f a wG @
ðyayvdrfhrnf? tenf;i,fukd wifjyvkdayonf? u|efawmfwdk@on f
xdk@a=umifh ausmif;om;wm0efukd twd e,fcsJŒpepftm; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqif&mY *syf e
tus=unhfv#if vuf&Sdynma&;pepfonf rnfr# rsm;wGif ppftwwfynm oif,l&&SdpOftcgu
trSDtcdkuif;aom ynma&;pepfjzpfonf/ rnfr# *syefwdk@uu|efawmfwdk@tm;wu,fhppftwwfudk
52 trSwf -22
oifay;onfr[kwfay? wu,f av;av;eufeuf
wwfajrmufrSmukd rvdk vm;ay? rawmfwq tusKd;
jcif; ,m,Dwdkufqdkifrd+yD; rvGJomI/ omrefppf
tajccHynmavmufom oifay;cJhayonf? odk@&m
wGif u|efawmfwkd@onf ,if;a=umihf pdwfysuf
tm;i,fjcif;r&SdcJhyg? &or#ynmukd usKd;usKd; ukwf
ukwfoif=uonf? wdk;wufzefwD;,l.? aemuf
qufvuf+yD; tcsdef&or# tcGihfóuHor# pmtkyf
rsm;rSvnf;aumif;/ awG;ac: }uHqjcif;jzihf vnf;
aumif; avhvm=uonf? ,if;aemuf ppfajrjyifY
&efolESihf &ifqdkifwdkufcdkuf=u&onf? uHaumif;
axmufrI raoraysmufbJ ,if;rS wefbdk;}uD;
aom udk,fawG@ppfA[kokwrsm;ukd wdk;wuf&&Sd
vmjyefonf?
Todk@jzihf pmawG@udk,fawG@ESihf awG;awm
a0zefwDxGifjcif;wdk@ukd wvSnfhpD/ a&&Snfóud;yrf;
avhvmr_tm;jzihf ppf. twwfynm wdk;wuf
wwfajrmufvm+yD; e,fcsJŒ&efolrsm;ukd u|efawmf
wdk@onf ppfyGJrsm;wGif atmifEdkifcJhayonf? ppf
twwfynmukd vufawG@atmifjrifpGm toHk;cs
EdkifcJhayonf? Tenf;jzihf vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;
i,fu (6) vufr "g;udkyif ukdifaqmifcGifhr&cJhaom
ArmtrsKd;om;wdk@onf vuf&Sdwyfrawmfudk wnf
axmifzGJ@pnf;EkdifcJhayonf? owdòy&rnfrSm u|ef
awmfwdk@onf vHk;0trSDtcdkuif;aom EdkifiHr[kwf
ao;/ xdk@a=umifh trSDtckduif;I vGwfvyfaom
EdkifiH}uD;rsm;vdk acsmarmajyjypfvdrfhrnfr[kwfay?
t&m&m u|ef awmfw d k@ vufj zih f prf; w0g;0g;
wDxGif zefwD;&ayrnf?
xdk @a=umih f r&ao;onf uk d &atmif
wzuf r S óud ; yrf ; +yD ; tjcm;wzuf r S &or#
“abmif”twGif; trsKd;om;ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;
wm0efwdk@ukd ausyGefatmif aqmif&Guf=u&ayrnf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf omrefvlyk*~dKvfrsm;
r[kwf=uyg? vuf&Sde,fcsJŒacwf}uD;ukd “ajymif;vJ”
trSwf -22
ypf&rnfholrsm; jzpfayonf? aemifvlwdk@twGuf
trSDtcdkuif;I 0ajymom,maom EdkifiHopfukd xl
axmif&ayrnf? xdk@a=umihf vGwfvyfI acwfrSD+yD;
EdkifiHrS omreftrsKd;om;wdk@xuf tepfemcH+yD;
óud;pm;&ayrnf? udk,fykdif wDxGifzefwD;r_rsm;ukd
rsm;pGmðyvkyf&ayrnf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf TacwfwGif vljzpf
&jcif;onf *k%f,lbG,fjzpfayonf? TacwfrSm
tvGef&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom udkvdkeDpepf. zd
ESdyfr_ukd cHae&aom acwfjzpfayonf? Todk@
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vlwdk@tm; zdESdyfaoG;pkwf ae
aom e,fcsJŒpepfukd u|efawmfwdk@vufjzihf wdkuf
ckdufacsr_ef;aeayonf? TaESmifóud;ukd u|efawmf
wdk@vufjzihf jzwfawmufv#ufaeayonf?
xdk@jyif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm udkvdk eDpepf.
&ufpufpGmaoG;pkyfr_a=umihf acwfaemufus+yD;
yifyrf;qif;&JvSaom trsKd;om;wdk@. b0qdk;udk
vnf; u|efawmfwdk@vufjzihfyif jr‡ihfwif&ayrnf?
acwfopf}uD;ukd xlaxmif&ayrnf? Twm0ef
rsm;onf vlb0twGuf rGefjrwfaom wm0ef
rsm;jzpfI u|efawmfwdk@ *k%f,lEkdifayrnf? ,if;on f
u|efawmfwdk@acwf. *k%ft&Sdq Hk;aom wm0ef
jzpfayonf?
xdka=umihf TuJhodk@ trsKd;om; pD;yGm; a&;
trSDtcdkuif;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_umvwGif ausmif;
om;rsm;taeESihf wzufrS &&Sdor#aom ynm
a&;tcG i hf t a&;rsm;uk d trsKd ;om; pD; yGm ;a&;
xlaxmifr_twGuf tuef@towf twm;tqD;
xJrSmyif xdk;xGif;wDxGif zefwD;aompdwf"gwfjzihf
ZGJowWd}uD;rm;pGm oif,l&ayrnf?
wzuf w G i f v nf ; rjynh f 0 ao;aom
odk@r[kwf twm;tqD;jzpfaeaom trsKd;om;
ynma&;pepfukd wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef ausmif;
om;rsm;onf q&mrdbrsm; ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m
pmayacgif;aqmif tzGJ@ tpnf; wdk@ ESihf jynfol
53
trsm; vufwGJI wdk;wufzHG@òzd;vmatmif vkH;yrf;
tm;xkwf=u&ayrnf?
TonfrSm vuf&Sdacwf. ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh trsKd;om;a&;jy\emudk u|efawmfjrif
or# wifjy&jcif;jzpfayonf?
(4)
xdk@tjyif u|efawmf. tawG@tóuH
tcsKdŒrS ausmif;om;rsm; vli,frsm;.b0 wdk;wuf
aumif ; rG e f a &;twG u f wd k u f w G e f ; t}uH a y;
vdkaom tcsufrsm;ukd wifjyvdkygonf?
‚if;rSm u|efawmfwdk@acwfonf jyif;xef
aom e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; wkdufyGJ0if+yD;/ wkdif;opf
jynf opf wnfaqmuf=u&rnfholrsm;jzpf&m omref
vlwdk@ESihf rwlEdkifay? rsm;pGmaphaphpyfpyf óud;pm;
tm;xkwf&ayrnf?
xd k@ a=umihf yxrtm;jzihf “tcsd ef ”udk
aphpyfu|rf;usifpGm toHk;cs&ayrnf? tcsdefròzef;
=u&efESihf tcsdef.wefbdk;ukd av;av;eufeuf
oabmayguf=u+yD; tv[morukefvGefapbJ
pepfwus tusKd;&SdpGm tpOft+rJowd&SdpGm toHk;
csoGm;&ef jzpfayonf?
'kw d, rS m ud k, fu m, usef ;rmzGH @òzd ;
oefpGrf;a&;onf ta&;}uD;ayonf? “^m%”ESihf
“um,”zGHòzd;a&;rSm 'GefwGJoGm;&ayrnf? EkysKd
oefpGrf;aom vli,fb0rSpwif+yD; um,Av wdk;
54
wufzGH@òzd;a&;wdk@ukd tpOfwpdkuf vkyfief;wm0ef
w&yftaeESihf xdef;odrf;ðyvkyfoGm;&ayrnf?
vl@b0 0efxkwf0efydk;rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/
trsKd;om;a&;wm0efrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/usef;rm
oef pGrf;rS omausyGefEdk if=uayrnf ?aysmf&GifEdk if=uayrnf ?
wwd,rSm rdrdtawG;tac: t,ltq
wdk@ukd ody`Henf;uspGm awG;ac:ar#mfjrifwwf&ef owd
ESihf óud;pm;tm;xkwf =u&ayrnf? Arm trsKd;om;
wd k@rSm }uD;rm;aom vufawG@vk yfief; ud kifief;}uD ;rsm;
pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;/ ppfwyf}uD;rsm; r&SdcJhay? ,ck
txd wOD;csif; ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfaom pD;yGm;a&;
pepf tao;pm;jzpfaom tvGefacwfaemufus
aomu&d,mjzihf wOD;csif; v,f vkyfaompepf rsm;
omjzpf&um; eufeJodrfarG@ av;eufus,f0ef;aom
trsm;ESifh nDnGwfpkaygif; vkyfudkif&aom tawG@
tóuHrsm; r&Sd=uay?
xdk@jyif ynma&;rSmvnf; ukdvdkeD ynm
a&;pepfatmufwGif }uD;jyif;vmcJh&ojzifh ‚if;
tawG;tac: t,ltwdk@rSm jy\emw&yfudk csOf;
uyf&mwGif vufawG@odyH̀enf;uspGm csOf;uyfEdkifr_
xuf pdwftm;xufoef&mbufodk@ aoGzDvkduf
rSm;rdchJ=uayonf? xdk@a=umihf jy\em. vdk&if;
tESpfom&rsm;ukd v#ifjrifpGm/ rSefuefpGm rajz&Sif;
Edkif=ubJ taumuftauG@/ trSm;t,Gif;rsm;jzihf
r=umc% 0Jvnfaewwfayonf?
TonfrSm EdkifiH. trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;ukd rsm;pGm aESmihfaES;}uhH=umapjcif;/ trsKd;om;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ukd xdcdkufapjcif;ESifh wdkif;jynf
wdk;wufzGH@òzd;a&;vrf;a=umif;ukd twm;tqD;
taESmuft,Suf jzpfapayonf?
xdk@a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf trsKd;
om;ynma&; óud;yrf;r_wGif tcsdef/ usef;rma&;ESifh
obm0wWuspGm awG;ac:wwfr_wdk@ukdyg wdk;wuf
zGH@òzd;atmif rdrdudk,fukd ðyjyifavhusifh=u&efvnf;
wdkufwGef;a&;om;&ayonf? ÒÒ Ò
trSwf -22
 Ad k vf cs K yf a u s mf a Z m a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

RFA OD;odef;xkdufOD;ESifh tifwmAsL;

yxrydkif;
ar;? ? AkdvfcsKyfcifAsm; æ vuf&SdjrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ rv$wf&a&;bJ pOf;pm; vkyfaqmifae=uwm jzpfyg
EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_rSm wyfrawmfu &,lxm;yg w,f? jynfoltwGuf bmrS rpOf;pm;rawG;ygbl;?
w,f? aemif tem*wfrSmvnf; EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmif tajccHudku jynfol@tusdK;tay: tajccH pOf;pm;
r_udk &,lzkd@ jyifqifaewm awG@&ygw,f? 'Dtay: wm r[kwfygbl;?
AkdvfcsKyf&JΠoabmxm; odyg&ap? ar;? ? wcgwav jrefrmppfom;awG&JΠvl@tcGifh
ajz? ? 'Dpum;awG[m pum;t& em;0ifcsdK ta&; csdK;azmufr_owif;awG r=umc% usaemfwkd@
atmif ajymxm;a&;xm;wJh pum;awGyg? tESpf =um;ae&ygw,f? Oyrm - &S rf;trsdK; orD;av;awGudk
om&t& csKyf=unfh&if ppftm%m&Sifpepfyg? usaemf &meJ@csD rw&m;ðyusifhw,fqdkwJh owif;rsdK;awG/
[m wdkif;jynfudk 'Davmufqif;&JrGJaw c|wfòcHus wkdif;&if;om;e,fajrawGrSm tEkdifusifh Adkvfusr_/
atmif vkyfaqmifcJhwJh 'D±GHrkef;zG,f ppftm%m&Sif rD;±d_Œvlowfw,fqkdwJh owif;awGayghaemf? wyfr
pepfqdk;}uD;ukd enf;o¾efrsdK;pHkeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifcJholyg? awmfudk pwifzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmif&mrSm yg0ifcJhwJh
'Dpepf rusrqHk;rcsif; usaemf touf &Sifaeoa&GΠacgif;aqmif wa,muf taeeJ@ 'D vkd owif;awG =um;
qufwkdufoGm;tHk;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyftaeeJ@ b,fvkdcHpm;rdygovJ?
usaemfhoabmxm; oD;jcm;ajymp&m rvkdyg? ajz? ? usaemf'Dowif;awG =um;&cgpu ,Hk
ar;? ? 'Dae@jrefrmjynf&JΠvuf&Sdwyfrawmf awmifr,Hkrdygbl;? 'gayr,fh 'gawG[mwu,fyJ
[m [kdwkef;u AdkvfcsKyfwdk@zGJ@pnf;wJh wyfrawmf&JΠ&SdcJhw,fqkdwm twdtus od&+yD;wJhaemufrSm
&nfrSef;csufawGudk taumiftxnfazmfEkdif+yDvkd@ awmh tawmfpdwfraumif;0rf;enf; jzpf&ygw,f?
jrifygovm;? [kdwkef;u wyfrawmfeJ@ 'Dae@ wyfr “igwkd@wnfaxmifcJhwJh rsdK;cspfjynfcspf wyfrawmf
awmft=um; b,fvkduGJvGJcsufawG &SdygovJ? }uD;[m 'Davmuf qdk;&Gm;edrfhusoGm;&+yDvm;”
ajz? ? usaemfwkd@ wyfrawmfudkwnfaxmif qkd+yD;awmhvnf; 0rf;enf;,lusHK;r&jzpfrdygw,f?
cJhpOfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk&,l+yD; wkdif;jynf om ESajrmvnf;ESajrmrdygw,f? ukd,fh[m udk,fvnf;
,m0ajymatmif xlaxmifay;zdk@ jzpfygw,f? jynf igwm0efrausao;bl;qkd+yD; oabmxm; vmyg
olawG csrf;omapcsifvkd@ wnfaxmifcJhwmyg? us w,f? 'gwyf}uD;udk jynfolawGbuf jyef&yfwnf
aemfwkd@[m vGwfvyfa&;awmh &,lay;EdkifcJhayr,fh vmwJ h wyf }uD; jzpfa tmif vk yf &r,fh 0wW& m;
pD;yGm;a&;t& vGwfvyfatmif rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhyg usaemfwkd@rSm&Sdaeygw,f?
bl;?'ghtjyif usaemfwkd @&JŒ&nf&G,fcsufwckvnf;jzpf wJh ar;? ? vuf&Sd etz0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cif
wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfol@tusdK;udk vkdvm;wJh/ EkdifiHawmf !Gef@&JΠEkdifiHa&;vrf ;!Gef tpDtpOfawGrSm trsdK;om;
udk umuG ,fwJ h/ jynfol@qENeJ@tnD usifh }uH aexk difwJh/nDvmcHjyefp+yD;rS zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;
EkdifiHa&;rSm 0ifrpGufwJh/ wyfrawmf ay:aygufa&; qGJ r,f/ aemufa&G;aumufyGJusif;yr,fqdkwmaw Gt
[mvnf; rjzpfajrmufcJhygbl;? ay:rS ma&mAk dvfcsKyftaeeJ @oabmxm;ay;Ek d ifrvm;Asm?
tckvuf&Sd etzppfwyf[m wkdif;jynfeJ@ ajz? ? etz&JŒ tajccHpdwf"mwfudku ±kd;om;
jynfolvlxk bmjzpfaeae rdrdwkd@tm%mvuf r_r&Sdygbl;?

trSwf -22 55
Ð wkdif ;jynfeJ@ jynfola wGbmjzpf jzpf olw kd@
tm%mqufvufudkifpGJa&;bJ pOf;pm;aewmyg?
Ð wk d i f ; jynf r S m 1990 ck E S p f a&G ; aumuf y G J
&v'ft&ajym&&if w&m;0if ajyma&;qkdcGifh &Sdol
[m N.L.D yg? etz[m N.L.D eJ@aqG;aEG;
&if tm%mcGJa0a&;udk aqG;aEG;&rSmyg? 'gawG
cGJa0ray;Ekdifvkd@/ raqG;aEG;csifvkd@ [dka&Smif'Da&Smif
vkyfaewmom jzpfygw,f?
Ð jzpf&rSmu N.L.D eJ@ aphpyf/ trsdK;om;
nD!Gwfa&;udkwnfaqmuf/ 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH xl
axmifa&;wkd@ygyJ?
Ð 'DvkdrvkyfbJ olwkd@&JŒ vrf;jyajryHk}uD;udk twif;
qufvkyfr,fqdk&if atmifjrifp&mvrf;vnf;r&Sdbl;?
wkdif;jynftwGufvnf; aumif;vmp&m r&Sdygbl;?
ar;? ? tckjrefrmppftpkd;&u ESpfaygif;rsm; pGm
vufeufudkifwdkufcJhwJh wkdif;&if;om; tzGJ@tpnf;
tcsdK@eJ@ typftcwf &yfpJxm;ygw,f? 'Dvdk typf
tcwf &yfqJa&;awG[m jrefrmjynf jynfwGif;ppf
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vkd@ AdkvfcsKyftaeeJ@ jrifrdygovm;?
ajz? ? typftcwf &yfpJa&;[m wzufeJ@wzuf
vufeufpGJudkif wkdufcdkufaewmeJ@pm&if aumif;w
twGuf usaemfóudqdkygw,f? 'gayr,fh typftcwf
&yfpJvkduf±HkeJ@ ESpfq,fpkcsDcJhwJh jy\emrsm;[m ajy
vnfoGm;wm r[kwfygbl;? 'gawGudk wqifhcsif;
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twGuf tmrcHcsuf &SdEkdifrSmyg? typftcwf &yfpJ
vkduf±Hkuav;eJ@awmh bmrS tmrcHcsuf ray;Ekdif
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om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@twl
56
jrefrmhwyfawmfudk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhwJh acgif;
aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfw,f? 'Dae@ wyfrawmfom;
awGudk b,fvkdtrSmpum;rsm; ajymcsifygovJ?
ajz? ? usaemfukd,fwkdif yg0ifwnfaqmufcJh wJh
jrefrmhwyfrawmf[m rsdK ;cspfjynfcspf jynfol@
tcspfawmf wyfrawmfb0uae jynfolawGudk
ESdyfpufowfjzwf/ zdESdyfwJh jynfol@tcsOfzwf a=u;
pm;wyf}uD; jzpfoGm;&wmudkawmh usaemftvGefyJ
emusnf;rdygw,f?
wk dif ;jynfud k vGwfv yfa &;&+yD; aemuf
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ppfvnf; jzpfrSmr[kwfygbl;?
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tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; Akdvfae0if;trSL;ðywJh qdk&S,f
vpfwyfrSL;rsm;u wyfudk wvufudkif a=u;pm;
wyftjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif
pepfudk xlaxmif+yD; wyfudkvnf; ppftm%m&Sif
pepf umuG,fa&;wyf jzpfapcJhygw,f?
wyfrawmfom;rsm; odzkd@u ppftm%m
&Sifpepf[m jynfolvlxktwGuf 'kuQawG o,f
Jh aqmifvm,Hkomru wyfrawmfom; trsm;pk
tay:rSmvn;f 'kuQawG usa&mufapw,fqkdwm
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csrf;omaewmyg? 'gawmif woufvHk; cHpm;&wm
r[k wf ygbl ;? Adk vf ae0if; tjzpfu dk yJ =unfh yg?
b,fvkd aooGm;&ovJ?
'ga=umifh tcktcsdefrSm jynfolvlxkeJ@
wlwlvufwGJ+yD; 'Drkdua&pD &&Sda&;wkdufyGJxJ yl;
aygif ;yg0ifv m=uyg? wyf rawmfu dkv nf; 'Dr kd
ua&pDwyfrawmf? jynfolawGudk umuG,fay;wJh
wyfrawmf vG wfv yfa &;ukd xd ef; odr f;ay;wJh
wyfrawmftjzpf ðyjyif=u&atmifyg?
Ò Ò Ò
trSwf -22
 aumufE+wfcsufrsm;
vl@avmurSm vlom;wkd@twGuf &ifqkdifae&wJh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ jy\em}uD; (2) &yf&Sdygw,f?
(u) yxruawmh awmawmifa&ajr&moDOwk pwJhoabmw&m;}uD;rsm;u vlom;wkd @&JΠom,m
wkd;wufr_udk rsm;pGmaomae&mrsm;rSm twm;tqD; tuef@towf csKyfjc,fr_rsm;eJ@ ydwfqdk@aew,f?
(c) 'kwd,uawmh vlom;wkd@[m ,ckvkd tcsKdŒtcsdKŒaom obm0w&m;&JŒ tcsKyftcs,f tuef@
towfukd cHae&±kHru vlom;tcsif;csif; zdESdyfcs,fvS,f aoG;pkyfjcif;qdkwJh 'kuQ}uD;ukdvnf; cHae&w,f?
(*) vl@orkdif;rSm vltaygif;wdk@[m olwkd@acwfeJ@olwkd@ awG@óuH&wJh 'DvkdzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk
awmufav#muf wGef;vSefajz&Sif;cJh=u&w,f? vlwkd@[m obm0avmu}uD;u csKyfcs,fxm;wJh tcsdK@
tcsdKŒaom Oya'vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk &SmazG+yD; obm0t±kdif;udk t,Ofjzpfatmif vlwkd@&JŒtusdK;pD;yGm; jzpf
atmif ol@acwfeJ@ol wkd;wufwDxGifvkyf}uHcJh&w,f? tusdK;ðycJh&w,f? 'ga=umifh }uD;rm;wJh a&m*g
qdk;}uD;awGudk umuG,fcJh=u&w,f? tzdk;wefvSwJ@ a&aEG;aiG@ v#yfppf"mwftm; ponfwkd@udk wDxGif
cJh=u&w,f? ol@acwfeJ@ol vlvlcsif; zdESdyfaoG;pkyfr_rsm;udkvnf; awmfvSefajz&Sif;cJh&w,f? wcgwkef;u
vlom;wkd@tay: &ufpufpGm zdESdyfjc,fvS,fcJhwJh aus;u|efacwf}uD;udkvnf;aumif;/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZf
{u&mZfacwfq dk;}uD;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; awmfvSefajymif;vJcJh=u&w,f? 'Dvdkacwf=uyf acwfqdk;
}uD;rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;+yD; om,m0ajymwJhacwfrsm;udk wnfaqmufcJh=u&w,f?

,ck u|efawmfwkd@acwfrSm b,fjy\emawG &ifqdkifae&w,fqdkwmudk =unfh&r,f? u|efawmf

wkd@acwf[m vlvlcsif; zdESdyfcs,fvS,fwJh aemufqHk;uyfqkd;}uD;wckudk awG@óuH&ifqkdifae&ayw,f? 'D
raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;[m u|efawmfwkd@ urBmhvlom;rsm;udk pm;òrdzdESdyfcJhwm ESpfaygif;=um&SnfcJhyg+yD?
&ufpufpGm cs,fvS,faoG;pkyfcJhygw,f? qif;&JrGJawapcJhygw,f? 'gwifru vlom;taygif;udk ra&rwGf u
EkdifwJh ppfyGJrsm;udkvnf; jzpfapcJhygw,f? uyfoHk;yg;ukd qkdufapcJhygw,f? tvGef,Ofaus;om,mwJh
vlbHktpm; qif;&J'kuQtwdjynfhwJh avmui&JbHk}uD;/ +iD;aiG@pufqkyfzG,f avmu}uD;ukd zefwD;apcJhygw,f?
'D[m[m tjcm;r[kwfygbl;? u|efawmfwkd@acwf vlom;wkd@&JŒ &efolawmf}uD;jzpfwJh e,fcsJŒpepf}uD;ygyJ?

AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif pwifOD;aqmifcJhwJh vuf&SdzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHpnf;rsOf; Oya'xJrSm v,fajrESifh

pD;yGm;a&;oabmrsm;[m qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk OD;wnfwmudk awG@&ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf&JΠqkd&ifwdkADvm rdeeJf@c@ Gef;
pDrHudef;wcsdK@rSm 'DoabmawG ygaew,f? apmapmykdif; rdef@cGef;w&yfrSmawmh awmfawmf&Sif;&Sif; ajym
xm;ygw,f?

trSwf -22 57
 “Tt&if;&Sif0g'onf urBmay: Y jyef@aeor#umvywfvHk;/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf Tt&if;&Sf i
0g' yaysmuf+yD;v#if jA[Rpkd&fw&m;udk tajcðyaom qdk&S,fvpfZifac: vltrsm;aumif;pm;a&;0g' vlxk
aumif;pm;0g' rjyef@yGm;rpnf;um;oI umvywfvHk; u|Ekfyfwkd@urBmajrwGif taxGaxGaom uyf}uD;
rsm; qdkufa&mufvsufyif &Sd=uayvdrfhOD;rnf”vkd@ qkdygw,f? 'gawGa=umifh AdkvfcsKyf&J@ tem*wf pD;yGm;a&;
0g'[m qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk OD;wnfa=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f?

rsdK;cspfpdwfESifh rdrd*k%foduQmudk ±dkaor_/ 'DESpfcsuf[m um,a&m/ ESvHk;&nfowWdyg wkd;yGm;apw,f?

jrifhjrwfwJh pdwfxm;vnf; jzpfapw,f? 'DESpfcsufrSm rsdK;cspfpdwf[m arG;uwnf;uygvmwJh pdwf
"mwfjzpfw,f? 'Dpdwfomr&Sd&if TurBm[m Tr# pnfyifom,mrSm r[kwfbl;? urBmhorkdif;rSm tm;}uD;
ol[m tm;enf;oludk t+rJzdESdyf !‡Of;qJcJhwmyJ? tm;enf;ol vlrsdK;i,fawG wdrfaumaysmufysuf
roGm;wmuawmh }uD;us,fvSwJh vlwkd @&JŒZmwdyg? rsdK;cspfpdwf "mwfa=umifh jzpfw,f? 'DpdwfESifh wavsmuf ; vHk
ckcHumuG,fcJhvkd@ ,ckurBm}uD; 'Dtajca&mufaewmyJ? tm;}uD;ol[m tm;enf;oludk xifovkd rapmf
um;&Jwm[m rsdK;cspfpdwfa=umifhyJ? rsdK;cspfpdwf[m ab;tE W&m,frS &J&ifhjcif;ukdvnf; jzpfapw,f? usa&muf
vmwJh wm0efrSvnf; &J&ifhapw,f? u|efawmfh t,ltqt& um,owWda&m/ ESvHk;&nfowWda&m
tusdK;ðy&mr¾dKif[m rsdK;cspfpdwfvkd@ ,lqw,f? 'gha=umifh pdwf"mwf}uHŒckdif owWdjynfhòzd;zkd@enf;vrf;rSm
t}uD;qHk;tcsuf[m rsdK;cspfpdwfarG;jrLzkd@ ta&;}uD;vkd@ ,lqw,f?

aemuf u|efawmfajymvdkwJh tcsufwcsufuawmh u|efawmfwkd@&JabmfawGxJrSm EkdifiHa&;rkef;wDh ;wJ

pdwf"mwf tawmfrsm;rsm; &SdaewmeJ@ ywfoufvdk@jzpfygw,f? 'g[m tE W&m,fwrsdK;yifjzpfEkdifwJh udpfv Pjzpkd@
,ckvkd óuHóudufwJhtcg 'Dtcsufukdvnf; av;eufpGm &Jabmfwkd@udk wifjyvkdygw,f?
EkdifiHa&;qkdwm u|efawmfwkd@rkef;onfjzpfap/ cspfonfjzpfap ae@pOfóuHawG@ae&wJh jy\emjzpf
ygw,f? xm0pOf wnf&SdaewJh jy\emvnf; jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;qdkwm vlwkd@&JŒpm;0wfaea&; tm;vHk;
jzpfygw,f? vl@b0[m EkdifiHa&;eJ@ uif;vkd@rjzpfEkdifyg? vl - vlcsif; zdESdyfjcif;pvmuwnf;u EkdifiHa&;[m
a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm bk&if{u&mZfacwfrsm; uwnf;u &Sdvm=uwmyJ?
EkdifiHa&;udkcGJv#if (2) rsdK;bJ&SdrSmbJ? zdESdyfwJhEkdifiHa&;eJ@ zdESdyfjcif;udkwGef;vSefwJh EkdiHafi&;jzpfygw,f?
'D (2) rsdK;vHk;[m xm0pOf wnf&SdcJh=uwmbJ? a&SŒrSmvnf; &SdaeOD;rSmbJ? jynfolw&yfvHk; rSefuefwJh
EkdifiHa&;udkem;vnf+yD; rpnf;±Hk;rdor# zdESdyfwJh EkdifiHa&;[m tiftm;}uD;pGm &SdaeOD;rSmbJ? zdESdyfo l&Sd&if
zdESdyfcH&olrsm;&JŒ EkdifiHa&;[mvnf; &SdaeOD;rSmbJ? urBmrSm e,fcsJŒpepf}uD;&Sdaeawmh 'Drw&m; zdESdyf
csKyfcs,fr_udk wGef;vSefzkd@ EkdifiHa&;[mvnf; ra&Smifv$Jombl; &SdaerSmbJ?
a&S;wkef;u jynfolawG[m odyf+yD;EkdifiHa&; rEkd;=um;rDuqkd&if EkdifiHa&;[m t"dueef;wGif;rSm
om&Sd+yD; tvGefrcHr&yfEkdifawmhrS olykefoluefx+yD; aygufuGJ=ujcif;jzpfygw,f? ,ckacwfrSmawmh
jynfolawG tawmfEkd;=um;wmawmh EkdifiHa&;[m eef;wGif;rSm/ tpdk;&twGif;rSmom abmifcwfxm;vkd@
r&bl;? jynfolawGxJtxd jyef@ESH@vm+yDjzpfw,f?
58 trSwf -22
 wkdwkdajym&&if wkdif;jynfwjynf&JΠwkd;wufr_/ qkwf,kwfr_[m 'Dwkdif;oljynfom;rsm;u b,f
avmufEkdifiHa&;tod jrifhw,f rjrifhbl;tay:rSm wnfaeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JΠuH=urRmudk zefwD;=u
wm[m jynfolawGyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfolawGrygbJ b,fwdkif;jynfrS a&SŒwvSrf;rwkd;Ekdifygbl;? xif&Sm;wJh
yk*~dKvfawG acgif;aqmifawG[m olwkd@acwfrSm wkdif;jynftusdK;udk }uD;rm;pGm vkyfoGm;Ekdif=uwm[m
t"duawmh jynfolawGudk tHrcef;Ekdifatmif wenf;enf;eJ@ v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk; ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifvdk@om
jzpfygw,f? xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;&JŒ a&SŒaqmifcsuf[m jynfol@qENeJ@ wxyfwnf;us+yD; aqmif&GufEkdifvkd@vnf;
jzpfygw,f? jynfolawGuvnf; 'Dyk*~dKvfrsm;&JΠacgif;aqmifcsuf[m olwkd@jynfoltusdK;twGufqkdwm
vHk;0,Hk=unf=uvkd@ jzpfw,f?
'Dawmh wkdif;jynfukd a&SŒwkd;wufapcsif&if yxrqHk;u jynfolrsm;udk EkdifiHa&;rsufaph zGifhay;&r,f
?
'Dvkdr[kwf&if vrf;rjrif urf;rjrifeJ@ b,fvkdrS a&SŒwkd;Ekdif=urSmr[kwfbl;? wzufu zdESdyfr_atmufrSmom
0JvnfaerSmbJ?
vl@avmurSm vlawGeJ@t}uD;qHk; twm;qD;tE W&m,f}uD; ESpf&yf&Sdygw,f? wckuawmh vlvlcsif;
zdESdyf=uwm jzpfygw,f? wcku obm0 rkd;/ av/ a& pwJh avmu"mwfw&m;}uD;u csKyfcs,fxm;wm jzpf
ygw,f ? 'DaESmifóud;}uD ; (2)cku vlom;awG [m xm0pOf ±kef;uefae=u&w,f? a&SŒvnf;wGef;vSef ae&OD;rSmbJ?
vl vlcsif;zdESdyfwJh t"dutoGif[m 'DacwfrSme,fcsJŒtoGifjzpfygw,f? a&S;OD;pGm yxraESmifóuddk ;u
jzwfawmufzkd@ wm0ef[m Tacwf&JŒ EkdifiHa&;wm0ef}uD;jzpfygw,f? 'kwd, aESmifóud;jzpfwJh obm0
w&m;}uD;udk zGH@òzdk;atmif/ avmu"mwf ody`Hynmrsm; wkd;wufxGef;um;atmif vkyf=ubkd@qdkwmvnf;
yxrtqifh vl vlcsif;zdESdyfwJh ,E W&m;udk rwGef;vSefEkdifao;v#if vHk;0atmifjrifxajrmufr_ &OD;rSm
r[kwfbl;? vHk;0 wHcg;rzGifhEkdifao;bl;?
'ga=umifh EkdifiHa&;qkdwm vl@avmuwkd;wufom,ma&;twGuf ra&SmifvGJEkdifwJh w&m;jzpfygw? ,f
jynfoltrsm; EkdifiHa&;em;vnfav/ EkdifiHa&;todw&m;jrifhavav zdEdSyfwJhEdkifiHa&;[m aemufqkwf
&avav jzpfvm+yD;/ aemufqHk; jynfol@ tzdEdSyfcHEkdifiHa&;u vHk;0atmifyGJ&vm+yD;/ aemuf 'kwd,tqifh
obm0w&m;udkyg jynfhjynfh00 ausmfjzwfEkdif=u+yD; om,mwJh b0udk zefwD;Ekdif=urnfjzpfygw,f?
zdESdyfwJholrsm;[m jynfolawGudk EkdifiHa&;rSuif;a0;apcsifw,f/? olwkd@tbdk@u zdESdyfwJhEkdifiHa&;om
wnf&Sdaeapcsifw,f? tzdESdyfcHwkd@&JΠawmfvSefa&;rsdK; r&Sdapcsifbl;? olwkd@tbkd@ zdESdyfa&;udkom tax
muf
tulðyaprJh txufwef;v$m EkdifiHa&;udkom wnf&Sdapcsif=uw,f?
'gawGa=umifh &Jabmfwkd@ u|efawmfwkd@[m wkdif;jynfukdwu,fcspf=u&if EkdifiHa&;udk rkef;wD;vkd@
rjzpfbl;? ydkI *±kðy&r,f? ydkI em;vnf&r,f? jynfolawG csrf;omºuG,f0+yD; wkd;wufapcsif&if
rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;tod jrifhrm;wJh EkdifiHa&;tod jrifhvmatmif óud;pm;=u&r,f?

tcsKyfuawmh u|efawmfwkd@jynfolawG EkdifiHa&;udkrkef;&if/ EkdifiHa&;eJ@a0;&if/ EkdifiHa&;[m zdESdyfol

awGvufxJrSmom &Sdae+yD; u|efawmfwkd@jynfolawG[m tzdESdyfcHb0u ±kef;xGufEdkifrSm r[kwfbl?
'kuQyifv,f}uD;xJrSm epfaerSmbJ? 'gayr,fh 'Dacwf[m jynfol@acwfjzpfygw,f? jynfolrsm;[m
Ekd;=um;owd&Sdygw,f? tawG@tóuHvnf; rsm;ygw,f? =um=um ydwfxm;vkd@vnf; r&Ekdifygbl;? aemuf+yD;

trSwf -22 59
jynfolryg&if bmrSrvkyfEkdifwJhacwfvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'gudkvnf; zdESdyfolrsm;[m odw,f? 'ga=umifh
olwkd@[mjynfolawGudk EkdifiHa&;rSm ±_yfaxG;atmif vkyfvmwwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; u|efawmfwkd@
jynfolrsm;udk rSefuefwJhEkdifiHa&; wkd;wufem;vnfatmif óud;pm;=ubkd@vdkygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@tbkd@
acwfopfe,fcsJŒpepfudk pl;pl;pdkufpkduf wkdufckdufrJhEkdifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:rSm &yfwnfoGm;bdk@ vkdyw,f
g ?
wcsdKŒu ajymygao;w,f? EkdifiHa&;qkdwm &Sd&r,f vkyfoifhwJhudpPygbJ? 'gayr,fhEkdifiHa&;[m
aemufwqifh ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;txd jzpfvmwJhtcg raumif;awmhbl;? trSm;trSefudk ygwDtjrifeJŒom
=unfhwwfw,f? ygwDtusdK;udkom =unfhwwfw,f? rkef;bG,faumif;w,fvkd@ ajym=uygw,f?
'Dae&mrSm EkdifiHa&;0g'wck jynfolawGudk v_HŒaqmfynmay;bkd@ wm0efay;+yD;wJhaemuf pnf;±Hk;
v_yf&Sm;zkd@qdkwm ygwDw&yfr&SdbJ rjzpfEkdifbl;? wOD;wnf;wa,mufwnf;u vkyfEkdif=uwmr[kwfbl;?
}uD;us,fwJh jy\emrsm;udk vuf±Hk;rsm; ,ckacwftac: au'grsm;ac:wJh aoG;aomufygwD0ifawG
r&SdbJ pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;bkd@ rjzpfEkdifyg?
tavmif;bk&m;[m ol@&JŒ}uD;us,fwJh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk atmifjrifpGm acgif;aqmif
EkdifcJhwm[m ol@vuf±Hk;ygwD0ifawGeJ@ uif;vkd@rjzpfEkdifygbl;? aemufwqifhajym&&if jynfolawGeJ@ uif;vk d@
rjzpfEkdifygbl;?
wenf;xufajym&&if }uD;us,fwJh awmfvSefajymif;vJr_}uD;rsm;qdkonfrSm jynfolw&yfvHk;
rygbJ +yD;Edkifwm r[kwfygbl;? jynfoleJ@ uif;vkd@rpOf;pm;Ekdifbl;? 'DjynfolawGw&yfvHk;udk yg0ifb_H@adk@ qmf
v
pnf;±Hk;wJhae&mrSm acgif;aqmif wkdufyGJ0ifwJhae&mrSma&m vuf±Hk;au'gawG/ ygwD0ifawGrygr+yD;Ekdifygb?l;
u|efawmfwkd@ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifyifv#if rdrd&JŒtbd"rRmw&m; a'oemeJ@ omomemawmf}uD;
wkd;csJŒpnf;±Hk; xdef;odrf;bkd@ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;jzpfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;tjzpfom xdef;odrf;cJh&
ygw,f? EkdifiHa&;rSmvnf; rdrdwkd@ t,ltqudk vlxkvufcH+yD; EkdifiHa&;tm%m,lzkd@twGuf pnf;±Hk;=u&
ygw,f? wkdif;jynfwkdif;rSm vlwef;pm;toD;oD; &Sd=uygw,f? 'Dvlwef;pm;awG[m vlwef;pm;tvkduf
rdrdwkd@tusdK;udk aqmif&Gufbkd@ ygwDtpnf;t±Hk;rsm;zG@J+yD; aqmif&Guf=up+rJ jzpfygw,f? ygwDawG ±_yfaxG;
aewm vkdwmxufydkaewmawG rwnfr+idrfjzpfaewmawG[m tcsdKŒaom tcsdefumv tajctae
rsdK;rSm &Sd=urSmbJ? 'g[m jynfolvlxkvufxJ rSefuefwJhEdkifiHa&;tjrif ra&mufao;vkd@ [kda,mifa,mif
'Da,mifa,mif jzpfaewwfjcif;jzpfygw,f? txl;ojzifh acwfwckeJ@ wckeJ@ tul;=um;umvrsdK;eJ@
awmfvSefa&; 'Da&uscsdefrSm jzpfwwfygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ jynfolawGxJ rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;tod wjznf;
jznf; 0ifvmwJhtcg ta,mifa,miftrSm;rSm; jzpfae&wJhumvudk ausmfjzwfEkdif=ur,f xifygw,f?
vltrsm;pk}uD;twGuf tusdK;t&SdqHk; rSefuefwJhvrf;r}uD;tay: a&mufvmwwf=uygw,f? 'Dtcg
rsdK;rSm awmfvSefa&;[m a&SŒwvSrf;wkd;Ekdif=up+rJjzpfygw,f?

60 trSwf -22
 AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm ESpf 90 jynhfarG;aeŒodkŒ opPmtiftm;pk.
“E+wfcGe f;quf o0%fv$m”

AdkvfcsKyfcifAsm æ AdkvfcsKyf&Sihf
opPmtiftm;pk E_wfcGef;qufo *g0&òyygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfusef;rmygap? ,ae@Arm
jynfEkdifiHa&;b0eJ@ vlr_a&;b0wdk@toD;oD; c|wfòcHusap&efeJ@ 'Drdkua&pD/ vGwfvyfr_wdk@ ±dkufcsKd;
zsufqD;cHae&aom tcsdefrSm oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tzdESdyfcHjynfolvlxk[m ppfu|efrsm;
tjzpfeJ@ wd&dp>mefb0ukd t"rRwGef;ydk@cHae&w,f? ,ckvJyJ pepfwus qufvuf wGef;ydk@zdk@
twGuf 2008 ppfu|efðya&; zGJ@pnf;yHkukd toufoGif;rJh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJukd uvdrfuuspf
enf;awGeJ@ zefwD;=uygvdrfhOD;r,f?

trSwf -22 61
 'DvdktcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsKd;ukd wdk;wufat;csrf;apvdkwJh/ vlxkb0ukd
OD;xdyfxm;yefqifwJh acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd awmifhw&if; AdkvfcsKyfukd trSwf&aerd=uw,f?
tzdESdyfcH vlxktoD;oD;[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;/ zufqpfppftkyfpk&JΠtEkdif
usifhr_/ aoG;pkyfr_atmufu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if±kef;uefaewJh tcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf
uvnf; jynfolvlxk&JŒa&SŒu rm;rm;rufruf &yfwnfcJhwJhtjyif/ tzdESdyfcH vlxkawGeJ@twl
wkdufyGJ0ifaewJhtwGuf opPmtiftm;pk0ifrsm; taejzihf tifrweftm;&w,f? tm;&Sdw,f?
'gayrJh touft&G,f }uD;&ifhvS+yD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfukd tifrweftm;emvSygw,f?
wdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefwdkif;rSm vlxka&SŒuae aewvHk;vdk rm;rm;rwfrwf
xGufay:vmcJh+yD; AdkvfcsKyf[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ&efolukd wGef;vSefcJhw,f? opPmawmfvSefa&;
pmayr*~Zif;rSm AdkvfcsKyf&JΠwdkif;jynfodk@ajym=um;csufawGukd azmfjycJhbl;w,f? a&'D,dkuae
ajym=um;/ owday;E_d;aqmfwmawGudkvJ em;axmif&w,f? AdkvfcsKyf[m twdwfordkif;
a=umif;wav#mufvHk;rSm ajymifajrmufcJhwJh awmfvSefa&;orm;}uD;jzpfw,f? e,fcsJŒ
qef@usifa&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;/ w±kwfjzLeJ@ tar&duef
wdk@usL;ausmfr_ukd qef@usifarmif;xkwfa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf
zsufodrf;a&; æ pwJh ordkif;tcsKd;tauG@wkdif;rSm tzdESdyfcHvlxkrsm;eJ@twl ESpfaygif;(71)
ESpf wkdufyGJ0ifcJhwJh awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfw,f?
wdkif;jynfeJ@ vlrsKd;tay:rSm udk,fusKd;pGef@ tepfemcH+yD; vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf vlxkeJ@twl OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJhwJhtwGuf aus;Zl;}uD;rm;vSygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf[m
zdESdyfr_atmufu vGwfvyfa&;twGuf pHerlemjyjzpfw,f? rD;±SL;wef;aqmifvnf; jzpfygw,f?
'DtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf&JŒarG;ae@o0%fv$mrSm trSwfw& azmfjyvdkufygw,f? AkdvfcsKyf&JŒ ZGJowWd
cGeftm;/ awmfvSefwJhpdwf"gwf/ r,drf;r,dkifudkifpGJcJhaom ,Hk=unfcsuf/ wdkifjynfeJ@ vlrsKd;
ay:xm;&SdwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;/ nDnGwfa&;twGuf jrwfaomoabmxm;wdk@ukd opPmtiftm;pk
taejzihf OD;xdyfyefqifv#uf arwWmydk@/ qkawmif; yxmemðyvdkufygw,f?
AkdvfcsKyfoufawmf&mausmf &Snfapzkd@ usef;rmygap? ESvHk;pdwf0rf;at;csrf;ygap?
vGwfvyfat;csrf;wJh wkdif;jynfudk AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwkdif jrifawG@EkdifwJhudk,f jzpfygapa=umif;
qkawmif; arwWmykd@ovdkufygw,f AkdvfcsKyf?

av;pm;euf±d_if; *g&0ðyv#uf

tiftm;pk

62 trSwf -22
 tm[m&pmapmif 0dkif; awmfo m;rsm;rS
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm ESpf 90 jynfh arG;ae‹
txdrf;trSwftwGuf ay;ydk@onhf
“o0%fv$m”
ae‹pJG - 'DZ ifb mv 29 &uf/ 2009 ckE Sp f?

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*FvdyfudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒESifh zufqpf*syefwdk‹udk wdkufxkwf

&mwGif wyfOD;u¾rS yg0ifcJhonfh (&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if) AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmonf 2009 ckESpf
'DZifbmv 3 &ufae‹wGif touf 90 ESpf jynfhajrmufcJh+yD jzpfonf?
touf 20 t&G ,fwGif oydwf arS muf ausmif;om;b0ud k pwif cJh um wdk ‹Armtpnf;t±H k;
0ifrSwqifh trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefppf qifEJ$cJhonfh &J abmfoHk;usdyf0if
&J abmfwOD;jzpfonf? wquf xJqdk ovd k ArmhvG wfvyf a&;wyf rawmf / ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawm f
ESifh rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfwdk‹wGif r&yfrem; yg0ifcJhol ppfacgif;aqmifwOD;vnf; jzpfonf?
1945 ckESpf zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ta&;awmfyHkwGif Armhwyfrawmf ppfwkdif; 4 wdkif;rSL;
tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhum tjcm;aom ppfwkdif;rsm;enf;wl ol‹wkdif;. wdkufyJGaygif; 300 ausmfwGif
jynfolESifhtwl wdkufyJG0ifcJhonf?
xdkta&;awmfyHk}uD; atmifjrifcJh&jcif;onf OD;aqmifr_ rSefuefjcif;/ vlrsKd;pHk ygwDtzJG‹
tpnf;pHk e,fy,fpHkwdk‹ nDnGwfpGm yl;aygif;qifEJ$jcif;/ awmfvSefaom jynfol‹ppfyJG enf;emrsm;
ESifh &J0hHwufºuGpGm wdkufyJGqifcJhjcif;/ urBmhzufqpfawmfvSefa&; a&pD;a=umif;twGif; vdkufygI
EdkifiHrsm;. axmufyHhulnDr_ &&Sdjcif;wdk‹a=umifh[k olu aumufcsufcscJhzl;onf?
xdk‹aemuf olu xkdESpf 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfvxJwGif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;orkdif;.
rSwfwkdifjzpfonfh &efukefòrd‹ aeol&def jynfol‹tpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh yk*~dKvf
rsm;tygt0ifjzpfonfh wEdkifiHvHk;nDnGwfa&; tqdkukd wifoGif;cJhonf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒ
atmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf txl;vdktyfonfh tqdkw&yftjzpf ±_Œjrif&ayonf?
aeol&defwGif zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; (zwyv) tzJG‹}uD;u
oD&dvuFm (,cif oD[kdu|ef;) &Sd ta&SŒawmiftm&S a'oqkdif&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfaoem
ywdcsKyfESifh Armhwyfrawmf aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;ðyonfh 11 OD;
ukd,fpm;vS,fwGif olvnf; yg0ifcJhonf?

trSwf -22 63
 1954-55 ckESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmol w±kwfjzL ulrifwf e
wyfudk armif;xkwf&mY a&SŒwef;wyfrSL;wOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf? 1957 ckESpf {+yDvwGifrl olykefh fESi
qufoG,fonf[k ajymqdkum Adkvfae0if;u ppfwyfrS ol‹udk t+idrf;pm;ay;cJhonf?
1960 ckESpf0ef;usifwGif q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;}uD;rSL;onfh jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;
tzJG‹ESifhtwl wkdif;jynfw0Srf; vSnfhvnfum +idrf;csrf;a&; a[majymyJGrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhjyefonf?
xd k‹jyif w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,f csJŒqef ‹usifa&; trsKd;om; aumf rwDwG ifvnf; OD ;aqmifcJhonf?
uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf ESpf 30 t=um/ 1976 ckESpfwGif Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
wnf&Sd &mawmwGif;odk‹ awmcdkvmcJh&if; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifonfh wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf
ESifh qufvuf&ifqkdifcJh&jyefonf?
Adk vfcsKyfausmfaZm. orkdif;pOfudk (tusOf;r#) ,ckvdk jyefajymif;avhvm&mwGif ajymprSf w
wGifp&m wkdif;usKd;jynfðyvkyf&yfrsm; ajrmufjrm;pGm&Sda=umif; awG‹jrif&rnfom jzpfonf?
trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;/ wdkif;jynfw0Srf; nDnGwfa&;ESifh jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf
tm;oGefcGefpdkuf vkyfudkifcJhonfh om"u trsm;tjym; &SdcJhayonf? xdk‹a=umifhvnf; rdrdwdk‹
jrefrmvli,frsKd;qufrsm;twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEkdifonfh pHerlemxm;p&m aemifawmf rsKd;quf
acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf owfrSwf&rnfom jzpfygonf?
jynfolvlxkudk opP mazmufum tcsif;csif;vnf; Zmwfwlom;pm;wwfonfh tm%m
,pfrl;r_rsKd;udk ol‹xHyg;wGif rawG‹&Sd&onfrSm txl;yif tm;us*k%f,l&ygonf? xdk‹xufqdk&
ygu ,ae‹umvwGif wkdif;jynfwGif OD;aqmifonfh ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhrl rnfodk‹rS E_dif;,SOf
Iyif rtyfpyfonfh rsKd;cspfyk*~dKvf}uD; jzpfayonf?
wkdif;jynfjyifywGif rnfodk‹yif aexkdifae&vifhupm; ol. rGefjrwfaom/ oef‹pifaom/
tusKd;aus;Zl; }uD;rm;aom/ wefzdk;rjzwfEkdifaom orkdif;a=umif;onf jrefrmjynfol
jynfom;rsm;. pdwfESvHk;ESifh tawG;tjrifrsm;t=um; acwfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufI &Sifoef
oGm;rnfom jzpfygonf?
rdrdwdk‹ tm[m& 0dkif;awmfom;rsm;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm ESpf 90 jynfh arG;ae‹
ausmfvGefcJh+yD;aemuf qufvufI usef;rmudk,fpdwf +rJygapa=umif;ESifh olcspfaom jrefrm
jynfolrsm;ESifh tjrefqHk; jyefvnfqHkqnf;&ygapa=umif; qkrGefaumif; awmif;vdkufygonf?

tm[m&pmapmif 0d ki f ; awmf o m;rsm;

64 trSwf -22
 ESKwfquf* g&0rsm;/ ajym-um;csufrsm;

(1)

Ak dv fc sKyf c if A sm; æ
pma&;q&m/ orkdif;q&m/ EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu AdkvfcsKyfudk AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;
ausmfaZmqkd+yD; oHk;E_ef;a&;zGJ@wwf=uygw,f? wu,fh t&Sdw&m;uvnf; wyfwGif;tqifh[m
'gygyJ? 'gayr,fh q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;/ ausmif;om;or*~ twGif;a&;rSL; armifa±$up+yD;
,ae@txd acwftqufquf/ rsdK;quftoD;oD;eJ@twl wkdif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK;&JΠvGwfvyfa&;/
+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vkyfudkif±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;cJhwJh acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfw,f? tJ'D acgif;aqmif
r_toD;oD;&JŒ tcsKyftacgif&JŒoabm/ +yD;awmh vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf/ zufqpfawmfvSef
a&;wyf&JΠacgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf vlxku AkdvfcsKyfudk AkdvfcsKyfvkd@yJ ac:qdk=ujcif;
jzpfygw,f?
Ad k v f c sKyf u sef ; rmygap?
jrifh r d k;
acwW - =opaw;vs

(2 )
tbkd ; Adk v f c sKyf
tbkd;u acgif;aqmifaumif;wOD; jzpfygw,f? usrwkd@rsdK;qufawG tawmfrsm;rsm;
[m tbkd;&JŒajc&mudkeif;zdk@ ysif;=uyHk&w,f? tzdESdyfcHae&wJh vlxkawG[m tbkd;&JŒpdwf"mwf
ZGJowWdawGeJ@ tm;vHk;wkdufyGJ0if&if atmifyGJ&rSmygyJvkd@ aumufcsufcsrdw,f? b0uvnf;
bufpHkrGJaw/ pdwf"mwfuvnf; rGJawaeor# atmifyGJeJ@a0;aeOD;rSmygyJ AkdvfcsKyf&Sifh?
r0if ; at;
tar&d u ef/ tDv D E G dK uf j ynf e ,f

trSwf -22 65
 (3)
tbk d; Ad kv fc sKyfc ifA sm; æ
qHk;yg;oGm;+yDjzpfwJh usaemfhzcif[m zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;umv r*Fvm'Hk
Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif; jzpfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;acwf/ ae0if; v$rf;rdk;wJhacwfrSm usaemfh
zcifppfAdkvf[m ae0if;&JŒaumufuspfr_/ ,kwfrmr_/ tm%m,pfrl;r_/ tkyfpkzGJ@ ðzwfxkwfowf
vkyfZmwfawGudk pdwfysufvGef;vdk@ ppfwyfuE_wfxGufcJhw,f? ppfwyftjyifrSmyJ ynma&;Xme
ynma&;rSL;wOD;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhw,f? taz[m aoomoGm;a&m ae0if;&JŒ
aumufuspfr_'%f&m'%fcsufawGu aysmufroGm;bl;? usaemfwkd@&JŒwkdif;jynf[m tJ'D'%f&m
'%fcsufawGeJ@ ,ckxd rvGwfajrmufEkdifao;bl;? aphaphawG;avav ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
emusifemusnf;&avygyJ AkdvfcsKyfcifAsm;? 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@jynfolvlxkawG&JΠ'Drkdua&pD
wkdufyGJ[m atmifyGJcH&rSmygyJ?
AdkvfcsKyf oufawmf&mausmf &Snfygap? usef;rmcsrf;ajr@ygap? ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;
ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf qufvufvrf;jyEkdifygap?
±dk a oav;pm;pG m jzif h
bk e f ; jrif ho d e f ; (*syef - opP m wm0efc H)

(4)
tbkd ; Ak dv fc sKyfa usmfa Zm&Si fh
orD;wkd@wkdif;jynfrSm vlowfaumif ppf&mZ0wfaumif oef;a±$wdk@ ppftkyfpk v$rf;rkd;
}uD;pkd;aeor# wkdif;jynf[m usufoa&uif;rJhaerSmyJ? wkdif;jynf&JΠusufoa&aqmifjzpfwJh
tbkd;wkd@vdk acgif;aqmifawG &Sdaevkd@om wkdif;jynf[m usufoa&&Sdaewmjzpfw,f? tbkd;
usef;rmygap? qufvuf usufoa&aqmifEkdifygap&Sifh?
tbk d ; usef ; rmygap?
rwif E G, f0 if; (wkdu sd K )

(5 )
tzkd;&Sifh
tzdk;a&;wJhpmawG ajymcJhwJhrdef@cGef;awG[m usrwkd@vli,fawGtwGuf pdwf"mwf
ðyjyifa&; pmayawG/ ajym=um;csufawGjzpfw,f? ,ckvnf; a&;Ekdifor# a&;ygOD; tzkd;&Sifh?
ajymEkdifor# ajymygOD;tzdk;?
pifu mylu dk acwWa &mufa ecdku f tzdk; udk vSr f; +yD; OD ; wif uefa wmhv kdu fy gw,f?
rr}uD ;

66 trSwf -22
 (6 )
tb zkd; ouf& Sn fo dk@
opPmwm0efcHt,f'Dwmu tb&JΠESpf 90 jynfh arG;ae@rSm bmrsm;ajymcsifygovJ/
trSwfw& ajymp&m&Sd&if ajymay;ygvkd@ Ed_;aqmfwJhtwGuf 0rf;omrdw,f? aus;Zl;tvGef
wifrdw,f? wkdif;jynfraumif;pm;wm/ rat;csrf;/ rwnf+idrf/ rvGwfvyfwm[m zdESdyfwJh
rw&m; tkyfpkd;olawGa=umihfyJ? olwkd@&JΠtm%m+rJa&;oufouf pepfqdk;a=umifhygyJ? b,f
vkdyJjzpfygap zdk;ouf&Snfwkd@&JΠawmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:/ pdwf"mwf/ owWdcGeftm;awGudk
wkdif;jynfvlxku wòydifeufwnf; qkyfudkifEkdifwJh umvwckukd a&mufvm&rSm rvGJbl;? tzdk;&JŒ
arG;ae@rSm tzkd;usrf;rmygap qkawmif;&if; awmfvSefa&;tawG;tac:awGudk vlxkawG&JŒ
b0tarSmifxJrSm qufvufxGef;!d‡Ekdifygapvkd@ qENðyygw,f AdkvfcsKyf zkd;ouf&SnfcifAsm;?
pk d; rif;
wuUq uf j ynf e ,f
tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k

(7 )

tzkd; AkdvfcsKyfusef;rmygap? wkdif;jynfvGwfajrmufzkd@ta&; qufvufvrf;jyEkdifygap?

OD; aqmif Ekdif ygapvkd@ qENðyygw,f Akdvf csKyf ? wkd if;jynfeJ@ vlxk udkcspfwJh Adkv fcsKyf æ
oufawmf&mausmf &Snfygap?
ES i f ; rk d; (rE W a v;)
acwW – befaumuf

(8 )

&J a bmfo H k; usdy ft zGJ@ 0if Ad kv f c sKyf

awmfvSefa&;xJrSm qufvuf±kef;uefaewJh AkdvfcsKyfwa,mufwnf;om ouf&Sdxif&Sm;
usefygawmhw,f? AkdvfcsKyfwa,mufwnf;yJ =unfndKOD;nGwfp&m usefygw,f? wkdif;jynf[m
ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ ppftkyfpka=umifh arSmifrJqJ? rkefwkdif;xefqJygyJ? wkdif;jynfvGwfajrmufzdk@
rsd K ;quf a [mif ; rsd K ;quf o pfa wG vuf w G J± k e f ; uef ae=u&pOf r S m Ak d v f c sKyft aeeJ @
qufvufvrf;!GefEkdifygap?
wifO D; (vky fo m;rsm;aumvdy f)
uae' g

trSwf -22 67
 (9 )

opPm wm0efc H t,f' Dw mrSw qifh æ

AkdvfcsKyfausmfaZm&JΠwkdif;jynfokd@wifjywmawGudk zwf&rSwf&w,f? jynfwGif;rSm
usaemfwkd@&JŒ avhvma&;tzGJ@[m AkdvfcsKyfudk avhvmrSwfom;&if; AdkvfcsKyf&JŒvrf;pOf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;&JΠvrf;pOftwkdif; usaemfwkd@csDwufae=uygw,f?
avh v ma&;tzG J @
&efu k e f - rE Wa v;

(10)

Adkv fc sKyfc ifA sm - Adkv fc sKyf& Si fh æ

udk,fwdkifa&; twˆKy`wWdukd a&;ay;cJhwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfukd txl;yJaus;Zl;wifygw,f?
jzwfoef;qJ ordkif;acwftwGuf udk,fa&;twˆKy`wWd[m rD*g0yfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0if&SdwJh
rD;±SL;wkdifjzpfvdk@ aus;Zl;wifjcif;jzpfygw,f?

Ad kv f c sKyf usef; rmygap æ touf& mausmf &S n fy gap æ

armifo ufO D; - rcifr sKd ; rsKd;
acwW - vef' ef

(11)

ordkif;pmtkyfawGzwf+yD; AdkvfcsKyf&JαkyfyHkv$mukd awG@jrif&w,f? AdkvfcsKyfqdkwm

AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;&JΠudk,fyGm; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmukd qdkvdkwmyg? AdkvfcsKyfarG;ae@rSm ta0;
uae *g&0jyKvdkufygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf usef;rmygap æ

aemfa v;vGD/ apmrd k; Zuf

68 trSwf -22
 (12)

opP m wm0efc H t,f ' Dw mrSw qifh

w±kwfjzLawGeJ@ wkdufwJh wkdufyGJeJ@ tif;pdefwdkufyGJrSm toufab;u vGwfvmcJhwJh
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmtwGuf &ifwkefyef;wkefjzpfcJh&w,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpdk;wdk@awGukd
ajratmufqufoG,fa&; vkyf&mrSmvJ &ifwkef&w,f? zufqpf*syefawGudk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H awmfvSef
armif;xkwfcJhwJh ppfajrjyifxJu AdkvfcsKyfukdvnf; &ifwkef&jyefw,f? ordkif;rSmajymifajrmuf
cJhwJhacgif;aqmifqdkwm t}udrf}udrfaowGif;jyefcJh&wJh vlyJvdk@ aumufcsufcsrdw,f? =uufo
a&&Sd&Sd touf&Sifoefzdk@ usef;rmygapvdk@ qkawmif; arwWmydk@ovdkufygw,f&Sifh?
roD& d c dki f

(13)

zdk; ouf& Sn f Adkv fc sKyf odk@ æ

AdkvfcsKyfESihf AdkvfcsKyfukd jyKpkapmihfa&Smufaeaom orD;jzpfol a'gufwmvSausmfaZmyg
usef;rm=uygapa=umif; qkawmif;arwWmydk@ov#ufyg? tzdk;&JΠZGJ/ owWd/ pdwf"gwf/ wdkfif;jynf
cspfpdwfukd trSDvdkufzdk@ óud;pm;v#ufyg? AdkvfcsKyfukd tm;us twk,lv#ufyg?
tke f; ausmfò zd;
opP m tif t m;pk 0 if
twG i f; a&;rS L ; - trsKd; om;vl l i ,fr sm;tzG J@ csKyf( *syef )

(14)

AdkvfcsKyfeJ@ awG@csifw,f? pum;awGvJajymcsifw,f? teJqHk; tacsmiform; rjzpfzdk@

vdkw,f? ordkif;tawG@tóuHawG ºuG,f0wJh AdkvfcsKyf - tzdk;ukd ar;p&mawGvJ trsm;}uD;yJ?
zkef;eJ@qufoG,fcGifh&&if qufoG,fyg&ap? tzdk;AdkvfcsKyf&JΠom;orD; ajr;jrpfawGjzpfwJh
awmfvSef a&;tiftm;pkawG[m ,QKtcg rJaqmufrSm&Sdae=uygw,f? tzdk;&JΠaus;Zl;awGukd
usaemfwdk@ vli,fawGu jyefvnfaus;Zl;qyfwJhtaeeJ@ wkdif;jynfvGwfajrmufa&;rSm
yg0ifv_yf&Sm; ae=u ygw,f?
tzdk ; Ad kv fc sKyf oufa wmf& mausmf &S n f a paomf? ?
rif; rsKd ; armif E S i hf rsKd; qufo pf r sm;
acwW – rJa qmuf

trSwf -22 69
 (15)

bb Adkv fc sKyfa usmfa Zm æ odk@ wrf; wjcif;

'Duae@ ArmjynfppftkyfpkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@twl jynfol@wyfrawmfukd wnf
axmifcJhwJh bbAdkvfcsKyfeJ@ E_dif;,SOf=unhfrdw,f? bbu vlxkukdav;pm;cspfcifw,f? oef;a&$
ppftkyfpku vlxkukd tm%mtwGuf ajceif;cHkvdkoabmxm;w,f? bbAdkvfcsKyfu wkdif;jynf
eJ@ vlrsKd;ay: zdESdyfr_atmufu vGwfajrmufatmif aqmif=uOf;w,f? oef;a&$ppftkyfpku
vlrsKd;toD;oD;ukd ppfzdeyfatmuf qGJoGif;+yD; acsr_ef;zdESdyfw,f? bbu ±dk;om;w,f/ jzLpif
ajzmifhrwfw,f? oef;a&$wkd@uawmh wkdif;jynfeJ@ vlxktay: aumufuspfpkwfyJhw,f/ ,kwfrm
yufpufw,f? bbAdkvfcsKyfwkd@vdk acgif;aqmifaumif;awG&JŒ vufxJrSm vlxk&JŒtm%ma&muf
rvmyJ/ wefbdk;r&Sd vl,kwfrmawGu tm%modrf;,lvdkufwJh tcsdefup+yD; wdkfif;jynf[m
ab;qdk;/ u'fqdk;eJ@ óuHawG@bdk@ =urRmiifawmhwmygyJ? b,fvdkyJjzpfygap wae@awmh vlxk
tm%m[m vlxktpdk;&vufxJ jyefa&muf&rSmaygh? vlxkuom rlvtm%mydkifjzpfygw,f?
vlxkawGeJ@twl qufvuf&yfwnfwdkufyGJ0ifEkdifzdk@ bbAdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm usef;rmygap/
ouf&mausmf&Snfygap/ qufvufvrf;jyEdkifygap?
tdE Nd, Edki f i Ha &muf
'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pk

(16)

tzd k ; Ad kv f c sKyf a usmf a Zmodk @

AdkvfcsKyf[m usaemf/ usrwdk@twGuf tarSmifxkrkefwdkif;awGu pl;&JxGufvmwJh

awmufyaom vrf;jytvif;a&mifyg? tJ'Dtvif;ydkif&Sif}uD; oufawmf&mausmf &Snfygap?
±dkaopGm tav;teuf *g&0ðyv#ufyg?
ta0;a&muf Armjynfb Gm ;
tvkyform; wpk

70 trSwf -22
 Ad k vf cs K yf a u s mf a Z m a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

(1957 ckE S p f Zlvkd i fv 6 &uf)

wk d i f ; jynft usd K ; quf v uf a qmif & Gu f o G m ;ygrnf

wvHk;csif;wvHk;csif; ajymqdk&Sif;vif;aeaom AkdvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZmf. toGifrSm wnf+idrf

at;aq; El;nHhaysmhaysmif;aom toGifudkaqmifaeygonf? ppfajrjyifwGif &J&ifhjywfom;vSaom ppfol
}uD;wa,muftjzpf xif&Sm;ausmf=um;vSol wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; vlyk*~dKvft&rl rma=umcufxef
aom toGifo¾mefvHk;0r&SdyJ El;nHhaysmhajymif; ajyjypfodrfarG@ol wa,mufjzpfa=umif;udk yk*d~Kvft&
jrifzl;olESifh qufqHzl;olwkdif;u od=uygonf?
“ usaemf[m vl vlcsif;iJh!‡mwJh oabmxm;&Sdoljzpfygw,f? okd@aomf wm0ef0wW&m;udk
aqmif&Guf&mrSmawmh wdusjywfom;pGm aqmif&Gufavh&Sdygw,f” [lI ol.&Sif;vif;yGJrSmyif pum;
wcGef;udk xnfhoGif; ajymqdkoGm;ygao;onf? ol. vkyfief;wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhyHkrsm;udk =um;zl;cJhor#ESifh
ol@udkjrifawG@&yHkudk csifhwGufvkdufaomtcgvnf; olajymonfho¾meftwkdif;yif ay:vGifaeayonf?
ol@udpPrSm wkdif;odjynf=um;jzpfygonf? ol. &Sif;vif;ajym=um;rnfh pum;vHk;rsm;udk a&muf
&Sdvmaom owif;pmq&mtm;vHk; txl;wvnf tm±Hkpl;pkdufvsuf &Sdygonf? ol. ajymyHkqdkyHkudk

trSwf -22 71
=unfh&onfrSm olvkdcsifaomae&mudka&mufatmif armif;ESifo,faqmifaeaom EkdifiHa&;q&mtcsdK@.
ajymyHkqkdyHkESifhrwlyJ “&Sdaeaomt&m” ukd “ol&Sdaeonfhtwkdif;” ajymqdkaeonfh jyuawh oabmudk
aqmifa=umif; awG@&ygao;onf? u|efawmfteD;wGifxdkifaeaom rdwfaqGwa,mufurl “usaemfwkd@
AkdvfcsKyf[m odyf±dk;w,f/ rrSefwmajymbl;wJhvl r[kwfbl;” [lI acgif;wndrfhndrfhESifh em;axmif&mrS
u|efawmfhudkyif vSrf;I ajymvkdufygao;onf? em;axmifaeoltaygif;u ol.&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk
pdwf0ifpm;aeonfudkum; tuJcwfrdygonf?

pGy fp GJ c sufa wG t a=umif ;

ol.&Sif;vif;csuftus,fw0ifhudk owif;pmwkdif;vdkvkdwGif yg+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh ‚if;wkd@udk
jynfol@*sme,fu xyfrHazmfjy&ef vdkawmhrnfrxifyg? odk@aomfAkdvfausmfaZm. &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk
=um;emcJhyHkudkom jynfol@*sme,fy&dowfokd@ wifjy&ef wm0efusef&Sdonfhtav#muf wifjyaejcif;
jzpfygonf?
“u|efawmftay: pGyfpGJcsufawGudk tpdk;&u r=umc% xkwfazmfajym=um;cJh+yD;yg+yD? pmtkyf
}uD;vnf; xkwfxm;w,f? 'Dawmh tpdk;&&JΠpGyfpGJcsufawGudk t}udrf}udrf=um;cJh+yD;yg+yD? u|efawmfu
'DwcgyJ ajz&Sif;&ao;awmh tcsdefenf;enf; =umcsif=umr,f? onf;cH+yD; em;axmif=uygcifAsm”[k
AkdvfausmfaZmu y%mrajymygonf? onftwkdif;yif olonf 3 em&Dausmfausmf =umatmif cyfat;
at;yif ajymqkd&Sif;jyoGm;onfudk em;axmifolwkd@uvnf; +iD;aiG@jcif;r&Sd=u?

tcsuf t vuf
“u|efawmfhtay:rSm pGyfpGJwJhpmtkyf}uD;eJ@ywfoufvkd@awmh u|efawmfu wnfhwnfh ajym
wwfwJhtwkdif; wkdif;jynfukd &J&ifhpGmeJ@ vdrfwmyJvkd@ajymcsifw,f” [kqdkum pmtkyfwGifpGyfpGJxm;csuf
rrSefuefa=umif;ESifh tcsuftvuf tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh axmufxm; ajz&Sif;jyoGm;ygonf?
“uGefjrLepfzkdif}uD;udk 1965 ckESpf atmifrmC ppfpifa&;wGif &&SdcJhonf[kqdkyHk/ aemuf+yD; 1954
ckESpfuwnf;u &xm;onfqdkyHk/ pGyfpGJcsufwnf;wGifyif a&SŒaemufrnDawmh[lI &Sif;jyjcif;/ ‚if;tm;
ppfaq;jcif; r&S dbJ ppfaq;onf qd kxm;a=umif; trS efw Gif ppfaq;jcif; r&Sd a=umif ;jzifh &S if; jy
oGm;yHkrsm;a=umifh ykdIpdwf0ifpm;vm=uygonf?
“ukd}uD;jrifh[m wjcm;rSmr[kwfygbl;? 'DpGyfpGJcsufawGudk azmfjywJhtpdk;&&JŒvufxJrSmyJ
zrf;xm;+yD;&Sdygw,f? 'DpmawG[m ukdf}uD;jrifha&;wJhpmawG [kwfr[kwf yxraocsm+yD;rS 'DtwGuf
u|efawmfhrSm wm0ef&Sdw,f r&Sdbl;qdkwmudk ajym&ygr,f? tckawmh 'DpmawG[m udk}uD;jrifh&JŒpmawGvkd@
wxpfcs rqdkEkdifbl;qkdwmvnf; pmtkyfxJrSm twdtvif;ygaeygw,f? okd@ygv#uf 'DtwGuf u|efawmfh
rSmwm0ef&Sdw,fvkd@ qdkxm;wm enf;vrf;rusygbl;? 'DpmawG ukd}uD;jrifha&;wm [kwfr[kwf tao
tcsm ppfzkd@aumif;ygw,f? tck udk}uD;jrifh[m tpdk;&vufxJrSm &Sdaeygw,f? 'gudk ppfzkd@rcufygbl;”
qdkvkd&if;rSm udk}uD;jrifhESifhywfowfI AkdvfausmfaZmrSm pGyfpGJcH&jcif;jzpfonf? okd@jzpfv#if ukd}uD; jrifh
tay:pGyfpGJcsufudk ckdifvHkap&rnf? xdkokd@ckdifvHk+yD;rS ol@wGif wm0ef&Sd r&Sdqdkaomtcsufudk jyuawh
todESifhyif pOf;pm;&ef[lI wifjyvkdufjcif;jzpfawmhonf?
72 trSwf -22
tjypf& Sd v #if c H & J o l
ol@tm; w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD tjypf&Sdr&Sdudk ppfaq;qHk;jzwfcJhjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; wzufowf
pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udkyif wzufowf twnfðyqHk;jzwfvkdufovkd &SdaeyHkudk ajym=um;avonf? w&m;
Oya'ESifhtnD twdtusppfaq;zkd@udk olu t}udrf}udrf wkdufwGef;awmif;qdkcJha=umif;rsm;udk taxmuf
txm;awGjyum ajymqdkoGm;avonf? “u|efawmfhudk ppfaq;yg/ ppfaq;+yD; tjypf&Sdvkd@tjypfcH&&if
tjypfrSavsmhaygh&ef awmif;yefvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? tjypfudk &J0H@pGmcH,loGm;ygrnf” [k tm%mydkifwkd@xH
ajym=um;cJhyHkrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqkdum “ppfaq;yg tjypf&Sdv#if cH&Jygonf” [k xyfrHI awmif;qkd
vdkufjcif;yif jzpfavonf? tpkd;&url ol@udkiJh!‡mI rppfaq;awmhyJ rlvpGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk twnfðyum
&mxl;rS ESpfqifhav#mhcs+yD; wyfrawmfrS E_wfxGufum yifpif,lap&rnf[k trdef@csrSwfvkdufavonf?
tjypfxif&Sm;onf[k tjypfay;+yD;rS tjypfukd yvyfapjcif;qdkv#if iJh!‡monf[k qkdEkdifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; twdtus ppfaq;jcif;/ um,uH&Sifukd,fwkdifauseyfavmufatmif xkacs&Sif;vif;&jcif;/
pGyfpGJcsufESifh &Sif;vif;csufrsm;tay:wGif jynfhpHkpGm =um;em+yD;tqHk;tjzwf csrSwfjcif;r&Sd&bJ oHo,ESifh
&mxl;rS ESpfqifhavsmhcs+yD; wyfrSxGufcGmapaomtjypfrsdK; cH,l&jcif;udk cH,l&olu rdrdtay: iJh!‡m
onf[k r,lqEkdifa=umif;ESifh ol.cHpm;csufudk xkwfazmfjyovkdufjcif; jzpfavonf? “u|efawmfhudk
iJ@!‡m&mra&mufyg? epfrGef;ap&m a&mufygonf” [lI ajym=um;cJhygonf?
AkdvfausmfaZm. wifjycsufrsm;rS awG@&onfhtcsufum; “w&m;Oya't& ckcHumuG,fr_
r&Sdr_” yifjzpfygonf? olu wyfrawmf pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;ESifh wifjy&m0,f wyfom;wkdif;wGif auseyf
avmufatmif xkacs&Sif;vif;cGifh &Ekdifonf[k wyfrawmfom;±_ŒaxmifhrS wifjyoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf?
ZGefv 30 &ufae@xkwf a=u;rHkowif;pm acgif;}uD;ykdif;u “±Hk;wifppfaq;yg” [kawmif;qdk
csufrSm jynfaxmifpkom; wOD;. tcGifhta&;udk tajccHOya't& awmif;qkdvkdufjcif;jzpfonf?
“AkdvfausmfaZmonf omrefjynfaxmifpkom;wOD; r[kwfao;ay? wkdif;jynftwGuf &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H tr_
xrf;cJhaom wkdif;cspfppfonfausmf wOD;jzpfayonf” [k a&;om;xm;ayonf? AkdvfausmfaZm.
wifjycsufrsm;tay:wGif =um;emolwkd@u pOf;pm;a0zef&mwGif Tokd@aom xifjrifcsufrsdK; ay:vm
onfudk awG@&ygonf? xkdpum;rsm;udk =um;em&jcif;jzifh jynfaxmifpkom;wkdif; &&SdcHpm;&rnfh tajccH
Oya'yg tcGifhta&;udk AkdvfausmfaZmvkdyk*~dKvfyifv#if qHk;±Hk;ae&+yDavmqdkonfh tcsuf [kwfr[kwf
avhvmp&m aumif;vSayawmhonf? odk@a=umifhyifvnf; xdkudpPudk pdwfyg0ifpm;ae&jcif; jzpfay
vdrfhrnf?

oH o ,rsm;
AkdvfausmfaZmonf uGefjrLepfrsm;tay:wGif &Jabmf&Jbufcsif; oHa,mZOf&Sdum iJh!‡monf?
okd@a=umifh uGefjrLepfrsm;udk wkduf&mwGif ZufqGJxm;onfqdkaom oHo,rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;
&Sif;jyoGm;ayonf?
“AdkvfausmfaZmonf ppfwkduf&mwGif ae&ma'orsm;udk odrf;ykdufEkdifaomfvnf; olykefzufrS
vlrsm;udk aoatmifrowfojzifh rauseyfa=umif;/ okd@a=umifh oHo,&Sda=umif;ESifh 0ef}uD;OD;AaqGu
ajymyHkudk olujyefI&Sif;cJhyHkrsm;ukdyg &Sif;jyoGm;avonf? xkdudpPESifhywfoufI oluOD;AaqGtm; ppfa&;

trSwf -22 73
0dZ…mynm. oabmudk&Sif;jyonf? ppf.&nf&G,fcsufonf vludkowfzdk@avm/ ppfEkdifzkd@avmqdkonfudk
a&G;&rnf? wzuf&efolrsm; pdwf"mwfusq if;I ppfwkdufEkdifpGrf;avsmhyg;atmif wkdufyGJqifEkdifv#if
atmifEdkifjcif;yif jzpfonf? &efolawGudk wkdufyGJwkdif;ajrmufrsm;pGm owfypfEkdifonfqdkonfh ppfyGJr;rS
sdK m
urBmhppfordkif;wGif &Sm;yg;vSonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u pwmvif*&uf wkdufyGJwckwnf;om
&efoltm;vHk;udk ðywfðywf ðyef;apcJhzl;onf? vlonftouf&Sdaom owW0gjzpfI xGufayguf&atmif
&Smwwfonf? okd@a=umifh tm;vHk;ydwfrd+yD; tukefowfzdk@qdkonfrSm cJ,Of;vSonfqkdonfh ppfa&;0dZ…m
oabmudk t¹rGwfr# &Sif;jyoGm;avonf? xkdtcsufrsm;udk umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;tm; &Sif;jycJhonf
qdkygonf?
¹yGefwefqm autif'Dtkd wkdufyGJwGif &efoltiftm;2000 udk rdrdwyf&if; 6 ck/ bDwDtuf(zf)
ESpfckESifh zdIppfwkdufpOf aumif;uifrSavwyfuvnf; AHk;}uJacsr_ef;ygvsuf &efol (6) OD;ukdom acsr_ef;
yHkrsm;yg &Sif;vif;ajymjyoGm;ygonf?

w±kw fj zLwd ku fy GJ
xdk@jyif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; AdkvfausmfaZmuGyfuJum ppfcsDcJhyHkukd wkdif;jynfu
od+yD;jzpf=uygonf?
“w±kwfjzLoGm;wkdufwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh u|efawmfhtay:rSm oHo,&Sdw,fajymygw,f?
u|efawmf[m jynfrrSm&SdaewJh ppfwyfawGukd w±kwfjzLwdkufzdk@ E_wf,loGm;wm[m uGefjrLepfESdrfESif;a&;
tiftm;awGavsmhukefatmif vkyf&m=uw,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? 'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; u|efawmfu w±kwf
jzLoGm;wkdufwJhtcgrSm wyfawGrsm;pGm E_wf,lroGm;yJ t&Hwyfrsm;ESihfom wdkufcJh&a=umif;ukd umuG,f
a&;0ef}uD;tm; &Sif;jyygw,f” [lIajymqdk&if; qufvuf&Sif;vif;ajymqdkoGm;aom pum;rsm;ukd =um;&
aomtcgYrl tvGefw&mrS ta&;}uD;vSaom udpPwckESihfywfowfI ,ckrSyif tHh=o&ygawmhonf?

wrsKd ; om;vHk ; &ef o l

w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;ukd wrsKd;om;vHk;u wrsKd;om;vHk;. t"du&efoltjzpf ,lqcJh=u
ygonf? xdk&efolukd wdkufxkwf&efjynfolwdk@u tHkºuGawmif;qdkcJh&ygonf? w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rSm
rjzpfavmufyg? ta&;r}uD;yg[k zqyvu awmf&davsmf&dajymcJhygonf? aemifaomtcg ESmacgif;aoG;
xGufvmcgrSyif ta&;}uD;yg+yD[kqdkum vkyfvmcJhonf? odk@aomf w±kwfjzLtm; tjywfwkdufxkwf
a&;xuf rsufESmpHknD awG@qHkaqG;aEG; aphpyfa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;um w&m;0if todtrSwfòyxm;jcif;
r&Sdaom usL;ausmfol w±kwfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf befaumufwGif rsufESmpHknDaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?

wk du f o l
AdkvfausmfaZmum; w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|HwdkufcJholjzpfygonf? olajymjycsuft& wrsKd;
om;vHk;. &efol w±kwfjzLukd oGm;a&mufwkdufcdkufaom *k%faus;Zl;a=umihf wrsKd;om;vHk;u ol@ukd
csD;usL;=uaomfvnf; xdktwGuf tm%mydkifwdk@. oHo,jzpfvmjcif;ukd cH&yHk&ygonf?

74 trSwf -22
wk d u f c J h y H k
AdkvfausmfaZmu w±kwfjzLukdwdkuf&mwGif y&d,m,foHk;Iwkduf&onf[k &Sif;jyygonf?
trSeftm;jzihfrl w±kwfjzLukdwdkuf&mwGif wyfawGajrmufrsm;pGm ac:roGm;EkdifyJ tiftm; tenf;i,f
r#jzihfom wkduf&onf[k&Sif;jyygonf? t&Hwyfuav;awGavmufom ,loGm;+yD;aemuf owif;pmrsm;
odk@ ppfwyftiftm;}uD;rm;pGmjzihf csDwufwkdufcdkufaea=umif; owif;ay;um &efolukdvSnfhpm;aom
enf;jzifh +cdrf;ajcmuf wkdufckdufcJh&a=umif;ukd &Sif;jyoGm;ygonf? AdkvfausmfaZmonf w±kwfjzLESihf wdufk yGJ
wGif &efolu zrf;rd&ef udkufESpfq,fom vdkawmhonftxd jzpfcJhavonf? oHo,jzpfonf qdkaom
tcsufawGukd &Sif;jyvdkufaomtcg OD;AaqGu cifAsm;tay: tJ'DoHo,awGawmh &Sif;yg+yD? 'gayr,fh
usKyfrauseyfao;bl;[k ajymyHkukdyg ajymjyygao;onf?

oufn ‡ m ovm;
Todk@&mxl;rS 2 qifhav#mhcsum yifpifay;vdkufjcif;ukdyif oufn‡monf[k tpdk;&uqdkxm;
ygonf? odk@aomf um,uH&Sifu ppfaq;zdk@ t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkaomfvnf; rppfaq;yJ &mxl;rSav#mh
csI wyfrSxGufapcJhonfukd oufn‡mcJhonf[k qdkxm;ojzifh ol@pdwfwGif rcHcsifhyHkaygufygonf? olonf
um; touft&G,fi,fao;onf? usef;rmoefpGrf;wkef;/ wkduf&nfcdkuf&nf&Sdwkef;/ ZGJebJaumif;wkef;/
ol@wyfrawmfukd cifrifwG,fwmwkef;wGif Todk@jzpf&onhftwGuf pdwfaumif;EkdifyHkray:ay? odk@a=umihf
tjypf&Sdv#ifcHrnf/ tjypfrSav#mhzdk@ awmif;yefvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg[k olu xyfrHwifjyvdkufjcif; jzpfwef&m
onf?
“u|efawmhfukd iJhn‡mw,fqdkwm wkdif;jynfu wu,fxifaerSmpdk;vdk@ ajym&tHk;r,f? 'Dvdk
vkyfwm[m iJhn‡mwm r[kwfa=umif;/ xkacs&Sifvif;cGifh ray;wm[m iJhn‡mwmr[kwfa=umif;/ tjypf
ukdxif&Sm;pGm ppfaq;tjypfay;Ekdifjcif; r&SdbJ &mxl; rS 2 qifhav#mhcsum yifpifay;I wyfrSxGufcdkif;jci f;rSm
iJhn‡mjcif; r[kwfa=umif;”rsm;ukd ajymqdk+yD;oumv/ “u|efawmfajym&OD;r,f/ &mxl;vdkcsifvdk@awmh
r[kwfbl;? wdkif;jynfu u|efawmhfukdihJn‡mw,fqdkwm wu,fxif=urSmpdk;vdk@yg/ 'kOD;pD;csKyfapm=um'dk&JŒ
vpfvyfoGm;wmukd tpm;rcef@yJxm;cJhw,f? bmjzpfvdk@rcef@ovJ/ 'Dae&mukdcef@r,fqdk&if u|efawmfh
udkyJ ay;&rSmrdk@vdk@r[kwfvm;? tJ'gukdyJ=unhfyg/ u|efawmfhtay:rSm olwdk@ iJhn‡mpdwf&Sdygovm;”
[l Ivnf ; ajymvdku favonf? “u|efa wmf [m t}uD ;us,fq H k; wkdu fyGJ awG ukd wkd ufc Jhw,f?
bGJ@xl;rufvdk@ ajymwmr[kwfbl;? 'gawGruf&rSm &Sufawmif&Sufygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh olwkd@
iJhn‡movm;qdkwm od&atmifajym&jcif;yg? tJ'Dvdkwm0efawGukd oufpGef@óud;yrf; aqmif&GufcJhwJh
twGufrsm; u|efawmhfukd bmbGJ@ay;ygovJ” [lIvnf; tHcsvdkufjyefavonf?
“=unhfygOD;/ u|efawmhfukd tif;pdefwdkufyGJrSm ac:+yD;wkdufcdkif;rdvdk@ emrnf}uD;oGm;wmeJ@ cscsif
awmh tcscufaew,fvdk@ +iD;wGm;=ua=umif; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u u|efawmfhukd ajymjyygw,f? tJ'g=unhfyg/
'giJhn‡mwJhpdwfxm;vm;”

touf / tdk; tdr f/ pnf; pd r f/ &mxl; / tm%mwnf + rJa pcJho l

“tJ'Dwkef;u tajctaeodyfqdk;aeawmh u|efawmhfukdac:+yD; wm0efay;cJhygw,f? wyfom;

trSwf -22 75
awG[m pdwf"gwf ysufukef=u+yD/ &efukefòrd@uGufuGufuav;yJ usefawmhw,f? tif;pdefbufu autif
'DtdkawGukd &ifqdkifwkdufae&wJh ppfom;awG[m pdwf"gwfysuf+yD; òydqif;vm=uw,f? u|efawmfu
cuf&m cufqpfeJ@ olwdk@ukdtm;ay;+yD; wdkufcdkif;&w,f? aemufqHk; aemufrqkwf&bl;vdk@ aemufuae
aoewfeJ@ csdef+yD; wdkufckdif;&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u aomif;usef;olawGzufu AdkvfausmfaZm 'DwkdufyGJrSm
ppfom;awG wdkufaewm cifAsm;rsufESma=umihf/ Edk@r[kwf&if usKyfwkd@&efukef0ifEkdif+yD/ 'ga=umifh cifAsm;
a&S m if a y;vd k u f y gvd k @ ta=umif ;=um;=uw,f ? u|ef a wmfu ra&S m if y J quf w d k uf c J h y gw,f ?
tJ'DvdktajctaerSm u|efawmf u,fwifcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm 0ef}uD;awG[m a=umuf'l;wkef+yD;
&mxl;uxGufolxGuf/ ajy;zdk@v$m;zdk@ pDpOfolu pDpOf/ nbufrSm tdyf,majymif; tdyfwJholutdyf
jzpfae=uyg+yD/ tJ'Dvdktajctaeup+yD; u,fwifcJhygw,f? 'gawmifrS 'Dpum;rsKd;ajym&uf=uwm[m
aus;Zl;w&m;qdkwm b,frSm&Sdygawmh rvJ”[lIvnf; tHcsavonf?
1949 ckESpfrSm u|efawmhftzdk@&m we*FaEGae@&,fvdk@r&Sd/ &uftm;r&Sdyg/ odk@aomfwdkufyGJrSm usnfqH
ukefaevdk@ usnfqHxkwfzdk@&m jrif;yGJukd vdkufoGm;&ygw,f?”Tpum;ukd rv$Jruif;omIom ajymae&
a=umif; wdkif;jynfu iJhn‡monfqdkjcif;ukd wu,fxifaerSmpdk;Iom ajym&a=umif;rsm;ukd a=uuGJ0rf;enf;
aomtoGifjzihf &Sif;jyygao;onf? wcsKdŒudpPrsm;ukd yk*~dKvfa&;ygrnfpdk;I rajymvdka=umif;yg ajymoGygma;o;
onf? xdkae@wGifum; AdkvfausmfaZmxHrS jyefvnf&Sif;jycsufrsm;ukd u|efawmfwdk@wawG a=uuGJzG,f&m
=um;em&jcif; jzpfygawmhonf? tajccHOya'yg tcGihfta&;t& jynfaxmifpk om;wa,muf.
tcGihfta&;ukd AdkvfausmfaZmvdkvltaejzihfyif ydwfyifcsKd;ESdrfjcif;cH&onf qdkjcif;ukdum; t%mydkifwudk@
rnfodk@ajz=um;rnf qdkjcif;ukd apmihfpm;&ef tcsdefukefygao;onf? AdkvfausmfaZm. awmif;qdkcsuf
rsm;ukd rnfodk@ jyefvnfpOf;pm;=urnf qdkonfukdum;rodao;? odk@aomf xdkjy\emonf ,ae@
jynfol@±Hk;awmfodk@ wwfa&mufvmcJh&avonf?

wd ki f; jynf t wGu f
ppfwyfrS t+idrf;pm; ,loGm;&onfqdkaomfvnf; AdkvfausmfaZmu olonf wdkif;jynfukd
cspfoljzpfonfhtwGuf ol@ukd,fukd wdkif;jynftusKd;twGufyif toHk;csum wdkif;jynfukd tvkyftaºuG;
ðyOD;rnf[k ajymoGm;aoma=umihf 0rf;enf;zG,f r[kwfao;? wkdif;jynf. om;aumif;wpfa,muf.
vkyftm;ukd wdkif;jynfu qufvuf&&SdOD;rnfjzpfI 0rf;ajrmufzG,fyif &Sdayao;onf? wpfrsKd;om;vHk;.
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tarSmifqHk;tcsdef jzpfaeygonf? arSmif}uD;usaeygonf”[k AdkvfausmfaZmu zGihf[ajym=um; vdkufay
onf? xdkodk@aom ta&;tcif;awGukd ausmrcdkif;xm;bJ oltpGrf;&Sdoavmuf ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufrnf[k
uwday;vdkufayonf? wdkif;jynftzdk@&mrl wdkif;jynf. &Jabmfwa,muf. vkyftm;ukd qufvuf
&&Sd=urnfqdkjcif;a=umihfyif auseyfESpfodrfh=urnf jzpfygayownf;?

jynfol@*sme,f t,f'DwmwOD;

76 trSwf -22
 Ad k vf cs K yf a u s mf a Z m a rG ; a e‹ t rS wf w &

u|efrqufa&;csifaom
azazhta-umif;rsm;

a'gufwmvSausmfaZm

(AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm. udk,fa&;twˆKy`wWdtquftjzpf AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm ouf&Sdxif&Sm;

&SdaepOfrSm ar;jref;&&Sdor#udk orD;}uD;jzpfol a'gufwmvSausmfaZmu jyefvnfa&;om;wifjyonfh
aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;wGif xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfouf
cJh+yD; ,ae@xufwkdif jynfol@'Drkdua&pDa&;twGuf tcGifhoifhwkdif; pdwftm;xufoefpGm vrf;!$efr_
ay;aeaom AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmtm; “ta&SŒrdk;aumif;uif”rS *k%f,l0rf;ajrmufpGm aus;Zl;wif
&Sdygw,f? Tokd@ azmfjyr_&&Sdjcif;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm oufawmf&mausmf &Snfygapa=umif;“ta&SŒ
rdk;aumif;uif”0kdif;awmfom;rsm;u qkawmif;vkdufygw,f)
azazu ol@&JŒ udk,fa&;twˆKy`wWda&;awmh touf 80 ausmfyg+yD? t&ifu a&;om;wJh
aqmif;yg;awG ukd,fawG@ tawG@tóuH ta=umif;t&mawG/ ae@pOfrSwfwrf;awG tawmfrsm;rsm;
&Sdaevkd@ toifhtwifh jynfhpHkatmif a&;Ekdifwmjzpfygw,f? wcgwav olu pma&;ae&if; wcsdKŒ
tjzpftysuf awGudk twdtusrrSwfrd jzpfwwfygw,f? 'DvdktcgrsdK;rSm “ol&Sdwkef;u a&;jzpf&if
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ygolvnf; jzpfavawmh ta=umif;t&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk rSwfrdwwfygw,f? 'gha=umifh azazu
ararhudk wo rdwmyg?

trSwf -22 77
 azazhpmtkyf xGufvmawmh zwf&wJhvl
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u azazyg;pyfeJ@ ajymjyzl;wJh
ta=umif;t&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ygrvmvdk@
qkd+yD; ar;=ujref;=uygw,f? u|efrudkvnf; azhazh
pmtkyfxJu arhusefcJhwJh ta=umif;t&mawGukd
qufa&;ckdif;ygw,f? 'ga=umihf u|efr tcktouf
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[kdvl'Dvlta=umif; ajymckdif;vkdufeJ@ olajymjy
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azazu ol@udk rsdK;cspfjynfcspfpdwf oGif;
ay;wJh t"d uyk*~dKvf[m pma&;q&m}uD ; ‘r[maqG’
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awGudk csay;cJhw,fwJh? wkdif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf cdkifcdkif
rmrm0ifatmi/f tusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGefatmif/
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aumif;rGefwJh pdwf"mwfawGudk oGif;ay;cJhw,fvkd@
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78
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olwkd@rdom;pkeJ@ AkdvfausmfaZm rjzpfcifuwnf;u
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'guawmh azaz&JΠq&m&if; q&m}uD;
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vkyfpOfu pwifod&SdcJhwmyg? tJ'Dwkef;u Adkvf}uD;
bwifu ocifbwifqkd+yD; wkd@Armtpnf;t±Hk;&JŒ
emrnf}uD;ocifwOD;tjzpf ausmf=um;+yD;olyg?
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w,fqdk+yD; =unfhr& jzpfae[ef&Sdygw,f? azazu
touft &G, fu vnf ; 25 - 26 avmufy J
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vdk@ oabmxm;+yD; pHjyausmif;u csxm;wJh ausmif;
pnf;urf;awGudk trsdK;rsdK;csdK;azmuf+yD; t&GJŒwkduf
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azazu nuif;awGvSnfhppfcsdefrSm oljyefvmwm
trSwf -22
eJ@wkd;&if azazu rjrifcsifa,mifaqmifayr,fh ol
u azazrod odatmif acsmif;[ef@vkduf toHay;
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trSwf -22
r}uD; rav;pm;wmu wa=umif;wkd@a=umifh jzpf
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ae0if;*kduf/ yHkpHawGvkyfjywwf+yD; ajymifwwf
avSmifwwfwmawGvnf; &Sdw,fvkd@ qdkygw,f?
'gawGudk Akdvfae0if;u jyef=um;[ef&Sd+yD; 'gawG
a=umifh Adkvfbwifudk rkef;wD;[ef&Sdw,fvkd@vnf;
azazu ajymjyygw,f?
'gawGuawmh azazqufajymjywJh ol@
pmtk y fx J xnf hr a&;rd cJ h w Jh ta=umif ; t&m
wcsdKŒyg?
(2)
1300 jynfh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ um
vu tjzpftysufeJ@ ta=umif;t&mtcsdK@ ajym
jyygOD;r,f?
u|efrwkd@ prf;acsmif;qDqHkvrf; tdrfav;
udk azazyifpif,l+yD;aemuf ajymif;vmcJh=u ygw,f?
wkdif;rSL;}uD;b0u wcrf;wem;eJ@ uif;eJ@tvHwkdif
eJ@ aeaeawmh awmf±Hkwef±Hkvl rvm&JcJhygbl;?
azazuvnf; tJ'Dwkef;u tvkyfursm;w,f
av? yifpif,l+yD; omreft&yfom;b0eJ@ &yfuGuf
xJ a&mufvmawmh rdwfaqG/ taygif;toif;
a[mif;awG vm=u/ vnf=u/ ywf=uygw,f?
tJ' DxJr Sm ±k yf&Si fynmonf}uD; wOD;
jzpfwJh OD;oma*gif}uD; ygvmygw,f? olu "mwfyHk
ta[mif;av;wyHk vmay;wmyg? olu azazwkd@
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHktwGif;u oydwfawG
trsdK;rsdK;wm;aepOfu &efukefu owif;pmwkduf
wwkdufu "mwfyHkowif;axmuf wOD;wJh? olu
aeawmhvnf; =unfhjrifwkdif&yfuGufxJrSmyJ aeyg
w,f?
OD;oma*gif}uD; tJ'Dwkef;u ajymjy
79
wmuawmh 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkumv t yg=uygw,f? azazvnf; tJ'Doli,fcsif;awGeJ@
wGif;wkef;u olwae@ oydwfwm;ae=uwJh ausmif; jyefawG@&if ajymvkdufqkdvkduf &,fvkdufarmvkduf
om;tkyfawGq D uifr&mwvHk;eJ@ owif;,lzkd@ eJ@ i,frlawGjyefae=uygw,f? azazhukd olwkdu
a&mufvmowJh? oydwfarSmuf ausmif;olwcsdKŒ “ukda&$/ ukda&$”vkd@ ac:=uwmukd;?
u vrf;wvrf;ukd ydwf/ wef;pDxkdifae+yD; oydwf azazwkd@ tJ'DykZGefawmif q&mjzpfoif
wm;aeowJh? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rsufESmjzL '±kdifbm wufwkef;u aemifemrnfausmf [mopma&;
wa,mufu armif;+yD;? ab;rSm rsufESmjzL trsdK; q&m}uD; jzpfvmwJh aomfwmaqGvnf; &SdygowJh?
orD ; wa,muf v nf ; ygvmwJ h atmf p wif olu ±kyf&nfuacsmvkd@ tvGefjrmpGHw,fvkd@ az
um;eufuav;wpD; t&Sdefjyif;jyif;eJ@ tJ'Dvrf; azu ajymygw,f? “olu azazwkd@ukd awmom;
twkdif; ausmif;olawGxkdifaewJh ae&mwnfhwnfh av;awG òrd@wuf+yD; rtlrvnf/ rawmufwacgufeJ@
qD armif;vmowJh? wrifoufouf &efpwmyg? EkdifiHa&;vkyfaewmqkd+yD; avSmifajymif oa&mfwwf
tpykd if;rSm ausmif;ol awG[m td ajEN w,f? b,fEkdifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rSvnf; ryg0ifbl;?
rysuf xkdifaeayr,fh odyfeD;vmawmh wcsdKŒu pnf;±Hk;vkd@ r&bl;”vdk@ azazu ajymjyzl;ygw,f?
enf;enf;v_yf&Sm;vm=uw,fwJh? ab;y&dowf azazu “ukdvdkeDykvdyf}uD;”vdk@ emrnf
uvnf; v_yfv_yf&G&GeJ@ &ifxdwfae=u&w,f? um; ay;+yD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufq HcJhwJh ykvdyft&m&Sd
uvnf; wjznf;jznf; eD;vmae+yD? tJ'Dtcsdef a[mif;}uD;wOD;vnf; u|efrwkd@ prf;acsmif;tdrfukd
rSmyJ oydwftzGJ@xJu ausmif;om;wa,muf[m vmvnfwwfygao;w,f? azazwkd@ ausmif;om;
tJ'Dausmif;olrsm;eJ@ um;t=um; 0rf;vsm;xkd; v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk vkdufowif;,l&if; azazwkd@eJ@
vkduf+yD; vrf;ray: arSmuftdyfcsvkdufowJh? tJ'D cifaewmyg? azazwkd@u ol@qDu owif;yvif;
tcsdefusrSyJ um;u t&Sdefowf &yfoGm;awmh av;E_dufwwfygw,f? olu “a[h æ aumifav;
w,fwJh? tJ'D tcsdefumvav;ukd OD;oma*gif}uD; awG xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rsm;&Sd&if ajymaemf? awmf=um
u trdt& "mwfykH±kdufvkduf+yD; aemufae@ owif; igu xrif;tkd;uGJrSm” æ vdk@ ajymwwfowJh?
pmrSm "mwfyHk a&m owif;a&m xnfhvkdufEkd ifw,fwJ h? azazwdk@ 3-4 a,muf pk±Hk;pk±Hk;vkyfvm&if olu
tJ'D 0rf;vsm;arSmuftdyfvkdufwJh oydwf ra,mifrvnf a&mufvmwwf+yD; ar;awmh jref;
arSmufausmif;om;u azazygyJwJh? 'ga=umifh tJ'D awmhwmygyJwJh? azazwkd@u ol@ukd vSnfhywfajym
"mwfyHkuav;ukd trSwfw&tjzpf OD;oma*gif vkdufvkd@ aemifay:oGm;&if rif;wdk@ aemufwcg 'Dvkd
}uD;u azazhukd vmay;oGm;wmygyJwJh? rvkyfygeJ@uGm/ owif;rSm;ay;vkd@qkd+yD; igu t}udrf;
tJ'Dumvwkef;u azaz&JΠtrsdK;orD; tarmif; cH&w,fuG - vkd@rsufESmi,feJ@ ajym
ol i,fcsif ;awG[ m u|efrwkd @ prf ;acsmif; td rf wwfowJh? +yD;awmhvnf; olu aeprf;ygOD; rif;
a&mufawmh r=umc%tkyfvkduf vmvnfwwf wkd@u t*Fvdyftpkd;&ukd wkdufzkd@ bm&Sdvkd@wkef;?
ygao;w,f? jynfol@qENaoG;aq;u a':=uif+rdKif tkwfeH&Hukd acgif;eJ@wkdufovkd aerSmayghvkd@ ajym
wkd@/ prf;acsmif;tvu q&mra': jrnGef@/ q&m wwfowJhav? 'gawGuawmh azaz&JΠ1300
}uD;(OD;)om"kZeD; a':cifndK (u|efru ndKqkdwJh w jynfh ta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif;u &if;ESD;cifrifzl;
vHk;wnf; rSwfrdygw,f/ azazu “a':cifndK” vkd@ olrsm; ta=umif;jzpfygw,f?
ajymygw,f/ ESpfawG=umcJh+yDrkd@ rSm;&ifcGifhv$wfygwk
?) d@ a':rrausmif;rSm wufaewkef;u cifcJh
80 trSwf -22
wJh oli,fcsif; ukdpHol qkdolukdawmh u|efrwkd@
1976 ckESpf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDqD a&muf
awmhrS t&HA[kdaumfrwD/ axmufyHha&;rSL;}uD;
tjzpf jyefq Hkjzpf=uygawmhw,f?
(3)
azaz&J Œ uk d , f w k d i f a &; twˆK y` w W d u k d
pmtkyfa0zefa&; ay;olwOD;u azaz[m vl
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ta=umif; ol@pmtkyfxJrSm
a&;xm;ayr,fh ol@ rdom;pkta=umif;awmh ryg
bl;vkd@ a0zefygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efru azazh
rdbrsm;ta=umif; u|efrodor# a&;ygOD;r,f?
azazhtaz OD;yef;[m tv,ftvwf
v,fykdif&Sifuav;r#omjzpf+yD; aemufykdif; &Gmol
}uD;awGukd a&G;aumufwJhtcg azazwkd@&JΠZmwd
qkdif;pk&GmrSm yxrqHk; ta&G;cH&ol &Gmol}uD; jzpf
vmygw,f? tbkd;[m ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfyHk&+yD; vl
tawmfrsm;rsm;&JΠav;pm;jcif;vnf; cH&yHk &ygw,f?
tbkd;&JŒ ±dk;om;wJh *k%fowif; }uD;rm;wJhta=umif;
ajymprSwfjyKwmcH&wJh ta=umif;t&mav;w&yf
trSwf -22
u|efrwkd@ i,fi,fuwnf;u =um;zl;xm;wm &Sd
ygw,f?
azazhtpfukd}uD; OD;ykukd tdrfaxmifcs
ay;zdk@ rdef;uav;bufu urf;vSrf;wJhtcg owkd@
orD;avmif;&JŒ bGm;at}uD;u “armifyef@om;
vm;/ 'gqkdbmrS ajymraeeJ@ vlrSmtrsdK; =uufrSm
t±dk;wJh? armifyef@om;qkd igoabmwlw,f”vkd@
0if oabmxm;ay; qHk;jzwfvkdufvkd@ tJ'Dr*FvmyGJ
jzpfajrmufoGm;w,fqkdwm =um;zl;cJhygw,f?
azazu *syefujyefvm+yD; bDtkdifat
ppfAkdvf}uD; jzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm tbdk;[m wDbD
a&m*g cHpm;ae&+yD; tdyf&mxJ vJaeygw,f? tbkd;
[m cspfwD;aºuG;awG&Sdvkd@ tJ'DaºuG;u rausEkdif/
rqyfEkdif jzpfaewJhtwGufvnf; pdwWZjzpfae&Sm
ygw,f? 'gudk azaz=um;od&awmh olpkaqmif;
xm;wJh aiGav;eJ@ tbkd;aºuG;awGudk cspfwD;qDrSm
oGm;qyfygw,f? olaºuG;qyf+yD;a=umif;ukd tdyf&m
xJvJaewJh tbkd;ukd oGm;ajymawmh tbdk;u qwf
ceJxxkdif+yD; azazhvufukdqGJum “aus;Zl;wif
vkdufwmuGm? ighrSm oHo&maºuG; r&Sdawmhbl;?
igjyKxm;wJh uk okd vfa wG eJ@ aumif ;&mok* wd
a&mufawmhr,f”vkd@ ajym&SmowJh? azazuawmh
ol@b0rSm ol@zcif&JŒaºuG;ukd qyfay;vkduf&vkd@
odyfyDwdjzpfrdw,fvdk@ u|efrukd jyefajymjyzl;ygw,f?
tbkd;[m u|efrwdk@ i,fi,frSmyJ uG,f
vGefoGm;vdk@ u|efru rrSwfrdvkdufygbl;? tbGm;
uawmh touf 93 ESpftxd aeoGm;&vkd@ u|efr
wkd@ aumif;aumif;od rDvkdufygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ol@ ta=umif;ajymjyygOD;r,f?
u|ef rwk d@ &JΠtbG m ; a':wifh [ m pdw f
"mwf tawmfrmyHk&ygw,f? tbkd;qHk;oGm;+yD;
aemuf v,fukd ol@[molOD;pD;+yD; &SmazG pm;aomuf
cJhygw,f? v,frvkyfEkdifawmhwJh tcsdefusawmh
qkdif;pkrSm&SdwJh +cHeJ@tdrfa&mif;+yD; aiGxkyfykdufum
&efukef wufvmygw,f? &efukefa&mufawmh
81
b,fom;orD;tdrfrSmrS raebJ? &Spfrkdif ^m%pm*Dd 0
y\emausmif;rSm ajrav;wuGuf0,f Z&yfav;
waqmifaqmuf+yD; tJ'DrSmyJ aeygawmhw,f? ykd
v#HwJhaiGuav;ukd twkd;cs+yD; tJ'Dtwkd; aiGav;
eJ@yJ aeyHk&ygw,f?
om;orD;ajr;awG 0kdif;uefawmhwJh aiG/
ypPnf;/ pm;p&m aomufp&m bmyJ&&/ ausmif;
wkdifq&mawmfawGukdyJ vSLypfwwfygw,f? b,f
ol@tultnDrS r,lygbl;? b,fol@ta=umif;rS
vnf; raumif;ajymwm r=um;zl;ygbl;? tvGef
aewwf xkdifwwfolyg?
1950 ck E S p f r sm;u azazawmif y k d i f ;
wkdif;rSL;tjzpf r*Fvm'HkrSm u|efrwkd@ aeaepOfrSm
u|efrwkd@t&yfrSm r+idrfroufjzpfaevkd@ tbGm;
wkd@ u|efrwkd@eJ@ vmaecJhzl;ygw,f? azazwdk@ wkduf
cJhwJh “rdk;}udK;ppfqifa&;}uD;” ±kyf&Sifowif;um;ukd
u|efrwkd@tdrfrSm vmjyawmh aool ausolawGyHk
ay:vmawmh “olwkd@&SmwJh xrif;awmh pm;&wm
rsdKrusygbl;at”vdk@ ajymygw,f? ol@ab;rSm
xkd ifaewJ h ol@nDr0rf;uGJu “rr,fwifhwkd@rvJ pduk wd f
csrf;om&w,f r&Sdygbl;” vkd@ 0ifajymawmh/ azaz
u “tar b,fwkef;ursm; pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpf&
vkd@vJ” vkd@ trSwfrxif 0ifajymygw,f?
tbGm;u 'Dpum;ukd pdwfraumif; jzpf
oGm;[ef &Sdygw,f? bmrS jyefrajymbJ +idrfus
oGm;ayr,fh ntdyf&m0ifawmh ol@nDr0rf;uGJ a':
vSwifukd “olu (azazukd qkdvkd[ef&Sdygw,f)
ighukd b,fwkef;ursm; pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfzl;vkd@
vJvkd@ ajymwmrsm; tHhyg&JŒ? ol *syefoGm;wkef;u
b,fa&mufvkd@ b,faygufrSef;rodwkef;u n
wkdif; tdyfraysmfvdk@ xxdkif+yD; aq;vdyfaomufwm?
aq;vdyfjymawGeJ@ aq;vdyfwkdawG ypfxm;wm
tdrfatmufuae ujyifawmifxdw,f? ol@ukd
tJ'D aq;vdyfjymyHk ac: jyvkdufcsifvkdufwm” ajym
ygw,fwJh? (rSwfcsuf - azazwkd@ qkdif;pktdrfrSm
82
ajcwef&Snftdrfjzpf+yD;/ tdrf=urf;jyifeJ@ ajr}uD;
t=um; vlwa,muf ukef;0ifvkd@&ygw,f?)
u|efrwkd@wawG 1976 ckESpfrSm rdom;
pkvkduf awmckdoGm;wkef;uvnf; tbGm;u “ 'Du
av;[m (azazhukd qkdvkdwmyg) touf 19 ESpf
20 wkef;uvnf; wcg rkduf+yD;+yD (*syefoGm;wmukd
qkdvkdygw,f) tckvnf; touf 50 ausmfrS xyf
rkdufjyef+yD? 'Dwcgawmh ukd,fwa,mufwnf;
rrkdufbJ? om;awG orD;awGyg ac:oGm;jyefw,f?
ighukd raorcsif; 'kuQay;aewJh uav;yJ”vkd@
qkdygowJh?
1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif; rqvtpkd;&u
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhay;vkd@ OD;Ekwdk@ jyefa&mufvm
=uawmh aqGrsdK;wcsdK@u tbGm;udkvm+yD; “olrsm;
awGawmif 'DtcGifhta&;,l+yD; jyefvm=uwm?
om;ukd vkdufac:aygh”vkd@ ajymowJh? 'Dawmh olu
“ a=omf æ jyefvmzkd@ac:+yD; tdrfomaqmufay;+yD;
rwfwwfoGm;ckdif;&if b,fES,fhvkyfyghrvJ”vdk@ qkd
owJh/ 'ghtjyif “ ighom;u aowJhtxd tvHvSJ
r,fholr[kwfbl;”vkd@vnf; ajymowJh?
tbGm;[m usef;rma&; tvGefaumif; +yD;
ESmap;acsmif;qkd; jzpf±HkavmufuvGJvkd@ }uD;}uD;
rm;rm; bmrSrjzpfygbl;? u|efr &efukefrSm&SdpOfu
olaeraumif;&if &Spfrkdifuae oGm;ac:vm+yD; 3
- 4 &uf aq;au|;aq;wkdufvkyfvkduf&if aumif;
oGm;wmygyJ? u|efrwkd@tdrfrSm =um=umraeygbl;?
ae enf;enf;aumif;wmeJ@ ol@Z&yf oljyefwm
ygyJ?
1984 - 85 avmufrSm ol tat;rd+yD;
acsmif;qkd;vkd@ ol&JΠwOD;wnf;aomorD;u tdfrf
ac:vm+yD;xm;pOfr SmyJ wreuf tdy f&mxrSm
uG,fvGefoGm;wm odvkduf&wmygyJ? touf 93
ESpfrSm uG,fvGefoGm;wmyg?
uG,fvGefcsdefrSm ema&;a=umfjimxnfh awmh
azazhemrnf xnfhcGif hr&ygbl;? azazuawmh
trSwf -22
ol@tar[m ol@tazxuf pdwf"mwfjyif;xefw,f
vdk@ qkdygw,f? rmevnf; }uD;w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
'gawG u awmh u|ef r od o avmuf
u|efr tbkd;eJ@tbGm; (azazhtazeJ@ tar) t
a=umif;awGygyJ?
(4)
Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&cgp umvrsm; u
tvG e f v uf a pmif ; xuf c J h + yD ; ppf t pk d ; & t
qufqufrSm txdef;odrf;cHb0/ twkduftcH EkdifiH
a&;orm;b0rsm; jzwfoef;+yD; uG,fvGefoGm;cJhwJh
zqyvacwf 0ef}uD;a[mif;wOD;&JΠa&S;jzpfa[mif;
a&;om;zG,f wcsdK@rSm &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;eJ@
ywfouf+yD; ynmwwf acgif;aqmifawG trsm;
tjym;&SdvsufeJ@ *syefppfynmoif ykd@&mrSm wm0efH c
ocifcspf[m rdrdvufoifh&mawGyJ xnfhv$wf
vkdufw,f? 'ga=umifh ygoifhygxkdufolawG ryg0if
jzpf&w,fvkd@ a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f?
'geJ@ywfouf+yD; u|efru azazukd t
usdK;ta=umif; ar;=unfhcJhzl;ygw,f? azazajymjy
wmu awmh æ
“azazwkd@u tJ'Dwkef;u vli,fawGyJ?
'ga=umifh b,fvkda&G;cs,f=uw,fqkdwm azaz
rodygbl;? azaztxifuawmh 'D*syefukd ppf
ynmoifv$wfa&;qkdwJhudpP[m t*Fvdyftpkd;&
vufatmufrSm vkyf&wJh tvkyfjzpfawmh tvGef
v#dK@0Suf&w,f? ArmjynfrSmuvnf; ajratmuf
vkyfief;wkd@ bmwdk@qdkwm odyftawG@t}uHK &Sd=u
ao;wmr[kwfbl;? 'ga=umifh ocifcspftaeeJ@
uvnf; odyftus,ftjyef@ wkdifyifEkdifyHk r&bl;?
odyf,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJh eD;pyf&mvlawGyJ vufwkd@
ckdif;&yHk&w,f? oabFmywf wcg}uHKwkdif; 4-5
a,muf pkpk+yD; pDpOf&wm? 'ghtjyif a&G;cs,fcHxm;&
wJh vlwcsdK@uvnf; teD;uyfrS rvkdufEkdifbl; jzpf&f i
trSwf -22
&xm;wJh vlOD;a&jynfhatmif tdrfrSm toifh&Sd
aewJhvlawG aumufxnfhvkduf&wmyJ?
ocif c spf u tJ ' Dw k e f; u a&ausmf u
or0g,rqkdifrSm ta&mif;pma&;}uD; vkyfaewm?
ol@tdrfrSmu e,fu 0&rf;ajy;vmwJh (t*Fvdyf
tpkd;&vkdufzrf;vdk@) ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifav;
awG/ ocifaygufpav;awG vmckdatmif;aewm
awG&Sdw,f? 0kdif;vkyf 0kdif;pm;aygh? xrif;csufwJhol
ucsuf/ a&xrf;wJholu xrf;eJ@aygh/ tJ'DvlawGxJ
u wcsdK@ukd tpm;xkd; xnfhvkduf&yHkawG &Sdygw,f?
azazwkd@uawmh *syefu jyefvmawmh
*syefjyef &JabmfoHk;usdyfawGtjzpf ol&Jaumif;}uD;
rsm;tjzpf v#rf;v#rf;awmufvmwJhtcg tJ'D
wkef;u rvkdufjzpfvkdufwJh vlawG(wcsdK@u oGm;zkd@
ta&G;cH&vsufeJ@ rvkdufolrsm;) u remvdk0efwkd
jzpf+yD; tremy a&;=uajym=uwmawG &Sdvmyg
w,f? azazwkd@ &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifwcsdK@uvnf;
&mxl;pnf;pdrfav;awG &vma&m ysufpD;vmwm
awGvnf; &Sdwmudk;” vkd@ azazu ajymjyygw,f?
azazu quf +yD; ajymjywmuawmh
“wcsdK@ ta&G;cs,fcH&+yD; rvkduf=uwJh olawGxJrSm
b,fa omif b,fp cef ; qk du fr,fr Se f;rod vk d@
a=umuf&GHŒvkd@ rvkduf=uolawG &Sdayr,fh wcsdK@us
awmhvnf; b,folb,f0Sm/ b,fygwDu v$wf
rSef;rodvdk@ EkdifiHa&;t& pOf;pm;+yD; rvkdufwmawG
vnf; &Sdygw,f”vkd@ qkdygw,f?
azazukd,fwkdifvnf; ol@ukd *syefvkduf
oGm;+yD; ppfynmoifzkd@ vmaqG;aEG;wJh ukdndK
(aemif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ twGif;0ef AkdvfrSL;
ol&) ukd csufcsif;vkdufyghr,fvkd@ uwdray;bJ/ 2
&ufavmuf pOf;pm;yg&apOD;vdk@ tcsdefqGJcJh ygw,f
wJh? azazu ukdndKukd b,fygwDu v$wfwmvJvkd@
ar;ayr,fh ukdndKu v#dK@ 0Sufa&;rdk@ rajymEkdifbl;vdk@
qdkygw,f? tJ'Dumvu OD;apmwkd@ ygwDuvnf;
*syefeJ@ qufaewmjzpfawmh OD;apmwkd@ygwDu
83
v$wfwmjzpfaeEkdifvkd@ azazu tJ'Dvdkar;&wmyg?
azazu olwkd@ om,m0wDu acgif;aqmif=uD;
ocifjrudk oGm;ar;+yD;/ ocifjru “rif;vkdufoGm;yg/
igwkd@v$wfwmyg”vkd@ ajymrS olvkdufzdk@ qHk;jzwf
csufcscJhwmyg? 'ga=umifh wcsdK@rvkdufjzpfwJh vlawG
tay: azazu em;vnfr_&Sd[ef wlygw,f?
azazu &J a bmf o H k ; usd y f 0 if a wG [ m
ynmwwfa&m/ ynmrwwfola&m/ acgif;aqmif
a&m/ i,fom;a&m vHk;vHk;rcGJjcm;bJ wpnf;wvHk;
wnf;eJ@ ppfynmawGukd usm;ukwfusm;cJ avhvm
cJh=uw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdif azazwdk@
&Jabmfi,fawGeJ@ wwef;wnf;ae+yD; ppfynm
awGukd oif,lcJhwm? 'g a=umifhyJ tvGefpnf;vHk;
nDnGwfcJh=u+yD; tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;ukd jzwfausmf
EkdifcJhwm jzpfw,f? Armjynf jyefa&muf=u+yD;aemuf
qufvufravhvm r}udK;pm;wJh vlawGuawmh
b0}uD;ukd a&pkefar#m+yD; ysufpD;oGm;olawG &Sdo
vkd ArmjynfolawGta&; wkdif;jynfta&;ukd t
av;teuf pOf;pm;+yD; wkdif;jynfta&;ukd touf
ay;vkd@ vkyfaqmifoGm;=uolawGvnf; &Sdygw,f?
&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if qkdwmawG[mvnf; vlawGyJ
av? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkd vlrsdK;vnf; &Jabmf
oHk;usdyfjzpfovkd Armjynf}uD;ukd ppftm%m&Sif
pepfatmuf wGef;ykd@cJhwJh Akdvfae0if;[mvnf;
&JabmfoHk;usdyfyJ r[kwfvm;vdk@vnf; ajymjycJhzl;
ygw,f?
wu,fawmh ukd,fhwkdif;jynfukd,fhvlrsdK;
ukd ppfppfrSefrSef cspfjrwfEkd;=uolrsm;[m ukd,fhwkdif;
jynf ukd,fhvlrsdK;awG rvGwfajrmufrjcif; }uD;yGm;
csrf;omrvmrjcif; ZGJebJeJ@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwf&rSm
jzpfygw,f? vrf;c&D;rSmawG@wJh ql;ajimifhcvkwf
awGukd tvGefowd}uD;pGmxm; a&Smif&Sm;&rSm
jzpfygw,f?
azazu *syef v l r sd K ;awG & J Π"avh r S m
olwkd@{nfhonfukd a*&Sm;r,fawGeJ@ {nfhcHwm[m
84
olwk d@ {nfh0 wfjynfh r_wrsdK ;yJ? azazwkd@ *syef
a&mufawmhvnf; tJovkd {nfhcHwmyJ? 'gukd
ESpfoufoGm;olawG &Sdovkd &GH&SmpufqkyfolawG
vnf;&Sdw,f? wcg azazwkd@ oHvsif t*Fvdyf
ppfwyfrSm ae&wkef;u (rSwfcsuf - uEHND pmcsKyf
t+yD; rsdK;cspfwyfrawmfrS wyfrSL;wyfom;tcsdKŒ
t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;eJ@twl aygif;pOf 1947 ckESpf)
bk&ifhaumfr&Sif& ppfAkdvfawGqkd+yD; &m&Siftaumif;
pm;awG &aew,f? pD;u&ufwkd@ t&ufwkd@ azm
jcif;aomjcif;yJ? azazvnf; tprSmawmh aq;vdyf
aomuf=unfh/ t&ufaomuf=unfhaygh? wywf
avmuf=umawmh aq;vdyfE_ef;a&m t&ufE_ef;
a&m wufvmw,f? wae@ 1 vdyf/ 2 vdyf uae
4-5 vdyfjzpfvmw,f? t&ufuvnf; 1 yuf/
2 yufuae 3-4 yuf jzpfvmawmhw,f? tJ'D
awmh azaz&dyfrd+yD; 'DaumifawG (t*FvdyfawG)
igwkd@ukd zsufaewm? ig&yfrSyJvdk@ pOf;pm;rdwmeJ@
jzwfvkdufwmyJvkd@ ajymjyzl;ygw,f?
azazuawmh oli,fi,fwkef;u bkef;
awmf}uD;ausmif;awGrSm aecJh&+yD; bmomw&m;
euf±kdif;r_a=umifh oltusifh pm&dwWukd olxdef;Ekdif
wmvkd@ qdkygw,f?
u|efruawmh azaz[m ol@jynfolvlxk
ukd cspfjrwfEkd;vGef;vdk@ jynfolawG rvGwfrajrmuf
rjcif; olwm0ef rausbl;vkd@ oabmxm;vkd@om
b0ukd t&omcHraewmbJvkd@ awG;rdygw,f?
wu,fvnf; vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk; vGwfajrmufzkd@
}udK;yrf;=uolrsm;[m rdrdajcvSrf;wkdif;ukd owd
}uD;pGmxm;+yD; vSrf;&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'grSom
&moufyef jynfol@ bufawmfom; jzpfEkdifrSm
jzpfygw,f?
vS a usmf a Zm
trSwf -22
Ú oHk;usdyfwJh&Jabmf
awmfvSefwJhorkdif;?
ppfynm
*syefrSmoloifvdk@
xdkif;a&mufv#ifppfwyfzG@J
e,fcsJŒudk0kdif;?
Ú AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmwJh
ausmfaZmwJhAdkvfcsKyfyg?
atmifausmfeJ@olvJyg
atmifqef;rSmolvJvdkuf?
ausmif;om;eJ@ocif
v_yf&Sm;pOf olygcJh
ppfcsD&m olvdkuf
atmifq ef;eJ@twlwdkuf?
Ú Armjynfppfu|efoabmuf
Ú e,fcsJŒeJ@ zufqpfyg
awmfvSef&m a&SŒwef;
w±kwfjzL armif;xkwfyGJ
&JwJharmfuGef;?
wdkif;jynf&ef[lor#
olwdkuf& a&SŒwef;rSm
ppfyGJawG +yD;wJhcg
trSwf -22
,rf;aiG@rSmolratmif;
ppftm%molrruf
ppfrif;qufolraxmifbk
+idrf;csrf;atmif csKd;jzLv$wfygvkd@
r_dif;ocifhxHawmfyg;rSm
ppfrkef;ol jynhfppfom;&,fvdk@
tm;xkwfcJha=umif;?
vGwfajrmufapapm?
vGwfajrmufwJhArmjynf
+idrf;csrf;apaom? ?
armifpGrf;&nf
2007 rwfv 27 awmfvSefa&;ae@?
(aemifwacwf a'gif;zwfpmrSm oHk;zdk@)
85
 xG
ef;awmu fq JM
&Spfq,f æ æ wJh
tESpfºuG,fºuG,f vl@b0rSm
vSywJh ordkif;a=umif;eJ@
EkdfifiHom;aumif; yDopGm
vlxkacgif;aqmiff yDopGm
*k%fajymifpGm jzwfoef;
rkefwdkif;vrf;ay:u =u,feD
trdjynftwGuf *k%f,lp&m
=unhfndKpGm OD;cdkuf
E_wfcGef;qufovdkufygw,f OD;av;a&
OD;av;&JŒ
jzwfoef;cJh+yD;ESpf&Spfq,f
ESpf ESpfq,fpDpdwfydkif;
ordkfif;aemufcHum;awGeJ@ ,SOfpyf
av;av;jrwfjrwf =unhfrdwJhtcg
(1)
1919 rS 1939
e,fcsJŒqdk; vufatmuf
zGm;ajrmuf+yD;arG;vm
bdk;ab;awG[m a&$bdkEG,f
86
u , feD
odk
Y
ay;yd
k
Y
wJh
u Asm
o 0P f
0if;wifhxGef;
om,m0wDoHk;q,f[m arG;Zmwd
*VKef"dywd q&mpH&JŒ
awmfvSefoH "g;a&mif=um;rSm
}uD;jyif;um vlvm;ajrmuf
'l;raxmufwwfolawG&JΠyJhwifoH
ESvHk;om;tcHay: yl;uyf
awmfvSefpdwf"gwfeJ@ rsKd;cspf0dnmOf
e,fcsJŒorm;ukd qef@usif
u|efjyKolawGukd qef@usifzdk@
&ifukdaumh+yD; vuf±Hk;ajymuf
ra=umufw&m;pdkufxlum
axmifhoHk;&mjynfhrSm ygcJhw,f
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;orm;aumif; jzpfcJhw,f
(2 )
1939 rS 1959
e,fcsJŒqdk;ukd qef@usif
wdkufyGJ0if tHwk&if;
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; [dkifeefa&muf
trdEkdfifiH vGwfajrmufzdk@ ppfynmoif
ordkif;0if &JabmfoHk;usdyf pm&if;rSm
‘ukda&$’[m
AdkvfausmfaZm jzpfvmw,f æ
0ifvmwJh*syef[m
EkdfifiHtay:quf u|efðy
trSwf -22
 vlxktay: &ufpuf (3)
zufqpfyDyD &rf;um;awmh 1959 rS 1979
zufqpfrsm;ukd armif;xkwfa&; jynfwGif;ppf rD;cdk;awGonf;xef
zufqpfqef@usifa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; zGJ@Edkifzdk@
EkdifiHeJ@t0Srf;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ocifpdk;wdk@v#Kd@0SufawG@
&[ef;&Sifvlwdk@&JŒqEN
yxrqHk;awG@ aqG;aEG;wJhae&mtrSef[m q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;u OD;aqmif+yD;
yJcl;pHjywyf&if;u
+idrf;csrf;a&;&ap&m &apa=umif;
AdkvfausmfaZm&JŒ ckwifay:rSm æ
oGef;avmif;+yD; óud;ukwf
tm;xkwf+yD; aqmif&Guf=uwJhtcg
zufqpfawmfvSefa&; trdArmjynf}uD; omapa&;
[pfaºuG;+yD;azmf=uawmh jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;
AdkvfausmfaZm[m wkdif; 4 &JΠjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
ppfa&;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfcJhw,f raES;rzifhwufºuG
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;rSm ygcJhw,f 'kwd, OuUXtjzpfygcJhw,f
zufqpfqef@usifa&;wm0efauscJhw,f æ ta&;}uD;wJhtcef;u ygcJhw,f æ

t*Fvdyfjyeft0if ppftm%m&Sifwdk@ wufvm

toihfjyifvmwJh puULjzLpmwrf;
EkdifiHeJ@t0Srf;qef@usif=u
orkdif;0ifaeol&deftpnf;ta0;yGJ
&J&J&ifh&ifhqifE$J=u
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf toifhjyif
tqdkðycsufawG wif=uwJhtcg
AdkvfausmfaZm&JΠtqdk[m
trsKd;om; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;tqdkyg
vGwfvyfa&;a=ujimt+yD;
ta&;}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd xrf;aqmif
orkdif;wGifatmif todtrSwfðy=u&
ppfaoe*FAsL[mrSm wacwfxl
w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;ukd armif;xkwfa&;
bk&ifhaemif ppfqifa&;&JΠAdokum
&ef}uD;atmif ppfqifa&;&JΠAdokum
wdkif;jcm;&efukd umuG,f&mrSm
tc&mtcef;u ygcJhw,f
EkdifiHom;aumif; yDcJhw,f æ
Armjynf}uD; wdk;+yD;arSmif
+idrf;csrf;a&;t&dyfta&miftm;vHk; uG,faysmuf
ppfzdeyfatmufu jynfolawG
'kuQawGyifv,fa0=uawmh
trdajrudk vGwfajrmufcsif
jynfolukd u,fwifcsifvGef;vdk@
wlwHpOfukd qkyfudkfif
azmufjyefolawGukd &ifqdkifzdk@
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;qD a&mufvmw,f
=u,feDwvufvuf vif;cJhw,f
awmfvSefa&;orm; yDcJhw,f æ
(4)
1979 rS 1999
udk,fusKd;rSefor# pGef@v$wf&if;
tvif;opfqD ar#mf&nf
=u,feDa&mifwvufvuf
tcef;qufordkif;pOf

trSwf -22 87
87
 wlwHpOfukd qufo,faqmif
*k%fa&mifajymifajymif aecJhw,f æ

'kuQawGukd xDrxif
xm0pOf &J&ifhr_eJ@
vlxktusKd;qufvHk;yef;
EkdifiHw0Sef;&JΠtem*wfta&;
bHkta&;rSefor# yg0ifum
&moufyefawmfvSefa&;orm; qdkwm - 'Dvdkyg
&moufyefEkdifiHa&;orm;qdkwm - 'Dvdkyg
EkdifiHudkcspf jynfolcspfwJh
rsKd;cspftppfqdkwm - 'Dvdkyg æ vdk@
pHerlemaumif; rsm;pGmjycJhw,f
qufvuf+yD;vnf; jyaew,f æ

tck
pdef&wkawG vGefajrmufvdk@
tESpf 80 ajrmufawmif wkdifcJh+yD
&mjynhfqD csDwuf&if;
tvif;opfawG qufjzef@a0
trdajrtwGuf quf*k%faqmif
*k%fa&mifajymifajymif qufjzwfoef;
ordkif;tcef;cef;&JΠpmrsufESmawGay:rSm
AdkvfausmfaZmqdkwm ordkif;0if
xm0pOf pHerlemðy
av;pm;r_eJ@ OD;cdkufum
E_wfcGef;qufovdkufygw,f æ OD;av;a& æ

1999 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 3 &ufae@rSm usa&mufr ,fh AdkvfausmfaZm&JŒ

tESp f 80 jynfha rG;ae@odk@
wdkufyGJ0ifae=uqJ wdkufy GJ0 ifa e=uaom &Ja bmf&Jb uf jynfol@bufawmfo m;rsm;.udk,fp m;

0if; wifh x Ge f;

88 trSwf -22
0okefajrrSm
a&udk&Sm&if;
'g%f&mawGeJŒ yGifhcJhw,f æ //
t±k%fOD; vSy
zl;iHkp pHy,fwyGifhvdk
ar$;jrxHkoif;
vwfqwfwJhavnSif;eJŒtwl
rdkifwkdiftrSwf (90)ausmfjzwf
r&yfrem; ckwfarmif;oGm;
b0&xm; æ
rD;aygiftm; jyif;qJygvm; //
tauG@taumuf tqif;twuf
pmrsufESmrsm;
'g%f&m awGeJ@ tHkusif;zGJ@csdef
ESvHk;tdrfonf;yGwf 0wfrSHKvdkEknH@
va&mifvdk at;jrw,f æ//
ESdrfhcs ±dk;om;r_
yef;0wf&nfvdkpk
b0udkxkqpf
jzpfwnf æ ysHoef;cJhw,f//
ol@ tajrmftjrif “ppfudkrkef;vdk@
aumif;uifjyifrSm rvGJra&Smifom
=u,fwm&mwdk@vif;vuf awmfvSefppfxJyg cJhw,fæ”
wdrf uGef,uf wdk@jzefŒusuf t"dy`g,fwcktwGuf
tem*gwftwGuf æ tJ@'g touf&SifaewJh ±kyfyHkv$m
tzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh &wem awGaygh // oif[m æ
jidrf;csrf;a&;udkcspf æ jynfolawG&J@&ifESpfonf;csm //
jynfoludkcspfvdk@ 0okefajrrSm
uGefjrLepfjzpfcJhw,f// a&udk&Sm&if;
oHEdMÏmefcs 'g%f&mawGeJŒ yGifhcJhw,f æ //
ESpf v &uf wdk@ jzwfoef;
pGef@v$wfr_ rSwfwrf;rsm;jzifhom,Ofyg; zdk;eD
aojyD;om;vdkoabmxm;vsuf (10-12-09)
c&D;qufcJh æ (AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm &J@ touf 90
&moufyefæ// jynfharG;ae@twGuf trSwfw&)

trSwf -22 89
89
 opPmw&m;
wHpOf/ wl
uavmif/ aoewf/
+idrf;csrf;a&; csKd;jzL
ckdifrmaom oHEdMÏmefonf jynfol
jzLpifpGm &yfwnfonhfrl ææ ol
ol ææ qdkaom
xkdtzdk;ysKdtm;
OD;nGwf*g&0jyKyg.?

&J + idr f;
90
90 trSwf -22
 bdk;ouf&Snfaygh
xkdpOfu 19 ESpfom;
1300 jynhfta&;awmfyHkrSm yg0ifcJh
Adkvfatmifausmfwdk@eJ@twl
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm pwifyg0ifcJh
,QK touf 90 ESpf
ordkif;acwfawGxJrSm
ESpfaygif; 71 ESpfwkdifjzwfaeqJav æ ?
e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&;
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;
jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; æ
tdk æ tb bdk;ouf&Snf
trSwf -22
AdkvfcsKyf&JΠoauFwtrSwftom;
ckacwf b,folrsm;&xm;zl;ygvdrfh
tb bdk;ouf&Snfwa,mufom
,QKtcg&Sdawmh?
usaemfwdk@acwf&JŒ
Armjynf&JΠusufoa&aqmif[m
zdk;ouf&Snf AdkvfcsKyfyg?
[dkpOfxJu
trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfacgif;aqmif
jynfol@wyfrawmfacgif;aqmif
trsKd;om; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
'Drdkua&pD +idrf;csrf;a&;acgif;aqmif
tb AdkvfcsKyf[m
91
91
 Armjynf&JŒ usufoa&aqmifyg pmemiJhn‡mrdaygh tzAdkvfcsKyf&,f
wem&Dtouf&Snf usef;rmaeor# igwkd@
wkdif;jynfrSm usufoa& wem&Dwdk;pG ykcHk;ajymif;wm0ef,l=u&r,f
'Dr# usufoa&aqmifygw,f awmfvSefa&;ukd vufqifhurf;,l&r,f
Armjynf&JΠusufoa&aqmif[m tbvdkcg;ukef;atmif xrf;=u&r,f
zdk;ouf&Snf AdkvfcsKyfyg? ppfu|efb0 vGwfajrmufa&;
tb zdk;ouf&Snfvrf;jyay;cJh+yDyJ
q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;eJ@twlwuG usaemfwdk@ t&J0HhqHk;csDwuf wdkufzsuf&r,f
+idrf;csrf;a&;Adokumtjzpf uwdðyygw,f tbAdkvfcsKyf
pl;pl;epfepfxrf;&GufOD;aqmifcJh
tdkb,fh æ +idrf;csrf;a&;Adokum? ppftm%m&Sif[m
ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; aemufaz;aygufu0ifvm
vlxkESpfoufvdkvm;=u rnf;eufwJh tawmifyHawGeJ@ jzef@tkyfzdpD;
vSyat;csrf; +idrf;csrf;a&; ppfrD;awGawmufavmifapcJh æ ?
tkyfpdk; ,kwfrmolwdk@ ab;z,fxm;cJh
ppftkyfpku ydkvdk@ab;z,fxm;cJh zufqpfppftkyfpk[m
'geJ@ æ 'Drdkua&pD +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf olwdk@udk,folwdk@
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;c&D;azmuf rD;owform;aumif;awG xifrSwfxm;yHkyJ
rdcifygwDodk@jyefa&mufvm 'gayr,hfvJ æ Armjynfukd rD;wif±_d@ae=u æ ?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf
zsufodrf;ppfrSm/ zkd;ouf&Snf AdkvfcsKyfyg0ifcJh&? pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_
bmwckrS ròyduGJapa&; æ qdkqdk+yD;
q,fpkESpf zdESdyfa&; ppfzaemifheJ@ aoG;cGJ
&mpkESpfawG&JŒ òzdcGJaecJh?
apmfum;rdkuf±kdif;wJhacwf&JŒ
av;vHwJh 0efxkyf0efydk; tJ'DppfrD;awmuf
tb zdk;ouf&Snf ppftm%m&Sifpepfwkdufzsufa&; ajcz0g;atmuf
cg;usKd;rwwf cg;udkif;atmifxrf;o,faecJh +idrf;aysmufap&r,f æ
usaemfwdk@vli,f vl}uD;awG 'DppfrD;awmuf
jynfolawG 'Drdkua&pDvlxktm%mvufatmufrSm
tb bdk;ouf&Snfukd tm;emaerdaygh? +idrf;aysmufap&r,f æ

twk,ltm;usrd +idrf;csrf;a&;Adokum
yDwdeJ@qGwfysHŒrd awmfvSefa&;orm;}uD; tb zdk;ouf&SnfxHu
tm;ema=uuGJvSpGm t&,lcJh=u+yDyJ
92 trSwf -22
 vrf;jytawG;tac: owWdcGeftm;
crf;em;wJhpdwf"gwfawG
ppfu|efb0 vGwfajrmufzdk@
wwfqifcJh=u
tb zdk;ouf&Snf AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ
tvGefcrf;em;wJhZGJvHk;v
wdkif;jynfukdcspfwJh
vlrsKd;ukdcspfwJh
tzdESdyfcHjynfolawGukd odyfukdcspfcifav;pm;
oem;wwfwJh/ =uifemvGef;wJh
tb zdk;ouf&Snf&JΠtoJESvHk;ukd
usaemfwdk@ ,lóuH;xm;cJh
0wfq ifcJhyg+yD?
trSwf -22
AdkvfcsKyf&JŒ
awmfvSefa&;orm;b0
jrifhjrwf rGef&nfwJhtJ'DtvSukd
usaemfwdk@b0 toJESvHk;xJ/
wpkxJ Ïmyemòyvdkuf=u/ yefqifOD;cdkufvdkuf=u
tb&JΠaus;Zl;txyfxyfukd
usaemfwdk@ tJ'Denf;eJ@
ay;qyfae=uyg+yD?
tbAdkvfcsKyf zdk;ouf&Snf
usef;cHomvdk@ rmygap
touf&mausmf &Snfygap
wdkif;jynf+idrf;csrf;wJh acwfeJ@
wdk;&rnfrSmrvGJay? ?
armifp d k; csd e f
'D Z ifb m 20/ 2009
93
 Ú awmfvSefa&;orm;qdkwm
rdrdukd,fukd a¹cGcs
wwfEkdfifor# a¹cGcs
tJ'Du tydkif;tpawGeJ@
jynfolukd a&$cscsifolawGyg æ

Ú yk*~vtcGihfta&;xuf
±kyf"rRu zGihfay;wJh
awmfvSefa&;ukd ,Hk=unfw,f æ

Ú awmfvSefa&;onf yxr
awmfvSefa&;onf 'kwd,
awmfvSefa&;onf wwd,
wkE_dif;vdk@r&wJh
vl@avmuopftwGufq dk&if
av;aoacsFeJ@ urBmwodef;ru
xm0& ay;qyfoGm;r,hfolawGyg æ ? ?

aerif;eD
94 trSwf -22
 (Ad k vf c sKyfa usmfa ZmarG; ae@ 90 jynf h ææ ok d@ )
(u )

odrf;,lxm;wJh tm%m aumufuspfpkwfyJh vl,kwfrmawG

tcGifhxl;awG&vm/ tm%m&pfrl;vm t&Sufuif;rJholawG
ykv†ifay:rSm aumfxlxluyfxm; ppf&mZ0wfaumifawG
oHrd_pGJxm; wkdif;jynfqkwf,kwfysufqD;
wz0g; ruGmawmh? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JΠw&m;cHawG
--------- awG
tm%mtwGuf ------------- awG
vlawG&JŒ toufudkowfjzwf& qJoHqkdoH/ uJh&JŒoHawG
zdESdyfacsr_ef; tEkdifusifh& ±_HŒcsarmif;rJ/ awmxkwfoHawG?
jynfwGif;ppfrD; [kef;[kef;x?
igwkd@wkdif;jynf
olwkd@&JŒbGJ@xl; 'D temhyqkwfawGa=umifh
*k%fxl;oduQm/ æ =unfhyg usufoa& tcgcg,kwf
tm%mt±l;trl; vlowform;awG *k%fyk'fuif;rJh
&Sufyg&JΠ?

trSwf -22 95
 (c)

zdk;oufawmf&Snf AkdvfcsKyfu
trsdK;om; jynfol
vlxkudkcspfw,f
wkdif;jynfudk cspfw,fæ
tm%mwefcdk;xuf
vlxkudk av;pm;jrwfEkd;
vlxkt&dyfrSm ckdudk;
vlxktusdK;udk OD;xdyfyefqif
jynfolomv#if trdtz
tzkd;&JΠ&mZ0ifrSmawG@aecJh&
b0wav#mufvHk;rSm æ?

vGwfvyfa&;
jynfol@'Drkdua&pDa&;
+idrf;csrf;a&; ac|;aoG;ay;qyfcJh
udk,fusdK;pGef@v$wfcJh
±kef;uefcJhav&JŒ?

tzkd;oufawmf&Snf[m
wkdif;jynf&JΠusufoa&aqmif
awmfvSefvlxk&JΠoduQmudkaqmif
tarSmifacwfxJu =u,feDyGifhaew0ef;
wifh±$ef;a0om
wkdif;jynftwGuf
vufvufusufoa&jzm
puUef@wkdif;rSmyg?

pdkif;avmifrdef;ouf (=u,furBm)
'DZifbm 26/ 2009

96 trSwf -22
 0wˆK

jrav;nd
K

(1)

a'gif ; p=umzvf 0 grif ; u avmu

"mwf} uD ; wck vH k ; uk d cspf p zG ,f a&mifj cnf r #if Ek u
av;awGeJ@ v$rf;+cHK &pfokdif;vdk@ xm;ygw,f?
eH e uf c if ; [m =unf v if a wmuf y vk d @ aeygw,f ?
e,fjcm;jrpfjzpfwJh jrpfa&$vD[m woGifoGif pD;qif;vkd@ aeovkd
eHeufcif;&JŒ avEkat;uvnf; wn‡if;n‡if; wkdufcwfvkd@aeygw,f? 'Dvkd
avajynif;uav;u o,faqmifvmwJh om;acsmhaw;oHav; uawmh =um;&oltaygif;ukd
aqG;aqG;ajrhajr@av;eJ@ wpHkwckukd ajymjyaeovkdvkd æ
vluav;&JŒ tdyfcsdefwef AsKdif;a&SŒu ysH
ysHavonfh ukda&$AsdKif;&,f n¸wfawGu0dkif;?
n¸wfawG0kdif;wJh a&$AsdKif;jzL/ u,f æ ol æ uæ &Sdbl;
a&v,facgif aomifpyfrSm awmifyHcwf æ vkd@ æ vl; æ?
tkd æ tdk æ wJhrS tdk æ tdk tdyfyghom;av;&,f ? at æ at; æwJhrS at æ at;?
vluav;&JŒ tdyfcsdefwef/ AsdKif;a&SŒu ysH æ?
'DoDcsif;av;ukdyJ xyfjyefwvJvJqkdaewm tqHk;usawmhvnf; toHav;[m æ ryDroeJ@
wdrf0if vkd@ oGm;&Smw,f?

trSwf -22 97
 toH=um;&mqDukd =unfhvkduf&ifawmh
touf 30 0ef;usifavmuf rdef;ri,f wa,muf
[m opfyif}uD;wyifatmufrSm caemfeDcaemfeJ@
,kdifeJ@eJ@qifxm;wJh apmifykcufuav;ukd wndrfh
ndrfhv$Jay;&if;eJ@ qGJqGJiifiif qkdaewmyg?
“[J h æ nD r av; æ at;,Of a & æ
om;av;td y fa ewke f ; xrif; pm;vk d uf y gvm;
at;,Of&,f æ ”
“u|ef r rqmao;ygbl ; rr&,f æ
om;}uD;armifodef; jyefvmatmif c% apmifhOD;
r,f? om}uD; vmrS twlpm;awmhr,fav æ”
“at; æ at; æ 'gjzif hv nf ; c%
apmifhwmayghuG,f æ”
rat;cif[m nDri,fukd *±k%m tjynfh
v$rf;aewJh rsufvHk;tpHkeJ@ =unfhae&Smw,f?
a=omf æ at;,Of æ at;,Of? uHw
&m;rsm;ES,f qkd;vkdufwmaemf? b,fvkdtukokdvf
uHrsm;0if+yD; zdpD;vkdufw,frodygbl;? cifyGef;onf
ukdarmifvSeJ@ orD;av; eDeD,Ofwkd@ ESpfa,muf
uvnf; em*pfac:aqmifoGm;vkd@ woufjyefr
vmwrf; cGJoGm;cJh+yD? bkd;bGm;ykdif v,f,m+cHajr
tdrfutp tm;vHk;[m em*pfac:aqmifoGm;vkd@
bmrS r&Sdawmhbl;? 'Dvkd tjzpfq dk;awGa=umifh
at;,Ofwa,muf rao±Hkwr,f cHcJh&w,f? tJ'D
tcsdefu at;,Of[m om;ti,fav; ukd,f0ef
5 veJ@ usef&pfcJhw,f? om;i,fav; rsufESmjrif
+yD;vkd@ bmtm[m&rS r&Sd/ vkdtyfwJhaq;0g;u
vnf; bmrS roHk;aqmif&wJh at;,Ofwa,muf
tdyf&mxJrSm vJ&&Smawmhw,f? us,fa*gif aps;
ol aps;om;tm;vHk;u apwem arwWmtjynfh
t0eJ@ aq;0g;utp/ tpm; taomufygrusef
t0wftxnftygt0if tm;vHk; ay;urf;vSL'gef;
=uvkd@ rdom;pkwckvHk; aouHra&muf oufr
aysmufbJ xlxlaxmifaxmif jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
jyefvnf emvefxlcJhygw,f?
98
tpfrjzpfol rat;cifuawmh aps;xJ
u qkdifwqkdifrSm yef;uefaq; tvkyfvkyf&if;
cifyGef;onf vlrrmukd jyKpkapmifha&Smufum nDr
i,frdom;pkukdvnf; wwfEkdifor# ulnD&Smygw,f?
(2 )
eH e uf xrif ; pm;+yD; csd e f tpf r jzpf o l
rat;cif tvkyfjyefqif;oGm;+yDrdk@ at;,Of w
a,mufwnf; jzpfaepOf aps;xJu ta':wa,muf
a&mufvm+yD; at;,OftwGuf ArmAdaE<maq;wzHk
vmay;&if; at;,Ofukd tm;ay;pum; ajymaeyg
w,f?
“at;,Ofa& æ ighwlr tck,lvmwJh
aq;ukdom rSefrSefaomuf =um;vm;? ighwlr usef;
rma&; tjrefaumif;vmatmif ta': &Sm0,fvm
wm/ ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ@om aomuf? ta':h wlr
av;wa,muf[mqkd&if tck rif;jzpfovkd jzpf
wmyJ/ aq; 2 zHk 3 zHkavmuf aomufvkduf&w,f?
tck aumif;oGm;+yD tvkyfawmif vkyfae+yD”
“atmf [kwfvm; ta':&,f æ u|efr
vnf; jrefjrefaeaumif;atmif }udK;pm;yghr,f?
rae@u om;}uD;uav jyefvm+yD;awmh 0rf;om
tm;&eJ@ ‘arar}uD;u ajymw,fwJh/ om;arar
aeaumif;&ifwJh nDav;ukd arharhukd jyeftyf+yD;
awmh awmif;rpm;awmhbJ om;u arar}uD;&JŒ
qkdifrSmyJ tvkyf0ifvkyfawmh æwJh’? tkd æ om;jzifh
0rf;om;vkdufwm arar&,f æ om;u rv$Jom
vkd@ 'Dawmif;pm;wJhtvkyfukd vkyfae&wm/ tck
arar aeaumif;=unfh/ tckukd tvkyf0ifvkyf+yD;
awmh arharhukd vkyfau|;rSmAs odvm; æ arar
aeaumif;atmif}udK;pm;aemfwJh a':av;&,f?
om;}uD;ukd oem;vkdufwm æa':av;u tvkyf
ay;r,fqkdvkd@ ol@crsm 0rf;om;vkd@rqHk;bl;? rat
u vlrrmqkdawmh ol@crsm Ekd@pkd@uav;av;ukd
vnf; tareJ@ xm;cJ hv kd@ rjzpfb l; ? ol@ 0rf; ol
trSwf -22
ausmif;wmzkd@ waps;vHk;tESH@vnf+yD; awmif;pm;
&wmawmif 'Duav;av;ukd wykdufykduf wayG@ayG@
eJ@ axG;ykduf+yD; vSnfhawmif;ae&wm u|efrjzifh
pOf;pm;=unfhav &ifemavygyJ a':av;&,fæ
u|efrwkd@ trsdK;xJrSm olawmif;pm;qkdwm r&SdcJh
ygbl;? tckrS b0ay;uH=urRma=umifh om;av;
olawmif;pm; æ jzpf æ & æ w,f”at;,Of&JŒ
toHav;[m oJhoJhav;yJ =um;&ygawmhw,f?
tjywftowf rJ tEkdif&wmawmif tm%mukd
v$Jray;bJ rsufESmajymifwkduf+yD; ppfwyfu tm
%mukd ,lxm;w,f? tHhyg&J@aemf? ukd,fajymxm;
wJhuwdudkawmif ukd,frwnfbl;? tHh=oyg&JŒ”
“rtH h = oygeJ @ igh w l r ? tm%m&J @ t&
omukdodav tm%mukd rufavyJ/ tm%mukd
vufv$wfzdk@ b,fawmhrS rpOf;pm;avyJ”

“[kwfyg&JŒ a':av;&,f? qkd;vkdufwJh u|efrwkdŒ b0aemf æ 90 ckESpfu

a':pktzGJŒu tjywftowf rJ tEkdif&wmawmif tm%mukd v$Jray;bJ
rsufESmajymifwkduf_yD; ppfwyfu tm%mukd ,lxm;w,f? tHhyg&JŒaemf? ukd,fajym
xm;wJh uwdudkawmif ukd,frwnfbl;? tHh-oyg&JŒ”
“tdkæ ighwlr&,fæ pdwfraumif; rjzpf “'Dtwkdif;qkd u|efrwkd@ b,fvkdvkyf&
ygeJ@/ uH=urRmqkdwm tJ'DvkdyJaygh? bk&m;tavmif; yghrvJ a':av;&,f 'kuQygyJ”
awmif EkpOftcgu rif;ukob0rSm 'DvkdyJ uH “tdk æighwlrES,fæ ±kd;±kd;av;yJ pOf;pm;
=urRm&JΠtvSnfhtajymif;a=umifh tdk;xdef;onf =unfhaygh? aoewfukdifxm;wJh vlq Du ukd,fh
b0ukd a&mufcJh&ao;w,f r[kwfvm;? pdwfukd ypPnf;ukd jyefvkdcsif&if ikd,kd toem;cH awmif;ae
ajzyg wlr}uD;&,f? wu,fawmh wkd@wawGtm;vHk; vkd@uawmh woufvHk;r&bl;omrSwf? 'gyJ? uJ æ
'Davmuf tajctaeqkd;ukd a&muf&wm vuf&Sd a':av;vJ pum;aumif;aevkd@ =umoGm;+yD? 'Daq;
tpkd;&raumif;vkd@uGJ@? ukd,fuvnf; tcsdefrD rul aomuf&if cHwGif;aumif;vmwwfw,f? tJ'g pm;
nDcsifbl;? olrsm;uvm+yD; tcsdefrD ulnDjyef csifwmav;awG&Sd&if bmrS tm;emp&m rvdkbl;?
awmhvnf; cGifhrjyKbl;? jynfwGif;rSmvnf; jynfol om;}uD;ukdom v$wfvkduf/ a':av;vmykd@ ay;r,f
awGu wydkifwEkdif ukd,fwwfEkdifor#av; 0kdif;0ef; odvm;? ukd,fhusef;rma&;ukd *±kpdkufyguG,f”
+yD; ulnDawmhvnf; zrf;qD;axmifcs vkyfjyefw,f? “[k w f u J h y g ta':&,f æ u|ef r wk d @
'Dtpkd;&&JΠpdwfoabmxm;[m jynfolawGtay: rdom;pk[m ta':ay;xm;wJh toufyJ &Sdygawmh
rSm enf;enf;rS apwemr&Sdbl;qdkwm v,fjyifrSm w,f? ta':haus;Zl; }uD;vSygw,f? u|efrwouf
qifoGm;ovkd xif&Sm;raebl;vm;uG,f” b,fawmhrS rarhygbl;? tckvnf; u|efr ta':hukd
“[kwfyg&JŒ a':av;&,f? qkd;vkdufwJh tarvd k y J oabmxm;+yD ; uef a wmh y gw,f
u|efrwkd@ b0aemf æ 90 ckESpfu a':pktzGJ@u ta':&,f”

trSwf -22 99
 “at; æ at;æ om"kyguG,f? om"kyg
om"kyg? jrefjref usef;rma&;aumif;+yD; rdom;pk
wckvHk; usef;rmcsrf;om=uygap? ab;taygif;
&eftaygif; uif;a0;+yD; rdom;pk om,maysmf&$ifpGm
aexkdifEkdif=uygap æ uG,f”
“ay;wJhqktwkdif; jynfhygap æ a=omfæ
ta':wkd@rsm;awmh æ b,fol@rqdk ulnDwmyJ?
u|efrwkd@ tpkd;&usawmhvnf; rulwJhtjyif 'kuQ
trsdK;rsdK;ay;zdk@ apmihfaeovkdyJ? bmvkd@rsm; rwl=u
ygvdrfhaemfæ”
“a=omf æ b,fwlEkdifyghrvJ ighwlr&,f?
ta':u trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyfuav?
trsdK;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfq kdwm jynfolukd
tusdK;jyK&r,fqdkwJh tajccHay:u zGJ@pnf;xm;wm?
ppftpkd;&u ppftm%m&Sifav? tm%m&zkd@qdkwJh
tajccHay:u zGJ@pnf;xm;wmqkdawmh b,fvkdvkyf
wlEkdifyghrvJuG,f æ u Jæ uJ æ ta':vnf;
oGm;+yDaemf”
“[kwfuJhyg ta':? jznf;jznf; oGm;yg
aemf”
(3)
t±k%fOD;&JŒtvS[m tm;rmef&Sdw,f æ
qkdayr,fh 'Dae@eHeufcif;&J@tvS[m tm;rmef
vnf;r&Sd? om,mr_uvnf; AvmewÎd? 0Vmw
cGifvHk; wdrfrnf;ndKawGeJ@ tHk@qkdif;vkd@aeawmhw,f?
t±k%fOD;&J@tp rkd;rvif;wvif; 0kd;w 0g;
tcsdefuav;rSm armifodef;av;[m tdyf&mrS
wHwm; atmufukdqif;/ nDi,f Ekd@pkd@uav;av;ukd
ayG@+yD; uav;i,fukd rsufESmopfay;/ wnvHk;
npfywfaya&aewJh nDav;ukd oef@pifatmifvkyf/
tESD;awG vJay;/ tat;rrdatmifvnf; *±kpkduf
aEG;axG;atmifxm;+yD; Ekd@Al;av;ukd oef@&Sif;atmif
aq;a=umaepOf pum;wajymajymeJ@ vl}uD; 4
a,muf/ ol@ tem;a&mufvm+yD; vl}uD;wa,muf
100
u bmrajym nmrajymeJ@ nDav;ukd,l+yD; ayG@csD
vkdufygw,f? uav;[m ,ufuef,ufuefeJ@
ygoGm;+yD; vlpdrf;rSef;odawmh 0g;ueJ ikdcsvkdufygw,f?
armifodef;[m vufxJu Ekd@Al;ukd t
omcsxm;vkduf+yD; æ
“vm æ vm æ nD a v;a& æ rik d
ygeJ@uG,f? at; æat;æ u|wfæ u|wf æu|wf
æukd}uD;ac:rSmaygh”vkd@ ajym+yD; nDav;ukd jyef,l
awmh t,lrcHbJ aemufwa,mufukd vufqifh
urf;ay;vkduf+yD; usefwJhvlawGuvnf; uav;&JŒ
tESD;xkyfeJ@ ekd@Al;ygrusef aumufumiifum ,l
vkduf=uawmhw,f?
Ekd@pkd@uav;[m pl;pl;0g;0g; atmf[pf ikd
av æ armifodef;av;[m 0rf;enf;vmav jzpf
um nDav;eJ@twl ikdcsvkdufygawmhw,f?
“OD ; &,f æ [D ; æ[D ; æ u|ef a wmf h
nDav;ukd jyefay;yg? nDav;u odyfikd&if wuf
wwfvkd@yg OD;&,f æ [D;æ [D;æ OD;ukd &Spfckd;ygw,f
æ Asm æ [D; æ[D;”
“a[haumif rif;ukd bmvkyfvkd@ ikdae&
wmvJuG? bmvJ [kd *dwfu eifhtarvifawG
=um;atmif vkyfaewmvm;? uJuGm ikdOD;/ jzef;
jzef; æwdwf? tckwdwf toHrxGufeJ@”
ajymajymqkdqkd armifodef;yg;ukd ESpfcsuf
qifh ±kdufvkdufawmh armifodef;av;crsm vl}uD;
tm;eJ@qkdawmh aemufukd vefusoGm;awmhw,f?
olwkd@ tcif;jzpfyGm;&m ae&m[m wHwm;
xdyf wzufEkdifiH&J@ e,fpyf vl0ifvlxGuf*dwfeJ@
enf;enf; eD;ygw,f?
armifodef;av;[m nDav;&JΠikdoH=um;
&wm&,f/ t±kdufcH&vkd@ emwm&,f ESpfckaygif;+yD;
ikd&if;eJ@ ajymrdajym&m ajymaeygw,f?
“nDav;ukd æ [D;æ[D; æ ray;æ bl;?
nD æ av; æ ukd æ [D; [D; ray; æbl;? tara&
æ u,f=uyg æ OD;? [D; æ [D; æ araræ}uD; æ
trSwf -22
 jynfwGif;a&m jynfyyg em*pf'kuQonf
rsm;twGuf 0kdif;0ef; ulnD-uayr,fh
etz ppftpkd ;& raumif;r+a-umifh
“ay;um;ay;. r&” qkdovkd jzpf_yD;/
aoolao ta0;vGifholvGifh/ EkdifiHjcm;rSm
'kuQtrsdKrsdK;eJŒ &ifqkdif&if; b0ukd ±kef;uef
ae-u&w,f?

ukd æ[D; æ [D; æ wkdifajym ær,f? a=umufyg+yDAs
æ [D; æ [D; æ[D; nDav;ukd æ jyefæ ay;æyg
æ [D; [D;æ em ævSæyg æ +yD æAs”
armif o d e f ; &J @ toH [ m reuf c if ; &J @
wdwdqdwfr_ukd +zdKcGif;aeygw,f?
“a[haumif euf}uD; rif;a,mufzav;ukd
uvl.okd@ jrL.okd@ vkyfraeeJ@/ rkd;vif;awmhr,f
uG ratay; æ tvkyfukd tvkyfeJ@wlatmifvkyf?
toHukd wpufrS rxGufapeJ@? aemufrD;ukd wcg
wnf; tjywf +i‡drf;vkduf/ igajymwm em;vnfvm;”
“[kwf æ [kwfuJhygq&m? pdwfcs”
Akdvfvkyfol&JΠpum;tqHk;rSm trdef@oH
[m euf}uD;&JŒ 'kwfcsufrsm;tjzpf armifodef;&JŒ
ukd,fay:ukd rkd;oD;rkd;aygufawGvkd usaeygw,f?
armifodef;av;[m 'kwfcsufrsm;&J Πjyif ;xef
vSwJh xdcsufrsm;atmufrSm vl;vSdrfhaeygw,f?
aemufqHk;'kwfcsufukd &dyfceJ jrifvkduf &+yD;
“tar æ a& æ a=umufyg æ”pum;oH rqHk;cif
vnfyif; *kwfqufxJu ylceJjzpfoGm;um rsufpd
xJrSm arSmiftwd usoGm;ygawmhw,f?
(4)
'Da e@reuf cif ;rSm em*pf a =umifh 'ku Q
a&muf+yD; vGifhvmcJh&wJh touf 9 ESpf avmuf&Sd
olawmif;pm;uav;u Ekd@pkd@uav;ukd ayG@+yD;
‘us,fa*gif’aps;twGif;rSm awmif;pm;aewJh ol
awmif;pm;av;[m rae@reufu a&$vDus,fa*gif
jrpfu l; wH wm;atmuf rS m wk wf '%f& mawG eJ @
nd Krnf ; ae+yD ; aoqH k ; aewm awG @ &a=umif ;
owif;[m owif;rD'D,mawGrSm ygvmw,f?
jynfwGif;a&m jynfyyg em*pf'kuQonf
rsm;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnD=uayr,fh etz ppf
tpkd;& raumif;r_a=umifh “ay;um;ay;. r&”
qkdovkd jzpf+yD;/ aoolao ta0;vGifholvGifh/ EkdifiH
jcm;rSm 'kuQtrsdKrsdK;eJ@ &ifqkdif&if; b0ukd ±kef;uef
ae=u&w,f?
'D=um;xJ awmrD;avmif awma=umif
vufcarmif;cwfq dkwmvdk rormolrsm;jzpfwJh
vlukeful;*kd%f;rsm;uvnf; usm;r ra&G;/ }uD;i,f
ra&G; rdrdudk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf trsdK;rdsK;tzHkzkH
twifh&JpGm vkyfukdifae=uw,f?

trSwf -22 101

 tckvnf; olawmif;pm;av; armif
odef;wkd@nDtpfukd b0Zmwfvrf;[m rormol
vlukeful;tzGJ@&JΠvufcsufyJ jzpf&r,fvdk@ vlt
rsm;u aumufcsufcsaeygw,f?
ESpfEkdifiH e,fpyfawGrSm 'Dvkd *kd%f;awGukd
ESdrfeif;ypfzkd@qdkwmvnf; odyfawmhrvG,fvSyg?
“a&$orif b,fuxGuf/ rif;}uD;wmu xGuf”
qkdovkd jzpfaewmrdk@ ESdrfeif;& cufygw,f?
us,fa *gif aps;xJ rS m aps;ol a ps;om;
tm;vHk;[m vlpkrdwkdif; 'Dta=umif;ukdyJ pkwfw
owfowfeJ@ ajym+yD; oem;ae=uw,f? tJ'Dvkd
tk wf a tmf a omif ; oJ jzpf a e=uayr,f h vnf ;
tjzpfr Sefukd rod&S molw a,mufu awmh æ
om;av;ESpfa,muf&JΠrdcifjzpfol rat;,Ofyg?
tjzpfrSefukd b,folurSvnf; rajym&uf=uyg?
ol@crsm tckrS aouHra&muf oufraysmufbJ
xlxlaxmifaxmifav;jzpfr,fvkd@ tm;,laewkef;
&Sdao;w,f? 'ga=umihf tjzpfrSefukd b,folurS
rajym&uf = u/ ajymvnf ; ajymrxGu f = uyg?
“uav;rdk@ pdwful;ayguf&m av#mufoGm;ae+yD;/
wae@ae@awmh tarhqD rkcs jyefvmr,f” æ qdkwJh
tawG;ukdyJ ay;xm;um ol@t&dyftajcukd rjywf
tuJcwfae =unfhae&ygw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ at;,Ofwa,muf &ifaoG;rsm; ukd
vGrf;aqG;&if; ar#mfwvifhvifheJ@ apmifhae&if;u
tckawmh aejrifhav t±l;&ifhavqdkovdk jzpfae
&Sm+yD? tdyfwm pm;wmvnf; rrSefjzpfjzpfvmum
wydefydef wcsdcsdeJ@ avwkduf&ifawmif vJvkrwwf
jzpfae&Sm+yD? b0'kuQyifv,fawGxJrSm &ifaoG;
rsm;eJ@ uGJoGm;vdk@ pdwf'kuQa&muf&if;eJ@ pdwfa&m*g
,Of,Ofav; cHpm;ae&&Smyg+yD?
ol pd wfx dc kdu fv Gef ;wJht cg ik da u|;&if;
ajymaeuspum;uawmh æ æ
“om;}uD; &,f æ arharhuk d c%av;
jzpfjzpf vmawG@vSnfhygOD; æ ararom;}uD;ukd r
102
ESpfEkdifiH e,fpyfawGrSm 'Dvkd
*kd%f;awGukd ESdrfeif;ypfzkd‹qdkwmvnf;
odyfawmh rvG,fvSyg? “a&$orif
b,fuxGuf/ rif;}uD;wmuxGuf”
qkdovkd jzpfae wmrdk‹ ESdrfeif;&
cufygw,f?
awG@&wm =umvSyg+yD? ararhukdoem;&if c% jyef
vmcJhyg? om;vdrRm}uD;&,f æ arar aeaumif;
atmif }udK;pm;yg æ wJh? om;u tvkyf vkyf+yD;
tarhukd æ au|;r,fh æ om;”wJh?
aemufykdif;rSmawmh bmawG ajymrSef;rod?
ol@toH[m ryDroeJ@oJ hoJh av;yJ =um;&awmhw,f?
a[m tckvnf; æ,kdifeJ@eJ@ qifxm;wJh
apmifykcufwGif;xJu tESD;pkwf/ ykqdk;pkwfrsm;eJ@
vkyfxm;wJh uav;qdkwmav;ukdvnf; Ekd@wkduf
vkduf/ xrif;cGH@vkdufeJ@ owdvufvGwf jzpfae
&if;u ol@&JŒt0wfpkwfuav;±kyfukd ykcufxJ
wnfhv$Jum æ olq kdaeus om;acsmhaw;ukd
qkd&if; ol@&ifaoG;udk acsmhodyfaejyefygayghvm; æ
“vl u av;&,f æ wJ h td y f c sd e f w ef
AsdKif;a&S@u æysH
ysHavonfh ukda&$AsdKif;&,f/ n¸wfawGu 0kdif; æ
n¸w f awG 0k d i f; wJh æ a&$ Asd K if ; æ jzL
æ&,fæ/ u,f æ olu &Sdbl;”
at;,Of[m ykcufav;ukd wndrfhndrfh
v$J&if; v$JaewJhvufu ±kwfw&ufqkdovkd jyKwf
usoGm;um æ aw;oHvnf; aysmufoGm;awmh
w,f æ æ ?
jrav;nd K
31-10-09?
trSwf -22
 t iH
a<
k uG
aum
if;rG
efcsKd
(jrefat m
if)
'DvdknrsKd;awGqdk&ifawmh usaemf tjyif
rxGufawmh? 0kdif;pufjynfh0ef;aewJh va&mifu
{&m0wDjrpf}uD;ay:ukd aiG&nfawG oGef;avmif;cs
vdkufovdkxif&wJh jrpfeJ@ va&mif&JΠy%mwifhwJh
nawGaygh? usaemfwudk,f&nftawG;eJ@ aq;vdyf
zGm&if; jrpfurf;ezl; tdrfaemufaz; rusnf;yif
atmufuGyfyspfuav;u ai;ae=u nawGygyJ?
oli,fcsif;awGuvnf; odae=u+yD? 'Dvdk
nqdk&if qHkae=uvbuf&nfqdkifawG/ t&ufqdkif
eJ@ pmtkyftiSm;qdkifbufawmif usaemfajcOD;
rvSnfhrSef; owdxm;rdae=u+yD? olwdk@usaemfukd
uG,f&mrSm wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfpae=uwm usaemf
odw,f? 'Daumifu vjynhfnwnxJ±l;wJh t±l;
uG/ t±l;xl;qdkwmrsKd;aygh?
bm&,f awmh r[kwf ygbl;/ vjynhfn
wnrSm tdwfuyfxJrSmydkufqHuvnf;r&Sd/ pdwf
uvnf; enf;enf;npfwmeJ@ tdrfaemufaz;u
uGyf jypfav;ay:rSmxkdif&if; jrpfjyifukd ai;=unhf
aerdwm va&mifeJ@ {&m0wD&JΠvdkufzufr_u
usaemfh&ifukd +idrf;at;oGm;wm b,fvdkajym&rSef;
rod/ w'*F ygwf0ef;usifukd arhoGm;ovdkxifrd
trSwf -22
w,f? tJ'Duaepvdk@ usaemf vjynfhn&JΠt&om
av;ukd wyfrufrdwmygyJ? usaemfwdk@ {&m0wDjrpf
urf;ab;rSm ae=uwJholawG[m rdk;vif;vm&if
tawmfrsm;rsm;[m jrifae=urdk@ jrpfukd=unhfvdkuf
&rS pdwfrSm ayghyg;=unfvifoGm;wmrsKd;awG &Sdwwf
w,f? vlwdkif;awmhvnf; [kwfr,frxifbl;?
usaemfeJ@ wdkufqdkifoltcsKd@ pum;pyfrdawmh wl
wmawGvdk@ xifrdwmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f?
jrpfeJ@va&mif&,f qifrif;aq;ayghvdyfeJ@
usaemf&,f wGJzufrdaewJh tcsdefav;rSm ajcoH
wcktem;a&mufvdk@ =unhfrdawmh‘aZmf0if;xGËf’
n‡dK@i,fwJhrsufESm/ pdwfvuf±_yfaxG;aewJh trl
t&mu ol@rsufESmrSm txif;om;ay:aew,f?
usaemf oabmaygufvdk uf+yD ; 'D aumifu ta=umif;
rJh usaemfwdk@tem;rvmwwf/ ta=umif;udpP
wckck &Sd+yDqdkwmodwmeJ@ æ
“ajym aZmf0if;xGËf bmjzpfvmvdk@vnf;”
ol@xHu pum;jyefr&? acgif;ukdiHk@xm;+yD;
toHwdwfaew,f? ol@emrnf&if;u ‘jrihfausmf’ yg?
usaemfwdk@tdrfeDem;csif; tawmfrsm;rsm;u ac:=u
wm? oluvnf; tJ'Dvdkac:&if odyfóudufw,f?
103
bmyJvkyfvkyf olu ulvkyfay;w,f? aZmf0if;xGËf
oDcsif;awG odyfóuduf+yD; wu,fvnf; aZmf0if;xGf Ë
toHeD;yg; tqGJiif tjzwfawmufawGeJ@wlatmif
qdkEkdifw,f? ydk+yD;xl;jcm;wmu jrifhausmf[m pmw
vHk;rSrwwfyJeJ@ aZmf0if;xGËf oD;csif;awGukd tawmf
rsm;rsm; tvGwf&aewmygyJ?
“ajymav æ rif;bmjzpfvmvnf;/ ajym
rSodrSmaygh ”
“usaemf pdwfnpfaew,f” “usaemfhukd
t&ufenf;enf;avmuf 0,fwkdufyg? ajymvnf;
jyr,f? reufjzefus&if &0w±Hk;ukd vdkufcJhay;ygtHk;”
jy\emuawmh aocsm+yD/ &0wawG
bmawG ygvm+yDqd kawmh jy\emu od yfrao;awmh/
udk,fuvnf; 'DvlawGeJ@ odyfrygwfoufcsif?
“aeygOD;/ rif;ud pPu t&ufaomufrS
ajymvdk@&rSmvm;/ rif;wckckpm;rvm;/ acgufq GJ
a=umfwdk@/ =umZHa=umfwdk@ jzpfjzpfaygh ”
“[ifhtif; usaemfrpm;csifbl;/ 'Dn t&uf
enf;enf;rSraomuf&&if usaemftdyfvdk@aysmfrSm
r[kwfbl; ”
oabmaygufvkduf+yD/ tawmftpm;ruf
wJhaumifu acgufqGJa=umfawG bmawGawmif jiif;
ae+yDqdkrSawmh ajymvdk@&awmhrnfr[kwf? olvnf;
t&G,fa&mufaeol/ wcgwcg t&ufaomufwm
ol@tdrfuvnf;odwmrdk@ ydkufqHig;q,f xkwfay;
vdkufw,f? wcgrSvnf; ol'Dvdkrajymbl;wmrdk@
udpPwckckawmh xl;ae+yDqdkwm odvdkufw,f?
“rif;jrefjref0,f+yD; jyefvmaemf/ ig'DrSm
apmihfaer,f? +yD;&if rif;udpP ighukd&Sif;atmifajymjy”
olacgif;+idrfh+yD; cyfokyfokyfxGufoGm;w,f?
usaemfjrifhausmfukd pawG@awmh ol@touf
u wpf q ,fhwpf/ wpfq ,fhES pfavmuf&S dr,f?
usaemfwdk@&Gmuae òrd@ukdajymif;awmh usaemfwdk@
armfawmfay:u ypPnf;awGukd rac:&yJeJ@ olvmul
o,fay;w,f? tom;rJrJ/ oG m;acgacgav;eJ@
104
ol@udk,f wkwfwkwfcdkifcdkifav;/ t&G,feJ@rr#atmif
oefrmjzwfvyfvGef;aew,f? xl;jcm;wmuawmh
qHyifuaxmifaxmifav;eJ@ olòyH;vdkuf&if rvSay
r,fh wu,f±dk;±kd;om;om; cspfp&myHkav; jzpfae
w,f? usaemfwdk@ wrdom;pkvHk;u ol@ukd odyfo
abmusw,f?
jrifhausmfwdk@tdrfrSmu ol@taru OD;aqmif
+yD; ol@tukdeJ@ &Smau|;&w,f/ óuH&musyef; tvkyf
rsKd;pHkaygh? jrifhausmftazu usef;rma&; raumif;
&Smbl;? avStpkwfuav;wpD;/ uGefav;wvuf
eJ@ rjzpfrajrmuf wHigtvkyfuav;vkyf&w,f?
ar#mydkufawG/ bmawGr0,fEkdif&Smawmh wHigtvkyf
u|rf;usifayrJh r&wcsuf/ &wcsuf wHigonftjzpf rdk@
0ifaiGrrSef&Smbl;? jrifhausmf txufrSm tukd 3
a,muf&Sdw,f? t}uD;qHk; jrifhaqGu ol@tareJ@
twl {&m0wDjrpfxJu ausmufp&pfoJawGukd
avSeJ@ ausmufxdk;/ o,fpkyf,lvmwJh olawGxHu
wqifh urf;ezl;ay:rSm&SdwJh oJ'kdif/ ausmuf'dkifawGkdu
acgif;eJ@&Guf/ ykcHk;eJ@xrf;wifwJh tvkyfukdvkyf&w,f?
jrifhaqGatmufu jrifhaiGu i,fi,fxJu
bkef;}uD;ausmif;rSm udk&if0wfaew,f? ol@atmuf
u ausmfausmfuawmh tvkyfukd vufa=umwif;
wif; rvkyfcsifbl;? wcgw&H 0ifvkyf/ oloHk;zdk@&Sm/
jyefvmxrif;0ifpm; tdyfq dkawmh tdrftwGuf
bmtultnDrS r&bl;jzpfaew,f?
jrifhausmfwdk@tdrfudk tvnfoGm;&if; wcg
ar;=unhfbl;w,f? ol@tazOD;a&$eJ@ ol@tar a':
pef;vSukdaygh? ol@tar a':pef;vSuvnf; jrifhausf m
vdkyJ pmrwwf&Smbl;? òrd@ay:rSmarG;+yD; uav;ukd
bmvdk@ausmif;rxm;vnf;vdk@ ajymawmhol@tazeJ@
ol@taru òyH;aphapheJ@ wa,mufw vnfar;aig ; hjy
w,f? bmvnf;/ b,fvdkvnf;aygh/
usaemfem;rvnfbl;qdkawmhrS OD;a&$u ajymw,f?
“udk,fhvla&æ 'Drdef;raygh/ enf;enf;yg;yg;
ukd tausmftv$m; r&bl;”
trSwf -22
 “ylr,f/ arG;r,f qdkwmyJ”
“aoem}uD;/ tvky fomvufa=um
rwif;wm/ wif;wJhae&mawmh wif;w,f ”
vdk@ajym+yD; xrif;csufae&mu xif;p
wpeJ@ vSrf;ypfvdkufw,f? OD;a&$u w[J[JeJ@ &Dae
awmhw,f? usaemf enf;enf;awmh oabmayguf
vdkuf+yD;? jrihfausmf&JŒatmufrS bHkuav;awGvdk
}uD;pOfi,fvdkufwef;pDaewJh axG;eJ@tqHk;owfwJh
emrnfeJ@ uav;awGyg? vS&DaxG;/ oif;oif;axG;/
armifjrifhaxG;/ armif&ifaxG;/ taxG;qHk;qdk+yD;
rSnfhvdkufwJh tqHk;owfaxG;emrnfeJ@ uav;t
rnfawG/ xyfxyfarG;aewJhtwGuf xyfxyf+yD;
axG;ae&wJhtaxG;eJ@ tqHk;owfaomuav;rsm;?
jrifhausmfukd ausmif;awmhxm;ygw,f?
olausmif;pwufwJhESpfrSmyJ vS&DaxG;ukdarG;w,f?
tareJ@tukd ESpfa,mufvHk;vkyfrS xrif;ueyfrSef
wmrdk@ zatuvnf; ig;&Sm&wmrdk@ jrifhausmfu
ol@nDrav;ukd xdef;&wma=umihf ausmif;rSefrSef
rwufawmhbl;? aemufwESpf oli,fwef;rS jyef
ae&ayrJh wvrSm oHk;av;&uf yJ ausmif;oGm;&w,f?
uav;xdef;ae&w,f? vS&DaxG; wpfESpfjynhf+yD;wJh
tcgrSm ol@tar[m aemufxyf oif;oif;axG;ukd
arG;umeD;jzpfaeyga&m/ 'DvdkeJ@ uav;yJ&Sdao;wJh
jrifhausmf[m ol@atmufu ti,fuav;awGudk
xdef;&if; ausmif;rwuf&&Sm jzpfoGm;ygw,f?
ol@tar a':pef;vSuajymw,f? jrifh
ausmf[m odyf+yD;oem;zdk@aumif;w,fwJh? ol@
atmuf wwd,nD armifjrifhaxG; udk,f0efeJ@
tcsdefrSm toufudk;ESpfom;yJ&Sdao;wJh jrifhausmf
[m ol@tareJ@twl oJo,f/ ausmufo,f vdkuf
vkyfae&+yD;/ uav;qdkawmh vl}uD;vdkawmh rwwf
Edkif&Smbl;? olo,fEkdifwJht&G,f awmif;ao;ao;
av;eJ@aygh? aEG&moD jrpfa&uscsdefrSm usaemfwdk@ {&m
0wDjrpfurf;yg;uae ukef;ay:ukd ay oHk;q,f
avmuf jrifhw,f?
trSwf -22
uav;yJ&Sdao;wJh jrifhausmf[m awmif;
ao;ao;av;eJ@ ajy;wufvdkuf/ qif;vdkufeJ@ t
vkyfvkyfae&wmukd jrifwJholawGu pdwfraumif;
jzpf=uw,fvdk@ajymw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@xifyg&JΠjrifh
ausmfukd usaemfpawG@wJht&G,f wq,fhwpf/ w
q,hfESpf t&G,favmufuav;[m uav;w
a,mufeJ@rwlyJ ajcovHk;awG vufarmif;awGrSm
ºuGufom;tzkav;awGeJ@ &iftkyfuav;uvnf;
um;vdk@ uav;vl}uD;av;vdk jzpfaewmukd jyef+yD;
awG;rdw,f?
jrifhausmf wpfq,fav;ESpf om;avmuf
rSm ol@tukdt}uD;qHk; jrifhaqG tdrfaxmifusw,f?
tdrfcGJaeawmh udk&if0wfwJh jrifhaiGuxGuf+yD; vkyf
au|;w,f? 1 ESpfavmufygyJ tdrfaxmifòyoGm;jyef
a&m? tJ'DESpfrSm tm;rukd;&wJh jrifhausmftxuf
ausmfausmfvnf; tdrfaxmifòyw,f?
wtdrfvHk;wm0ef[m jrifhausmfeJ@ ol@
taracgif;ay: yHka&mufoGm;w,f? vlaumifu
vnf;xGm;vm/ tawmfvnf; oefrmvm+yDrdk@ jrifh
ausmf[m oJo,f/ ausmufo,f tjyif&yfuGuf
xJu tvkyfawGyg ydkufqH&rJhtvkyfqdk tdrfom
wGif;wl;wmutp tukefvkdufvkyfw,f? ol@
atmufu nDawG nDrawGukd ol@vdkjzpfrSmpdk;vdk@
tukefausmif;wufckdif;w,f? &or#ydkufq Hukd
rdbtukefjyefay;+yD; ol AD'D,dk=unhfzdk@ wae@
ESpfusyfyJ oHk;w,fvdk@ ol@taru ajymw,f?
wae@naebuf usaemf jrpfq dyfukd
a&csKd;tqif;rSm olwdk@tdrfab;ujzwftoGm;
olwdk@om;trd pum;ajymoH =um;vdkuf&w,f?
“tar/ 'DESpfusaemftoufb,favmufvJ”
“wpfq,fckESpf ESpf”
ol@taru jyefajymw,f?
“awmf” “awmfawmh tar/ 'Dq,fckESpfESpf
u rwufawmhbl;? rESpfua&m [dkwESpfua&m
wq,fckESpfESpfyJ”
105
 “usaemf}uD;+yDAs? wq,f&SpfESp fawmh
ausmf+yDxifw,f”
“rodbl; aoema&” “eihftoufrajym
eJ@ ightoufawmif igrodbl;/ qeftaºuG;0,fr&
vdk@ pdwfnpf&wJhtxJ eifuwarSmihf”
“usaemf rdef;r ,lawmhr,f”
“,l ,l/ eifhvdkiaygukd óudufrJhol&Sd&if,l/
óudufrJholr&Sd&ifvnf; tdrfatmufu acG;rukd
t+rD;jzwf+yD;,l”
“txifao;vm;”“aZmf 0if ;xG Ëf ta=umif ;
r=umcifod&r,f? ”
ol@tarukdajym+yD; tdrfay:u qif;vm
w,f? *sif;abmifbD 'l;+yJ/ tuôst=um;eJ@ rsufESm
rSm oeyfcg;tazG;om;vdrf;vdk@ yg;pyfuvnf;
avc|efvdkufao;w,f? aZmf0if;xGËf&JŒ t&G,fvGef
tcspfoDcsif;? naeapmif;qdk AD'D,dk±Hkukd tapm}uD;
oGm;r,f? ±Hkydkif&Sifuvnf; ae@wdkif;azmufo,frdk@
ol@ tóud uf aZmf0 if ;xGË f ADp D' Do Dc sif; acG ol @
twGuf ae@wdkif;tapm}uD; zGihfay;w,f?
ol@ukd=unhf&wm wrsK;dawmh pdwfcsrf;om
&w,f? uav;av;awGukdcspfw,f? twlwl0if
aqmhwJhtcg aqmhw,f? oDcsif;qdkr,f? &or#
ydkufqHtarudkay;r,f? nus&if AD'D,dk=unhfr,f?
bmrS tyltyifr&Sd/ ol@ ae@w"l0 udpP ±kd;±dk;av;
awGeJ@yJ vnfywfaew,f?
usaemfb,f avmuf=um=um ol @ta=umif ;
pOf;pm;aew,frodbl;? t&ufwvHk;eJ@ tem;ukd
oljyefa&mufvmwmawmif rodvdkufbl;? oltdrf
uae a&cGufawG/ t&ufcGufawGoGm;,l+yD; tem;
ukdjyefvmw,f? usaemfukda&m aomufrvm;vdk@
ar;ao;w,f? acgif;cgjyrS ol@bmomol ESpfcGuf
avmuf qufwdkufxnfh+yD; armhvdkufw,f?
“uJ qdkprf;ygtHk; æ rif;udpPubmvJ”
t&ufESpfcGufavmuf 0ifoGm;w,f qdk&if
yJ apmapmur_difaewJh ol@rsufESmu enf;enf; òyH;
106
jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvsuf jrefrmpmukdrS
a&;rwwf/ zwfrwwfESifh udk,hfukd,f
acsmufc svdkΠcswJh p mrSe f; rod w Jh
a*gou vufopfpav;rsm; b,f
avmuf aygrsm;ae_yDvnf;vdkŒ
+zD;+zD; jzpfvmw,f?
“‘at;at;OD;’ukd ‘ukdcsKd’odvm; ”
“udkat; orD;vm;”
“[kwfw,f”
“usaemf cknae &0w±Hk;ukd a&mufoGm;
wm ol@a=umihfyJ”
“a[”
usaemf tHhtm;oifhoGm;onf? ukdat;u
wcgw&H usaemfwdk@eJ@ 0kdif;xdkifbuf? aiGa=u;
toifhtwifhjynhfpHk+yD; udk,fydkifrkef@zdkawG bmawG
ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tawmftqifajy+yD; at;at;
aq;aq; aewwfol jzpfw,f? usaemfh xuf touf
q,fESpfcef@ }uD;aomfvnf; tjyeftvSef wav;
wpm; qufqHwwfoljzpf w,f ? ol@orD; at;at;OD;
u &efukefrSm enf;ynmaumvdyfwck wufaeol?
tom;ndKndKESifh tawmftoifh vSy,Ofaus;ol
av;yif? b,fvdkrsm; jrifhausmfESihf ygwfoufae
ygvdrfh? usaemf tawmfpdwf0ifpm;oGm;onf?
“uJ æ uJ æ ajymygtHk;/ b,fvdkjzpfwm
vnf;”
“usaemf at;at;OD;ukd pmay;w,f”
“b,fola&;ay;vnf;”
olpmrwwfwm usaemfuodI ar;vdkufw,f?
“atmifwifOD; a&;ay;wm” “oHk;apmif
pvHk; wcgxJay;vdkufw,f”
trSwf -22
 “&nf;pm;pmukd av,mOfysH±kyfvkyf+yD; ol ylylaEG;aEG; 'k&if;rSL;jzpfp AdkvfrSL;&J Œ a,mufz
wdk@tdrfxJ ypfxnfhvdkufw,f ” udk ±kdufvkdufvdk@ usaemhfudk vmzrf;=uwm? ppfwyf
“tJ'g ol@tazu tJ'DpmawG,l+yD; &0w u(RP)awG/ e,fajrcHaxmufvSrf;a&;&J/ òrd@e,f
±Hk;ukd oGm;wdkifwmyJ” rSL;eJ@ 'k&Jtkyftqifhoufouf (±kd;±kd;&Jryg)/ &0w
“pmxJrSm bmawGygoGm;vdk@vnf;” OuUX oleJ@tzGJ@0if&mtdrfrSL; q,ftdrfrSL;awG
“usaemf rodbl;” wu,fhvloHk;av;a,muf owfoGm;wJh &mZ0if
atmifwifOD;qdkwm jrihfausmfwdk@ESihf vkyf vlqdk;udk &SmazGovkdrsdK; qkdufu,foHwzkef;zkef;eJ@
azmfudkifbuf/ tawmftptaemufoefwJhaumif/ w&yfuGufvHk; tvef@w=um; jzpfoGm;w,f? olwkd@
olu rlvwef; av;wef;avmufxd ausmif;aebl; jrifvdkuf&JŒeJ@ usaemfudk,fa,mifazsmuf+yD; n}uD;
ol? jrifhausmfxuf omw,fqdkygawmh? a&;wwf qdkawmh vGwfoGm;w,f? ol@udk0kdif;+yD; }udrf;armif;
zwfwwf&Sdw,f? jrifhausmfu qufajymw,f? =uvdk@ usaemfhudkr=unf wm? 'D=um;xJ aemufwae@
“usaemf &0w±Hk;ujyefvmawmh atmif usaemfoGm;tzrf;cHawmh usaemhftazu oGm;
wifOD; ol@tdrfrSmr&Sdawmhbl;? ol@taru ajym awmif;yefaumif;wm&,f cH&wJhbufu òrdŒrsuf
w,f/ ckeifhuyJ ausmufwifwJh oabFmvlvdkw,f ESmzHk;ayr,fh w&m;jynfh0wJholrkd@ ausat;ay;vkd@
qdkvdk@ vG,ftdwfwvHk;eJ@ wufoGm;wmyJ/ ckav; w&ufeJ@vGwfvmwmudkauseyfyHkr&bl;jzpfaew,f?
wif xGufoGm;w,fvdk@ ajymw,f?” “ uJ 'DrSm cifAsm;om;ay;wJh &nf;pm;pm
“usaemfhtxifawmh 'Daumif owif; zwf=unfh” qdk+yD; OD;a&$udk OuUXu pmoHk;aqmif
=um;vdk@ vpfoGm;w,fxifwmyJ?” csay;w,f? OD;a&$u usaemfhbufudk wapmifay;
“uJ æ rif;vnf; qufaomufraeeJ@/ rif; w,f? jrifhausmfrsufESm=unfhawmh ZD;&Gufavmuf
tazyg reufjzefac:cJh/ igvdkufcJhr,f/ jyeftdyfawmh” yJ &Sdawmhw,f xif&&JŒ?
usaemfvnf; pdwf±_yfoGm;wmeJ@ tdrfjyef+yD;
apmapmtdyf,m0ifcJhw,f? aemufwae@ rdk;vif;vdk@ ukdodwfcspf&wJh at
eHeufpm pm;aomuf+yD;csdef pmtkyfwtkyf zwfae udku qif&JayrJ udktcspfu rqif&Jygbl
csdefrSm ol wdk@om;tz a&mufvmwmeJ@ &0w±Hk;bu f udkynm;rwyfayrJ t&rfcspfwwfygw,f
xGufvmcJhw,f? tqifoifh apmihfaewJh OuUX udkrSm Av&Sdw,f rifukd vkyfaºuGEkdif ygw,f
OD;ausmfv_dif(uG,f&mrSm usaemfwdk@u OD;óuHavSmfvdk@ bdvyfajr xrf&rvm oJxrf ausmuf
ac:ol) &0w tzGJ@0ifwOD;eJ@ &0wpma&;wdk@ xdkif xrf&rvm
ae=uw,f? tJ'DxJrSm ynmwwfq dkvdk@ &0w udk waeukH xrfEkdifygw,f rifudk ukd,f
pma&;yJ&Sdw,f? usaemfwdk@oHk;a,muf olwdk@a&SŒrSm jyefcspfygaemf
xdkifvdkufcsdefrSmyJ usaemfhukdar;aighjy+yD; “olua&m wu,fvkd rcspfblqdk&ifawm rifwkdtdrf
bmudpPvnf;vdk@ar;w,f” jrifhausmftazu ±dk±dk aemufu rkefzdkudk rD;eJ±d_vkdufrJ
aoaoeJ@ usaemfwdk@ tazmfac:vmwmygvdk@ ajym
w,f? OuUX odyfauseyfyHk r&bl;/ vGefcJhwJh oHk;v tcspfrsmpGmzsif
avmuf u usaemfa =umih f ol awmfa wmf t jrifausmf
a[mufcHvdkuf&wm tcJa=uyHk r&ao;bl;?

trSwf -22 107

 “uJ b,fvdkvJ cifAsm;om;a&;wJhpm ±kd;±kd;
r[kwfb l;aemf/ +cdrf; ajcmuf wmyg ygaew,f?
aumifrav;taz awmfawmf pdwfqkd;aew,f?
usKyfwkd@udk wdwdusus ta&;,lay;zdk @ ajymaew,f”
usaemfu 0ifajymvdkufw,f?
“olrS pmrwwfwm”
“udk,fESihf rqkdif&if 0ifrygeJ@/ 'g &0w±Hk;
qdkwm owd&”
“OuUX}uD;&,f usaemfhom; wu,f pm
rwwfwmyg”
“at;av æ rwwfvdk@vnf; tJ'Davmuf
owfyHkawG rSm;wmaygh? 'gayrJh +cdrf;ajcmufxm;
wm ygaew,f? rawmfwq tJ'Drkef@zdkrD;avmif&if
b,fvdkvkyfrvJ”
jy\emutawmf ±_yfukef+yD? udk,fuvnf;
cH0efwESpfESihf aeae&wm/ ajymaygufrwnfhvdk@
jy\emxyfwuf&if oGm;+yD/ acgif;}uD;iHk@+yD; +idrfae
wJh jrihfausmfu
“usaemf wu,fpmrwwfwmyg? tJ'D
pmu wifatmifOD;a&;ay;wm/ usaemfwdk@em;rSm
usaemfhvdk pmrwwfwJholawG trsm;}uD;/ od*ôausmf/
jrifhjrifhaZmf/ &Jxl;/ ayguf}uD;/ iyG/ *spfayG; q,f
a,mufavmuf&Sdw,f? r,Hk&if ar;=unhfyg”
“a[ æ 'Davmufrsm;ovm; [kwfygh
rvm;” OuUXu r,HkouFmESihf tHh=oaeonf?
“aeygOD;/ òrd@ay:rSmae+yD;awmh cifAsm;u
bmvdk@ ausmif;rxm;vJ”
jrifhausmftazbufudk tjypfu vSnfhoGm;
onf? OD;a&$u ausmif;raejzpf&jcif;ta=umif;udk
twdkòcH;I &Sif;jyonf?
“'gqdk pma&;ay;wJhaumif oGm;ac:acs”
“ol &0w±Hk;u usaemfukd ac:wJhtoH
=um;xJu ausmufwifwJhoabFm wufvdkuf
oGm;+yD”
jrifhausmfpum; =um;vdkufwmeJ@ OuUX
108
acgif;udkom wGifwGifukyfawmhonf?
&0wpma&;u usaemfbufukdvSnfhI aumifr
av;tazESi hf cifAsm;&if;ES D;wmyJ/ oG m;ac:+yD;
±Hk;rSmyJ awmif;yefcdkif;zdk@ ajymwmeJ@ udkat;ukd t
awmfta=uvnf &Sif;jy+yD; ±Hk;ukd renf;ac:cJh&
onf? jrihfausmf pmrwwfwmudkvnf; tdrfeD;em;
csif;awGu 0ifaxmufcHwmrdk@ rvdkufcsifvdkufcsifeJ@
vdkufvmonf? jrifhausmfu xkdifuefawmh+yD;
awmif;yefonf? &0w±Hk;uvnf; uwdcH0efvkyf+yD;
vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;wmrdk@ jy\emu ajyvnfoGm;
onf? tm;vHk;xjyefawmh &0wpma&;u usaemhf
ukd vSrf;ac:onf?
“'Daumifvdrfawmh rajymavmufyg
bl;aemf æ olwdk@t&G,f pmrwwfwJholawG tJ'D
avmuf rsm;ae+yD;vm; ”
“'Daumifu vl±kd;yg/ usaemf,Hkw,f”
“cifAsm;bma=umifhvnf;vdk@ qufrawG;csif bl;
vm;”cifAsm;wkd@u bGJ@& ynmwwfawGav”
“rajymygeJ@awmh Asm ” “usaemfoabm
aygufygw,f/ usaemfwdk@ukd,fwkdifu rdom;pkb0
rysufa&;ukd renf; &yfwnfae&w,f”
usaemfvnf; ajymajymqdkqdk vSnfhxGufcJh
&if; wvrf;vHk; pOf;pm;vmrdw,f? usaemfwdk@
&yfuGufwckvHk;wif r[kwfao;bl; udk,fhteD;
ywf0ef;usifav;rSmwif q,fa,muf/ w&yfuGuf
vHk;/ wòrd@vHk;/ wkdif;jynfwckvHk;rSmqdk&if jrifhausmf
aygif; b,f avmufrsm;ae+yDvJ ? jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvsuf
jrefrmpmukdrS a&;rwwf/ zwfrwwfESifh udk,hf
ukd,f acsmufcsvdk@ cswJhpmrSef;rodwJh a*gou
vufopfpav;rsm; b,favmuf aygrsm;ae+yD
vnf;vdk@ æ ?
aumif ; rG e f c sKd (jref a tmif )
trSwf -22
 (1)
Ekd&m(Nora) udkb,fvkdawG@&rvJ? b,fvkd
awG@EkdifrvJ? ESpfa,mufom; aemufqHk;awG@=upOfu olr
udk awG@&rnfhtcsdef/ awG@&rnfhae&mudk ajymxm;+yD;om;?
pmeJ@vJa&;+yD; ta=umif;=um;cJh+yD;om;? Edk&mudkawG@&ef tenf;qHk; ig;em&D um;armif;&rnf? tdrf+cHxJrS
pwif um;armif;xGufvmpOfrSmyJ Ekd&mESihf vG,fvG,f ululrS awG@Edkif=uyghrvm; -qkdonfh tylawG;u
acgif ; xJ o k d @ v#yf w ysuf 0if v mcJ h o nf ? csD u m*k d (&S d u m*k d ) òrd @ xJ r S m b,f E S e m&D t xd
&Sifavmif;vSnfhaernfenf;? &Sifavmif;vSnfhonfqdkonfh bef;pum;u tar&duefwGif acwfpm;aeqJ?
vdyfpm&Smr&I/ vrf;rodI òrd@xJrSmum;armif;+yD; txyfxyf &Sm azGae&+yDqdkv#if xdkbef;pum;udk
toHk;ðy=uonf? igwkd@awmh &Sifavmif;vSnfhae+yD[lI?
óudwifrSef;qxm;onfhtwkdif;yif csDum*dkòrd@xJwGif usaemfwkd@ &Sifavmif; vSnfhaeygawmh onf?
vrf;oG,f vrf ;r awG ursm;/ um;awG u ±_yf ,Su fcwf/ vla wGu ±_ yfa xG;rsm;ajrmif vSo jzifh
&Sifavmif;vSnfh&if;ESifhyif pdwfysufarmyrf;vmcJhonf?
“Edk&m æ rGef±dk;vrf;udk igwdk@&Smvdk@rawG@ao;bl;”

trSwf -22 109

 Ekd&mu vrf;!$efay;jyefonf? wae&mudk udk a&mufvmonfrSm ESpfESpfq,f? ,ck tiSm;
a&mufoGm;onf? vrf;ab;wGif um;xdk;&yf um um;armif;ol? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk &if;ESD;
xyf+ yD; zke f; quf &jyef onf ? teJ q Hk ; &Sp f}udr f/
av;pm;onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. rjrifbl;
udk;}udrfr# zkef;quf&onf? =umawmh Ekd&mudk onfh rdwfaqG?
tm;emvmonf? olrrSm b,favmuftvkyf ±_yf “cifAsm;wkd@odyfuHaumif;w,f/ aemuf
axG;yifyef; aernfenf;? ol@acgif;xJwGif tvkyf xyf q,fhig;rdepfavmufqdk tiSm;um;awGudk
vkyfaeaom aoG;a=um0g,móud;r#ifrsm;rSm rD; 'Djywkdufvmzdk@ iSm;vkd@&rSm r[kwfawmhbl;? b,f
awmufrwwf yljyif;aeavrvm;? a':atmifqef ;pk um;orm;rS 'Dbufudk tiSm;vdkufrSm r[kwfawmh
=unfudk usaemfwdk@awG@&rnf? jywkdufZmwfcHk bl;/ te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlxkawG csDwufvm
0ef;usifwGif Edk&mudkawG@+yD;rS ZmwfckHay:wGif a&mu f
=uwm um;awGoGm;vkd@ r&awmhbl;/ jywkduf&JŒ
&Sdaeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd awG@&rSmjzpf taemufbufjcrf;rSmqdk ydk+yD;cufcJoGm;+yD? a':
onf? vlxkacgif;aqmifESifh awG@&rnfhta&; óud atmifqef;pk=unfukd tm;ay;csifwJhvl/ ,lwl;tzGJ@
wif&ifckefESifh=uonf? xdk&ifckefoHrsm;ESifhyif Ekd&m
u tqdkawmfbkdEkdudkvJ tm;ay;em;axmif&if;
&Sd&modk@ óud;pm;yrf;pm; vmcJh=u&onf? olrudk cifAsm;wkd@ Armjynfvlxkbufu &yfwnfrnfhol
awG@+yD;rS olr. óudwifpDpOfxm;onfh tpDtpOf tar&duefawGu tm;wufoa&m csDwufvmcJh
twkdif; vlxkacgif;aqmifudk awG@&rnfr[kwfvm;? =uyHkyJAs”
csDum*kdòrd@v,frSmyJ wem&DcGJ/ ESpfem&D [kwfyghrvm; q&m&,fqdk+yD; ol @rsufESmudk
eD;yg; txyfxyf vSnfhywf&SmazGcJh+yD;+yD? b,fvkd òyH;=unfhum rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh ar;cGef;xkwfrd onf?
armif;aewmvJ? armvS+yDuG? acgif;rl;vm+yDqdk+yD; vufawG@wGif bmrSrjrif&/ rawG@&ao; ojzifh
tarmif;cHae&onfh armfawmfum;u u|efawmfh um;q&majymwk d i f ; usaemf r ,H k = unf E k d i f ?
tm; usdefqJaecJh+yD? Edk&mhxHokd@ ra&mufEkdifawmh?
apmifh=unfh&ao;wmaygh?
odyf+yD; cufcJoGm;+yD? aemufqHk;awmh um;rsm; &yf od y fr =umvS ? q,f r d e pf t wG i f ; rS m yJ
xm;onfh um;ywfuifwckwGif um;udk armif;oGif; Ekd&m&Sd&m/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&Sdrnfh jywkdufodk@
um um;&yfxm;vdkuf&onf? 'gyJ? rwwfEdkif a&mufvmonf? um;q&mudk E_wfquf+yD; um;
awmh? tvkyform;u a&mufvmonf? usoifh ay:rS qif;vmcJh+yD;onfhaemuf usaemfwkd@ig;a,muf
aiG q,fhESpfa':vmudkay;cJh+yD; xGufvmcJh=uonf? ajrjyifay:wGifpHk&yfum [m;wkduf&,farm vkduf
=uonf? usaemfwkd@awmom;wodkuf apmapm
(2 ) u 'DjywkdufteD;odk@ tacgufacguftcgcg a&muf
tiS m ;um;wpD ; ud k vS r f ; wm;onf ? vmcJh=u+yD; jywkdufudk ausmfcGoGm;aeaoma=umifh
xdktiSm;um;ESifhyif Edk&m&Sdaeonfh ppfom; ppfajr &Sufuef;uef;jzifh [m;wkduf&,fvkduf =ujcif;jzpf
jyif (soldier field) &Sd awmifykdif;jywkdufokd@ onf?
oGm;=uonf? um;ay:a&mufonfESifh usaemfwdk@ jywkdufudka&mufvmpOf Edk&m@xHokd@ zkef;
oGm;vkdvSonfh Ekd&m&Sd&mvdyfpmudk usaemfu quf&jyefonf? bJOyHkjzpfaeaomjywkdufudk b,f
xkwfjyonf? um;q&mESifh pum;jym&if; &if;ESD; vkd0if&rvJ 0ifayguf&Sm& cufaeaoma=umifh jzpf
oGm;onf? olu ygupPwefEdkifiHom;? tar&duef onf/ em&D0ufr# &Gmvnfaeawmhonf? wae&m
110 trSwf -22
a&mufoGm;pOf zkef;xyfquf&jyefonf? vkyfief;rsm;udk &Sif;jyonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepf
“[Jvdk æ atmif/ rif;aemufa=umbuf zsufodrf;a&;/ ppftkyfpkqef@usifa&;/ vlxkacgif;
udk ±kwfw&ufvSnfh=unfhvkdufprf;yg udk,fhvl&,f” aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. vlxkvGwfajrmuf
Edk&mu w&if;wESD;wkef@jyefpOf usaemfh a&; v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefr_udk axmufcHa&;/ EkdifiHa&;
aemufa=umbuf&Sd Edk&mudk awG@&awmhonf? us tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vHk; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
aemfwkd@u ‘a[;’vkyf=uonf? tar&duefawGu ,ltufpfuifydef; ( U.S Campaign for
olwdk@,Ofaus;r_twkdif; ‘[kduf’vkyfonf? rwl Burma) tzGJ@. v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;t&
aom toHxGufE_wfqufjcif;jzihf E_wfqufvdkuf vlxkwkdufyGJwck zefwD;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf? emrnf
=uonf? Edk&mu usaemfwdk@udk &ifjcif;xdayG@um }uD; ,lwl; (U2) wD;0kdif;ESifh tqdkawmfbkdEkdu
wa,mufjcif; E_wfqufvkdufonf? vlpkay;rnf? v_yf&Sm; acgif;aqmifrSm jzpfonf?
wkdufyGJu tb,fr# cef@xnfrnfenf;? rod&ao;?
tb,fr# pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;rnfenf;? xkd@
tjyif wkdufyGJvufeufu ArmjynftzdcH vlrsdK;pHk
jynfolvlxk.&efoludk xdk;ESuf&mY rnfr#pl;&S
xufjrufrnfenf;? 'gvJ rodEkdifao;? qifpG,fESpf
a&mif &Gufzsif wJuav;wvHk;.a&SΠa':atmif
qef;pk=unf. t}uD;}uD;tao;ao; ±kyfyHkum;csyf
rsm; vl@tcGihfta&; csKd;azmufcHxm;&onhf Arm
jynf. '%f&m'%fcsufjy "gwfyHkrsm;/ owif;um;
csyfr sm; jyo cif ;usif ;xm;&m pm;yGJa &S ŒwG if
usaemfonf &ifckefaeavonf?
c%=umawmh orD;av; aty&,fpdk; ESifh
ZeD;roufZifwkd@u olwkd@vkyf&rnfh vkyfief; udk
pwifv_yf&Sm;aeawmhonf? pcef;xJ0ifa&muf
vmaom {nfhonfrsm;udk orD;av;u &Sif;jyonf?
bm&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ,ckuJhodk@ v_yf&Sm;ae=uwm
jzpfovJ? Armjynfu EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;u b,f
(3) vkd&SdaeovJ? ppftkyfpk. tEkdifusifhzdESdyfr_/ apmf
pdrf;pdrf;jraeaom jrufcif;jyifay:wGif um;aoG;pkyfr_atmufu vlxk.b0? +yD;awmh?
,m,D&GufzsifwJuav;rsm; xdk;xm;=uonf? vlxkacgif;aqmif.tajctae? 'gudk&Sif;jy&rnf?
tpdrf;a&mif uwWDygjrufcif;ay:u qifpG,fESpfa&mi f odk @aomf orD ;av;ESifh roufZifu vlxkacgif;aqmif
wJuav;rsm;/ jywkduf}uD;. taemufzufjcrf;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ±kyfyHkv$mudkyJ pum;vHk;
jywdkufESifhuyfvsufom; jrufcif;jyifay:wGif xkdokd@ rsm;ESifh a&;jc,fjyo=uonf?
pcef;opf zGifhxm;vkduf=uonf? Edk&mu usaemf orD;av;ESifh roufZifwkd@udk xm;&pfcJh
wkd@udk xkdpcef;xJac:vmcJh+yD; usaemfwkd@vkyf&rnfh +yD ; Ekd &mESi fhusaemf xGufvmcJhonf? vl xk.

trSwf -22 111

axmufcHr_vufrSwfrsm; &,laeonfh xkdpcef;xJrS
xGufvm+yD; ayoHk;&mcef@a&mufonfESifh jywkduf
t0ift0wGif oJoJv_yfaeaom tar&duef vlxk
udk pwifawG@&ygawmhonf?
aEGtaESmif; aqmif;tp &GufaºuG&moD
(fall) u ol.axmrmefrsm;jzpfonfh at;puf
&Sw av±kdif;rsm;udk wjzL;jzL; waomhaomh wkduf
cwfapcJhonf? onfae&mrS cyfvSrf;vSrf; wGif
ruf&SD*if (Michigan) uefu &Sdaeonf?
yif v,fu Jhodk @ rk difaygif; rsm;pGm us,f
0ef;aomuef? taemufawmifavrsm;u xkduef
yifv,fudkjzwfum usaemfwkd@xH wkd;a0S@0ifa&muf
vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? avu+idrfonfhtcg aetyl
a&mifu ajrodk@ wkduf±kdufxdk;qif;usvmonf?
xkdaea&mifxJwGif usaemfonf aEG;Iylvmonf?
usaemfhudkac:vmonfh Ekd&monf
csDwufvmaeonfh vlwef;&Snf}uD;. tqHk;wGif
wkef@&yfvkdufonf? jrufcif;jyifay:wGif apmapmu
rd wfquf ay;cJ h aom ,l tufp(U.S f Campaign)
v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk jyefq HkawG@&avonf?
Armjynftay:xm;&Sdonfh oabmxm; aumuf
csufrsm;/ olwkd@.vdyfpm/ zkef;eHygwfESifh tD;ar;vf
vdyfpmrsm;udk aumufcH,lae=ujcif; jzpfonf?
wkdufyGJ0if v_yf&Sm;r_tzGJ@0ifrsm;. trsm;
pkrSm tar&duefvli,frsm; jzpfonf? pwufzeD
(Stephanie Velasco) uawmh xl;jcm;onf?
wuUodkvf ausmif;olwOD;? zdvpfydkifrdom;pkrS
arG;zGm;qif;oufvmol/ xdkv_yf&Sm;r_xJwGif tm&S
wkdufom;u ajcmufa,muf? usaemfwdk@u Arm
ig;a,muf? toufESpfq,ft&G,f pwufzeDonf
Armruav;ESifhrjcm; wqifxJ/ wyHkpHxJjzpfae
onf? wdbufukef;ajrrS qif;oufvm=uoljcif;
rsKd;EG,fZpfjrpf wlaeIvm;rod?
pwufzeDu twufºuGqHk;/ pum;ajym
tu|rf;usifqHk;/ pnf;&Hk;a&;twwfynm tºuG,f
112
0qHk;olrESihf usaemfu twkdiftazmufvkyf&onf?
pwufzeDu olodaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
yHkazmf&Sif;jyonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESihf ,lwl;
wD0kdif;tzGJ@rS tqdkawmf bdkEdkwdk@&Sdaernfh txif
u& jywdkuf}uD;qDodk@ csDwuf ±kef;ºuGvmaeonhf
tar&duef vlxk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf a':
atmifqef;pk=unfukd odxm;=uonf? wcsKd@u
av;pm;/ wcsKd@u pmemaxmufxm;/ wcsKd@u
vlxkacgif;aqmifESihftwl &yfwnf=u? wcsKd@u
tH=o/ wcsKd@u ,ufa'gukd od=uonf/ wcsKd@u
,ufa'gukd aumufcsufay;onf? 'Dapmufaumif
*|ef,ufa'gu bma=umihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tdrfxJ cdk;0if&wmvJ? bma=umifh 'kuQay;&wmvJ?
Zwfcf ,ufa'g (fuck) apmufaumif,ufa'g
EG m ;acs;yJ (bull shit)? *|ef , uf a 'guk d
jypfjypfESpfESpf qJq dk}udrf;armif;=uonf?
“Armjynfapmufppftkyfpk/ EGm;acs; ppf
tkyfpku a':atmifq ef;pk=unfukd axmif'g%f
oHk;ESpf tjypf'g%fcsw,fvdk@ od&w,f? EGm;acs;
ppftkyfpkukd igwdk@qef@usifw,f ? =o*kwfv 11 &u fu
trdef@csowJh? igwdk@odygw,f? ppftkyfpk apmuf
aumifawG? ”
,ae@puf w if b m q,f h o H k ; &uf a e@?
“r[kwfr[wf vkyfZmwfcif;+yD; a':pkukd axmif
'g%f oHk;ESpfay;cJhonhfae@rS &nfwGufv#if wv
wif;wif;jynhfum w&ufpGef;cJhonfhae@aygh? urBm
u odxm;cJh+yD;om? ('DyGJukd pufwifbm 12 ESihf
13 ESpf&ufusif;yonf?)
“*|ef,ufa'gqdkwJhaumifu igwdk@ ajr
ay:rSm usufoa&wkH;wJhaumif? EGm;acs;ppftkyfpk
u rif;wdk @wd kif;jynf&JŒajray:rSm tif rwef usufoa&
rJhwJhaumifawG æ 'DESpfcku tifrwefvkdufzuf
wmayghuGm æ [m; æ [m; æ [m; æ 0g; 0g; ”
naeESpfem&D aea&muftylaiG@atmufwGif em&D
aygif;rsm;pGm wef;pDae&ojzifh rsufESmawG yef;
trSwf -22
a&mif aoG;a&mif oef;aejcif;vmrod? xkdodk@ ppftkyfpkeJ@vlxkudk wòydifeufxJ ypfcwfovkd jzpf
usaemfrxifay? a'gocHjyif;r_u aoG;a&mifoef; ae&ifawmh æ? pD;yGm;a&;ydwfq dk@xm;awmh ppf
aponfr[kwfvm;? wcsKd@vlxkrSm cHpm;r_u euf tkyfpk touf±l& =uyfwmayghAsm/ cifAsm;wkd@vlxk
±_dif;ae=uojzihf olwdk@ukd=unhfum usaemfhrSm rtHh awGuawmh 0rf;omrSmaygh/ [kwfw,faemf æ?
=oyJ raeEdkifawmh? rw&m;r_/ rr#wr_ukd awG@&Sd taotcsm ,Hk=unfxm;wmuawmh ppftkyfpk
&cdkuf cHjyif;r_ql;c|efoGm;u olwdk@&ifwGif pl;0if udk ydwfqdk@'%fcwfwJh vufeuf[m vlxkvuf
ae=uonf? olwdk@onf rdk;óud;ypfwwfonhf rdk;óud; eufyJAs”
oGm;awGyJ? rdk;óud;oGm;awGygvm;? tar&duef ed*Hk;awGtm;vHk;xJu aumufcsufed*Hk; udk
tpdk ;& yg0ifajc±_ yfonhfp pfyGJrsm;ukd xdkrdk; óud; vSvSyy qGJxkwfjyonfholvnf; &Sdonf? vlxk
oGm;rsm;onf wHk@jyefqef@usifuef@ uGufcJh=uonf? wkdufyGJrsm;udk usaemfu &Sif;jyonf? wkdif;jynfu
udk;&D,m;ppfyGJ/ AD,uferfppfyGJ/ tD&wfppfyGJ/ tmz tusOf;axmif? tarSmifxkudk tqdyftjzpf cwf
uefppfyGJwkd@ukd qef@usifcJh=u&mY olwdk@onf rdk;óud; xm;aom tusOf;axmifwkdif;jynf? tEkdifusifhcH/
rkefwkdif;rsm;jzpfcJh=uavonf? (,ckv 2009 - tm%mrJ/h vufeufrJh tzdESdyfcHvlrsdK;aygif;pHkrSm
Ekd0ifbm 7 &ufae@ ae@vnfwGif usaemfaexkdif&m tusOf ; om;awG ? +id r f ; csrf ; a&; csd K ;ul o H E S i f h
zdk@wf0def;òrd@v,facgifY tmzuefppfyGJukd qef@usif vGwfvyfr_oajycufudk awmifhw iwfrGwf/ tpm
aom ppfqef@usifa&; tar&duefvlxk qENjyyGJxJ a&pmiwfrGwfaeaom tusOf;om;awG? vlxka&SŒ
wGif usaemfukd,fwdkif yg0ifcJhonfrSm ylylaEG;aEG;yJ rS &ifh&ifh&J&J &yfwnfwkdufyGJ0ifaeaom a':atmif
&Sdao;onf? ) qef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;ESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;/
“a':atmifqef;pk=unfu bmjzpfvkd@ axmifus oHCmawmfrsm;/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm
cHae&wmvJ” ppftkyfpk. "g;pm;cHrsm; jzpfaeonf? vlom;
“ ----------” ppfppfrsm;udk ppfu|efwHq dyfcwfESdyfum puf±kyf
“axmiftusrcHyJ vkyfvdk@ r&bl;wJhvm;” tjzpf zufqpfwpku yHkoGif;xkwfvkyfay;vsuf
ar;avhar;x r&Sdaomar;cGef;? wcsdK@ &Sdonf? zufq pfppftkyfpk xlaxmifxm;aom
vlxku Armjynf. vlr_b0/ EkdifiHa&;b0udk odyf ppftm%m&Sif puf±Hk}uD;rSm trsdK;om;xkwfukef
rod=u? ravhvm rpl;prf;rd? avhvmonfhwdkif wefzdk;. xuf0ufausmfESifh nDr#aomppfwyf/
atmif tay:,HqefvSonf? olwkd@ar;cGef;u ±dk; ykvdyfwyf aoewfusnfq efrsm;jzifh w*sHK;*sHK;
pif;aomfvnf; 'D rkdua&pD qdwfokef;aeonfh w*sdKif;*sdKif; ckwfarmif;vsuf&Sdonf? odk@aomf puf
arSmifeJ@rJrJ wkdif;jynftjzpf rjrifrd (rjrifrd)=u? ±kyfr[kwfaom/ b,fvkdrS puf±kyfr[kwfaom
oHjym;rsufESmjyifay:rS a,muf,ufqefcwf jzpf ppfu|efrsm;onf ppftkyfpkudk vnfyif;óud;csnf
aeonfh jy'g;AHk;wvHk; jzpfaeonfh wkd if;jynf um ppftkyfpkwl;xm;aom ocFsKdif;aowGif; euf
tjzpf olwkd@jrifrxm;cJhay? odk@ ±dkufESufuefcsaeonfudkvJ xdkpuf±HkrSL; tm
“b,f v k d v J A s/ tar&d u ef t pd k ; &&J Œ %m&Sifrsm;u rodIr[kwf? odonf? xdktcsufudk
pD;yGm;a&; '%fcwfydwfqdk@r_u atmifjrif&JŒvm;As? usaemfu &Sif;jyonf?
Armppftkyfpkuawmh ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdyg; tpma&pmtwGuf qefpyg;/ yJ/ ajymif;/
avawmh æ? wu,fu usnfqefwawmifhxJeJ@ ESrf;/ 0g aumufyJoD;ESHudk v,form;u xGef,uf

trSwf -22 113

xkwfvkyfonf? tvkyform; vlwef;pm;
u vloHk;u&d,mrsm;ESifh t0wftxnf
rsm;udk xkwfvkyfonf? xdkxkwfvkyfr_rsm;
tm;vHk;. txufrSae+yD; zufqpfppf
tkyfpk. yHkoGif;xkwfvkyfr_rSm ppfu|ef
rsm; jzpfonf? olwkd@. aorif;wref
ppfu|efrsm;? usaemfu xkdodk@pdwful;
±kyfyHkv$m rsm;udk zefwD;um o±kyfazmfI
&Sif;vif; jyoonf?
“rd w f a qG a jymwm usef a e
ao;w,fAs? cifAsm; wrifcsefxm;cJh
wmvm; rodbl;? [kd'if;avAsm? ppftkyf
pku ol@ vufudkifwkwfawG/ ±kyfao;±kyf
awGudkvJ arG;xkwfay;cJhw,f r[kwf
vm;As? ppftkyfpku olwkd@vufudkifwkwf
awGudk emrnfvSvS ºuGºuGay;xm;w,f
avAsm? usKyfawmh rac:wwfbl;As? bm
wJh? olwdk@tzGJ@awGu oHk;zGJ@ av;zGJ@&Sdw,fav? vlxkt=um;&Sd yÉdyuQwkdufyGJu Armjynf.jyifyodk@
[kwfw,faemf? ArmvlxkawG/ &[ef; oHCmawG a&mufvmonf? tmwdwfESifh tE Wmwdwfpuf0kdif;
udk ±kdufowf zrf;csKyfaewJh vlawGavAsm” txd wkdufyGJrD;u ul;pufvmonf? vlr[kwfon fh
}uHŒzGwfrsm;udk ol&nf!$ef;ajymqdkae rSef; t[dwfwd&p>mef ig;ref; rsm;/ jcaoFhESifh usm;rsm;u
usaemf odv dkuf onf ESif h ol@udk vufu rf;ay; tkyfpdk;tqD&pfaeonfh wdkif;jynftjzpf odjrifvm
vdkufonf? ol@vufudk cyfwif;wif; qkyfxm; =uonf? ArmjynfolawGudk pmemonfh pmemr_
vkduf&onf? rsm;u olwkd@&ifxJwGif &GmoGef;vkduf=uonf? vl@
“usaemfh udk axmuful ay;wJh twG uf tzGJ@tpnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;. vlxktoD;oD;
aus;Zl;txl;wifygw,fAsm” vkyfEkdifonfht&mrSm tkyfpkd;zdESdyfa&;orm; ppf
usaemfhab;wGif &yfaeaom pwufzeD u tkyfpkudk trkef;jzifh avmifu|rf;ypfjcif;jzpfonf?
“tJ'g odyfrSefw,f”[kajym&if; vufq GJ E_wf odk@r[kwf pufqkwfr_ rdk;óud;oGm;rsm; rdk;óud; rkef
qufjyefonf? wcsdK@vlxku Armjynfta=umif; wkdif;rsm;jzifh olwkd@. tpkd;&rsm;udk zdtm;ay;˜
ca&aphwGif;us odaeavonf? usaemf tar&d ay;jcif;jzpfyif? xkd@jyif ArmjynfvlrsdK;pHkvlxkudk pm
uefodk@a&mufvmcgp vufvSrf;rSDor# ar;=unfh emr_rdk;rsm; &GmoGef;aejcif;jzifh vlxktcsif;csif; az;
onf? ,ckuJhodk@ a&a&&m&m rod=u? olwkd@twGuf ulae=uonf? vlxkwGif pGrf;tifrsm;/ pGrf;tm;
Armjynfonf ò*dvfao;ò*dvfr$m; av;jzpfonf? rsm; tjynfh&Sdonf? xdkpGrf;tif yg0g (power)
aep}uFm0VmxJu t*F gò*dvf uJhodk@aom ò*dvfw rsm;ESifhyif b0rsm;udk topfcsyfc|wf jzpfoGm;
vHk;? ppftkyfpkESifh tzdESdyfcH/ tEkdifusifhcHae&aom atmif ajymif;vJ ypfEkdifonf r[kwfvm;?
114 trSwf -22
 (4)
usaemf wkd@ tzGJ @cGJ rsm;onf &S nfvsm;
jynfhodyfaeonfh vlwef;}uD;xJwGif toD;oD;
a&muf&Sdae=uonf? ArmjynftwGuf tar&duef
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf odomap&ef
(U.S Campaign for Burma) wHqdyf
trSwftom;rsm;udk &ifbwfay:wGif csdwfwG,f
xm;=uonf? “atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;”
(Free Aung San Suu Kyi) ? eDapG;apG; aoG;
a&mifaemufcHay:rS wae&modk@ pl;pl;&J&Jwif;wif;
=unfhaeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unf. "mwfyHk
v$myg&Sdonfh oHk;vuRcGJywfvnf pwk&ef;yHkuyf
jym;udk &ifbwfay:wGif uyfxm;=uonf?
xdk@aemuf usaemfwkd@vufxJwGif a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. rsufESmzHk;rsm;? ezl;ay:odk@
qHEG,ftacGu nmrsufcHk;pGef; txd ydusaeonfh
òyH;&,faeaom rsufESm æ? tar&duefvlxku
xdkrsufESmzHk;udk awmif;,l=uonf? wcsdK@vlxkrSm
xdk"gwfyHk ±kyfv$mrsufESmzHk;udk &&SdoGm;=uojzifh
ajray:wGif ckefayguf jrL;±$ifoGm;=uonf? b,fhES,
b,fhES,f aysmfjrL;oGm;jcif; jzpfygvdrfh? vli,f/
vl}uD;ra&G; xkdokd@yif jzpfoGm;=uonf? touf
ajcmufq ,fausmfausmf trsdK;orD;}uD;rsm;rSm
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk w±d_uf±d_uferf;aeacsao;
awmh? erf;=uLaeav&JŒ?
ajy;I jrif a ,mif aeavonf ? vl x k
acgif;aqmifu wkdif;jynfxJvSnfhpOf/ vlxkawGxJ
wdk;0ifpnf;±Hk;pOf qif;&JEGrf;yg;yg; trsdK;orD;xku
zufvSJwuif;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk erf;
±_dufcJh=uonfudk jyefvnfjrifa,mifrdonf? vGrf;
p&maumif;vkdufwJh terf;awG? vkxkudkolru
arwWmrdk; &Gmcsonf? vlxkuvnf; olrtm;
tcspfrdk;tjzpf terf;yGifhrsm;udk &GmcscJh=uonf?
wkdif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;onf? terf;
yGifh tcspfrkd;/ arwWmrkd;rSm bmrsm;uGmjcm;vdk@vJ?
trSwf -22
tar&duef tzGm;rsm;/ ta':rsm;onf rsuf&nf
vnf&GJjzifh Armjynf vlxkacgif;aqmifudk ±d_ufI
erf;=uavonf? usaemfonf qGwfysHŒum &ifckef
vd_ufvSJaeavonf?
,ckvnf; =unfhtHk;? um;vrf;awGudk
ydwfum xdkuwW&mvrf;rrsm;ay:wGif ig;a,muf
wwGJwef;pD+yD; a':atmifq ef;pk=unfESifh bdkEkd
&Sdaernfhjywkduf. *dwf0tzGifhudk apmifhqdkif;ae=u
onf? aeylpyfcg;xJwGif ayawaw ZGJebJjzifh
em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wef;pDaecJh=uonf? wcsdKŒu
vrf;ray:wGif tdyfvsufapmifh=uonf? wcsdK@u
xkdifvsuf? wcsdKŒu pum;0kdif;zGJ@vsuf? wcsdKŒu
rwfwyf0kdif;zGJ@? wcsdKŒu xD;ESifhOD;xkyfESifh? wcsdKŒu
tylvd_if;wGef@aea&mifudk acgif;ay:&Gufxm;=u?
tHwk=u? wcsdK@u pD;ygavap armifrokwfeJ@
wkwfwkwfusac|;[k [pfaºuG;um ac|;pufrsm;udk
tazmfvkyfxm;=uonf? 'Dt&mtaxmif vlwef;
&Snf}uD;udk &[wf,mOfjzifh aumif;uifrSq D;I
=unfhcsifonf? taxmiftaomif; yk&Gufqdwf
fh awG wv_yfv_yfw&G&G tpmcsD=u/ tpm&Sm=u/
yk&Guftdrfodk@ csDwufae=uonfESifh rjcm;? 'Dvlwef;
&Snf}uD;udkvnf; xkduJhokd@yif awG@&ayvdrfhrnf?
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rSm oHr%dpdwf"gwfjyyGJ
jzpfonf? vlxk. &efbufjzpfaom &efolonf
pdwf"gwfoHr%dvdyfjymrsm; tHkusif;zGJ@IysHoef;&m
vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_udk wkefv_yfajcmufjcm; aewwfonf?
ArmjynfwGif vl rsdK;pHk vd yfjyma&mifpHk. ppftm%m&Sf i
pepfqef@usifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk 1973 xJu usaemf
óuHawG@cJhonf? yg0if&if; óuHawG@r_? 1974? 1988?
vlxkcsDwufyGJwGif vlxku xkwfazmfjyoonfh
oHr %d pd wf"gwfrsm;onfu m; &efoltwGuf
usnf q ef u snf z l ; rsm;/ vuf e uf c J , rf ; rsm;
jzpfonf? tajrmuf vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzpfonf?
vlxk&efolu zdESdyfacsr_ef; aoewfusnfqefrsm;
udk xkwfjyonf? vlxku &efoludk qef@usifwkduf
115
ckdufonfh pdwf"gwfvufeufrsm;udk xkwf=uonf? oHr%dpdwf"gwf a&mifpHkvdyfjymrsm;tjzpf yg0if
88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD;umv a±$wd*Hk. ysHoef; v_yf&Sm;cJhzl;onf r[kwfvm;?
taemufzufrk'fwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “[Jvkd æ atmif æ rpPwmatmif æ
vlxkudk w&m;a[mpOf vlyifv,fvd_if;vdyfrsm; usrwdk@pcef;udk usrwdk@ c%jyef=u&atmif æ
xJwGif usaemfrGef;=uyfaecJhbl;onf? vrf;r vrf; a&ykvif; r,lvmcJh&bl; æ/ a&vJaomuf/ c%
oG,ftoD;oD;rS pD;qif;vmonfh vlxkvd_if;vdyf em;=upkd@/ oGm;=upkd@”
aygif;pHkwkd@ qHkqnf;&m vlyifv,f}uD;udk owd& vlxkudk pwufzeDu pnf;±Hk;um vuf
aerdonf? axmifaygif;/ aomif;aygif;rsm;pGmaom rSwfrsm; aumufcHaepOf/ w&m;a[maepOf usaemfh
pdwf"gwfoHr%dvdyfjymrsm; ysHoef; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; tawG;u twdwfajc&m vrf;a=umif;rsm; ay:rS
onf yHkyef;rysuf twdwfajc&mrsm;tjzpf &ifwGif oHr%dpdwf"gwf vdyfjymrsm;xH ul;vl;a&muf&Sd
pGJusef&pfaeqJ? usefaeqJyJav? aecJhonf? wc% a&mufoGm;? vufawG@b0okd@
1945 'k w d , urB m ppf t +yD ; / 1949 jyefa&mufvm? twdwfESifh ypPKy`efudk vGef;xdk;
urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; EkdifiHwum vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_onf ,uf&S,faerdonf?
tvGeftrif; crf;em;cef@xnfcJhonf? urBmh jynf “jywk d uf *d w f0 rzG if h rS D 'Da e&mud k jyef
olvlxkawGu aemufxyf wwd,urBmppfukd vm&tHk;r,f r[kwfvm; pwufzeD”
rvkdcsifawmh? 'kwd,urBmppfwGif toufay;cJh/ “[kwfw,fav/ vm oGm;pdk@”
aoa=uusqH k;cJhonfh vlxkig;q,fhESpfoef; (52oef ;) qif pG ,f ES pf a&mif &G uf zsif wJ rsm;&S d& m
. aoG;toufrsm;u wwd,urBmppf wm;qD; pcef;odk@ usaemfwdk@ jyefqkwfvmcJh=uonf? pcef;
a&;/ tEkjrLvufeuf ydwfyifa&;/ urBmh+idrf;csrf; wGif Ekd&mESifh tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk awG@&onf? usaemfu
a&;twGuf a=uuGJqdk@eifhzG,f oufaocHrsm; jzpf jrufcif;pdrf;pdrf;ay:wGif tm;&yg;& xkdifcsvdkufonf?
onf? xkd@jyif armif;ESiftm;rsm; jzpfonf? urBmh a&ykvif;udkzGifhum wcsdKufcsdKuf aomufcsvdkuf
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pma&;q&mrsm;/ uAsmq&mrsm;ES ifh Ekdi fiHa &;
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(International Campaign) xJ wGif Armjynf tkyfpk/ bDtkyfpk cGJvkdufonf? tzGJ@acgif;aqmifu
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116 trSwf -22
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rvSrf;rurf;wGif &yfvkduf=uonf? odk@ tm±HkcHpm;rdonf?
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rsm;udk v$wfueJ xGufaponf? tm±HkcHywf0ef;
usif ±kyf0wˆKrsm;ESifh tm±Hka=umwkd@. wkef@jyef
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ZmwfcHkpifjrifhudk yGJ=unfhpiftxyfxyfu 0kdif;ywf
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y&dwfowfu yGJ=unfhpiftxyfxyfwGif pyspfoD;
tckdifuJhodk@ ¹yGwfcsmvdrfum oD;cJaeonf? csif;
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aomif;onf vjynfh0ef;uJhodk@ 0kdif;pufaom yGJ acwfay:tqkdawmfESifh acwfrSDpwdwf±d_;
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oD ; cJ ? ae@vnf c if ;rS naeapmif ;onf t xd atmfwkdpepfESifh uGefjyLwmpepfukd oHk;xm;onf?
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wkdufyGJ0if vufrSwfrsm;toD;oD; a&;xdk;ay;cJh=u atmfwkdpepf/ atmfwdkpufcvkwf tpDtpOf atmu f
onfh vlxkawGaygh? wGif ZmwfcHkonf &yfwnfaeonf? okd@r[kwf a&GŒ
usaemfhrsufvHk;tpHkrS t=unfhiSufrsm; vsm;ae&onf? ZmwfcHkxufwGif ,lwl; (U2)
onf xkdvjynfh0ef; 0kdif;pufyGJ=unfhpifay:wGif ysH0J wD;0kdif;ESifh tqdkawmfbkdEkdu {nfhcHazsmfajzaeav&JŒ?

trSwf -22 117

wD;0kdif;txufwGif uGefjyLwmpepfjzifh toHk;ðy&ef
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ta0;qHk; yGJ=unfhpifrSy&dwfowfu xdkaumfjym;
wGif vmIxifay:onfh ol@±kyfv$mudk jrif&onf?
aumfjym;ay:rS tqdkawmfbkdEkdudk usaemfawG@ae&
avonf?
bkdEkd.t&G,fu vlvwfydkif;[k qdk&rnf?
touf 49 ESpf? 1960 ESpfzGm;? tkdif,mvefrSm
arG;onfh tkdif;&pfvlrsdK;? i,femrnf aygvf a';Apf
a[mfqif (Paul David Hewson) ? bkdEkd[lI
vlodrsm;cJhonf? *Dwynm&Sif? oDcsif;aw;oGm;
oDuHk;ol? a&mhcf (Rock) aw;*DwtzGJ@xJrS ol@
emrnfu xGufay:vmcJh? jynfolvlxkrsm;. cif
rifav;pm;r_&&Sdaom vlxktay: =oZmv$rf;Ekdif
aom vlpm&if;xJwGif 2004 ckpm&if;Y olu yg0if
vmcJhonf? ol.xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh trSwf
tom;rSm wwd,EkdifiHrsm;rS iwfrGwfqif;&Jaom
jynfolvlxkrsm;udk yHhydk;axmufuljcif;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh tmz&duwkduf&Sd tufoD±dk;yD;,m;/
wefZef;eD;,m;wkd@rS qif;&JcsdK@wJhvGef;aom vlrGJ
tod ef;toef;udk oD csif ;qdkI &onfh tod ef;
toef;aiGa=u;jzifh axmufulyHhydk;jcif;jzpfonf?
1999 uxJu xdkodk@yif vlrGJpm&if;0ifrsm;udk
ulnDapmifrcJhol? xdk@a=umifhyif jzpfrnf? 2003/
2005/ 2006 +idrf;csrf;a&; Ekdb,fq k (Noble
Peace Prize) a&G;cs,fa&;pm&if;wGif r=umc%
azmfjyjcif;cH&onf? 2004 wGif csDv(Chile)
D tpdk;
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Neruda) qk ol@udkay;tyfcsD;jrifh tyfESif;cJhonf?
2005 wGif ay:wl*Dtpdk;&u ol. urBm@vlom;
qdk if&mvk yfief ;rsm;twGu(Order
f off Liberty)
vGwfvyfr_tqifh - qkukd csD;jr‡ifhtyfESif;cJhonf?
wu,fu ol&&SdcJhaom qkvm'frsm;rSm ,ckxuf
rsm;ygonf?
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118
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awmh? vlaygif; taxmiftaomif;. [pfaºuG;
tm;ay;oH/ olESifhtwl oDcsif;vkdufqdkoHrsm;rSm
rnfr# yJhwifxyfaernfenf;? bk&m;ocifonf yif
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rnfrxif?
bkdEkd oDcsif;oHk;yk'f qdk+yD;aomtcg usaemf
wdk@udk Edk&mvmI Ed_;aqmfonf? attkyfpk bDtkyfpk
tiftm;pkESpfpkcGJum wef;pDvkduf=uonf/ ZeD;
rouf Zif u attky fp kxJ wG if wef; pD& onf?
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xm;qJ?
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aom oDcsif;jzifhyif wkdufyGJudk tpðyvkdufonf?
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aumif;uifodk@ aqmifhxdk;vkdufonf?
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trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
0kdif;ywfvkduf=uonf? tiftm;pk0if vl&Spfq,f
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wGif ae&m,lum a':atmifqef; pk=unftwGuf
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wcsdKŒaqmif;yg;awGrSmqkd&if w±kwf&JŒ
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'ght jyif tJ ' Du mvu wnf a qmuf
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trSwf -22
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tm;pk}uD;ukd w±kwfjynf[m tvG,fwul tcGifh  1? w±kwfjynf&JŒ vl@oufwrf; æ æ 1949
aumif;w&yftjzpf toHk;cs vkdufEkdifygawmhw,f? rSm æ 39 ESpfjzpf+yD;
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wkef;u jynfolvlxk&JŒ ynma&;eJ@ usef;rma&;ukd  2? uav;aoE_ef;[m æ 1949 rSm æ
aumif;atmif *±kpkduf+yD; vkyfcJhvkd@ jzpfw,f? 250§ 1000 uav;arG;E_ef;&Sd+yD;
1980 rSm æ 50§1000 txd usvm w,f?
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tJ'Dumvu rdrdukd,frdrd rSm æ 80 &mckdifE_ef;
1980 rSm æ 15 &mckdifE_ef;jzpfvmw,f?
tm;ukd; +yD; vky fa qmifc Jh=uwJh 'gawGtjyif wjcm; tcsuftcsm jy\
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trSwf -22 121


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trSwf -22 123

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124 trSwf -22
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trSwf -22 125

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126 trSwf -22
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trSwf -22 127

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‘2008 tajccHOya'’ ukd vufrcHaom jynfwGif;tiftm;pkrsm; &Sdaeaoma=umihf
jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh a&$*Hkwdkif&yfwnfcsufukd csrSwfxm;aom NLD ukd xdk;vdkufcGJvdkuf
vkyfae&aoma=umihfjzpfonf?

128 trSwf -22

Armjynf r S m ay: cJ h z l ; wJ h tajccH O ya'rsm;?

ArmjynfwGif udkvdkeDacwfua&m/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfrSmyg zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH

Oya'awG t}udrf}udrfay:cJhzl;onf? b,fwkef;urS tck “2008 tajccHOya'”avmuf cufcufcJcJ
tcsdefqGJ+yD; a&;qGJtoufoGif;cJh&wm r&Sdzl;yg?
Ð 1935 tufOya' a&;qGJzdk@ vef'efrSm pm;yGJ0kdif;uGefz&ifh (1931 - 32) rSm &ufowW
ywfwcsKd@ w}udrfyJvkyf+yD; jyXmef;vdkufonf?
Ð *syefacwf tajccHOya'usawmh ydkjrefonf?
Ð 1947 tajccHOya'uvnf; jrefcJhonf? zqyv AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒ =oZmeJ@rdk@
jrefonf?
Ð 1947 tajccHOya'usawmh tawmftwef=umonf?
Ð tck ‘2008 tajccHOya'’usawmh q,fpkESpfeJ@csD+yD; =umaeonf? etzu twnfòy
+yD;aomfvnf; toufoGif;zdk@u cufaeonf? a&G;aumufyGJvkyf+yD; v$wfawmfac:EkdifrS touf0if
rSmjzpfonf?

aumvm[vrsm;?

tckwavmrSm aumvm[vawG awmfawmfxGufonf? 2010 a&G;aumufyGJukd OD;pD;

usif;yzdk@ “tdrfapmihftpdk;&”ukd ‘etz’uyJ zGJ@awmhrvdkvdk aumvm[vxGufonf? EkdifiHa&;
pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;=um;wGif awmfawmfuav; ysHŒESH@aeonf?
rdrdwdk@ em;pGefem;zsm; =um;&wmuawmh 'D ‘tdrfapmihftpdk;& aumvm[v’ukd wwd,
tiftm;pkwcsKd@u xkwfwm[k =um;&onf? [kwfr[kwf raocsmayr,hf jzpfEkdifajcawmh &Sdonf?
‘ tdrfapmihftpdk;&’rSm b,folb,f0gawG ygr,fq dkwmudk xifa=u;ay;wmrsm;ukdyif
=um;ae&onf?
rdrdwdk@uawmh ‘aumvm[v’tjzpfyJ oabmxm;ygonf? etz uvnf; 'Dvdkvkyfr,fh
oabm r&Sdyg? tm%meJ@ ywfoufvm&if olwdk@u jywfom;ygonf?
pOf;pm;rdwmwckawmh &Sdonf? NLD ukd a&$*Hkwkdif&yfwnfcsufuae a&GŒvmatmif
‘^m%f}uD;&SifwcsKd@’u }uHpnfwmjzpfEkdifonf? wwd, vdkif;orm;rsm; pdwful;,Ofvdk@ aumif;
atmif ‘etz’u tomuav; v$wfay;xm;yHkay:onf?
wckawmhaocsmonf[k ,lqonf? etz tcufawG@aewm jzpfonf?

etz tcuf u bmvJ

e0w u‘1990 a&G;aumufyGJ’ vkyfay;cJh&wmwkef;uvdk ‘a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif’u

trSwf -22 129

 tqif o ih f & S d a ewmr[k w f ? [d k w k e f ; u “rqv v$ w f a wmf u ”u “aumf r &S i f ”
zGJ@ay;xm;wm&Sdonf? tck r&Sd? topfzGJ@ay;&rnf? zGJ@ay;v#if b,folawGukd yg0ifaprvJ?
[dkwkef;uvdk (5) a,mufyJ xm;rvm;? cyfrsm;rsm; xm;rvm;? b,folawGukd ygaprvJ?
aumfr&Sifu rD;aoyghrvm;pojzihf tbufbufu pOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf? tJ'Dvdk pOf;pm;&if;uae+yD;
aumvm[v jzpfvmwm[k xifonf?
aemuftcufwcku NLD u ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ukd jyefvnfjyifqif&rnf[k twd
tvif;ajymaeonf? ppf&yftzGJ@(+idrf;) awGuvnf; twdtvif; rajymayr,fh jyifqifapcsif
=uonf? BGF pDrHudef;ukd ‘rltm;jzihf’ vufcHonf[kajym+yD; oD;jcm;vdkvm;csufawGukd wifae
=uonf? NLD acgif;aqmifukd ‘qufqHa&;0ef}uD;’ xm;+yD; qufqHayr,fh ‘+idrf;’ tzGJ@awG
ukdawmh etz xdyfoD ;awGukd,fwdkif qufq Hae&onf? tudkifrwwfv#if ‘tajccHOya'
jyefvnfjyifqifa&;’ tvHatmufodk@ wGef;ydk@ovdkjzpfrSmukd etz a=umufaeonf?
ra=umufvdk@rjzpf? ppf&yftzGJ@awGu vufeufukdifxm;onf? olwdk@&JΠvdkvm;csufu
(2) bufaphpyfzkd@cufonhf udpPawGcsnf; jzpfaeonf? AdkvfcifnGef@ukd vG,fvG,fta&;,lEkdifayr,fh
AdkvfcifnGef@vkyfcJhwJh udpPrsm;ukd vG,fvG,feJ@ acszsufvdk@ r&Ekdifyg?

ròzv#if ròy? rzsuf v #if rysuf ?

‘2008 tajccHOya'’ukd wkdufzsufa&;onf rdrdwdk@tm;vHk; ordkif;ay;wm0efjzpfygonf?

aumvm[vaemufodk@ vdkufae=uvdk@&Sd&if rsufpdvnf+yD; vrf;aysmufEkdifygonf?
tckvdkacwf}uD;rSm aumvm[vv$ifh&wmu odyfvG,fonf? txl;ojzihf Armjynf&JŒ
jy\emu urBmhpifjrihfrSm a&mufaecsdefjzpfvdk@ ydkvG,fygonf?
Auyu ,lqwmeJ@ xifjrifwmukd qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf? tm;vHk;eJ@ n‡dE_dif;zkd@
wifjywm jzpfyga=umif;?

(pmºuG i f ; )
1958 yxrt}udrf ppftkyfpktm%modrf;wkef;u qdk&S,fvpfppftkyfpkuwqifh odrf;wmjzpfonf?
olwkd@u wnf+rJukd tm%mxdk;tyfvdk@rjzpf? oef@&Sif;u vufrcHEkdif? 'ga=umihf tdrfapmihftpdk;&rSm
0g&ifhAsL±kdu&ufrsm;ukd qGJcef@&onf? 1962 eJ@ 1988 ppftkyfpkrsm;uawmh 'Dvdkvkyfp&mrvdkyg?
Adkvfae0if;u OD;ae0if;ukd tm%mtyfvdk@&onf? tck etz óuHawG@ae&wmu Adkvfoef;a&$[m
touf}uD;+yD? +yD;awmh rD;rao? 'ga=umihf OD;oef;a&$ukd tm%mtyfvdk@r&yg? a&G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&SiftwGuf vla&G;&cufaeyHk&onf?
‘Armjynf uG e f j rLepf y gwD 0uf q d k u f ' f r S aumuf E _ w f a zmf j yygonf? ’

t,f ' D w mtzG J @

130 trSwf -22
 (1)
1962 ckESpf rwfvrSm awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu qdk&S,fvpfyef;wdkifodk@ csDwufr,fvdk@
ajymw,f? {+yDvrSm “jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf” qdkwmudk xkwfjyefw,f? Armjynf EdkifiHa&;
avmurSm v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfoGm;w,f? ajray:u w&m;0ifygwDawGu tajccHtm;jzifh vufcH
óuqdk=uw,f? yrnw uawmh wufºupGm óuqdkaxmufcH=uw,f?
'D*,ufu ajratmufu w&m;r0ifygwDjzpfwJh ‘Auy’ udkvnf; ±dkufcwfcJhygw,f?
1958 u 1960 txd tdrfapmifhtpdk;&acwfrSm qdk&S,fvpfppftkyfpk Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/
Adkvfatmifa&$wdk@u KNU udk qJGxm;+yD; Auyudk OD;wnfxdk;ESufwJh ay:vpDvkyfxm;v@kd Auy[m
tawm}fu;D csnfheJ@aew,f? 1958 ‘vufeufcsyGJ}uD; ’ rsm;+yD;wJh aemufrSm Auy acsr_ef; a&;udk
vkyfxm;cHxm;&vdk@yJ? 1960 ckESpfrsm;rSmrS jyef+yD;emvefxlwm jzpfw,f? tJ'DvdktajctaerSm
‘yrnw’ u ‘jrefrmh qdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOf’ udk wufºupGmaxmufcH óuqdkvdkufwmjzpfvdk@ Auy
twGif;rSm tawG;tac: ±_yfaxG;w,f?
&JabmfwcsdK@u tckvdk ppfwrf;a&;+yD; wifjyvmw,f?
Ð awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftm;vHk;[m "e&Sifaygufp ynmwwfADZ &SdolawGcsnf; jzpf=uw,f?
Ðppf}uD;twGif;u awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;vnf; jzpf=uw,f?
Ð‘jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf’ rSm csdKŒ,Gif;csufawG&Sdayr,fh ‘qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;’udkvkyfzdk@
pdwfqEN&Sdwmudk todtrSwf ðy&r,f?
Ð‘u|Ekfyfwdk@. ,Hk=unfcsuf’[m oabm±dk;eJ@ xkwfjyefwmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh (1) olwdk@udk
tm; ay;&r,f? (2) rvkyfwwf rudkifwwfjzpfaewmudk vkyfwwfudkifwwfatmif ulnD&r,fvdk@
wifjy vmw,f?

trSwf -22 131

 Adkvfaomif;=unf/ Adkvfwifpdk;wdk@uvnf; ‘r 3 vHk;’ vufeufcstkyfpk0ifawGudk
‘u|efawmfwdk@u awmifolv,form;a&;&m bmrSavhvmxm;wm/ odwmr[kwfbl;? cifAsm;wdk@u
avhvm xm;w,f? u|rf;usifw,f? 'ga=umifh ulnDyg? 0dkif;0ef; vkyfay;=uyg’ vdk@ajym+yD; qGJaqmif
w,f? ‘tkef;awmv,form; ESD;aESmyGJ’ qdkwmrSm wuf+yD; ajymcGifh&olawG[m olwdk@yJ?
aomif;=unf/ wifpdk;wdk@u‘v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&;’ yJ vkyfawmhrvdkvdkajym+yD; qJGaqmifw,f?
tJ'DvdktajctaerSm awmxJu ‘Auy’ &JabmfwcsdK@ Za0Z0gjzpf=uwmyg? rqef;
ygbl;? wzufuvnf; 1958 - 60 rSm &uf&ufpufpuf vkyfxm;wmu&Sdwmh olwdk@ppftkyfpktay:
ypf+yD;r,Hk=unfEdkifbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; tawG;tac: ±_yfaxG;wmyJ? tJ'Dvdk tawG;tac:
±_yfaxG;aewmudk &Sif;ay;vdkufwmu ‘7 &uf Zlvdkif’ yJ? tawG;tac: &Sif;oGm;±Hkrubl; awmfvSef
a&;aumifpD[m [pfwvm/ rlq dkvdkeDwdk@&J@ emZDzufqpfawGyJtxd jzpfoGm;w,f? vuf,m
aoGzDa&;u vuf0JaoGzDa&;odk@ ckeful;oGm;jyefw,f? tJ'Daemufawmh AuyxJrSm tawG;tac:
±_yfaxG;r_ r&Sdawmhbl;? tawG;tac: ±_yfaxG;pOfu bufajymif;oGm;olawGvnf; tm;vHk; oGm;ukef
=u+yDyJ? rusefawmhygbl;?

(2 )
rqv ygwDvnf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'eJ@bmeJ@ twnfwusay:vmw,f? tJ'D rqv ygwD xJrSm
‘vufeufcsuGefjrLepf’ awGudk odyfta&;rygwJh ae&mawG udkifcdkif;+yD; A[dkaumfrwD awGbmawG
ay;w,f? òr@e,f,lepfawGrSmvnf; cef@xm;wmawG vkyfw,f?
olwdk@wawGuyJ ‘ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wpwpeJ@ ðyjyifajymif;vJoGm;atmifvkyfa&;/
qdk&S,fvpf wnfaqmufa&; vrf;pOfrSef azmfxkwfa&;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk ppfrSefwJh qdk&S,fvpf
pepfeJ@ tpm;xdk;a&;’udk pajymwmyJ? (AuyxJrSm ay:wmr[kwf? Auy vufeufcsawGxJrSm
ay:wJh tawG;tac:yJ?)
olwdk@wawGu rqvxJrSm awmfawmfuav; v_yf&Sm;ygw,f? wzufuvnf;
awmwGif; ‘Auy’udk em;cs=uw,f? ‘wpwpðyjyifajymif;vJa&;’ udk a&SŒaevdkuf=uw,f?
'gayrJh olwdk@&J@ pdwful;,Oftdyfruf[m 1977 rSm vHk;0òyuGJoGm;w,f? ‘rqv wwd,
nDvmcH’rSm olwdk@tm;vHk;udk usufoa&rJhpGm uefxkwfwm cHvdkuf&w,f? olwdk@om rubl;?
AuyeJ@ bmrSroufqdkifwJh ppfAdkvf}uD;awGyg uefxkwfcH&wm jzpfw,f? wu,fjzpfwmuvnf;
ppfAdkvf}uD;awGxJu *dk%f; (2) *dk%f; wdkufyGJyg? 1962 ckESpfydkif;u jzpfcJhwJh Adkvfwifaz&JΠppfaxmuf
csKyf QMG *dk%f;eJ@Adkvfatmif}uD;&JŒBEDC *dk%f;&JŒ tm%mvkyGJrsKd;ygyJ? 'DwcgrSmvnf; ae0if;
u Adkvfpef;,kudk awmhuefrxkwfygbl;? wjcm; ppfAdkvf}uD;awGawmh uefxkwfygw,f? 'gu
‘ae0if;vkyf[ef’ yg? (Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmifa&$ wdk@udk uefxkwfwkef;u Adkvfatmif}uD;udk
csefxm;wmrsdK;udk ‘ae0if;vkyf[ef’ vdk@oHk;wmjzpfw,f?)
uefxkwfyHku rqv ygwDpnf;rsOf; Oya't& vkyfwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? ‘pnf;rsOf;
Oya'’ rSmtJ'DvdkvkyfcGifhay;xm; wJhyk'fr wckrS ygraeygbl;? axmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJu rqv

132 trSwf -22

nDvmcHu rJay;+yD; w&m;0ifwifajr‡mufxm;wJh A[dkaumfrwD awGudk ðzwfypfEdkifw,fqdkwJhyk'fr
rygcJhygbl;? ae0if;eJ@wifOD;&JŒ“ygwDwGif; tm%modrf;yJG”yJ jzpfygw,f?

(3)
tckvnf; ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ udk vufcHvdkuf/ ‘2010 a&G;aumufyGJ’ udk 0if=uqdkwJh
yk*~dKvfawGay:aeygw,f? olwdk@uvnf; ‘wpwp ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vrf;pOf’ udk wifjy
ae=uwmyg? tJ'DvdkwifjyolawGxJrSm ‘Auy ysuf’ wcsdKŒygw,f? olwdk@u odkif;odkif;0dkif;0dkif;
a&;wwfw,f? ajymwwfw,f?
wa,mufu ‘jzpfEdkifwmudkvkyfrS tEkynmajrmufwJhEdkifiHa&;’ ‘tdkif'D,dkvdk*sDeJ@ ordkif;
rygwJh EdkifiHa&;yHko¿mefudk ar#mfrSef; rSef;q=unfhzdk@om &Sdonf’ wdk@a&;w,f? olu ppfeJ@
awmfvSefa&;udk jzwfoef;zl;ol? ppftkyfpktqufqufeJ@ qufqHzl;oljzpfvdk@ wa=umif;/ 'Jh'dk;
(wnfhwdk;) }uD; ‘vufeufeJ@'Drdkua&pDvJa&;’ ajymcJhzl;vdk@wa=umif; ‘ynm&Sdrsm; od=uygw,f’
qdkwJh a&;enf;yJa&;w,f?(ola&;wmudk rod&if ynmr&Sdvdk@yJ? ynm&SdrS ola&;wJh t"dy`m,fudk
odoljzpfr,fqdkwJh a&;enf;udk qdkvdkygw,f) ‘'%f&m'%fcsufawG &xm;zl;wJh u|JtdkEGm;tdkenf;’
vdk@ ajym&ifvnf;&ygw,f? qkwfomwufom a&;w,fvdk@ qdkvdkwmyg? ol wckckwifjy+yD;&if
‘xifonf’ ‘rjzpftyf’ ‘ar#mfrSef;rSef;q=unfhzdk@om &Sdonf’ ‘csdef&rnf’ qdkwmawGeJ@ydwfavh
&Sdw,f? toufuvnf;}uD;/ aocgvnf;eD;/ awmfaumufcH&zdk@uvnf; rar#mfrSef;Edkifawmhvdk@
'Da&;enf;a&;wm jzpfEdkifw,f?
vl&G,fuawmh awmfaumufcH&zl;wm r&Sdao;bl;? rsufpdusoGm;&if [dkwkef;u OD;b+idrf;
wdk@vdk‘rif;q&m’ jzpfcsif jzpfEdkifao;w,fqdkwJh pdwful;eJ@ a&;wmjzpfvdk@ a&;enf;u =urf;w,f?
‘trl;rajy=uao;bl;’ wkd@/ ‘rmhufpf0g'acwfukef+yD’wdk@/ ‘ba&muf'g0g'eJ@ vGwfvyfa&;&cJhwm’
wdk@ a&;w,f?
vli,f - oluawmh jrif;xdef;iwmvdk vlpm;yg? q&m}uD;/ q&mi,fawG a&;wm rSef
v dku fa v av mu fy Ja&;w w fw , f? o lw d
k@
w aw Ga&;w mu d k= & i f NLD udk ‘wpwp ðyjyif
u n fh
ajymif;vJa&;vrf;pOf’ twdkif;vdkufzdk@ Auy&J@ ‘jywfom; wJh&,f'Du,f 'Drdkua&pDvrf;pOf’ rvdkufrd
apzdk@yJa&;=uwmyg?

(4)
vufawG@ pOf;pm;=unfhapcsifwmu ‘2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'’ rSmb,fvdka&;xm;ov J
qdkwmudk=unfhzdk@yg? tcef; (10)EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tcef; (11) ta&;ay:umvqdkif&m jyÏmef;csufrsm;
tcef;(12) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;u qdkxm;wmawGudk txl;ðy+yD; avhvm
=unfhzdk@yg? wqufwnf;rSm tcef; (5) tkyfcsKyfa&;xJu trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vHkðcHa&;aumifpD
b,folawGeJ@zJ@GrvJqdkwmudk =unfhapcsifygw,f?

trSwf -22 133

 tajccHOya'udk a&yufr0ifatmif a&;xm;ygw,f? ae0if;u wifOD;udktyf+yD; rqv
xJrSm&Sif;ay;zdk@ vkyf&wmrsdK; rjzpfatmif a&;xm;wm awG@&ygvdrfhr,f?
[dkwkef;uawmh ppftkyfpku tawG@tñuH r&Sdao;bl;? wjcm;ygwDawGtm;vHk; zsufodrf;/
rqvwygwDwnf;yJ xm;vdkuf&if ppftm%m&Sifpepf xm0pOfwnf+rJa&mvdk@ ae0if; xifcJhw,f?
'gayrJh ‘wpwpðyjyifajymif;vJa&;’ vkyfcsifolu rqv ygwDxJrSm ay:aeawmh jy\em wufukef
+yD; ausmfraumif; =um;raumif; jzpfukef&wmyJ? (ocifwifjru tJ'DudpPudk tawmfxJxJ0if0if
odygw,f? tckawmh arSmufaxtkyfax vkyfaew,f? Auy ta=umif;a&;wm vufoGufo
avmuf rqv ta=umif;a&;wmu wGef@qkwfwGef@qkwf jzpfaew,f? olvnf; '%f&m'%fcsuf
&xm;wJh u|JtdkEGm;tdk usifhpOfvdkufaeyHk &w,f?)

(5 )
Auy eJ@ bmrSrywfoufzl;w Jh ‘wpwp ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; vrf;pOf’ udk a&SŒaevdkufae
olawGvnf; &Sdw,f? jynfyrSma&m/ jynfwGif;rSmyg &Sdw,f? olwdk@uawmh rsufpduef; wap>
ra=umufa&;enf; a&;=uw,f? AuyysufawG&JΠtawG;tac:udkvnf; vufcH=uw,f? olwdk@u
‘2010 a&G;aumufyJG’ +yD;vdk@ aemufxyfa&G;aumufyGJ (2) csD (3) csDavmuf vkyf+yD;&if 'Drdkua&pDpepf
&rSmvdkvdka&;wm awG@&w,f? jynfawmfjyefvSatmif yJjzpfjzpf/ jynfwGif;0ifvdkuf xGufvdkuf
vkyfEdkifatmifyJjzpfjzpf ajymwma&;wmqdk&if cGifhv$wfygw,f?
'gayrJh rD;eJ@rupm;ygeJ@vdk@awmh owday;csifygw,f?

(6 )
aemufwrsdK;u rD'D,mEdkifiHa&;orm;awG? olwdk@uvnf; wpwpðyjyifajymif;vJa&;udk
a&S@ aevd ku fw Jh avoHv $i fh =uw,f? b,f wd ki f; jynf u b,fy garmuQ }uD; uawmh b,fv dk
ajymw,fqdk+yD; EdkifiHa&; a&SŒaqmifvrf;jyvkyf=uw,f? tar&duef tkyfcsKyfa&;u Armjynfay:vpD
tajymif;tvJvkyfawmhrSmeJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxGvkyfae=uyHk ay:ygw,f? EdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ EdkifiHjcm;
a&;ay:vpDaemufudk waumufaumuf vdkufaevdk@uawmh bmrSjzpfrvmbl; qdkwmavmufyJ
ajymcsifygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olwdk@u Armjynf&J@ EdkifiHa&;rSm b,fygwDudkrS udk,fpm;ðy
ae=uwm r[kwfvdk@yJ?

‘Armjynf uG e f jrLepfy gwD 0uf q dk u f ' f r S aumuf E _ wf a zmf jyygonf ? ’

t,f ' D w mtzG J @

134 trSwf -22


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±kyf0g'eJ@ orkdif;±kyf0g'qdk+yD; tykdif; 2 ykdif; yg0if
w,fqkdwm a&SŒrSm ajymcJh+yD;+yD? tEkyËdavmr ±kyf
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trSwf -22
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f Ekdifw,f? tvkyf vkyfEkdifa&;twGuf OD;pGmtm;jzifh
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135
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pGrf;tm;pkeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_wkd@[m tjyef yËdyuQeJ@ wkdufyGJtjzpf a&mifjyef[yf azmfjyygw,f?
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xkwfvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;pkeJ@ xkwfvkyfa&; ±kyfb0u vlr_todukd jyÏmef;wm/ pD;yGm;a&;
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tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tajccHyËdyuQygyJ? xkwfvkyfa&; w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm xkwfvkyfa&;qufqHr_/ vlr_
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a[mif;ukd zsufqD;ypf+yD; xkwfvkyfa&; qufqHr_ &JΠtusdK;oufa&mufr_tcef;udkvnf; tav;xm;
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a&mufjcif;vdk@ qkdygw,f? u jynfolvlxktm; orkdif;ukd zefwD;oltjzpf tod
pD;yGm;a&; tajccH tkwfjrpfajymif ;vJ aewmeJ @ trSwf jyKovkd wcsdefwnf;rSm orkdif;wGif vlwOD;csif;
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ap ajymif;vJr_jzpfay:ygvdrfhr,f? xkwfvkyfa&; rmhufpfeJ@ tdef*,fwkd@&JΠ}uD;jrwfwJhawG@&Sdr_w&yf
136 trSwf -22
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qkd &S,fvpf0g'ukd pdwful;,OfrS ody`H enf;ustjzpf okd@ rmhufpf&JŒ“t&if;usrf;”ukd 0,fzwf+yD; tajz&Sm
wufvSrf;oGm;apcJhygw,f? orkdif;±kyf0g'[m ypPnf; vkduf=uwm wvtwGif; a&mif;vkduf&wJh rmhufpf
rJhvlwef;pm; EkdifiHa&;ygwDw&yftzkd@ rdrd&JŒvrf;pOf/ t&if;usrf;[m t&ifwESpfvHk; a&mif;vkduf&wJh
vrf ;!¸efay:vpD ukd a&;qGJ &mrS m oabmw&m; tajc udef;*%ef;awGxuf ausmfoGm;owJh? 'g cifAsm;
cHtkwfjrpfjzpfw,f? vDeif/ armfpDwkef;wkd@[m awmf wkd@ u|efawmfwkd@tm;vHk; raxmifrjzpf ae@pOf em;
vSefa&;eJ@ qkd&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; ta&;awmf axmifae=u&wJh BBC toHv$ifhXmeu v$ifh
yHkrsm;twGif; orkdif;±kyf0g'ukd umuG,f/ jynfhpHk oGm;cJhwmyg? vGefcJhwJh wESpfausmfavmufuvnf;
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'gayrJh ppfat;acwftqHk;owftaeeJ@ ysHŒESH@acwfpm; aew,fqkdwJh owif;wyk'f zwf&zl;
vDeifxlaxmifcJhwJh urBmhyxrqHk;aom qkd&S,f ygw,f? 'g rmhufpf0g'eJ@ywfoufwJh t&if;&Sif
vpfEkdifiHawmf}uD;jzpfwJh qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD; EkdifiH}uD;rsm;twGif;u v_dif;*,ufrsm;yg?
+ydKuGJoGm;jcif;eJ@twl ta&S@Oa&my qkd&S,fvpf Ekdif rmhufpf0g'u t&if;&Sifpepfuae qdk&S,f
iHawG taoG;ta&mif ajymif;vJr_jzpf&yf}uD;ay: vpfpepf/ uGefjrLepfpepfqkdwmukd wufvSrf;oGm;
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trSwf -22 137

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qyfjymblabmif; 'grSr[kwf vurBm
ukdoGm;+yD; csufvufrSwf vJaeol
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138 trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
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ESpf a&mufrS om ol[mnbuf tvkyfvky fwJh
tavhtusifhukd pGef@v$wfEkdifcJhw,f? ('gayr,fh
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139
jcif;uawmh wa,mufeJ@wa,muf rwl=uygbl;? usyef;tvkyform;awG ESpf(40) vkyfcuawmif
rmhufpfu tvkyfvkyfwJ htcg tprStqHk;wkdif rmh ufpfzefwD ;cJhwJh txufyg atmifjrifr_wck twGfu
tjyif; txef vk y fw wf+ yD ;/ wd w du susvnf ; &±SdcJhwJhtzkd;tcxuf ydkrsm;ygvdrfhr,f? aemufxyf
vkyfwwfygw,f? u|efawmf ol@orD;t,fvDem ta&;}uD;wJh odyH̀ynm&yfqkdif&m atmifjrifr_wck
xHu orkdif;udpPrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;wif a&;rSwfxm; uawmh ‘'g0if’&JŒ usrf;ygyJ?
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ta&;rygvSwJh jzpf&yfwcsKd@ukd toHk;cszkd@ a&;rSwf ygbl;? t&if;±Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; ao'%fpD&if
xm;wmyg? ajymvkd@omajymae&wmyg wu,f qHk;jzwfcsufukd a=unmvkdufwJh pmtkyfwtkyf
awmh rmhufpftaeeJ@ ta&;rygvSwJh udpPqkdwm twGuf 'Dvl@tzGJ@tpnf;u wef&mwefzkd;w&yf
r±SdvSygbl;? 'DZ,m;[m ol@taeeJ@ ,m,D toHk; ukd ay;vdrfhr,fvkd@ b,fvkdvkyf ar#mfvifhEkdifyghrvJ?
vkdvkd@ ta&;udpPawGukd rSwfwrf;jyKxm;wJhZ,m; ('Dp mwrf;[m rmhufp feJ@tde f*,fwkd @&J@
jzpfayr,fh ol[maocsmaphikpGm jyKvkyfxm; yg wkdufazmfwkdufzufjzpfwJh 0DvD,rf vpfbeuf
w,f? yHkESdyfzkd@ay;&ef jyifxm;wJh pmrltwkdif;ygyJ? (Liebknecht, Wilhelm) (1826 - 1900)
vk y f i ef ; awG t wG i f ; qif ; &J ' k u Q u k d a&;om;cJhwJh “um;vfrmhufpftm; txdrf;trSwf
r,drf;r,kdif }uH@}uH@ckdifckdif cHEkdifpGrf;±SdwJh rmhufpf&J@ jyKjcif; - b0 woufwmukd jyefvnf owd&csuf”
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wJh tvkyft& wGufcsufovkdrsdK; vlawG&JŒwefzkd;ukd rdom;pk0if wa,mufvkd jzpfcJh&w,f? 'ga=umifh
olwkd@aqmif±GufcJhwJh tvkyfrsm;t& wGufcsufr, f rdrdukd,fwkdif jrifawG@=um;od&wmawGukd pkpnf;jyD;
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awGrsm; ay;aqmifcJhygovJ? uGefjrLepftzGJ@csKyfrSm yg0ifvkyfaqmif cJhzl;w,f?
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(19 &mpk - bmomjyefol) twGif; odyH̀ynm&yf ESdyfuGyfr_ukdcHcJh&w,f? 'kwd,tifwm ae±Sife,f
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140 trSwf -22
 0wˆK&Snf pmayESi hf tvSz JG‹ p nf; r+

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pma&;ol - rif; ukdEdki f
xk w fa 0ol - Ekd i fi Ha &;tusOf ; om;rsm; uln D a pmihf a &S m uf a &;toif;
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(1)
1988 =o*kwfv 8 &uf/ &Spfav;vHk;awmfvSef;a&;umvrS pwifIa&wGufv#if 2009
'DZifbmtxd ESpfESpfq,fausmf/ ESpfq,fhwpfESpfumvtwGif; ArmEkdfifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;
or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (A u o)0if xdyfydkfif; ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS yxrOD;qHk; xGufay:
vmonfh 0wˆK&Snfjzpfayvdrfhrnf? pma&;olrSm Auo OuUX rif;ukdEkdif? 88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifwOD;? rnfonhftcsdef/ rnfonhfae&mwGif ol. 0wˆK&SnftEkynmvuf&mukd zefwD;cJh
oenf;? yxrt}udrfaxmifuspOfu a&;cJhavovm;? axmiftjyifrSma&;ovm;? zufqpf
ppftkyfpku ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;/ vlxktpdk;&ay:xGef;a&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;
acgif;aqmif±kef;uefol ol@tm; 1989 wGif zrf;qD;axmifcscJhonf? 16 ESpf? 2005 wGif jyefvnf
vGwfajrmufvmcJhonf? ol. 'Drdkua&pDESifh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;óud;yrf;r_ukd wm&Snf
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trSwf -22 141

 0wˆKpmtkyf. aemufausmbufwGif az:
jyxm;csuft& onf0wˆKukd b,ftcsdef/ b,f
ae&mwGif zefwD;a=umif; od&Sd&onf? “jyefvnf
vGwfajrmufpOfumv/ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm; rtm;
vyfonhf=um;rS uAsmrsm;/ oDcsif;rsm;/ qufvuf
a&;om;cJ h&m ,ckpmtkyfonf ol. yxrqHk; vHk;csif;
0wˆK&Snf[k ,Hk=unhf&ayonf?”[k xkwfa0ol
rsm;u azmfj y &nf nGef ;xm;onf? tcsd efES ihf
ae&monf ord kif;qdk if&mtcsuftvufj zpfI
ta&;}uD;onf? awmfvSefa&;orm; pma&;ol
(pm;a&;q&m)onf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf óud;yrf;
v_yf&Sm;ae&if; 0wˆKukdzefwD;&ayonf? ae&mu
vnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sd? [dkw,fwckwGif tcef;
iSm;&efryl& ryif&yJ 0wˆKa&;onfr[kwf? ESpfae&m
yJ&Sdonf? axmif.twGif;bufESihf axmiftjyif
buf? xdkESpfae&mpvHk;onf awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJ
rsm;jzihf jynhfESufaeonf? xdkwkdufyGJae&mrSmyJ
xdkufyGJxJrS ajratmufv_yf&Smr_wckukd 0wˆKtjzpf
oDuHk;a&;jc,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
xkwfa0olrsm; ay;ydk@vdkufonfh “aemuf
=unhfrSefonf” usaemfhvufxJodk@a&mufvmcJhpOf
tHh=ov_dufzdkjcif;jzifh &ifckefoGm;onf? vGwfvyfa&;
twGuf udk,fhusKd;pGef@tepfemcH&mrS b0wuUodkv
xJwGif ESpf&Snfa&muf&Sdaeol rsKd;qufacgif;aqmif
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ar;cGef;u pmwrsufESm+yD;wrsufESm vdkufygcHpm;
xdawG@zdk@ jyif;jyif;jyjy v_H@aqmf±dkufcwfvmonf?
aemuf=unhfrSefukd wxdkifwnf;eJ@ t+yD;zwf±_
cHpm;vdkufrdonf?
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88 rsKd;quf/ awmfvSefa&; ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm;xJwGif pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m
rsm; ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? vl. obm0ukdu rdrd
142
wdk@. tawG@tóuH cHpm;r_ukd azmfxkwfjyovdkonf?
88 rsKd;quf pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mjzpfvmrnhf
tzl;opf/ yGifhopfrsm;rSm olwkd@acwfumv ordkif;
tauG @rsm;ukd jzwf oef;&mrS tawG @tóuHopf/ &ef cf ke
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ukH;vdkufonfh 0wˆKwdk/ 0wˆK&Snfrsm; uAsmvuf&m
rsm;xJwGif olwdk@.&ifckefoHrsm;ukd twdkif;om;
=um;&onf? olwdk@zGJ@oDxm;aom pmrsufESmrsm;
xJrS olwdk@udk,fwdkif ay:xGufvmcJh=uum olwdk@
±kyfyHkv$mrsm;ukd txif;om; jrif&avonf?
88 rsKd;qufrsm;xJrS trsm;pkrSm Armjynf
. jynfyurBmwGif tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;/
r*~Zif;pmapmif pmrsufESmay: Y wifhpGm0ifhpGm
zl;yGihf=uavonf? uAsmudk oDuHk;jc,fool uAsm
q&mrsm;rSm t&nftwGufrsm;vmonf? odk@aomf
0wˆKwdk/ 0wˆK&Snfukd a&;jc,folrSm ta&twGuf
enf;yg;vSonf? tvsif;oihfonfhtcgwdkif; 0wˆKwdk/
&Snfukd tpOfwpdkuf a&;om;olonf 88 rsKd;quf
xJwGif r&Sdoavmuf&Sm;yg;onf? óud=um;óud=um;
om olwdk@0wˆKtEkynmukd zefwD;=uonf? vuf
vSrf;rSDoavmuf 88 rsKd;quf (Auo rsKd;quf
rsm;xJrS m 0wˆK wdk tEk ynmukd zefwD ;ol rsm;/
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pm;pm;rawG@&? oufxGef;(a*b&,f)/ rdk;oD;ZGef/
rd k; opfr d k ;/ nGe f ; quf / nd K xuf ( vrf ; opf O D; )/
u dkx u fr d k;/ jr w fo p f( Finland)/ pd k ; aevif ; /
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ponfwdk@ukdawG@&onf? Ta,bk,s pm&if;òy
csufonf opPmawmfvSefa&; pmayr*~Zif; pmrsuf
ESmay:rS trnfrsm;ukd aumuf,lxm;ojzifh vHk;0
(vHk;0) jynhfpHkrnfr[kwfyg? onfxufus,fjyef@pGm
qef;ppfoifhygonf? txl;rSwfcsufjyK&rnfrSm
opPmawmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;wGif razmfjyEkdifcJh
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trSwf -22
rdk;oD;ZGefukd azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? 88 rsKd;quf/
Auo xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifjzpfojzihfvnf; ol@tm;
csefxm;cJhv#if jynhfpHkrSmr[kwf? olwdk@onf Armjyn f
ukd &pfcsnfcsKyfaESmifxm;aom tarSmifxk 0wf±Hk
wGif xGef;yawmufvufaeonfh 0wˆKwdktEkynm
pdef=u,fyGihfrsm;jzpfonf? tarSmifxkacwfukd tH
wkvSyaeonhf tvif;yef;yGihf/ =u,hfyGihfrsm;?
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xdkpOfuwnf;u ausmif;om;or*~onf
vlxk. tonf;pGJjzpfvmonfomru vlxk.

rnfonhftcsdef/ rnfonhfae&mwGif ol.

0wˆK&SnftEkynmvuf&mukd zefwD;cJhoenf;?
yxrt}udrf axmifuspOfu a&;cJhavovm;
axmiftjyifrSm a&;ovm;

(3) ESvHk;onf;yGwf jzpfvmcJhonf? awmfvSefaom

,QK 0wˆK&Snf(vHk;csif; 0wˆK&Snf) tEkynm cGyfa'gif;tvHatmufwGif pwifxGef;ay:cJhonf?
pifjrihfxufodk@ wwfa&mufvmcJholrSm rif;ukdEkdfif? olwdk@pmayuavmifrsm;onfvnf; vlxk ESvHk;
tpOftvm}uD;cJh=uonhf Auoxdyfydkif; awmfvSef onf;yGwfwGif yefqif&rnfh pmayvuf&mrsm;
a&; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. wefbdk;ESihf *k%f jzpfvmcJho nf? q&m}uD; '*ke fwm&mu ol.
&nfukd rif;udkEdkif qGwfcl;vdkuf+yD[k aumufcsuf acwfòydif Auo acgif;aqmifrsm;. pmayESihf
csrdonf? (ukd)rif;ukd Ekdif/ (udk)oufxGef;/ (udk)rdk ;oD;ZG ef/t&nftaoG;ukd qef; ppfc Jhbl; onf? olwd k@.
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ukd zwf±_&wdkif; awmufyxGef;opfcJhaom Auo wdk@wGif a&;om;cJhonfh udkA[def;.0wˆKwdkESihf
acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd trSwf&aponf? Ekdif;&w&m; bmomjyef0wˆKwd krsm;ukd q&m}uD;u Todk@
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ukdEk/ udkaX;òrdif('*kefwm&m)/ udkjroef;(jroef;wifh)/ “tu,fI udkA[def;onf EkdifiHa&;orm;
rtrm(vlxka':trm odk@r[kwf jrrÍL) polwdk@ rjzpfv#if {uef pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfrnf[k
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trSwf -22 143

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tuJjzwfcJhbl;onf?
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r[kwfay? wdwdususa&;wwf.? ygVdukd rSefuef
pGmoHk;.? wcgw&H [mo^m%f yg.?”
xdkpOfu *E Wavmu r*~Zif;/ '*kefr*~Zif;/
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udk udkatmifqef; a&;vsuf&Sdonf? 1936 wGif
olu tkd;a0r*~Zif; t,f'Dwm?
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okd@r[kwf Auo ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkEk
onf ausmif;om;oydwf. trSwftom; jzpf±Hk
omru acwfo±kyfazmfpmay. trSwftom;
wckvnf; jzpfvmcJhonf?
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. trSwftom;jzpfonf? jyZmwfrsm;udk ta&;
aumif;ol? ol. “&ufpufygayhuG,f” udkum;
tóudufqHk;yif? ,ckacwf pmayavmuwGif xl;
jcm;aom &wemwckyif jzpfonf?”
q&m}uD;'*kefwm&mu xdkokd@ aumufcsuf
cs wefbkd;ay;cJhonf? Armjynf pmayae0ef;yGifhrsm;
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onfvnf; e,fcsJŒqef@usifa&; trsdK;om; vGwf
ajrmufa&; ausmif;om;v_ yf&Sm;r_rSmyJ udkatmifqef;
wdk@ESifhtwl pmay=u,fwyGifhjzpfvmcJhol? ae0ef;
jzpfvmrnfh =u,fyGifh? xdkpOfu uavmif=u,fyGifh
. trnfrSm jrrÍL? 1936 0ef;usifwGif bmom
jyef0wˆKwkdrsm; a&;om;zGJ@EGJ@cJhbl;onf?
144
“usaemfu jrrÍLjzpfapvkdonf? olr.
tawG@tóuHESifhqdkv#if olrjzwfoef;cJhaom/ olr
jzwfoef;aeaom ordkif;tawG@tóuHESifhqdkv#if
jrrÍLtzGJ@tEGJ@rsdK;ESifhqdkv#if 0wˆK&Snf a&;zGJ@Edkifrnf
[k xifxm;cJhonf?”
aemifwGif jrrÍLonf vlxka':trm tjzpf
ESifh acwfESpfacwf. ae0ef;yGifhjzpfvmcJhonf?
,if;uavmifrsm;onf 1936-37 Auo yxr
rsdK;qufrsm;xJrS ay:xGufvmcJhonfh oauFw
trSwftom;rsm; jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf Auo
'kwd,rsdK;quf/ xdk@aemuf 88rsdK;quf[k ac:wGif
aecJh=uonfh Auo wwd,rsdK;qufokd@ a&mufvm
cJhonf? orkdif;tpOftvm }uD;rm;cef@xnfcJhonfh/
vlxkwyfOD;ozG,fvnf;jzpfcJhonfh Auoonf
uavmif&Sifrsm;udkyg arG;xkwfay;onf? wcsdK@
uavmif&Sifrsm;rSm aemifwGifpmaybk&m;rsm; jzpf
vmcJhonf? yxrrsdK;qufESifh wwd,rsdK;qufonf
(1936-1988)ESpfaygif; ig;q,fhESpfESpf &Snf=um
onf? uGmjcm;onf? acwftajctaecsif;rwl/
jzwfoef;yHk v_yf&Sm;yHkrSmvnf; rwl? e,fcsJŒqef@usif
a&; ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif AkdvfatmifausmfESifh
txufArmjynfrS rE Wav;ausmif;om;tyg0if
toufay;cJhonfh yxrrsdK;quf ol&Jaumif;
ta&wGufonf wwd,rsdK;qufol&Jaumif; t
a&wGufudk vkdufrrSDawmh? xdk@aemuf ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;0&rf; xkwf
xm;onf? udkA[def;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm; axmifuscJhonfh ESpfta&twGuf umvudk
rif;udkEdkifESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; axmif
uscJhonfh ESpfta&twGufudk vdkufIrrSDEkdifawmh?
ESpfaygif; 65 ESpf 6 v? rif;udkEkdifonf udkA[def;/
udkatmifq ef;wkd@. awmufyaom pmay*k%f
&nfESifh pmaywefzdk;rsm;udk cJcJ,Of;,Of; qGwfcl;
vkdufavonf?
trSwf -22
 (4) a,mifazsmufum aus;vufa'owGif ykef;uG,f
ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif ausmif;om; ckdatmif;=uonf? wkdufyGJrsm; qufwkdufjzpfvm
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfonfh azaomif;udk ol. atmif quf v uf v _ y f & S m ;=uonf ? TwG i f
ausmif;aezufrdwfaqG rcifat;u tm;rvdk tm; azaomif;onf &Gm w&Gmodk@ a&mufvmonf?
r& rauseyfcJh? oHa,mZOf +idwG,fcJhonfhrdef;cav; ZmwfjrKyfxm;aomfvnf; xdk&GmwGif ausmif;ae
“ndK”udk azaomif; arhvG,f&aumif;vm;qkd+yD; bufoli,fcsif; rcifat;u &Sdaeonf? azaomif;
“aemuf=unfhrSefwcsyf vSLcsifwm”[k rcifat; u bkef;}uD;ausmif;wGif cdkuyfykef;atmif;ae&if;
aqmifh}uD;atmifh}uD; ajymvkdufonfudk tpGJðy+yD; ndKESifh oHa,mZOfjzpfvmcJhonf? rcifat; ajymjy
pma&;olrif;udkEkdifu ol@0wˆKudk “aemuf=unfhrSef” ojzifh azaomif; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif wOD;
[lI trnfay;xm;onf? jzpfrSef; odoGm;onf? azaomif;. oHa,mZOf
88 ta&;awmfyHk}uD; rjzpfyGm;rSD/ rD;v#H óud;r#ifndKonf azaomif;twGuf taumif;qHk;
rkefwkdif;}uD;twGuf rD;v#Hrkefwkdif;i,fuav;rsm; &Jabmf jzpfvmonf? &ufuGufaumifpD vl}uD;.
&efuke fwuU odkv f0ef;usifES ifh a'owcsd KŒwG if om; tkef;odef;u ndKudk wzufouf cspfaeonfh
awmufavmifaoG;pGef;cJh=uonf? aemufawmh vli,f aiGa=u;"e/ tm%mºuG,f0aeol rdom;pk
ta&;awmfyHk}uD; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? rD;yGifhrD;v#H rS aygufzGm;vmoltkef;odef;? azaomif;/ ndKESifh
i,frsm;onf rD;v#HrD;awmufjzpfoGm;um ae0if; tkef;odef;. tm;òydifr_ESifh aemufxyf ausmif;om;
ppftkyfpkudk oò*õvfjymcsvdkuf=uonf? xdkta&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf ajratmufvkyfief; (under
awmforkdif;udk aemufcHðyum wuUodkvf ausmif; ground movement) a&maESm (p&e,f)
om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif. Zmwf ar$aESmufojzifh Zmwf&Sdeftwuftus vd_if;wHydk;
vrf;udk vSyonf xuf vS yatmif a&;zG J@xm;on fudk ay:wGif pmzwfoludk &ifckefapavonf?
awG@&onf? ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk t"du azmf Zmwfvrf;udk OD;pm;ay;onfh 0wˆK ouf
jyxm;ojzifh Zmwfaumifrsm;rSm ausmif;om; rsm; oufawmhr[kwf? Zmwfvrf;oabmu yg+yD;om;?
omjzpf o nf ? azaomif ; / xG e f ; ouf / ol & / odk@aomf E_wfcrf;eDóuduf q,fausmfouftóuduf
rcifat;ESifh ndKwkd@onf t"du Zmwfaumifrsm; cspfóuduf/ nm;/ uGJ ponfESpfyGifhqkdif/ oHk;yGifhqkdif
jzpfonf? Zmwf&Hrsm;rSm ud kjrifh aZmf/ udkcifarmif vwf Zmwfvrf;rsm;xJrS vrf;cGJxG ufay:cJhonfh Zmwfvrf ;?
wkd@ jzpfonf? xkdZmwfaumifrsm;onf awmfvSef Zmwfvrf;óuduf=uonfh 0wˆKzwf y&dwfowfonf
wufºuGonfh ausmif;om;±kyfyHkv$mESifh trSwf azaomif;ESifh ndKwkd@udkcspfI oem;um &ifxJ xd
tom;rsm; jzpfonf? ckduf+yD; wpdrfhpdrfhtawG;jzifh usef&pfcJh=urSm jzpf
pma&;ol rif;udkEkdifu v#dKŒ0Sufemrnf ay; onf? wu,fvnf; rif;udkEkdifrSm pmta&; aumif;
xm;aom azaomif; okd@r[kwf ausmif;om; acgif; ojzifh ±kyf&SifZmwfum;wum;udk ydwfum;ay:wGif
aqmifwOD;. &mZ0ifudk cif;usif;jyo&if; Zmwf okd@r[kwf wDAGDrSefom;jyifay:wGif =unfh&ovkd
aumifausmif;om;rsm;udk azmfxkwfoGm;onf? cHpm;&onf?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef @usifa&;twG uf ausmif ;om; ol@0wˆKudk zwf±_+yD;aomtcg ol. udk,f
v_yf&Sm;r_udk pwifcJhonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_ ESdrfeif;jcif; ykdifa&;[efudk awG@&onf? ol@udk b,fpma&;q&m
cH&+yD;wJhaemuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwkd@ udk,f u “v$rf;” aeoenf;? “rv$rf;bl;vm;?” twd

trSwf -22 145

tustcdkiftrm rajymEkdif? pma&;oludk,fwkdifrS
odrnf? wcsdKŒvli,f pma&;q&mrsm;onf ol@udk
b,folu v$rf;aea=umif; zGifh[0efcHwwf=uonf?
rnfodk@yifjzpfap ol@a&;[efrSm ol.&ifckefoHudk
pmzwfy&dwfowf. &ifokd@xdrSefatmif wkd@xd wkd@xd
jzifh &$if&$ifvef;vef; wifjyonfh[efudk awG@&onf?
olrSm [mo&Sdonfudk awG@&onf?
onf ol. 0wˆKoDuHk;r_udk ay:vGifapcJhonf?
wcsdK@pma=umif;rsm;udk pGJxkwfjyyg&ap? vSvkd@
xkwfjycsifwmyg?
“wcgwcg &Sifwkd@a,musFm;awG[m rdef;
rom;qdkwJh twdrf;tapmif;rcHwJh jzpfwnfr_udk
av;eufzkd@ arhaewwfw,f? bmeJ@wlovJ qkdawmh
a&pdk&ifysufwwfwJh a&aq;yef;csDum;udk rdk;&GmxJ

udkA[def;ESifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; axmif

uscJ h o nf h ES p f t a&twG u f u mvud k rif ; ud k E d k i f E S i f h
ausmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif r sm; axmif u scJ h o nf h ES p f
ta&twGufudk vdkufI rrSDEkdifawmh? ESpfaygif; 65 ESpf 6
v? rif ; ud k E k d i f o nf ud k A [d e f ; / ud k a tmif q ef ; wk d @ .
awmufyaom pmay*k%f&nfESifh pmaywefzdk;rsm;udk cJcJ
,if; ,if; qGwfc l; vkdufa vonf?

v#dK@0Sufonf;zdk Zmwfvrf;rsdK;/ ta&;t acgif;ay:wifaqmif;+yD; udk,fvkd&mc&D; oGm;ovkd

om;rsdK;r[kwf? pmzwfy&dowftwGuf pdwf t
aESmuf t,Su f jzpf aponf h pum;vHk ; topf
tqef;wDxGifr_/ udk;vkd;uef@vef@ pma=umif; zGJ@pnf;
r_rsm; rawG@&Sd&ojzifh rif;udkEkdifudk aus;Zl;wif
ae&onf? ol@pum;ajyta&;tom;/ a&;[efp
onfh 0wˆKyHko¾mefonf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_
ta=umif;t&m/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ p±kduf
tzGJ@tEG@Jwkd@ESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfaeojzifh vSyaom
0wˆKwyk'fjzpfonf? olzefwD;a&;oDxm;onfh
OyrmtvuFmrsm;/ pdwful;±kyfyHkv$mrsm;rSm vSy
ºuG&G uAsmqefvGef;um ol.0wˆKY pdef=u,fyGifh
rsm;ES,f awmufvufaeonf? xdkpdef=u,fyGifhrsm;
146
aygh? ”
“ndKqkdwJh Al;pifrSm aysmf&$ifjcif;bl;oD;av;
awG trsm;}uD;eJ@ a0a0qmqm aecJhyg? udk,fh
a=umifh ykyfoGm;wJh aysmf&$ifjcif;wckudkawmh udk,f
=unfh+yD; aemifw&aeygr,f? ”
“pdrf ;um;jcif; "m;yg;ESi fh olr&if wGif;
tr$ef;cHae&onfh a0'emudk todtrSwfrðycsifbJ
ðyvkduf&+yDjzpfonf?”
“ndK@&ifxJ ZGwfESpfxm;&aom t&mwck
bGm;ueJay:vmonf? xdkt&monf pdrf;um;jcif;
}udrfvHk;jzifh emem tESufcHxm;&aom oHa,mZOf
uav;yif? uav;i,f. rsuf&nfpdkrsufESm? wdk;
trSwf -22
wdrfwdrf ±d_ufoHyifjzpfonf[kvnf; olrbmom
odcJh+yD;om;yif jzpfonf?”
“tar. pdk;&drfr_rD;awmuf}uD;udk xif;
rsm;xyfrxdk;awmhaomfvnf; tyl&Sdefrukef;ao;b
w0kef;0kef; avmifaeqJ? ”
“rvdrf;bJxm;aom temudk vufjzifh
vmxdovkd jzpfvmonf?”
“iS u f a ysmoD ; ay:&mrS m aysmf a ewJ h
arsmuf vkdyJ”
“olrudk,fwkdif csKyfay;cJhaomtvHrSm
azaomif;vG,ftdwfxJ acgufodrf;cJh&+yDjzpfovkd
olrESifhazaomif;wkd@t=um; qufqHr_ tm;vHk;
onf acgufI &ifxJ odrf;qnf;&awmhrnf?”
“ndK@toHrSm rkd;aygufusaom a&ajrmif;
rsufESmjyifvkd v_yfcgv#uf”
“tarSmifxJrS xGufaygufudkprf;aeaom
vufacsmif;rsm;ESifhwlaom rsuf0ef;jzifh=unfhum”
“,Hk=unfcsufwck ar#mfvifhcsuf wckESifh
twl ajcvSrf;rsm; oGufaeonf? aumif;uifwck
vHk; ndKaeonfukdyif awmufyaomtòyH;[k ol
owfrSwfxm;onf?”
xkduJhodk@aom pdwf ul;±kyfyHkv$m pmt
vuFma&mifpHkyef;yGifhrsm;u ol. pum;ajy ta&;
tom; oDzGJ@yef;wcif;udk pdkvJhaom ta&mifwkd@jzifh
jc,foxm;avonf? tvSjzifh wifhw,fonfh
*k%f&nf&Sdojzifh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_udk tajccH
aemufa=umðyI a&;om;cJh=u+yD;jzpfonfh pma&;
q&m}uD;/ i,f r[lwkd@uJhodk@yif rif;udkEkdif. aemuf
=unfhrSef 0wˆKtEkynmvuf&monf xl;jcm;r_&Sd
onf? xl;jcm;onfhvuf&mwnf;? aemifwGif
vnf; ola&;ygvdrfhOD;rnf? vGwfvyfr_ 'Drkdua&pD
uyfqkduf pdwfokOf;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif
zdESdyf pkwfyJhr_ xyfxyf=urf;aeonfh umvwGifon
aemuf=unfhrSefudk zefwD;cJh&onfjzpf&m aemuf
xyfa&;rnfh0wˆKwGif vlxkxJwGif pdrfh0ifaysmf0if
trSwf -22
v#uf vlxkb0ukd qef;ppfjycsufrsm;/ Zmwfaumif
rsm;. tm;òydifr_ESifhtwl p±dkuf&Sif/ p±kdufao zGJ@EGJ@
r_rsm;/ vlxkwkdufyGJudk vlxkawGudk,fwkdif wufºuG
J &$ef;opfpGm xlaxmifcJhyHkrsm;/ tkyfpdk;olESifh ppftm
%m&Sifpepf. twGif;o±kyfazmfjycsufrsm; yg0if
onfh crf;em;onfhordkif; 0wˆK&Snf tenf;qHk;
aemufxyfwyk'fudkawmh tmv#rajyEkdifbJ rGwf
odyfaerdonf? usef;rm&$ifvef;pGm a&;om;Ekdif
ygapownf;?
ed*Hk;wGif rjzpfrae azmfjy&rnfh tcsuf
wcsuf&Sdonf? ,if;udkcsefxm;cJhI rjzpf? awmf
vSefa&;pmay/ awmfvSefaompmay tEkynm&yf
udk arG;zGm;ysdK;axmifay;&rnfh onfumvwGif
aemuf=unfhrSefukd xkwfa0ol EkdifiHa&; tusOf;
om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif; (atatyDyD)
udk aus;Zl;wif&rSm jzpfonf[laomtcsufyif?
awmfvSefopPmjzifh
aEG O D ;
'DZifb m 8/ 2009
“wcgwcg &Sifwkd@a,musFm;
awG[m rdef; rom;qdkwJh twdr f;
tapmif;rcHwJh jzpfwnfr_udk av;
eufzkd@ arhaewwfw,f? bmeJ@ wl
ovJqkdawmh a&pdk& if ysufw wf
wJh a&aq;yef; csDu m;udk rdk;&GmxJ
acgif;ay:wifaqmif;+yD; udk,fvkd&m
f
c&D;oGm ;ovkdaygh? ”
147
ajymufu sm;ppft awG‹ t }uH K

e,fpyf tajccHpcef;rsm;. tcsuftcsm 0e,f yefqef;&Sd ygwDA[kdokd@

OD;wnfonfh rif;&efatmifxkd;ppfukd wvcGJavmufumvtwGif; xkd;ppf. b,fnm
tpGef;ESpfbuf (okd@r[kwf) awmifyH ESpfbuftm; ygwDacgif;aqmifonfh jynfol@wyfrawmfrS
yGJOD;xGuf ±kdufcsKd;ypfvkdufonf? (ygcg;wkdufyGJ/ xif;±l;awmifwkdufyGJESifh wyf&if;acsrSKef;a&; refcgwkdufyGJwkd@
jzpfonf?) 4if;wkdufyGJrsm;rS &efolokH@yef; trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;&rdonf? &if;rSL;/ &if;axmufvSrf;a&;rSL;/
(tkdiftkd) pufrSL;rsm;tygt0if &efol. t&m&Sdt&mcH t=uyfwyfom; tqifhtoD;oD; zrf;qD;&rdjcif;
jzpfonf? okH@yef;rsm;xHrS rif;&efatmifxkd;ppf. twkdif;twmESifh &nf&G,fcsufukd xyfrHod&Sd twnf
ðyEkdifonf? xkd;ppfukd tqifhcGJxkd;jcif;jzpfI yxrtqifhwGif &efolwyfr 77 onf ygwDtajccH
a'ojzpfaom armfzESifh ,kefatma'otwGif;rS ta&;ygonfh ppfae&mrsm;jzpfaom rGwfEkd;/ yGKdifh 5710/
0rfuef/ yefcg;/ yGKdifh-1837 (yGKdifh - 6028)/ rufref;/ wyfAkdpH(AkdpHukef;) ponfh awmifukef;pcef;rsm;
odrf;,l wyfpGJxm;onf? aus;&GmwcsKdΠ&efol@vufatmuf usa&mufoGm;I &Gmol&Gmom; trsm;tjym;
ygwDtajccHpcef;buf&Sd awmif,mwJrsm;wGif xGufajy; 0ifckdae=u&onf?

148 trSwf -22

 jynfolwcsKdŒESifh jynfol@ppfrsm; a'owyf wifavmufonfh cHppfwkdufyGJ}uD;jzpfonf? xkdpOfu
rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;I ajymufusm;ppfenf;ESifh &efolukd &efol@twGif;ykdif; nGef=um;csufwckwGif Auyon f
ckcH wk dufckdufae=uonfh ajymufusm; wkdufyGJrsm;wGf i tvpftikduf,lI rdrdpcef;rsm;ukd em&Dykdif;twGif;
wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifvm=uonf? tkdufzvm; acsrSKef;wkdufckduf odrf;,l zrf;qD;oGm;Ekdifonf? rdrd
acgif;aqmifonfh aus;&Gm ajymufusm;rsm;ESifh ppfonfrsm;taejzifh tcsdefrsm;pGm,lI vltiftm;
0awmifc±kdifwyfrS wyfcGJ 4 onf ajymufusm;wkduGJ fy vufeuf cJ,rf;tm; ykHatmwkdufonfhwkdif Auy
&J&ifhr_bufrSm emrnf&vmonf// &efolonf zm;ckf e pcef;rsm; rodrf;ykd ufEkd if jzpfaeonfukd tav;teu f
ckefonfh ppfenf;AsL[musifhokH;I pcef;wck odrf; xm; okH;oyf=u&ef vkdtyfonf[k &efol@xdyfykdif;rS
,l+yD;wkdif; aemufwck ckeful;wuf,l&ef ckdifcef@ rausreyfjzpfI ‚if;twGif;ykdif; nGef=um;r_rsm;
atmif vkyf,lonfhenf; jzpfykH&onf? &Sdaea=umif;vnf; =um;odae&onf? wyfr 88
tcsdefukduf &efolwyfr 88 onfvnf; onf yefrmaumufpcef;ukd vkH;0rodrf;Ekdif jzpfae
yefqef;{&d,mESi fh usKd if; wkH ajrmuf jcrf;a'o onf? xkdtcsdefu &efolwyfr 88 . wyfrrSL;onf
rkdif;aygufrS aemuftajccHa'o 815 ppfa'o vuf&Sdtm%m&Sif}uD; Akdvfoef;a&$yifjzpfonf?
rkdif;vm;bufwkd@ESifh ajrjyifqufoG,fr_rsm; jzwf aemufykdif;wGif 4if;ppfrsufESm&Sd trw wyf&if;rS
awmufypf&ef &nf&G,fI rkdif;aygufbufukd OD;wnf t&m&Sdwa,mufonf awmfvSefonfh jynfol@wf y
xkd;onf? yefa&mif;ESifh yefrmaumuf pcef;wkdufyGJ rawmfbufokd@ ul;ajymif;vmonfvnf; &Sdonf?
rsm; jyif;xefonf? yefrmaumuf awmifukef;pcef; xkdpOfu awmfvSefppfqifE$Jaeonfh jynfol@
wkdufyGJtm; &efolonf 120 rr? 76 rrESifh tjcm; wyfrawmfonf wkdufckdufa&;pdwf"mwf jrifhrm;ae
tajrmuf}uD;rsm;okH;I avwyf tultnDyg onf? acsr_ef;cHxm;&onfh wkdufyGJrsm;a=umifh
aygif;pyf+yD; tjyif;txef xkd;ppfqifonf? ygwD &efol@wyfwGif; *,uf±kdufcwfr_ raumif;jzpfae
acgif;aqmifonfh jynfol@wyf rawmf wyf r 68 on f a=umif; =um;odae&onf? rnfokd@yifjzpfap &efol
uwkwfusif; tckdiftcef@vkyfI taotvJ ckcH wyfonf tm%m&tpkd;&. ykHrSefwyfjzpfI rdrd
onf? &ufaygif; 40 =umr&yfrem; xkd;ppfq if xuf tiftm;tqrwef }uD;rm;onfh vufeuf
onfhwkdif &efolwyfr 88 a&SŒwkd;r& yefrmaumuf wyfqifr_bufwGifvnf; rdrdxuf tppt&m&m
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trSwf -22 149

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avhusifha&;rsm; vkyf=u&onf? wyfrsm; tawmf
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&efolwyfr 77 . odrf;ykdufcHxm;&ojzifh &Jabmf
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wcsKd@rS pcef;rsm; jyefodrf;a&; awmif;qkdonfrsm;
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&efolwyfr 77 tm; jynfol@wyfrawmf wyfr 48
ESifh &ifqkdifxm;onf?
trSwf -22
 1980 ckESpf rwfv ukefavmufwGif usaemf t"duwyf wyfr 48 v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; &efolr&dyfrd
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onf? em;rGef;qkdonfh &Srf;&GmwGif pcef;axmuf ae=uonfvnf; &Sdonf? 1980 {+yDv 9&uf
tjzpfxm;I wyfzGJ@aygif;pkH pk±kH;rd=uonf? em;rGef; naeykdif;pI wkdufyGJ0ifrnfhwyfzGJ@rsm; awmifa=um
wGif a&SŒwef;aq;±kH pcef;wckzGifhxm;onf? wkdufyGJ ay:okd@ pwufonf? tqif;cufcuf twuf=urf;
wyGJ wkduf&efjyifqifr_rsm; vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? =urf; awmifa=umrsm;jzpfonf? pufaoewf}uD;
TwkdufyGJwkduf&ef &nf&G,fcsufwckrSm 79 ckESpf ESifh tajrmufqHrsm;wifonfh jrif;/ vm;rsm;ygvmI
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&efjzpfonf? ygwD A[kdacgif;aqmifwpfOD; OD;pD;I onf? óudwif xkwf,lvmonfh xrif;xkyfrsm;
a'oau'grsm;/ a'owyfrsm;/ jynfol@ppfrsm;tm; usaemfwkd@ ajzpm;aepOf a&SŒykdif;&Sd awmifaZmif;av;
pnf;±kH;v_H@aqmfonfh tvkyftzGJ@vnf; xkda'o wckab;em;&Sd anmifyifav;teD;wGif jrif;xdef;
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c±kdif yef,ef;a'oESifh wa=umwnf; qufaeonf? oGm;onf? 'def;ueJ aygufuGJoH}uD;t+yD; &Jabmf
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usaemfwkd @&Jabmfrsm; wtm;wufoGm;onf ? toifh r_awG@&I xkdnwyfzGJ@rsm; qufvufcsDwufvmcJh&m
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trSwf -22 151

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avh&Sdojzifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; awmif,mawmrsm;
wGif a&Smifykef;ae=u&onf? vkHaemufawmifa=umrS
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vnf; v#dKwckjcm;aeaom aemufawmifa=um
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trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
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156 trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
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30 -5 -2008
157
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“[kwfuJh”? vufa0S@orm;av;[m ouf jyifwcs ; uf csvkdufw,f? “usaemfh ajcaxmufawG
[m tpGrf;tp r&Sdygbl;”?
“tpGrf;tpuawmh &Sdygw,f? rifhajc axmufawGu xHkxkdif;aewmyg? 'gukd ta&;pkduf raeeJ@?
olwkd@ukd v_yf&Sm;ckdif;vkdufyg”?
158 trSwf -22
 “u|efawmfawmh oabmraygufawmh “vufa0S@orm;jzpfawmhaum bmjzpfvkd@
ygbl;”? “u|efawmf prf;awmh =unfhygr,f? 'gayrJh ta&;pkdufae&rSmwkef;”? t±kyfqkd;qkd; tJ'Dvl[m
u|efawmfawmh pdwf±_yfoGm;+yD”vkd@ vufa0S@orm; ta&;rpkdufav[ef cyfat;at; wcsuf &,foGrf;
vli,fu a,mifwda,mifeeJ@ ajymvmw,f? aoG;vkduf+yD;aemuf ol@qDukd vufoD;wvHk; ypf
vli,fav;[m t0wfvJvkduf+yD; rsufESm oGif;vkdufygw,f?
romr,mjzpfum enf;jyq&mukd E_wfq uf+yD; “cifAsm; bmjzpfvkd@ usKyfukd t=um}uD;
tdrfjyefoGm;awmhw,f? ol tvGefukd pdwfraumif; csKyfxm;+yD; rv$wfao;wmvJ”? vufa0S@orm;
jzpfae&Smw,f? "mwf&xm;apmifhzkd@awmif pdwfr av;[m odyfukd rw&m;wJh jzpf&yfvkd@ cHpm;vm&
ygawmhygbl;? 'geJ@ vloluif;&Sif;wJh &yfuGufwck +yD; w±SL;±SL; toHxGufvmw,f?
twkdif; oGm;awmhw,f? pdwfxJrSmawmh rdrd&JŒ “usKyfatmfvkduf&rvm;”?
ta&;pkdufaep&mrvkdzl;qdkwJh ajcaxmufawG t “rif; atmfav? atmfvkdufprf;? r&%i&J
a=umif;ukdyJ awG;aerdw,f? jynfuom rif;toHukd =um;vdrfhr,f”?
tJ'Dwkef; rdrda&SŒrSm t&dyfrnf;rnf;wck vufa0S@orm;av;[m a=umuf&GH@ xdwf
±kwfw&uf jzwfceJ ay:vmw,f? ydefcsHK;csnfheJ@um vef@+yD; rsufawmif ykwfcwfykwfcwf jzpfvmum
t±kyfqk d;tusnf ;wefvSwJh rsuf ESmzH k;eJ@ vlwa,muf c% t}uHtkdufovkd jzpfoGm;+yD;aemuf vSnfh+yD;
ygvm;qkdw m vrf;ab;rDa&mifatmufrSm ol xGufajy;ygawmhw,f? jrefvkdufwmuvnf; av
awG@vkduf&w,f? xJ v#yfysufvkdufovkdygyJ?
“rif; vufywfem&Dukd c|wfvkdufprf;”? "m;jy[m ol@rsufESmzHk;ukd c|wfvkdufw,f?
tJ'DtrsdK;om;u cyfat;at;ckdif;vkdufw,f? w[k efxkd; ajy;xGufoGm;wJh vufa0S@orm;uav;&JŒ
“'g bmoabmvJ”? cifAsm; bmjzpfvkd@ ausmjyifukd tawmf=um=um =unhfaerdw,f?
'Dvkdc|wfckdif;&wmvJ”? vufa0S@orm;[m aemuf “ajcz0g;awG&J@ tpGrf;tpu odyfaumif;
okd@ ajcwvSrf;qkwfw,f? vSyguvm;”? ol[m rdrdbmom wkd;wkd;ajym&if;
“ighwl r*FvmaqmifrSm rif;vufywfem&D oufjyif;wcsuf csvkdufw,f? “'gayrJh oluawmh
ukd r*FvmvufzGJ@tjzpf vufzGJ@ay;vkdufr,fav”? ol@ukd,fol tpGrf;tp r&Sdbl;vkd@ ajymavh&SdwmyJ?
“at;at;aq;aq; tcsdefjzKef;zdk@awmh pOf;pm; tckawmh oltwGuf pkd;&drfp&m rvkdawmhygbl;?
raeeJ@”? tJ'D ±kyfqkd;qkd;vlu tukeftpif &Sif;jy xyf+yD; enf;enf;&J0Hhvkduf&if +ydKifzuf &JŒ xkd;owfvm
vkdufw,f? r_ukd xl;xl;uJuJ axmufxm;Ekdif&if tckol[m
“cifAsm; æ æ cifAsm;/ 'g &,fp&m vkyfae rdrd&JŒ ajcaxmufawGukd ,Hk=unfcsuf &vm+yDrkd@ xl;
wmvm;”? vufa0S;orm;vli,fu rsufESmcsdKaoG; c|efwJh vufa0S@orm;wa,muf rkcs jzpfvmyg
ovkdvkdeJ@ &,farm ypfvkdufw,f? vdrfhr,f”?
“ 'gjzifh igrif;eJ@ vm+yD; &,fp&m vkyfae trsdK;om;}uD;[m ukd,fukd vSnfhvkduf+yD;
wmayghav”vkd@ tJ'Dvlu avoHeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf tm;upm;±HkqDokd@ av#mufvSrf;oGm;awmhw,f?
ajymqkd&if; tuôsvufukd yifhwifvkdufw,f?
“cifAsm; usKyfukd rxkd;eJ@ æ æ usKyfu xGe f; vS a tmif ?
vufa0S@orm;aemf æ” 22/ 2/ 2009?

trSwf -22 159

 reufa0vDa0vif; tcsdef æ
±kwfw&uf rkd;}uD; &Gmcsvkdufw,f? oGefcsvdkufovkd/ +ydKusvmovkd &Gmcsaewm? awmifus
a&awG[m w0kef;0kef; usvmaew,f? vef@zsyfaewJh jrif;±kdif;wtkyf v#dKawGxJu aoG;±l;aoG;wef;
ajy;xGufvmovkd awmifusa&awG&JΠt&Sdeft[kefukd wm;qD;vkd@ r&awmhygbl;?
vkyfief;cGifwckvHk; vef@Ekd;oGm;w,f? vlawG[m tdyf&mu vl;vGef@xvkduf=uw,f? a&xJukd
ajccs&yfvkduf&w,f? b,fol&,fvkd@awmh rodvkdufygbl;? xdwfxdwfvef@vef@ wcsufatmfoH=um;
vkdufw,f? vlw&mausmf[m awmifbufokd@ OD;wnf+yD; wa,mufukdwa,muf wkd;a0S@ ajy;=uv$m;=u
awmhw,f? a&}uD;pvkd@qkd&ayr,fh vrf;ay:rSm a&[m ESpfayavmufawmif &Sdae+yD; vrf;ay:rSm a&awG
azG;azG;v_yf,drf;uae+yD? vlawG[m t±l;awGvkd jyefvSnfhvm=ujyefw,f?
ta&SŒbufa&m taemufbufrSmyg ajy;p &m vrf;r&Sdygbl;? ajrmufbufrSmawmh wHwm;
usOf;usOf;av;wpif; &Sdyg&JŒ?
a&uvnf; v#Hwufvmvkdufwm w0kef;0kef;eJ@? pufqkyfzG,f&m 'Dw0kef;0kef; a&pD;oHawG&JΠ&,f
arm oHawGt=um;rSm aoyef;yGifhzkd@ eD;vmae+yDaygh?
160 trSwf -22
 vlawG[m tJ'DwHwm; usOf;usOfav;
ay:rSm vJusolus/ wkdufrdol wkdufrd=u/ wkd;a0S@
oGm;ae=uw,f?
wHwm;a&SŒu aygifavmufxdeufwJh a&xJ
rSm r=umrDurS tvkyfuyifpif,lxm;wJh uvmyf
pnf;twGif;a&;rSL; tbkd;}uD;wOD; rwfwyf&yf
aew,f?
tbkd;}uD;&JΠacsmifusaewJh rsufESmay:rSm
rdk;a&awG pD;usaew,f? ol[m qlqlnHnH tkH;tkH;
ºuufºuufjzpfaewJh vlawGukd pkduf=unfhaew,f?
bmrSvnf; rajym? rwkefrv_yf ausmuf±kyf?
vlawGuvnf; &yf+yD; tbkd;}uD;ukd =unfh
ae=uw,f?
“wHwm;u usOf;w,f? wef;pD=u? rwkd;
=ueJ@? ygwD0ifawG aemufqHk;u pD=u?” tbkd;}uD;
u toHtJhtJh}uD;eJ@ atmfvkdufw,f?
“ygwD0ifvnf; vlyJ”? vltkyf}uD;xJu
jyefatmfoH?
“'g ±kyf&Sif ±kdufaewm r[kwfbl;”? vl
wcsdK@&JΠwkHk@jyefoH?
tbk d ; }uD ;u cyf a t;at;yJ ?“ygwD u
xGufcsif xGufEkdifw,f? ig'Duae emrnfpm&if;
atmfvkdufr,f”?
aemufqHk;awmh xyfatmfr,fhol r&Sdawmh
ygbl;? vlw&mausmfuvnf; csufcsif; wef;pD+yD;
oGm;w,f? tbdk;}uD;ab;uae tpDtpOftwkdif;
opfom;wHwm;ay:ukd tajy;tvGm; wufoGm;
=uw,f?
a&u wjznf;jznf;csif; qufwufvmae
w,f? vlawG&JΠcg;xdawmif a&mufvmae+yD?
tbkd ;}uD;[m vlwef ;}uD;xJ u aumifav;
wa,mufukd ±kwfw&ufqGJxkwfum qJqkdvkduf
w,f?“rif;tarvnf; ygwD0ifr[kwfvm;? rif;
aemufqHk;oGm; wef;pD”vkd@ ajymvkdufw,f? tbkd;
}uD;[m usm;opfwaumifvkd &ufpuf=urf;wrf;
trSwf -22
vSw,f?
aumifav;[m rsufESmysufoGm;w,f?
tbkd;}uD;ukdvnf; rsufvHk;jyL;=unfhvkduf+yD; ab;
rSm oGm;&yfaevkdufw,f?
vlwef;}uD;uawmh pepfwus&Sd+rJ&Sdaeygw,f?
wHwm;av;[m p+yD; v_ yfcgae+yD? wjApfjApf
wtiftif nnf;wGm;vmae+yD?
a&awGuvnf; wufvmaevkdufwm t
bkd ;}uD;&JΠ&if0ukdawmif a&mufae+yD? aemufqHk;rSm
oleJ@ ckeuaumifav;yJ usefawmhw,f?
rar#mfvifhbJ aumif;av;u “cifAsm;
t&ifoGm;yg”vkd@ ol@ukd wGef;ykd@vkdufw,f?
tbkd;}uD;uvnf; [def;a[mufvkduf+yD;
“tvum; av#mufajymraeeJ@? jrefjrefoGm;” vkd@
ajym&if; aumifav;ukd wHwm;ay:ukd twif;wGef;
wifvkdufw,f?
opfom;wHwm;[m ±kwfw&uf 0kef;ueJ
+ydKusoGm;w,f? aumifav;vnf; epf+rKyfoGm;
awmhw,f?
tbk d ;}uD;u wck ckajymawmhra,mif a,mif ?
'gayrJ hv_d if;vHk;}uD;wvHk ;uol@uk d0g;+rd KoGm;vkd ufw,f?
jzLpifvSwJh avmuygwum;æ?
5 &uf=umoGm;+yD;aemuf a&usoGm;w,f?
trsdK;orD;}uD;wOD;[m vlawGwGJ+yD; ylaZmf
uefawmhzkd@ 'Dae&mudk a&mufvmw,f?
olvm+yD; ylaZmfuefawmhrSmu vl ESpfOD;
twGuf?
ol@cifyGef;eJ@ ol@om;wkd@twGufwJh? ?
rl&if; w±kwfpma&;ol - xefuJ
(urBmh tausmf=um;qHk; twkdqHk; 0wÎKwkdrsm;)
qkdwJh pmtkyfrSa&G;xkwf bmomjyefygw,f?
bmomjyefo l-wifo def; 0if; (14-10-200&)
161
 ordki f; jzwfo ef; jcif; xJu ±ky fy H kv $m
tzdESdyfcH 'Db0u &cJhwJh tarG[m
vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJom
'g[m trSefw&m;rkdΠpHxm;p&m
oifh&JŒaojcif;w&m;[m
av;eufxkdufwefpGm

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nae » naecif; » » »
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» aoG; pGe f; wJh vrf; uav;u » oifh » &J@ » ta=umif; » ol& Ja umif; yHkj yifu kd » urBm
wnf o a&G @ » aqG ; ajr@a=uuG J p G m » ajymjyae&S m vd r f h r ,f » »(oif h & J @ vli ,f b0 »
EkysdKwJhumv[m » awmfv Se fa&; » rke fwkdif;=um;rSm » jynfoltwGuf » xrf;&Gu f&if; om
» uke fq Hk; cJh+ yDa v » »)2
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w&m;rk d @ » pH x m;p&m » oif h & J @ aojcif ; w&m;[m » av;euf x k d u f w ef p G m » ±k d ; r
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162 trSwf -22
 'g[m Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumf u|efawmf ta&SŒajrmufppfa'o &efol@
rwD&JŒ tmabmf ‘jynfol@toH’u 80 ckESpfrsm; owif;axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJ@rSm vkyfief;wm0ef
aESmif;ykdif;rSm toHv$ifhcJhwJh aw;wyk'fjzpfovkd awGukd avhvm&if; rdrdtajccHukdYu tm±Hka=um
u|efawmfwkd@&JΠESvHk;tdrfjzpfwJh yefqef;rSm 1988 a&m*g&Sdaevkd@ vkyfief;eJ@ roifhawmfwJhtwGuf
rwfv 28 jynfol@'Drkdua&pDvufeufukdif awmf aq;axmufcHcsufjzifh vkyfief;u xGufvkduf&w,f?
vSefa&; tESpf 40 jynfh txdrf;trSwf tjzpf wif ,m,D tvkyfem;cGifh &vkdufygw,f? tJ'Dtem;&
qufcJhwJh jyZmwf&JΠZmwfodrf;oDcsif;vnf; jzpfyg aewJh w&uf? u|efawmf a'gufwmvSausmfaZmeJ@
w,f? tJ 'Dw ke f;u ucJh wJh jyZmwft rnfu q&mr}uD;wkd@aewJh bm;wkdufukd a&mufoGm;yg
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jyZmwf&J@ twGif;oabmu ygwD&JŒajratmuf &J rawmf0wfpHkeJ@ vli,fwOD; a&mufvmygw,f?
abmftjzpf wm0ef,lvkyfukdifaewJh ausmif;q&m olu a'gufwmvSausmfaZmukd awG@vkdufawmh
ukdxGef;&if[m &efolzrf;rd+yD; aemufqHk;&efolu ‘rrvS’vkd @ ac:vkduf ygw,f? a'gufwm vSausmfaZm
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jzpftysufyg? txufazmfjyyg ‘naecif;’ oDcsif; a&mufvm+yDvm;”vkd@ 0rf;omtm;&eJ@ E_wfquf
[m ausmif;q&m &JabmfxGef;&if ol&Jaumif; yDo vkdufygw,f? +yD;awmh u|efawmfhukdvnf; ol@armi f
pGm usqHk;oGm;r_ukd *k%fjyKwJhtaeeJ@ aemufcHaw; ti,fav;qkdoleJ@ rdwfqufay;ygw,f? ti,f
tjzpf oDq kday;xm;wJh oDcsif;jzpfygw,f ? 'D av;[m u|efawmfwkd@&JŒ tv,fykdif;AsL±kdXmecGJrS
jyZmwfr Sm ausmif ;q&m ukdx Gef;&ifae&mu wqifh SSA wyfzGJ@rsm;t}uHKeJ@ A[kdXmecsKyf&Sd&m
o±kyfaqmifoGm;oluawmh ‘&JabmfxGef;jrwf’yg? ukd wufvmoljzpfygw,f? oleJ@u|efawmf tJ'Dvkd
ol[m 1982 ckESpf u vufeufukdif awmf enf;eJ@ pwifodu|rf;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh olu A[kd
vSefa&;xJuk da&mufvmwJh ygwD&JŒ&ef ukefajratmu f XmecsKyf (0789)wyfzGJ@rSm u|efawmfuXmecsKyfrSm
tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;u au'gwOD;? AkdvfcsKyf ausmf vkyfief;vkyfolrsm;jzpfvkd@ u|efawmfwkd@csif; odyfr
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vSausmfaZm/ ukdatmifausmfaZm (&Jabmfjrarmif)/ tJ'Dvkd Xmecsif;rwlayr,fh u|efawmfwkd@
ukdausmfaZmOD; (&Jabmfckdifatmif)wkd@&JΠrdom;pk0if/ yefqef;umvrsm;rSm ESpfpOf vufeufukdif awmf
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1982 ckESpf&JΠwckaom ae@&uf? awmfu ppfa'oukd,fpm;jyK+yD; tm;upm;+ydKifyGJ

trSwf -22 163

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au'gjzpfvkd@ XmecsKyfuaqmif&Gufay;&r,fh vkyf
ief;rsm;ukd tm;vHk; atmufajcodrf; ywfpmcGm
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vmygw,f? 1985 ckESpfrsm;avmufuvkd@ xifyg
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164
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trSwf -22
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trSwf -22 165

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trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
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trSwf -22
 awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;
trSwf (22) Edk0ifbm 2010

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3? Ah Ling - a':vm - 100
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5? rpENmaomif; - ,ef; - 5000
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trSwf -22 169

 awmfvSefa&;pmayr*~Zif;
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soeapril93@gmail.com (1) *gr%d.
4636; S.Lasayette, St; “,rrif; O,smOfokd@ tv,fa&mufjcif;”
Fort Wayne; IN - 46806 (2) yef;ig;yGifh tvuFm (uAsmpmtkyf)
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170 trSwf -22