Poetry terminology

onomadtepoeia words that sound like their meaning

denotation dictionary defintion of what a word literally means
alliteration words in succession with same beginning sound
limerick humerous, aabba
euphony pleasant sounding arrangement of words, smooth sounding letters, l,m,n,r, soft gentle tone
connotation associated with the denotation
allusion reference to something from history or literature
simile explicit comparision between 2 things using as or like
metaphor implicit comparision
rhyme scheme pattern of rhymes
sonnet 14 lines, abab cdcd efef gg
caesura pause within line
haiku 3 lines, 5,7,5 syllables
octave 8 lines any length
refrain repeated part in same position in each stanza
consonance repeated final consonant in word row
assonnance repeated vowel sound
apostrophe as if speaking directly to subject of poem
personification human qualities to non-human
hyperbole overstatement or gross exaggeration
elegy poem written to commerate the dead
foot one accented syllable on one or two unaccented
stanza group of lines whose natural pattern is repeated
villanelle French poem with form:
a 1st refrain only 1st stanza
b
a alternate 1st and 2nd refrain
a 2nd refrain only last stanza
metric unit set of 2-3 syllables, only one stressed. Anapestic, dactylic, iambic, trochaic
iambic one foot, two syllables, (iamb) accent on the 2nd syllable, the KING/ was IN/ his COUNT/ ing HOUSE
anaspestic foot using 3 syllables, (anapest) accent on 3rd syllable, Twas the NIGHT/ be-fore CHRIST/ mas ann AL
dactylic foot using 3 syllables, (dactyl) accent on 1st syllable, HEY did-dle/ DID'dle the/ CAT and the/ FID-dle
trochaic foot using 2 syllables (trochee) accent on 1st syllable, PE-ter/ PET-er/ PUMP-kin/Eat-er
deux ex machina (god from the machine-Latin) sudden plot twist, resolution of seemingly hopeless situation
Italian sonnet (Petrarchan for Petrarch-Italian poet), abba abba cdcdcd
metonomy related item to refer to item itself, As Washingto(DC) for US Gov
synecdoche part to refer to whole, married ear to refer to married husband
didactic instilling feeling, message or moral
cacophony harsh sounds
epic long length poem
satire poke fun at ridiculous
couplet stanza of 2 lines, distich
tercet 3 lines
quantrain 4
quintain 5
cinquain 6
sestet 7
octave 8
eye rhymes (sight rhymes)look the same written but not sound alike. through, trough
blank verse unrhymes iambic pentamenter
soliloquy character talks to self to reveal thoughts
aside degression that offers insight or explanation
spoonerism initial consonants of 1st and other word switched
situational irony outcome differs from expectation
dramatic irony speaker words and meaning contradicted
free verse free of conventions
,n,r, soft gentle tone

as IN/ his COUNT/ ing HOUSE

T/ be-fore CHRIST/ mas ann ALL/ through the HOUSE
dle the/ CAT and the/ FID-dle
PUMP-kin/Eat-er
hopeless situation
Michel Montaigne
Suetonius
Peloponnesian War
Martin Luther King, Jr

John Brown

John Hancock
Charles Darwin
John Scopes

William Randolph Hearst

Charles Lindbergh

Anne Hutchinson

Virginia Dare

Emily Post

George Washington
Christopher Columbus

Amerigo Vespucci

Malcolm X
Gloria Steinem

Aristotle Onassis
Galileo Galilei
Henry Ford

Sigmund Freud
Albert Einstein
henry david thoreau
Edmund Burke
On Friendship.
Twelve
"I have aCaesars,
Dream"aspeech
biography ofLincoln
at the the livesMemorial
of the Caesars
in 1963.King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 by
James Earl Ray.
battle between Athens and Sparta, effectively destroyed Athens

took over the Harper’s Ferry arsenal in 1859 in an attempt to lead a slave uprising, Brown encouraged
slaves to claim their freedom themselves by murdering their owners. Though captured by Robert E.
Lee before his plan went very far, he had many open supporters, including Henry David Thoreau.

President of the Continental Congress, he was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence, and
did so with a flourishing signature
Origin of Species
persecuted for teaching Darwinism in his biology classroom
began his career in publishing with the San Francisco Examiner, and his publishing house grew to 18
newspapers and 9 magazines during his lifetimeOrson Well’s Citizen Kane is said to be based on
Hearst’s life
made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.,His family made headlines in 1932 after
his young son was kidnapped from their home and murdered.

helped to found Rhode Island,slaughtered by Indians,believed that one could reach heaven through
faith alone, and that denying one pleasures during life or engaging in elaborate religious rituals were
futile and unnecessary
first English child born in America, She and her family settled at Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke
Island, the inhabitants of which all mysteriously disappeared
wrote Etiquette, Her descendents, most recently Peggy Post, have continued to update her initial work
to keep up with the changing times.
appointed Thomas Jefferson his Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the
Treasury, Jay’s Treaty and the Whiskey Rebellion caused him considerably controversy by his
second term, and he was accused of being an aristocratic enemy of democracy.

sailed three ships across the Atlantic in 1492, Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
America derived its name, Italian navigator, As a result of Vespucci’s work, maps of the entire planet
changed radically
militant Black Muslims, Founder of Muslim Mosque, Inc.,was assassinated in February 1965.
Feminist founded Ms. magazine.,National Women’s Political Caucus, the Women’s Action Alliance,
and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Her books include Outrageous Acts and Everyday
Rebellions and Revelation from Within.

Jacqueline Kennedy eventually went on to marry after her husband John’s death.,One of the richest
men in the world, Onassis controlled a major shipping company, the Monte Carlo casino, and
Olympic Airways, among many other holdings.

belief that the sun was at the center of the universe led to his death during the Inquisition.
perfected the assembly line
Oedipus complex theory, and attributed most psychological problems (particularly sexual ones) to
childhood occurrences.
work led to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear fission
Civil Disobedience
British parliament, sympathised with the Americans
Non-fiction - religions

Transcendentalists
Humanism
Neoplatonism

Existentialism
Hermeneutics
Manichaeism

Islam

Buddhism
Confucianism

Taoism

Hindu

Friedrich Nietzsche
Georg W.F. Hegel

Immanuel Kant

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Rene Descartes

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes
Epicureans
Aristotle
Cynics
Stoicism

Plato
Socrates

Karl Marx

St. Augustine
Emerson and Thoreau,spirituality in nature and the natural world.

Humans at center of universe, capabilities of humans

Pagan, founded by Plotinus on ideas of Plato, The One, The World Soul, dead reabsorbed into The One
Martin Heidegger(wrote Being and Time) and Jean-Paul Sartre (no God, no moral absolutes), with Søren
Kierkegaard(father of movement)
Hans-Georg Gadamer wrote Truth and Method, influenced by Heidegger-everything is biased by our experience
Mani -founder, no personal sin, elect had happy afterlife
Followers, called Muslims, go by the book of the Qur’an, the word of God as told to Mohammed. There are five basic
principles to Islam: first, there is only one God, and Mohammed is the only mouthpiece of God; second, five daily ritual
prayers; third, paying a religious tax; fourth, fasting during sunlight during the month of Ramadan; and fifth, traveling to
Mecca to reunify the nation of Islam (a pilgrimage taken by many each year).
Nirvana, do not believe in a god, they follow the teachings of the mortal Buddha, who through much meditation finally
discovered the Truth and sought to share the experience with others. Buddhists follow five basic rules: no stealing, no
promiscuity, no lying, no drinking, and no killing.believe in the four noble truths: existence is suffering, suffering is caused
by need, suffering can cease, and there is a path to the cessation of suffering.

ethical system of being neighborly

Lao Tzu (founder-father)adopted from Buddhism, Taoism incorporates many gods, the head of which is the Jade
Emperor, with the Emperor of the Eastern Mountain serving as second-in-command
Bhagavad-Gita, Caste systems-Brahmans (highest)remaining three castes are Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas
(farmers/merchants), and Shudras (laborers).

More of a moralist than a philosopher (though his name is arguably the most widely recognized), Nietzsche hated
Western civilization with a passion and spent much of his time denouncing it. He believed in a superman that would bring
salvation, an ordinary man who could will himself to power and live at the height of passion and creativity.
published Phenomenology of Mind in 1807 and Philosophy of Right in 1821; being, not being, becoming
Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone,believed that reality extended only so far as an individual’s personal degree of
“knowing,” and it is impossible to “know” things that one cannot experience firsthand
But human nature does not go backward, and we never return to the times of innocence and equality, when we have
once departed from them.” Man good, civilization corrupts
founder of modern rationalism,“I think, therefore I am.”

Critique of Pure Reason in 1781. Two Treatises on Government, influenced the writing of the Declaration of
Independence,An Essay Concerning Human Understanding to outline the principles of empiricism.

Leviathan, and believed that human life on its own was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”Seventeenth-century
British philosopher who argued for a strong, even brutal government in order to keep humanity from becoming savages.

are a sect of hedonism (Pursuit of or devotion to pleasure)

Greek,Alexander the Great’s tutor, and a student of Plato, wrote Rhetoric, Poetics, and Metaphysics
formed by Antisthenes in Greece in 400 A.D, austere, celibate
restraining emotion
c. 427–c. 347 BC Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, wrote Republic and Symposium,expressed his philosophical
beliefs largely through fictional dialogues
Greek, Plato’s teacher, he was later condemned to death by drinking poison hemlock by fellow Athenians for his alleged
atheism
chief designer of modern socialist and communist practices. He wrote Das Kapital, an expose of Marxism and a
foundation for socialism around the world.proletariet, Borgeious
City of God, a defense of Christianity against pagan animosity, and On the Trinity.
Confessions
Poets

Chaucer, Geoffrey
Milton

Tennyson, Alfred Lord

Donne, John
Pope, Alexander

Shakespeare

Blake, William
Nash, Ogden

Burns, Robert
cummings, e.e.
Robinson, Edward Arlington

Hughes, Langston
Wadsworth, William

Herrick, Robert

Frost, Robert

Dickenson, Emily

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

Whitman, Walt
Yeats, William Butler
Algelou, Maya

Browning, Robert
Plath, Sylvia
Housman, AE
Caroll, Lewis
Kinnel, Galway
Thomas, Dylan
Atwood, Margaret
St, Vincent Millay, Edna

Keats, John
Dante
Eliot, TS

Thoreau, Henry David

Shelley, Percy
Homer
Gillihan, Strickland
Marlowe, Christopher
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett
Hopkins, Gerard Manley
Larkin, Philip
Hardy, Thomas
Byron, Lord
Hayden, Robert
Nemerov, Howard
Parker, Dorothy
The Canterbury Tales,Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote
Paradise Lost, Behemoth: biggest born of earth, upheaved His vastness
1809-92, The Eagle(He clasps the crag with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he
stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;He watches from his mountain walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.), Poems (mo
successful), In Memorium (for Friend Arthur Hallam), "Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields"
(religious symbolism and elaborate metaphors)Death be not proud. The Calme, A Hymn to God our Father, Confined Love, Th
Good-Morrow, At Round Earth's imagined Corners
An Essay on Criticism (a little learning is a dangerous thing), Sephyr

b. 1564, The Rape of Lucrece, Venus and Adonis, Winter(“Tu-whit, tu-who!”A merry note,While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.

(Incorporated religious visions in his work) The Tiger, The Lamb (famous pair of Poems), Compilations: Songs of Experience a
Songs of Innocence, The Sick Rose
The Turtle
(Scottish) Auld Lang Syne, O my Love is like a red red rose(And fare thee weel, my only luve!And are thee weel, a while! And
come again, my luve,Tho it were ten thousand mile!), To a Mouse, Tam O'Shantner
(first letter lowercase, time in French prison)
The Mill, Richard Cory(suicide), Mr. Flood's Party
Cross, Dream Deferred(“Does it dry up/like a raisin in the sun?”“Or crust and sugar over—/like a syrupy sweet?”“Or does it exp
“Maybe it just sags/like a heavy load.”)

(discusses wastfulness and indifference of humans toward nature. Nature often his theme) The World is too much with us
b. 1591, (mostly English countryside and fictional women) To the virgins To Make Too Much of Time(Gather ye rosebuds while
may,Old Time is still a-flying;And this same flower that smiles todayTomorrow will be dying), the Vine, Upon Julia's Voice(so sm
so sweet, so silverly is thy voice
1874-1963 The Road not Taken The Pasture, Birches, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening(And miles to go before I sleep
Acquainted with Night, Fire and Ice, Home Burial(one of longest), Snowy Evening

(each poem known by first line, no titles, 10 published while alive, 160 posthumously)Much(Much madness is divinest sense
To a discerning eye,Much sense, the starkest madness.‘Tis the majorityIn this, as all, prevail:Assent, and you are sane;Demur
straightway dangerousAnd handled with a chain.), I heard a fly buzz when I was dead, I felt a funeral in my brain
(Friend of Thoreau)Suum Cuique(Wilt thou seal up the avenues of ill?Pay every debt, as if God wrote the bill), Nature, The
Snowstorm
(gay American, outbursts of thrilled emotion) Leaves of Grass(collection of 30), Sang this- Song of Myself,
(b. Dublin, Gaelic-influenced) Sailing to Bysantium, the Second Coming, When you are Old, To a child Dancing in the Wind
The Rock Cries out to us Today, Million Man March, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings
My last Duchess(That’s my last duchess painted on the wall,Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now; Fra
Pandolf’s hands Worked busily a day, and there she stands.

(Suicide at 30, dark macabre pieces) Ariel, Crossing the Water, Winter Trees
To an athlete dying young
(Charles Dodgsen), Jabberwocky
Blackberry eating
Do not Go Gentle into that good night
(Candian poet and novelist) Landcrab, In the Secular Night, This is a photograph of me
(1892-1950,sonnets, lively tone) Elegy before Death, Thou art lovelier than Lilacs, the Suicide, the Little Ghost,Pulitzer prize fo
Weaver and Other Poems
(1795-1821) To Autumn(Seasons od mists and yellow fruitfulness), To Hope, Ode to a Nightingale, On Death,On looking into
Chapman's Homer
Divine Comedy
Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock, Wasteland(compilation)
On Civil Disobedience(“That government is best which governs least”), On Walden Pond, I went to the woods because I wante
live deliberately. I went to live deeply and suck out all the marrow of life! To put to rest all that was not life and not when I came
discover that I had not lived.

Ozymandias
Illiad, Odyseey, 8th century BC, Greek, epic
Lines on Antiquity of Micrilus (Adam, Had'em)
b. 1564 , Dr. Faustus, Was this the face that launched a thousand ships
Sonnets from the Portugese, How do I love thee let me count the ways
1844-1889 the Wreck of Deutschland, the caged Skylark, Heaven-Heaven, Pied Beauty, God's Grandeur
(deadly wit, exposed less savory sides of English life) the North Shop, The Whitsun Weddings, High Windows
(Themes-man fighting against supernatural forces) Jude the Obscure, A Study of Reading Habits, Church Going, and Toads.
(friend of Percy Shelley, incest, homo) English Bards and Scotch Reviewers(negative re: the Pope), The Dream, Don Juan
(Detroit) The Whipping, Those Winter Sundays, Ballad of Remembrance (grand prize 1966 World Fest Negro arts
Grace to Be Said at the Supermarket
One Perfect Rose
hardy, larkin (jazz critic), hayden (afro-american), hopkins (not recognized),
euphony, didactic, trochee (color)
, Pulitzer prize for Harp W
, Pulitzer prize for Harp Weaver and Other Poems
Fiction

Daniel Defoe
Jonathan Swift
Nathaniel Hawthorne x
James Fenimore Cooper x

Edgar Allen Poe x

Herman Melville x

Charles Dickens

Mark Twain x

Joseph Conrad
Jack London. x
William Faulkner x

F. Scott Fitzgerald x

James Joyce

John Steinbeck x

Ernest Hemingway x
Anne Bronte
Charlotte Bronte
Emily Bronte
Jane Austen

Virginia Woolf
Miguel Cervante
John Bunyon
King Arthur
Stephen Crane x

Simone de Beauvoir

Amy Tan
Great Gatsby
Great Expectations
Paul Laurence Dunbar

Ray Bradbury
Mary McCarthy

George Sand
Benjamin Franklin x

Jules Verne
Alexandre Dumas
Victor Hugo
Mary Shelley
Mary Wollstonecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli
Henry Miller x
Aldous Huxley
George Orwell x

Toni Morrison x

J.D. Salinger x

Ernest Gaines
Betty Smith
William Golding
Harper Lee
Kurt Vonnegut
Joseph Heller
Anthony Burgess
Ken Kesey

Jack Kerouac’s x
Harriet Beecher Stowe x

Upton Sinclair’s x

F. Scott Fitzgerald
Robinson Crusoe, which is considered the first English novel.

Gulliver’s Travels was written as a satire of human existence

The Scarlet Letter,The House of the Seven Gables, which deals with Puritanism.
Last of the Mohicans,The Leatherstocking Tales, which begins with The Deerslayer
The Raven and The Fall of the House of Usher,The Masque of the Red Death and the poems The City in
the Sea and Annabel Lee
Moby Dick
Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby,A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations(Pip), David Copperfield,
and A Christmas Carol.
real name was Samuel Clemens,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,
and The Prince and the Pauper.
The Nigger of Narcissus, The Secret Agent, and Heart of Darkness.,novella Youth and the novels
Nostromo and Under Western Eyes.
Call of the Wild
The Sound and the Fury, and As I Lay Dying,The 1949 Nobel Prize Winner for Literature
This Side of Paradise, are loosely based on his own life. greatest works include The Great Gatsby, The
Beautiful and the Damned, and Tender is the Night. 1896 zelda
Ulysses, based largely on Homer’s Odyssey,Dubliners and the book A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
Man

Pulitzer Prize for The Grapes of Wrath,The Sea of Cortez to the folk piece The Short Reign of Pippin IV.
Many take place in Salinas Valley, His other novels include East of Eden and Winter of Our Discontent.

The Sun Also Rises, The Torrents of Spring, A Farewell to Arms, In Our Time, a collection of short stories
Agnes Grey and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.
Jane Eyre, (Gothic romance)
Wuthering Heights
Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice and Emma.
The Waves,(A fan of stream of consciousness),The Common Reader and The Death of the Moth and Other
Essays
Don Quixote, first Western novel, parody
Pilgrim’s Progress, allegory.
poem Gododdin in 600 B.C,from Celtic mythology
The Red Badge of Courage, The Monster and Other Stories.
The Second Sex.
All Men Are Mortal, The Mandarins, and The Blood of Others, and even edited Satre’s letters.
Joy Luck Club, The Kitchen God’s Wife and The Hundred Secret Senses, both also about Asian-American
struggles.
Pursuit of Daisy, F Scott Fitzgerald
Pip falls for Stella, Charles Dickens
The Sport of the Gods and the poetry collection Lyrics of Lowly Life, Folks from Dizie
The Martian Chronicles, short stories such as The Golden Apples of the Sun and Something Wicked This
Way Comes
The Oasis (1949) and The Group (1963).,Birds of America and Cannibals and Missionaries, satire
Amandine Dupin, her given name, The Haunted Pool and The Master Bell-Ringers, Rose et Blance,
published in 1831, and other notable works include Indiana, Consuelo, and Francis the Waif.
Poor Richard’s Almanack,
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea., Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty
Days, and The Mysterious Island, among some fifty others.
The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Miserables
Frankenstein, husband Percy, Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters
The Prince
The Tropic of Cancer and The Tropic of Capricorn
Brave New World, test tube babies
1984, Big Brother , Orwell’s real name was Eric Blair
Song of Solomon, Beloved, Sula, Tar Baby, and Jazz , racial tensions in the South and the quest to
understand family heritage
The Catcher in the Rye, (Picaresque),Nine Stories, Franny and Zooey, and Raise High the Roof Beam,
Carpenters.short stories involve the Glass family
A Lesson Before Dying, young black man sentenced to death by electrocution for a crime he did not
commit—-and how his lawyer helps him to come to grips with taking his final breath.
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn,
Lord of the Flies
To Kill A Mockingbird
Slaughterhouse Five, aliens-Billy pilgrim
Catch 22
Clockwork Orange
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
On The Road, loosely autobiographical, follows Sal Paradise on a cross-country journey, exploring the
basics and intricacies of life itself.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The Jungle, immigrant Jurgis through meat-packing, living on the streets, and then an eventual rise to
management.
crane (badge of courage),Dunbar (son of slaves.).miller, (tropic) sand ( ), hugo, toni morrison (solomon),
salinger (glass family), gaines (execution), betty smith (tree-brooklyn), burgess (orange), stowe (uncle
tom), Kesey (cuckoo), kerouac (on the road), sinclair (the jungle). falkner (yoknapatawpha), hemingway
(short stories-inour time), beauvoir (second sex), wolfe (the waves),
picaresque (coming out of poverty),
Drama terminology

Greek theaters
proscenium ground
spene background
chorus
dithyramb hymn to Dionysus(a god)
thespis lead singer (after father of tragedy)
Oracle priest(ess) spoke on behalf of the gods
bacchae (maenads) woman worshippers of dionysus(Greek god of wine and fertility)
Prometheus stole fire from the sun and gave top human(supposedly made first human from clay)
Morality Play Everyman (15th century)

Plays

Shakespeare Hamlet Horatio last person standing, To be or not to be, that is the question
Othello Killed wife Desdemona due to Iago
Romeo and Juliet Montagues and Capulets
King Lear evil daughters
Julius Caesar, I came I saw I conquered(vini, vidi, vinci) killed by Brutus
the merry Wives of Winsor Sir John Falstaff, 2-timer
The Merchant of Venice Antonio(pound of flesh, Bassanio, Portia (girl as la
the Tempest Prospero (former King of Naples), Ferdinand (trickster and he
Twelfth Night Viola (as man), Olivia (like Him/her), Sebastion (presumed de
Two Gentlmen of Verona Proteus and Valentine friends compete for Julia, J
King Henry iv, v, vi, viii
Oscar Wilde the Importance of Being Earnest, Ideal Husband, Lady Windemere's Fan, A Woman of no Importance
Edmund Rostand The Romancers, The Woman of Samaria, Chanticler, Cyrano De Bergerac
Jean Baptiste Moliere b. 1622, French, comedies, poked fun at intellectuals: The Doctor in Spite of Himself, Sganorelle, Geor
Samuel Beckett 1969 Nobel Prize for Literature, Waiting for Godot, Endgame
Eugene O'Neill A Long Day's Journey into Night, Strong Interlude (Pulitzer prize), The Iceman Cometh, Mourning beco
Eugene Ionesco absurdity of the proletariet and the Borgiouse, the Bald Soprano, La Lecon, Les Chaises, Rhinoceros
Tennessee Williams A Streetcar named Desire (pulitzer 1947), The Glass Menagerie, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Night of the Iq
Sophocles Oedipus Rex(father King Laius), Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, 497 BC, – 406 BC, Greek tragedians
Aeschylus Oresteria - Agamemnon, The Cloephoroe, The Eumenides; Prometeus Bound (never found 2nd and 3r
Aristophenes (satire) Lysistrada, The Clouds (re:Socrates), the Wasps,448 BC – c. 385 BC) was a Greek Old Comic
Lorraine Hansberry A raisin in the Sun, The Sign in Sidney Brusteins Window
Pierre Cornielle (17th century)Le Cid, Cinna, Polyeucte
Henrik Ibsen A Doll's House, Ghosts, Enemy of the People
Helen of Troy, Tyndareus( surrogate father), Paris, Menelaus, Tojan War
Euripides Alcestis, Medea, Electra, and The Bacchae, c. 480–406 BCE Greek tragedians
ionesco, ibsen , corneille, rostand
Twelfth Night
 be, that is the question

killed by Brutus

h, Bassanio, Portia (girl as lawyer(, Shylock

), Ferdinand (trickster and heir), Miranda (niece), Caliban (Prospero's slave), Ariel (mischievous nymph)
er), Sebastion (presumed dead brother)
e friends compete for Julia, Julia with Proteus, Sivia with Valentine

A Woman of no Importance

of Himself, Sganorelle, George Dandin, The Learned Woman, The School For Husbands, The School for Wives

man Cometh, Mourning becomes Electra (based on Oresteria)

, Les Chaises, Rhinoceros
Hot Tin Roof, Night of the Iquana, The Milk Train Doesn't Stop here anymore, The 7 Descents of Myrtle, In the Bar of the Tokyo hotel, Sma
406 BC, Greek tragedians
und (never found 2nd and 3rd parts to trilogy)(525 BC—456 BC,Greek tragedians
BC) was a Greek Old Comic
ar of the Tokyo hotel, Small Craft Warning
Pablo Picasso
Claude Monet

Vincent Van Gogh

Salvator Dali

Georgia O'Keeffe

Art Deco

Abstraction
Eugene Delacroix

Romanticism

Henri Matisse

Fauvism Movement

Baroque

Rembrandt

High Renaissance

Mannerism

El Greco

Thomas Gainsborough.

Mosiac

Cubism

Triptych

Diptych

Fresco
Dry Fresco

Mural

Vanishing Point

Chiaroscuro

Amphora

Centaur

Miesho-e, Mount Fuji

Sistine Chapel

Vatican

Auguste Rodin

Michelangelo

Leonardo Da Vinci

Modernism

Post-Impressionists

Impressionism

Claude Lorrain

Domenico Beccafumi

Dadism

Minimalist
Neoclassicism

Jacques--Louise David

Realism

Edward Hopper.

Art Nouveau

Harlem Renaissance

William H, Johnson

Neo-plasticism / Piet Mondrian

Surrealist

Pointillism

Abacus

Ben Shahn

St. Luke the Evangelist

St. John the Evangelist

St. Mark the Evangelist

St. Matthew the Evangelist

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.

Discobolos

Kouros
Kore
Doryphorus
David and The Dying Slave

Rodin sculpture

Greenough

Jacques--Louise David

Augustus Caesar w/ little angel

Amphora

Bayeux Tapestry
Matthew Brady

Constantin Brancusi

Louise Nevelson
Henry Moore

Post Impressionist
Surrealism
Impressionism
Modernism
Romanticism
Neo-classicism
Abstraction
modernist
fauvism
baroque
mannerism
cubism
Dadism
Minimalism
realist
art nuevo
pointillism
Detailed Explanation:

The Old Guitar Player

Dusk
The Starry Night. A postimpressionist, van Gogh (1853-1890) only sold one painting during his lifetime. Mentally ill for
most of his short life, he cut off his ear during a fit of dementia, and painted some of his best works (including Sunflowers
and Night Café) during these episodes. He shot himself after spending three months in a mental institution, too full of
despair to go on.
Clock Explosion. A leader in surrealism, Dali (1904-1989) painted very precise, nightmarish images. His other works
include Persistence of Memory, The Elephants, and The Meditative Rose.
Jack In the Pulpit. Realistic nature images with strong, vibrant colors identify the works of O’Keeffe (1887-1986). She
pays particular detail to the sexual organs of flowers. Her other works include Petunia (1925), Cow’s Skull, Red, White,
and Blue (1931), and Red Amaryllis (1937).

Popular in the 1920s and 30s, art deco work contains geometric three-dimensional forms and curvy surfaces.
Subjects are typically men and women from high society jazz age. Pictured here are Portr du Marquis d'Afflitto
and Autoportrait by Tamara de Lempicka
Abstraction. Instead of dealing with recognizable imagery, abstract art focuses on colors and form. Pictured here
is Untitled by Jackson Pollock
Liberty Leading People. Known for his dramatic imagery, the French romantic painter Delacroix (1798-1863)
also created The Massacre of Chios (1824).
Jean-Francois Millet, Eugene Delacroix, J.M.W. Turner, and William Blake were all artists of the
_____________ movement. Covering the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, the works of this period
stressed the inherent goodness in humanity and shied away from earlier emphasis on reason in art.
Purple Robe. Henri Matisse. Known for his bold colors and thick, vibrant brushstrokes, Matisse (1869–1954)
was a pioneer in the modernist movement. Other works include The Blue Nude (1907), The Piano Lesson
(1916), and The Moorish Screen (1921). He also illustrated the works of Baudelaire.
Henri Matisse, Raoul Dufy, and Andre Derain were all artists . Lasting for three short years (1905-1908),
fauvism served as the foundation for much of subsequent twentieth-century art. Its work was full of vibrant
colors and boldly distorted figures. Matisse was the sole member of the group who continued to incorporate
fauvism in his work after 1908.
Baroque. A style characteristic of seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, subjects of portraits expanded
beyond religious figures to nature and ordinary individuals. Many paintings incorporated long hallways and
views through windows or doorways. Pictured here are Girl with a Pearl Earring by Jan Vermeer and Self
Portrait by Rembrandt.
Showing a particular interest in painting the poor and downtrodden, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-
1669) is considered the best Dutch painter in history. Other works include Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (1632),
Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer (1653), and The Night Watch.
High Renaissance. From 1490 to 1520, High Renaissance style was composed of order, grace, and harmony,
with perfectly proportioned subjects. Michelangelo was also an artist from this time period. Leonardo da Vinci
and Raphael were both artists during the high renaissance
El Greco, Jacopo Tintoretto, and Antoine Caron all developed works in the mannerism style. An Italian art form
from 1520-1600, the mannerism movement sought to go against the strict proportionality of the High
Renaissance by deliberately skewing scales and figures, with harsh lighting.
His real name (1541-1614) was Domenicos Theotocopoulos. His greatest work was titled Assumption. Much of his work
expressed religious ecstasy, and El Greco painted many revealing works of devoted ascetics, most notable of which was
Burial of the Count Orgaz. An expressionist, his work often included flickering lights. Other great works include Baptism,
Crucifixion, and Resurrection.
Gainsborough (1727-1788) was one of the first great landscape artists of his time, and was recognized for
painting every section of his works himself—unusual in the art field of that period. Pictured here are The Blue
Boy and The Honorable Mrs. Graham
They can also be formed using glass, marble, or wood. Each piece, or tesserae, is combined to form geometric
patterns or small images. Hagia Sophia, considered the greatest example of Byzantine architecture in existence,
is richly decorated in glittering Eastern mosaics.
Originally done almost exclusively in blacks, whites, and grays, the abstract cubist forms were designed to appeal to the
human intellect. By the 1920s, cubism took on more colors and represented less images of nature-Picasso
Some famous examples include Hans Memling’s Adoration of the Magi (1479), Nicolas Froment’s The Burning Bush, and
Max Beckmann’s Departure (1932). Three Hinged Panels
Two separate connected parts. Hubert van Eyck’s Crucifixion and Last Judgment and Hans Memling’s Diptych of Martin
van Nieuwenhoven are two well-known diptychs
Art of painting plaster. True fresco, or buon fresco, involves painting on the plaster as it is drying, which provides a
relatively permanent seal. However, such technique requires great speed and skill, as a large area must be completed
before the plaster hardens. Below is an example of a famous fresco on a plastered wall, depicting the most popular - and
dangerous - Minoan athletic event, the Bull-Leaping.
Painting Dry Fresco. Unlike true fresco, artists are not required to complete an entire artwork in the little time it takes the
plaster to harden. Dry fresco, or fresco secco, allows for much greater detail, and is almost exclusively used in dry
climates where the paint is unlikely to wash away.
Spans an entire wall. Diego Rivera (1886-1957) was a famous Mexican painter made famous for his murals, as was
David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974), particularly for his March of Humanity mural (1968) in Mexico City.
Where two parallel lines that appear to join. Andrea dal Pozzo (1647-1709) was particularly known for his converging
perspective, with parallel lines coming in from each corner and seeming to meet in the center.
Distribution of light and darkness. Meaning “light and dark” in Italian, the term originally referred to an early, obscure
printing process. Antonio Correggio (1494-1534) and Caravaggio (1573-1610) were both well known for employing this
technique in their works.
Though the Greeks originally used amphoras, or jars, solely for practical purposes, the practice of decorating them grew
progressively more elaborate over the years. Eventually, wealthier citizens considered amphoras to be decorations, not
wine holders.
A half-man, half-horse, centaurs frequently battled with men in Greek mythology. The centaur was considered
the opposite of man, wild and uncivilized

The Great Wave at Kanagawa, from the Edo Period (1615–1868), was done by Katsushika Hokusai. A meisho-
e, or portrait of a famous place, characteristically focuses on Mount Fuji as the centerpiece of the work.
From 1508-1512, Michelangelo painted nine stories from Genesis across the ceiling, along with The Last Judgment on
the wall of the altar. Frescoes covering the walls of the Sistine Chapel were done by Perugino, Pinturicchio, Botticelli,
Ghirlandaio, Rosselli, and Signorelli
Ruled by the Pope, its museums include Museo Pio-Clementino, Chiaramonti Museum, the Braccio Nuovo, the Egyptian
Museum and the Etruscan Museum, and the Pinacoteca Vaticana.
Bronze Sculpture. The Gate of Hell. A French sculptor, Rodin (1840-1917) never finished Gate of Hell, which was
inspired by Dante’s Inferno. Also known for his drawings, he created the sculptures Pygmalion and Galatea, Danaïd
(1885), and The Kiss (1886).

Born 1475. Michelangelo (Buonarroti). Both a sculptor and painter, his most famous works include painting the frescos
inside the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture David (1504).
Leonardo da Vinci. A symbol of the Renaissance era, his subjects included everything from caricatures to serious
academic anatomical studies. A study of his notebooks revealed him to be an engineering genius many years ahead of
his time. His other great works include Saint John the Baptist and The Last Supper (1495). Mona Lisa.
Refers to twentieth-century art using innovative means of expression. Jackson Pollock and Andy Warhol are
two well-known modernists.
Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, and Amedeo Modigiliani are examples. Working towards the end of the
nineteenth-century, their style is also known as pointillism. Post-Impressionists were mostly unified by their
rejection of Impressionism.
Founded by Monet, Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille, Brilliant, luminous paintings of nature from the nineteenth-century.
Impressionism was a rejection of the emotional response of Romanticism. Instead of imagination, they focused on the
reality of natural scenes for their subject matter.
Blue Boy. Baroque painter, known for his brilliantly lit landscape pieces, Lorrain (1600-1682) also did Enchanted Castle
and Rebecca’s Wedding.
Mannerism Painter, Domenico Beccafumi designed Old Testament scenes and many sculptures for the Siena Cathedral,
Among his Siena sculptures are Nativity of the Virgin, Descent into Limbo, and St. Michael.

Lasting from 1916-1922, Arising from disenchantment created from WWI, Employing absurdity and unpredictability, Dada
works were largely collages. Major artists of the time included Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray.
Founded in the 1960s, Minimalism reduces objects to their barest forms, focusing on color and simplicity.
Ellsworth Kelly, Barnett Newman, and Clifford Singer.
Giovanni Panini, Jacques-Louis David, and Rudolf Ernst were all painters. Largely thought to be the lead-in for
Romanticism, Neoclassicism was characterized by the eighteenth-century regeneration in interest in Greek and
Roman history, spurred by the discovery of Pompeii.

(1748–1825) painted The Oath of the Horatii and Death of Socrates. Considered the starting point of modern
art, this French artist showed a marked interest in antiquity and virtue in his works. Highly disciplined, his work
lacks the emotion of other artists. He painted many French Revolutionary martyrs and Napoleon portraits.
Edward Hopper. New York Movie and Horse Fair pieces. Hopper (1882–1967) was known for his oil and
watercolor street scene images, particularly the loneliness that many seem to represent.

Lighthouse at Two Lights and Approaching a City. Realist. Hopper’s pieces always showed a clear distinction between
day and night, with clearly outline buildings and a repeated absence of people. His etchings were also popular.
1880-WWI. art movement was created in protest to the preceding emphasis on historical subjects. Major players included
Gustav Klimt and Theophile Stimlin. The style mostly encompassed jewelry and book illustrations, and was fraught with
symbolism.
African Americans in the 1920s. Aaron Douglas, William Johnson, and Palmer Hayden were three major African-
American artists of this period. It was developed in New York City, largely by Southerners moving to the North.
Originally from South Carolina, Johnson joined in forming the Harlem Renaissance movement after moving to
Artist of Café and Street Musicians. New York City. He later moved to and settled in Paris in 1926
Founded by Mondrian, this is a strict form of abstract art allowing only rectangles and straight lines. It was
popular among Dutch artists from 1920-1940, including Theo van Doesburg.
Salvadore Dali and Rene Magritte. Characterized by vibrant visual imagery based on the imagination instead of
reality, its images stir thought but could not logically exist. Others included Max Ernst and Man Ray.
Pictured are The Red Roofs by Camille Pissarro and Henri-Edmond Cross’s Cap Laye. Pointillism works are created with
thousands of tiny dots of color that merge into an image from far-away.

Highest horizontal slab on a greek column. Forming the top of the column’s capital, the abacus is a flat square stone.
Below is a couple of pics to help you understand the different parts of a column: There is also the capital and the shaft
Passion 1920--Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were executed for the murder of two men—-a crime most believed
them innocent of. Shahn’s painting depicts the judicial officials standing over the mens’ coffins.

Ox. In Christian art, the Evangelists were usually represented by a symbol, instead of being drawn directly. The
ox is the symbol of priesthood, and St. Luke begins his gospel with the story of a priest. Along with the other
three Evangelists’ symbols, this makes up Ezekiel’s cherub (for more detail on this, read below).
One of the books of the Bible, Ezekiel, describes a cherub with the face of an ox on one side, a lion on another,
an eagle on the third side, and the face of a man on the fourth. These four end up being used as symbols in
Christian art to represent four Christian evangelists.
Eagle. He was known by this symbol because, like the bird, he looked upon the sun. Along with the other three
Evangelists’ symbols--the ox, man, and lion--this makes up Ezekiel’s cherub.
Lion. Mark’s symbol is the lion because he begins his gospel with the story of Jesus and the wilderness. Along with the
other three Evangelists’ symbols--the ox, eagle, and man--this makes up Ezekiel’s cherub.
Winged Human. Man is Matthew’s symbol because he begins his gospel with a story of humanity. Along with the other
three Evangelists’ symbols, this makes up Ezekiel’s cherub.
Albrect Durer. Death is an old man. The image depicts the last day on Earth, when the Bible predicts Death, Famine,
War, and Pestilence end the human race.
Myron. Greek Sculpture. Discus Thrower.
A kouros is a statue of a standing nude youth that did not represent any one individual youth but the idea of youth. It was
used as a Greek male funerary memorial sculpture.
The Kore is the Greek female funerary memorial sculpture.
Statue of the Spearbearer.
Michelangelo. The Dying Slave was a statue he made for the tomb of Pope Julius II.
Honore de Balzac. Balzac's greatest work is his vast collection of novels and short stories called "The Human Comedy." It
was a reproduction of the French society of his time, picturing in precise detail more than 2,000 characters from every
class and every profession.
George Washington. This sculpture of George Washington as a Roman attracted criticism and derision for depicting the
president half-naked.

Death of Socrates. This painting, known as the "Death of Socrates" is associated with the NeoClassical movement.
Condemned to death, Socrates, strong, calm, and at peace, discusses the immortality of the soul. He is being handed a
cup of hemlock. Plato (not present when Socrates died) is depicted as an old man seated at the end of the bed.
This sculpture, known as Augustus Prima Porta, is an idealized Roman sculpture of Caesar Augusts, the first Emperor of
Rome.
Vase with two handles and a neck.
Embroidered on linen with colored woolen thread, the Bayeux Tapestry commemorates the Norman conquest of England.
The actual tapestry is almost 231 feet long, and 20 inches wide, with decorative borders and continuous descriptions in
Latin. It presents 72 scenes, of which two are pictured above.
Civil War photographer who took over 3,500 photos during the civil war.
Kiss and Bird in Space. Romanian-born sculptor, whose work profoundly influenced modern concepts of form in
sculpture, painting, and industrial design. He abandoned the use of live models early on, and adapted a simplified,
streamlined style.

Black Chord. Louise Nevelson was one of the most gifted sculptors of the 20th century. She introduced a new form of
sculpture that consisted of carved, recycled and painted wood objects arranged in boxes to create entire sculptural walls.
Moore is known for his abstract sculptures with curved edges and massive forms.

van gogh, Cezanne, Modigiliani

Monet, renior, sisley, Bazille

Jacque-Louis David, Panini, Ernst

Colors and forms.
bold colors thick brushstrokes, pollack
vibrant colors, distorted figures
expanded from just religious figures to ordinary people.long hallways and views (Rembrandt)
Skewing scales and figures, harsh lighting (El Greco) Beccafumi
picasso-three dimensional images
cubes
figures in its barest form
oil loneliness
Gustav Klimt and Theophile Stimlin. Focus on art and book illustrations.
Nara Period
Kakemono

Fujiwara

Ukiyo-e
origami

Modigliani

Andrew Wyeth

Peter Paul Rubens

Jan Vermeer

Pierre-Augustine Renoir

Edgar Degas

Georges Seurat

Albrey Beardsley

Gilbert Stuart

Frederic Remington

Joan Miro

Rene Magritte

Reliquary

Andy Worhol

Pieta

Gouache
Trompe L´oeil

Verism
Third Style
Tondo.

Whistler

Venus de Milo

Emanuel Leutze

Grant Wood

Sandro Botticelli

Paul Klee

James Ensor

Goya

Robert Dulaunay

Orphism

Grandma Moses

Primitivism

Edward Hicks

John Constable
Richard Bonington
Gupta

Relief
Intaglio

Dilletante
Crescendo

Marseillaise

Bohemian

Movement
Pianissimo
Woody Guthrie

Tiffany Glass
Battle Hymn of the Republic
Impresario

Norman Rockwell

Cello Pablo Casals

Kitsch

Elvis Presley

Francis Scott Key

Lietmotif
Loch Lomand

Stephen Foster
Adagio
Jolly Roger

Bauhaus

Functionalism

Ragtime
Baritone
Mezzo-soprano
Japanese Art period (710-784). Statues and other figures of Buddha done in wood and bronze were very popular during this tim
and began assuming enormous proportions during the eighth century.
Japanese Scroll
Yamato-e Japanese form (898-1185) focused on subjects with a Japanese, not Chinese, style, as previous periods had done. T
of the Genji, the famous scroll by Lady Murasaki, was made in this time. Kanaoka was the most well-known artist of the Fujiwar
period.
Wood block form of art. Harunobu, Kiyonaga, Utamaro, Hokusai, and Hiroshige were all well-known ukiyo-e artists, a style initia
appealing only to those of low social status with enough money to spend on art. Overtime, these pictures of the “fleeing” world
gained international renown during the Edo Period (1615–1867).
folding paper
Originally a sculptor, Modigliani (1884–1920) developed his own style of painting, with characteristically elongated human subje
and soft tones, mostly nudes. Pictured here are Jeanne Hebuterne and Woman in a Brown Dress.
Christina's World. Most of Wyeth’s subjects are residents of the town of Cushing, Maine. Aside from Christina’s World, his colle
of Helga portraits are also quite popular.
Four Negro Heads, also made Venus and Adonis and Helen Fourment and Her Children. The Flemish artist Rubens was
considered one of the best painters in his country. His works include Raising of the Cross (1610) and Descent from the Cross
(1611).
The Milkmaid (1658), is most well-known for his Girl with a Pearl Earring (1665). Vermeer created only one or two paintings eac
year, most notably The Letter, The Art of Painting, and The Concert. The Dutch artist mainly focused on women, with yellow an
blue tones.
An Impressionist, Renoir (1894–1979) was a close friend of Claude Monet. He painted lively, well-lit portraitures, many of childr
Shown here are Girl With a Water Can, Sailor Boy, and Girl With Jumping Rope.
(1834–1917) created such pieces as Woman with Chrysanthemums and Absinthe. Both painter and sculptor, his work was a bl
of classical art and impressionism. Though a perfectionist, his works are purposefully off-centered, with sections of certain subj
cut-off. Other works include Two Laundresses and Foyer of the Dance.
(1859–1891) developed the pointillism, or divisionism, technique. Some of his greatest works include Un Dimanche à la Grande
Jatte and Sunday Afternoon on The Island of La Gra.

Black-and-white illustrator _____________ (1872–1898) contributed to such works as Wilde’s Salome (1894), Aristophanes’
Lysistrata (1896), and Pope’s Rape of the Lock (1896). Editor of the famous Yellow Book, Beardsley also wrote his own fiction,
Under the Hill, a collection of his work, published posthumously in 1904. He died at the age of 25 from tuberculosis.
Painting of George Washington. Stuart’s (1755–1828) portrait, one of three commissioned at separate times, is immortalized on
United States dollar bills.
American painter _____________ (1861–1909) completed over 2,700 piece of writing and art during his lifetime, most revolving
around life in the developing West. His paintings of cowboys, Indians, and horses were drawn from his real-life experiences as
Hearst war correspondent during the Spanish-American War.
Dog Barking at the Moon and Blue II. His works are a combination of cubism and surrealism, with striking, pure colors. Many of
pieces seem lyrical on the surface, but have dark undertones upon closer study.
The Red Model and The Son of Man. A Surrealist, Magritte’s (1898–1967) paintings are real and largely ironic. His other works
include Surprise Answer and Voice of Space.

highly decorated container for religious relics. Richly adorned with gold, jewelry, and artistry, they largely hold items belonging t
saints. Famous reliquaries include Peter Vischer’s Reliquary of St. Sebald, and Charles Wuorinen’s Reliquary for Igor Stravinsk
Self Portrait. A leader in the pop art movement, Warhol (1928–1987) created famous portraits of Marilyn Monroe and Jacquelin
Kennedy. He also made voyeuristic films like The Chelsea Girls (1966) and Trash (1971).
depicts the Virgin Mary cradling the body of her dead son. Derived from the word piety, meaning familiar love, Michelangelo cre
one of the most famous pietas in Saint Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.
Opaque watercolor work. This term can also refer to the process by which such an artwork is created. Opaque watercolor proje
an added luminance not present in transparent watercolors.
Extremely realistic painting, "deception of the eye"
Salvador Dali and Yves Tanguy were both verists, unlike many of their contemporaries, who perfected or distorted their subject
is largely found in Renaissance pieces.
Roman mural painting. From 20 B.C. to 20 A.D., the movement was from the illusion of depth and realism to fantasy. Included
fantasies depicted against a monochromatic background.
A round work of art; painting or sculpture. Michelangelo's Doni Tondo.
James Whistler's painting of his mother was his most famous. Called, Arrangement in Grey and Black Number 1, this portrait is
known as Whistler’s Mother.
Created in 120 B.C., this famous statue is currently housed at the Louvre. Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, later rena
Venus by the Romans.
Washington Crossing of the Delaware. In this Revolutionary War painting, Washington and his men are portrayed launching a
surprise attack upon the British. The portrait is historically inaccurate--the actual crossing was done in the dead of night, during
driving snowstorm.
American Gothic Farmers. The painting, which has been the subject of many parodies and magazine covers over the years, de
a farmer and his wife standing outside of their farmhouse.
The Birth of Venus. Among other works, Botticelli illustrated Dante’s Divine Comedy, and made the pieces The Adoration of the
Magi and Madonna of the Pomegranate.
Swiss Artist, Twittering Machine, Viaducts Break Rank. Famous for his whimsical, colorful images, Klee also produced Fish Ma
and Head of a Man (Going Senile).
Strange Mask, and opened the door for the surrealism movement. A Belgian painter, Ensor (1860–1949) was an original avant
garde artist. His piece Entry of Christ into Brussels caused him many troubles, considered too scandalous for showing. He also
created The Temptation of St. Anthony
Saturn devouring his children. These dark, haunted works were found on the walls of his villa after his death. Some years later,
controversy developed over whether they were painted by Goya himself, or his grandson. Along with paintings, Goya (1746–18
also did many etchings.
Colored Circles and L'equipe de Cardiff. Known for his serious attention to and focus on color, Delaunay (1885–1941) moved f
being a neo-Impressionist to cubism, eventually developing the orphism movement.
described lyrical, shimmering chromatic effects in paintings. Though short-lived, its major players included Robert Delaunay, Fr
Kupka, the Duchamps, and Roger de la Fresnaye.
Started painting in her seventies. Once retired from farm work, Grandma Moses (1860–1961) began painting scenes of farm life
the style of primitivism. Her works included A Beautiful World and The Old Checkered House in Winter.
Attempts to recreate the style of children's art. Also emulating the style of primitive cultures, its main players included Grandma
Moses and Henri Rousseau.
Peaceable Kingdom. A Quaker, the majority of Hicks’ works were on signposts and carriages. He completed more than 100
versions of The Peaceable Kingdom.
View on the Stour (1819) and The Hay Wain (1821). With his poetic approach towards his landscapes, Constable (1776–1837)
received little acclaim during his life, but later greatly inspired such artists as Delacroix and Bonington. Other works include
Salisbury Cathedral and Dedham Vale.
Coast of Picardy.
Golden age of Buddhist Art. Bronze and stone statues.
Three dimensional protrusions. Greeks and other nations used relief sculpture to decorate door and window frames, as well as
walls, altars, and other areas. There are three degrees of relief sculptures: alto-relievo (high protrusion), mezzo-relievo (medium
protrusion), and basso-relievo (low protrusion).
Relief Structure carved inward. More frequent in jewelry than large-scale art, it is the opposite of relief sculpture.
Interested but not participating in the fine arts. The term can be more broadly applied to anyone who dabbles in many different
subjects without seriously committing to one.
Increasing loudness in a musical score. Climax of a piece.
National Anthem of France. Written during the French Revolution, it was given its name for first being sung by the soldiers of
Marseilles when they entered Paris.'

Lifestyle of artists stereotype. Less accepted of an idea today than in earlier times, the term describes a lifestyle giving preferen
art over material goods, and money in general. Bohemians are generally thought of as unclean, unkempt, and somewhat immo
A musical section within a larger work that has its own unique tempo. Each movement is recognized by its own number in the
sequence of the piece. An undivided musical piece is one movement.
Perform a piece very softly. The opposite of pianissimo is fortissimo, or playing a musical piece very loudly
This Land is Your Land. A 1930s songwriter and folk singer, he also wrote “So Long, It’s Been Good to Know Yuh.” Most of his
is about the difficulties of living during the Great Depression.
created by an artisan in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, is worth substantial amounts of money today. Created
Louis Tiffany, the glass forms are of an art nouveau style, with iridescent colors. Another term for the work is favrile glass. The
has been extensively imitated over time.
Same tune as John Brown's Body. Julia Ward Howe wrote the song after visiting Union soldiers.
sponsors a ballet, opera, or symphony. Also a producer of such works.
Best known for his Saturday Evening Post covers, Rockwell (1894–1978) painted warm, humorous depictions of everyday life.
Pictured here are First Down and Choosin’ Up.
Pablo Casals at the United Nations in 1958 and White House in 1962 were very well-received. Spanish cellist Casals is particul
known for his solo cello interpretations of Bach. He was exiled from Spain in 1939 for protesting the government, and moved to
France.
Expensive looking artwork that is shoddily done. The term can also apply to furniture. Plaster reproductions of famous busts an
cheap Mona Lisa imitations qualify as kitsch.

Originally, Presley’s (1935–1977) characteristic hip thrusts were considered too obscene to televise his performances. Along w
his music career, he also appeared in such films as Love Me Tender (1956) and Jailhouse Rock (1957). Hound Dog. All shook
Wrote the Star Spangled Banner. He wrote it while held prisoner on a British ship during the War of 1812, and it later became t
American national anthem. He was inspired by watching the bombing of Fort McHenry, and how the American flag continued to
wave amongst the chaos.
recurring melody associated with a certain person, place, or event, used in opera. German for leading theme--common in wagn
works.
You take the high road, and I'll take the low road. The tune is a popular Scottish folksong about separated lovers.
Camptown Races. His other works include “Oh! Susanna,” “The Old Folks at Home,” “Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair,” and
“Beautiful Dreamer.”
A particularly slow tempo. It is slower than andante, and faster than larghetto.
a black and white flag with a skull-and-crossbones.
school in Germany was founded by Walter Gropius and contemporaries to bring together architects, technologists, and tradition
artists so that they might learn from one another. The school was eventually shut down by Nazi control, though its members
continued to spread their ideas. Among those the school helped to influence were Lucio Costa, Lyonel Feininger, and Marecel
Breuer.
a form of architecture designed to anticipate future needs of a structure. Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe were
among those who frequently used these principles in their work. Their buildings were adapted to both current and potential futu
needs.
Jazz style pieces written for the piano 1900s, Scott Joplin and Irving Berlin were two well-known ragtime artists. The music style
enjoyed a revival in the 1970s, and the term inspired a book and Broadway musical.
male singing voice can be broken down into three ranges: bass (lowest), ____________ (middle), and tenor (highest).
female singing voice can be broken down into alto (lowest), _______-__________ (middle), and soprano (highest).
Gregorian Chants
Renaissaince

Baroque

Plainsong

Eight Modes

Hindu
sitar

Arabic

Byzantine

Kanon

Scale

Fast speed

Temperment
Key

Polytonality

Atonality

Richard Wagner

Comedic Opera

Franz Liszt

Antonio Salieri

Frederic Chopin
Niccolo Paganini

Louis-Hector Berlioz

Program Music

Sonata

Richard Strauss

Alban Berg

Pitch

Oratorio
Overture

J.S. Bach

Counterpoint

Rococo

Libretto

Operetta

Porgy and Bess

Kathleen Battle

Russian Opera

Peter Tchaikovsky

Guiseppe Verdi

La Traviata

Giacomo Puccini

Girl of the Golden West

Fidelio
Ode to Joy.

Franz Joseph Haydn

Kaouau
Nguru

Percussion
String

woodwind
Tsuri-daiko

Lyre
Viola
bass

Oboe has a double reed

Bassoon
Piccolo

Trumpet

John Coltrane

Gilbert & Sullivan

Cats

Tim Rice

Andrew Lloyd Webber

Irving Berlin

Leonard Bernstein

Stephen Sondheim

Sweeney Todd
Rodgers and Hammerstein

The King and I

The Phantom of the Opera

Miss Saigon

Presto

Chamber

Romantic Composers

Baroque Composers

Classical Composers
traditional Latin worship music in the Roman Catholic Church. Sung in unison, most chants hold a single syllable across multipl
notes.
14th-17th century Europe. Major players during this time include Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, and William Shakespeare.
a music style popular from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, introducing harmony and replacing modes in church music.
Initially begun as an alternative to get away from polyphony (several melodies woven together as one, with no part taking
precedence), the Baroque music period led to the development of major and minor tones that replaced outdated modes in mus
Bach was a major Baroque composer.
an unharmonized chant, frequently called a Gregorian chant. Originating from Greek music theory, plainsongs were the basis fo
polyphony. The official music of the Catholic Church, Mass and the Psalms are sung as plainsongs.
served as the foundation for plainsongs. These modes, or arrangements of notes in a scale, were eventually rearranged as ma
and minor modes in the sixteenth century.
music is monodic, with tones equal to one-fourth of a full Western tone. Melodies are based on ragas, specific outlines for
improvisation. The drum and the sitar are generally the two main accompanying musical instruments. In India, accompanied mu
considered the greatest type of music.
has three to seven gut strings and 12 wire strings
characteristic modal homophony and rhythm, arabic music increased to 12 tones in the eleventh century and 17 tones in the
thirteenth century. The nauba is the main musical form, with instrumental solos leading to vocal sections. The main instruments
Arabic music are the tanbur, a long-necked lute, and the ud, a short-necked lute.
Mainly using the organ, ______________ music was originally considered a spin-off on Greek music, but was then recognized
own independent form. Along with the organ, the Greek instruments the kithara and the aulos are also frequently used as
accompaniment. Instead of eight modes, Byzantine music has eight echoes.
main Byzantine hymn, the _________, is made up of nine odes to reference the nine canticles of the Old and New Testaments
Although there are supposed to be nine odes, most kanons only have eight.
A series of tones ordered by pitch is called a scale. Each type of music has its own unique identifying scale system, most of wh
continue to change as composers discover new needs.

Allegro and Presto. There is usually a word at the beginning of a piece of classical music telling the performer the approximate
the piece should be played at. Allegro and Presto are two different instruction words generally indicating a _______ speed.
refers to the work system of a piano tuner. Particularly important with keyboard instruments that all must sound exactly alike in
performance, temperament is the distribution of impurities to bring the instrument’s sound as close to others’ as possible. “Equa
temperament divides the octave into 12 equal half-steps.
To indicate a piece uses the C major scale, one says it is in the ______ of C major.
Using two or more keys at a time.This technique was popular with many twentieth-century composers. Alternately, no key is ref
to as atonality.
Avoiding a tonal center in a musical piece is known as atonality. After composers like Wagner and Strauss developed such
complicated pieces that the key was all but lost underneath, later composers decided to abandon tonality altogether, including
Webern and Ives.
created the tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen. Beginning with Das Rheingold and Die Walkure in 1857, Wagner, a German
Romanticist, did not finish the third installment of Siegfried and Götterdämmerung until 1874. He built a theater especially for th
performance.
Wagner's only opera, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Wagner composed this piece after abandoning Der Ring des Nibelunge
believing the collection would never be performed.
symphonic poem, and composed The Faust Symphony and The Dante Symphony. A Hungarian composer, he began studying
age nine with the likes of Salieri. Though he wrote symphonies, the vast majority of his work was symphonic poems, including L
Preludes and Mazeppa. His daughter later married composer Richard Wagner.
Mozart accused him of trying to poison him. The duo’s feud was dramatized for the motion picture Amadeus, and in a nineteen
century opera, Mozart et Salieri, by Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Salieri served as court conductor in Vienna, and Mozart’s poisoni
claim was never substantiated.

A stormy affair with George Sand. The first to establish the piano as an instrument in its own right, free to be separate from the
of a symphony, most of Chopin’s work was highly romanticized. Because of this, the majority of his pieces are known by names
did not give them. Chopin’s finest works include piano concertos in E Minor and F Minor, along with sonatas in B Flat Minor.
Practice of scordatura. Scordatura is a diverse tuning of the strings designed to optimize each note. A child prodigy, Paganini is
credited with perfecting double and triple stops.
French Composer debuted Symphonie fantastique in 1830, and later composed Romeo and Juliet and Benvenuto Cellini. His w
differed from traditional symphonies with its deeply personal style. Berlioz also composed the operas The Damnation of Faust a
The Trojans, both of which are considered masterpieces today.
music tells a story and requires a textual accompaniment for the audience to understand. It is called such because the text is u
delivered to the audience in the form of a program. In contrast, absolute music is not written to follow a story.
musical piece with no vocal accompaniment. A piece with both voice and instruments is a cantata. Developed in Italy, over time
term sonata came to mean pieces with one keyboard.
a distinctly romantic style that shows in Don Juan (1888) and Death and Transfiguration (1889). Beyond these symphonic poem
Strauss was also well-known for his operas, which include Salome, Electra, Der Rosenkavalier, and Arabella. He was briefly ch
Musical Affairs for the Nazis from 1933 to 1935.
Wozzeck. Influenced by his friend Arnold Schoenberg, Berg practiced atonality and adopted Schoenberg’s 12-step tone system
Lyric Suite and the opera Lulu, he perfected this musical style.

First harmonic of a tone. pitch is symbolized by a letter name and represents the frequency of vibrations the instrument should
Musical composition with a chorus, orchestra, and solo parts. An oratorio volgare also utilizes a narrator to explain the ongoing
to the audience. Giacomo Carissimi is credited with first finalizing this terminology.
a musical introduction to a ballet, opera, or other show.
Born in 1685. Composed St. John Passion and Well-Tempered Clavier. His other works include The Art of the Fugue, Magnific
Passacaglia, and Fugue in C Minor. Bach began a career as an organist in 1707, and musical director for Prince Leopold of An
1717.
famous technique of Bach, _____________ is the integration of independent melodies into a homogenous sound. There are fi
types of counterpoint: note against note, two notes against one, four notes against one, syncopation, and florid counterpoint (th
latter of which is a combination of the first four types).

eighteenth-century response to the Baroque period, ____________ was a graceful style largely utilizing the keyboard. Those w
adopted this style include Francois Couperin, Jean Philippe Rameau, and Bach’s sons. This style also influenced Haydn and M
Text of an opera. Generally, a libretto covers factual details, while emotions and expressions are left to be felt within the music.
Ottavio Rinuccini was the first known librettist.
Parody of an opera. As opposed to the slight difference between a novella and a novel, an operetta is always light-hearted and
generally comedic, taking stabs at real opera storylines and music.
George Gershwin's only opera. Sung in English, it chronicles the love story between the crippled Porgy and the beautiful, but ta
Bess.
Famous American Soprano. She has recorded for Sony Classical throughout her career, and has performed with the world's gr
orchestras.
Glinka’s A Life for the Czar and Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin. Nearly all Russian operas deal themselves with Russian history
literature, though Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov notably created fantasy operas like May Night and The Snow Maiden.
Composed the Nutcracker. Among his large body of works, the Russian composer also created the operas Vakula, the Smith a
The Queen of Spades, along with the symphonies Romeo and Juliet and The Sleeping Beauty.
Composed Otello and Falstaff, His body of work, characterized by enchanting, sustained melodies, includes Il Travatore, Aida,
Sicilian Vespers, and Don Carlos.
Composed by Guiseppe Verdi, is based on Alexander Dumas' play Camille. Alexandre Dumas is associated with works such as
Three Musketeers, and the Counte of Monte Cristo. Verdi also did Rigoletto based on Victor Hugo’s work, The King’s Jester. Vi
Hugo is known for The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and Les Miserables.
Madama Butterfly. Madam Butterfly met with harsh criticism, but it soon took off in popularity after a few months. Prior to Butter
Puccini put on the smash opera successes La Boheme and Tosca.
Giacomo Puccini wrote this American Opera. In Italian, La Fanciulla del West was an acceptable success and led the way for
Puccini’s final opera, Turandot.
Beethovan's only opera. The opera outlined the struggle between political power and personal autonomy. Ludwig van Beethove
(1770-1827) is one of the greatest European composers of all time, with some of his most famous pieces including his Ninth
Symphony, Grosse Fuge, Piano Concertos 4 and 5, and the 1806 Violin Concerto.
Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony includes which famous piece by Friedrich von Schiller. Schiller, a German historian, also wrote D
Carlos, which was later turned into an opera by Verdi. His literary works ranged from novels to songs like Ode to Joy.
known for his optimistic, instrumentally brilliant pieces, taught both Mozart and Beethoven. Initially undiscovered, he began a th
year career as musical director for the Princes of Esterházy beginning in 1761. In his later years, he composed such symphonie
The Farewell Symphony, The Surprise Symphony, and The Military Symphony.
traditional New Zealand instrument. This flute makes a deep, haunting sound.
New Zealand Instrument. Similar to a koauau in sound (both make a deep, haunting sound), a nguru is played with the nose.
rattle, tambourine, and xylophone. Other percussion instruments include the bell, castanets, and drums. Percussions make sou
when they are struck, like a drum is hit with a stick.
Violin and guitar. Viola, cello., bass.
flute, oboe. bassoon, saxophone, and the English horn are also woodwinds. The French horn, trombone and trumpet are exam
of brass instruments.
Japanese for “hanging drum,” it is suspended in a circular stand and used in traditional Japanese music.

Everyone from the Greek god Apollo to King Arthur is said to have played this instrument, which can either be plucked or bowe
slightly larger than the violin and shares the same notes as the cello.
150-200% larger than the cello. String family.
difference between a oboe and a clarinet. The oboe is mainly a classical instrument, while the clarinet is many times used in jaz
well. Aside from the double reed, the two instruments look very much alike.
A double-reed instrument, it is the lowest woodwind and usually seated in the rear of the orchestra.
Very similar to a flute, it is smaller and has a higher pitch.
Miles Davis played the fugelhorn and the trumpet. Davis helped ease jazz into popular culture in the 1940s, and his Kind of Blu
album remains a best-seller.
A friend of Mile Davis, a renowned soprano and tenor saxophonist. Some of his best-known recordings include A Love Suprem
Ascension, and Interstellar Space. Coltrane’s work was largely influenced by African music.

began working together in 1871 on Thespis, and continued until 1896 with The Grand Duke. Sir Arthur Sullivan (the composer)
Sir William Gilbert (the librettist) wrote everything from dramas to comedies together. When they ended their working relationsh
after a heated argument, neither enjoyed anywhere near the degree of success they did as partners from then on.
Andrew Lloyd Webber. began working together in 1871 on Thespis, and continued until 1896 with The Grand Duke. Sir Arthur
Sullivan (the composer) and Sir William Gilbert (the librettist) wrote everything from dramas to comedies together. When they e
their working relationship after a heated argument, neither enjoyed anywhere near the degree of success they did as partners f
then on. Based on a collection of poems by T.S. Eliot, Cats ran on Broadway for ten years. The song Memory from the show ha
been recorded by many artists and is considered a musical staple.

Lyricist that worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber composed the scores for Jesus Christ, Superstar and Joseph and the Amazing
Technicolor Dreamcoat. Rice has also collaborated with the likes of Elton John on the scores of Lion King and Aida.
Wrote Phantom of the Opera. Webber’s long run of hits began with Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat and in 200
became the dominant player in the London theater district after purchasing ten additional theaters.
Wrote scores to White Christmas and Easter Parade. Berlin also composed God Bless America and There’s No Business Like
Business, and worked on such musicals as Annie Get Your Gun.

West Side Story. His other musical credits include Candide, Wonderful Town, and On The Town, and the opera Trouble in Tah
first solo musical score was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. collaborated with Leonard Bernstein on West S
Story and with Jule Styne on Gypsy.
Starring Angela Lansbury. One of Stephen Sondheim’s more popular productions, Sondheim went on to write the scores for Me
We Roll Along, Sundays in the Park with George, and Into the Woods.
The success of Oklahoma! was followed by Carousel, South Pacific, and The King and I.

Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote this musical, an English teacher is brought to teach the children of the King of Siam, and the
eventually fall in love. includes such musical numbers as I Whistle a Happy Tune, Getting To Know You, and Shall We Dance.
songs All I Ask of You and Angel of Music are from this Broadway musical. Originally starring Sarah Brightman and Michael
Crawford, the musical score was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber.
Based on the opera Madama Butterfly. Adapting the original story to fit the Vietnam War, and taking such risks as landing a rea
helicopter on the stage during performances, Miss Saigon was a popular hit on Broadway for many years.
faster than allegro but slower than prestissimo. This usually describes explanatory song, that is necessary for the audience to
understand, but hurried enough to not take away from the remainder of the performance.

music is written for an ensemble, with one unique part for each player. This style of music became popular with the introduction
concert halls in the nineteenth-century. Haydn and Mozart both fine-tuned chamber music into a predominantly quartet-based f

Puccini, Verdi, and Wagner. Artists of this period were less concerned with rigid form and more interested in expressing emotio
Bach and Vivaldi. Work from this period was overly complex and highly dramatic, with a great deal of juxtapositioning of elemen
convey emotions.
Mozart, Salieri, and Haydn. This time period, from the late eighteenth to early nineteenth century, concerned itself with balance
clarity.
Liszt, wagner, chopin, paganini, berlioz, strauss, bach, berg, haydn, verdi
Coltrain, gilbert & sullivan, davis, berlin, bernstein, rodgers and Hammerstein, Sondheim, tchaikovshy,
Romantic -- puccini, verdi, wagner
Baroque -- Bach and vivaldi
Classical -- Mozart, Salieri, haydn
Citizen Kane

Montage

Alexandra Danilova

Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev

Thomas Edison

Edwin Porter

Martha Graham

D.W. Griffith

Alfred Hitchcock

Frederico Fellini

Al Jolson

The Jazz Singer

Michael Fokine

Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein

Film Noir

Lillian Gish

Charlie Chaplin

Gaffer
Trailers

Folk Dances

Cecil Sharp

Fandango

Jig

Stanley Kubrick

Katherine Hepburn
Directed by Orsen Wells, considered to be the best film of all time. Welles also starred in the film, which many believe is
based on the life of newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst.
Used to depict the passing of time. In addition to expressing the passage of time, montages can also be used to quickly
highlight the life of a person, couple, or family. For example, over the course of two minutes, important snippets of film from
significant points in a dead person’s life (their birth, high school graduation, wedding, etc.) may be combined in a memorial
montage.
Russian-American ballerina, she joined Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe in 1924, and was prima ballerina of the Ballet Russe de
Monte Carlo from 1938 to 1958. After her time as prima ballerina ended, she formed her own company and taught at the
School of American Ballet.

founded Ballets Russes with Fokine, Bakst, and Benois. Beginning his career as a Russian art critic and founder of the
journal The World of Art, he put together a Russian dance troupe known as Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes that forever left a
mark on the world of dance. For the first time, music and scenery became almost as important as the choreography itself.
Inventor of the telegraph and peep-show machine, _____________ also produced over 125 films, including documentaries,
dramas, and comedies. Some of his best works include What Demoralized the Barber Shop, a humorous account of what the
people inside a barber shop do to gain the attention of two attractive women; Pillow Fight; and Record of a Sneeze (the latter
two being somewhat self-explanatory).
The Great Train Robbery and Life of an American Fireman. He was one of the first filmmakers to realize that movies could
expand beyond simply recorded theater, and explored the use of multiple settings and working outdoors.

Considered the most influential figure in modern dance, _____________ developed her own form of choreography, calling for
exemplary discipline and flexibility. Making her dance debut in Xochitl in 1920, she formed her own dance troupe and began
touring twenty years later. Many of her choreographed pieces draw from mythology and major historical events.
The first filmmaker to introduce fade-ins, ____________ is responsible for Birth of a Nation (1915) and Orphans of the Storm
(1922). Griffith introduced much more than fade effects—-he was also the first to incorporate close-up shots, flashbacks, and
even rehearsals. The majority of his work chronicled historical and social injustices. His Birth of a Nation was the longest
movie ever produced in its time (ten reels long).
The Birds. His distinctive style of suspense films influenced the entire future of the horror genre. Hitchcock’s portfolio also
includes Strangers on a Train, North by Northwest, Rebecca, and Notorious.
Italian film director ______________ created Nights of Cabiria, La Dolce Vida, and 81/2. Preferring professional actors to the
laymen frequently used in other film works of his time, Fellini initially worked in black and white, moving to color in 1965 with
Juliet of the Spirits. Later works included Ginger and Fred, and Voices of the Moon.
April Showers and Mammy. A Russian immigrant, he first began his vaudeville act performing Mammy in black face, to highly
amused audiences. His first starring role in film came in 1927 with The Jazz Singer, and he later developed his own radio
show.
First Movie to use sound. Made in 1927, it combined video with the phonograph in the first attempt to integrate sound with
the motion pictures.
Choreographer ______________ created The Firebird and Petrouchka, among others. Founding choreographer for Ballets
Russes, he is considered to be the father of modern ballet and worked for the elimination of rigid training schedules. He has
more than 70 ballets credited to him.
Developed the Montage Film Technique. His first film work was Strike in 1924, though he first gained fame for Odessa’s
massacre in Potemkin the following year. The massacre was a meticulously edited montage composed of hundreds of
individual shots.

dimly-lit film with dark, cynical characters. Stanley Kubrick is one well-known filmmaker who makes use of the film noir style.
Acting debut with D.W. Griffith and starred in The Wind and The Scarlett Letter. Born in 1896. After working in Griffith’s Birth
of a Nation, she went on to star in most of his subsequent films. Lillian’s sister, Dorothy Gish, was also an actress and co-
starred with Lillian in multiple features.

developed the character Little Tramp, with the trademark Derby hat and moustache. He co-founded United Artists with D.W.
Griffith and others in search of great artistic control, and held out against incorporating sound in his films until 1940.
In charge of lighting in a film crew. Gaffers usually begin as trained electricians, with intricate lighting designs left to other
staffers.
Commercials promoting the release of new films. Additionally, a trailer can refer to the blank strip at the end of a film reel.
The Scottish “Highland Fling” and the Hawaiian hula. Tribal or ethnic dances that are passed down through the generations
are folk dances; even children’s games like “Ring Around the Rosie” are examples of folk dance.
Born in 1859, formed the English Folk Dance Society. He traveled through the United States collecting traditional folk
dances, searching for their roots in English tradition. Sharp later composed multiple anthologies of folk dance lore.
A Spanish dance in triple time performed by a single couple. The dancers are accompanied by live singers and castanet
players. When the music stops, the couple remains in position perfectly still until sound resumes.
A lively Irish dance with fast, irregular steps. The jig was mainly used in minstrel shows once introduced in America, and is
frequently referred to in spoken word as a sign of happiness—i.e. “do a jig."
A Clockwork Orange and A Space Odyssey. A fan of dark, bold, sexualized storylines, he also created Dr. Strangelove, The
Shining, and the recent Eyes Wide Shut. Afraid of copycat crimes, he called for the banning of A Clockwork Orange in
England.
won four Academy Awards, for her work in Morning Glory, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner?, The Lion in Winter, and On
Golden Pond. Her film career, beginning in 1932, included well over 40 features. She spent 25 years in a romantic
relationship with her on-screen partner, Spencer Tracey, though he remained married to his wife the entire time.
Corinthian
Doric
Ionic
The Parthenon

The Panthenon

Stonehenge

Arch

Post and Lintel

Defense

Colosseum
Eiffel Tower

The Great Sphinx

I.M. Pei

Hagia Sophia

John Roebling

Flying Buttresses

Frank Lloyd Wright

Usonian housing design

Chartres Cathedral

Andrea Palladio

Christopher Wren

Barcelona Pavilion

Antonio Gaudi
Cerros
The Pigeon House
Obelisk
The most decorated of columns, its capital is carved with flowers and leaves, while its shaft is fluted.
The simplest column form, Dorics have flat capitals and plain shafts.
Taller than Doric columns, their capitals have scrolls and their shafts are fluted.
Located in Athens, Greece, it was built from 448-432 B.C.
Built as an imitation of the Athenian Parthenon, it was constructed in Rome from 118-125 B.C. Something to note--domes and
rounded arches came from the Romans. The Panthenon, which is an imitation of the Greek's Parthenon, merged the Greek-
styled front face of the building, with the Roman style dome in the back.
Located in Southern England, no one has conclusively proven who designed or constructed this elaborate stone design.
Construction was done in three phases, the first of which is estimated to have begun in 2800 B.C. The structures appear to hav
some astronomical and/or religious relevance.
Ancient Sumerians developed the _________ so they could construct doors and windows with brick. Because the Sumerians
had no stone to carve into, they carefully shaped bricks into arches for doorways and windows in the walls.
Lion’s Gate at Mycenae was constructed with this system, or a large stone horizontal beam resting on two vertical ones. The
posts are the two vertical beams, while the horizontal beam is known as the lintel. This architectural technique was first used by
the Egyptians, and is frequently replicated. Even Stonehenge used the post and lintel system, though it is still a mystery how
they managed to lift the heavy stone lintels up that high.
Primary purpose of medival castles. Castles were originally wooden buildings atop hills, but later were developed into powerful
stone fortresses some fifteen-feet thick. The rounded towers were built because they withstood catapult attacks better than flat
walls.
Also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, it could hold over 50,000 Romans during its prime. Its main purpose was to house
gladiator fights, where the audience’s cheers or boos determined a gladiator’s fate. The Colosseum could also be filled with
water for mock naval battles.
Originally built for the Paris Exposition of 1849 by Gustave Eiffel, the tower is over 980 feet tall.
The body of a lion and the head of a man, the Sphinx was constructed to guard the tomb of Khafre, one of the Great Pyramids
Giza.
This Chinese-born architect studied at MIT and Harvard before pursuing an architecture career. His designs are abstract and
usually involve glass walls, though not always. Unlike more “artistic” architects, Pei recognizes and embraces the relationship
between building design and commercialism.
The Church is located in Istanbul, Turkey, it was constructed from 532 to 537 A.D. It is considered the prime example of
Byzantine architecture.
Designed the Brooklyn Bridge. Built from 1869 to 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge is adorned with Gothic piers. Roebling patented the
spinning wire rope design that holds the bridge up, and also built the Cincinnati Bridge and Niagara rail bridge.
External support for the walls of Gothic buildings. These external arches allowed the walls of Gothic buildings to be relatively
thin, so as to allow for more stained glass.
Designed the Guggenheim Museam. Wright designed many more works during his life, and his architecture design firm trained
many fine future designers, including Walter Griffin. Some of Wright’s other great works include Fallingwater and the Johnson
Administration Building.
a take-off on his earlier prairie houses, in response to the vast demand for low income housing. This design provided ample
room for a small family, with rooms of varying scale (in height and width).
Its quadripartite vaulting eliminated the need for alternating supports, a revolutionary concept in architecture of the time. Built
from 1194 to 1260 A.D., its master architect is still unknown.
greatly influenced by Renaissance philosophers and artists, and was made architectural advisor to the Vatican in 1570. His gre
architectural works include Villa Foscari, Teatro Olimpico, and Palazzo Chiericati, all in Italy.
London’s Great Fire of 1666 led to his appointment as Surveyor General, overseeing all the reconstruction work on the royal
palaces. His architectural focus was mainly on churches, and he designed the famous St. Paul’s Cathedral, among others.
Designed by Ludwig Miles van der Rohe in Spain. Though most of his work was based in Chicago, he designed glass and stee
post and lintels, and coined the phrase “less is more.” His other works include the Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago, an
the Tughendat House in the Czech Republic.

Leader of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement, he designed Casa Mila and Casa Batllo in Barcelona. Credited with creating his
own personal architectural style, all of Gaudi’s work is constructed in Barcelona, including Colonia Guell and Sagrada Familia.
The place of the first Mayan Temple. The temple was largely constructed out of limestone and pottery materials.
This South American structure was designed by Mayans, the Pigeon House was once a temple, next to the Pyramid of Sacrific
Located at Uxmal, it was used for sacrificial ceremonies as late as 1673.
An obelisk is a tall, four-sided shaft of stone that rises to a pointed pyramidal top.
roebling, palladio. Gaudi, pei
hagia sophia, chartres cathedral
usonian