Analysis of Enumerative Data

By: BL
Learning Objectives
• At the end of the two-hour lecture, the first
year medical students shall be able to:
1. describe the experiment using enumerative data
2. compute hypothesis testing using the chi-square test
3. describe the 2 x 2 contingency table (i.e. the observe
and expected tables)
4. state the significance of test using the contingency-
table approach
Case-Control Study
• Cancer A hypothesis has been proposed that breast cancer
in women is caused in part by events that occur between
the age at menarche (i.e. the age when menstruation
begins) and the age at first childbirth. In particular, the
hypothesis states that the risk of breast cancer increases at
the length of this time interval increases. If this theory is
correct, then an important risk factor for breast cancer is
age at first birth. This theory would explain in part why
breast cancer is age at first birth. This theory would
explain in part breast cancer incidence seems to be higher
for women in the upper socioeconomic groups, since they
tend to have their children relatively late.
the Age at first birth in
Breast Cancer Cases with Comparable
Controls
 Hypothesis Testing
1. H0: There is no association between age at first
birth and occurrence of breast cancer
P1 = P2

2. H1: There is association between age at first

birth and occurrence of breast cancer
P1 ≠ P2
Cont of Hypothesis Testing
3. Level of significance (α) = 0.05

x2(c-1)(r-1),α

Reject H0 if x2c>3.841
Cont of Hypothesis Testing
4. Test Statistic
Cont of Hypothesis Testing
5. Computation
Cont of Hypothesis Testing
6. Decision: Reject H0
7. Conclusion: There is association between age at
first birth and occurrence of breast cancer
Test of Independence
Test of homogeneity
Hypothesis Testing
Cont. Of Hypothesis Testing
Question?
Thank You