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02 - Pipeline Systems Engineering and Routing Considerations
02 - Pipeline Systems Engineering and Routing Considerations
Engineering
2 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Pipeline Systems Primary Function
Product Transport
¾ Liquid hydrocarbons
¾ Natural gas
¾ Natural gas liquids
¾ Water
¾ Chemicals
Key Elements
¾ Product type
¾ Delivery rate
¾ Operating pressure
¾ Distance from field development to market
¾ Current and future demand/capacity
3 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Pipeline Transportation Systems
Flowlines
¾ Field development to
a subsea manifold or
production facility
Gathering Lines
¾ Connecting multiple
flowlines to a
production facility
Export Pipeline
¾ Transport from a
production facility to
domestic or
international market
4 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Project Phases
5 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Systematic Approach
Management
¾ Project execution plan
Technical
¾ Development plan
¾ Design basis
¾ Safety plan
Auxiliary
¾ Project summary
¾ Economic benefits plan
¾ Environmental impact assessment
¾ Socio-economic impact assessment
6 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Project Execution Plan
Overview
¾ Early stage, live document, project wide
¾ Client objectives, drivers and risk tolerance
Primary Components
¾ Project scope and deliverables
¾ Organizational hierarchy, roles and responsibilities
¾ Execution strategies for engineering, quality,
procurement, construction, commissioning and safety
¾ Project schedule
¾ Integrated communication protocols and decision
making processes
7 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Design Basis
Overview
¾ Early stage, live document, project wide
¾ Clear, complete and authoritative reference
Primary Components
¾ Pipeline system overview
¾ Operational parameters
¾ Environmental and physical data
¾ Materials engineering
¾ Design issues and constraints
¾ Design methodology and philosophy
8 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Major Design Issues
Product Characterization
Route Selection
Materials Selection
Hydraulic Analysis
Mechanical Design
Coatings
Components and Assemblies
Constructability and Intervention
Operation, Inspection and Repair
Decommissioning and Abandonment
9 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Major Cost Factors
Linepipe Tonnage
¾ Material
¾ Transportation Ref: SEIC (2005)
¾ Length
• Alignment &
heading changes
Example
¾ ≈ US$25k / WT(mm)-D(m)-L(km)
¾ 762mm OD; 100km; 17.1mm⇒22.2mm WT
¾ ≈ US$10M differential
10 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Major Cost Factors (cont.)
Vessel Selection Castoro Sei
¾ Performance
¾ Water depth range
¾ Tension limits
Construction Vessel Time
¾ Alignment, heading angle
¾ Stinger change-out
¾ Platform, landfall approach
¾ Crossings, interactions
¾ Monitored, restricted Ref: Saipem (2006)
lay operations
11 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Major Cost Factors (cont.)
Route Intervention Activities
¾ Dredging
¾ Trenching
¾ Pre-sweeping
¾ Rock dumping
¾ Span correction
12 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Overview
Pipeline Route Characterization
¾ Landfall and platform approaches
¾ Length, kilometer post and
intermediate stations
¾ Changes in alignment and elevation
profile
System Environment
Characterization
¾ Political and social factors
¾ Physical and environmental factors
¾ Engineered systems
13 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Critical Activity
Upfront Planning and Assessment
¾ Desk study
• “Ounce of prevention >> pound of cure”
¾ Utilize available resources
• Regulator and operator experience & lessons learned
• Government departments & agencies
• New technologies, data acquisition & historical archives
¾ Uncertainty
• Prioritize and plan for engineering surveys
14 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Politics
Landfall and Platform Approaches
Ref: Lanan (2007)
Ref: Saipem (2006)
15 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Politics
Regional and International Scope
¾ Political, civil or military instability
¾ Jurisdictions &
regulations Ref: Saipem (2006)
¾ Archaeological,
historical
significance
¾ Examples
• Black Sea
• Europipe
• Oman–India
• Medgaz
• Vancouver
Island &
Georgia Strait
16 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Remote Sensing
Ref: Hansen (2005)
17 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Existing Data
18 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Sensitive Areas
Environmental
¾ Significant or sensitive ecosystem
• Wetlands, estuaries,
northern environments
Resident habitat
Breeding grounds
Migration patterns
¾ Cumulative effects
Military Zones
Ref: EnCana (2002)
19 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics
20 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics
Significant Features
21 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Seabed Characteristics
Seabed Mobility
¾ Sediment transport
¾ Sandwave migration
¾ Scour
22 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Seabed Hazards
Seismic
¾ Faulting
¾ Liquefaction
Mass
¾ Slides Ref: BCOG (2001)
¾ Spreads
¾ Falls
¾ Flows
Subsurface
¾ Shallow gas
• Pockmarks
• Subsidence
¾ Subsea vents
• Pinnacles
Ref: Trifunac et al. (2002)
23 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Physical Environment
Ref: NASA (2005)
Currents
¾ Systems, tidal,
delta, loop
¾ Surface
Waves
¾ Wind induced
• Shallow water, breaking
• Bathymetry, refraction,
wave crest orthogonality
¾ Internal
• Pycnocline [density]
ø (water temp., salinity)
24 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Physical Environment
Seabed Use and Obstacles
¾ Oil and gas industry developments
¾ Communications
¾ Mobile and fixed gear fishing zones
¾ Shipping traffic lanes
¾ Military exercise zones
¾ Military/civilian dumping grounds
¾ Mining, dredging zones
¾ Expected or anticipated future operations,
developments
¾ Shipwrecks
25 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Physical Environment
26 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Physical Environment
27 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Physical Environment
Unique Features –
Strudel Scour
28 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Route Selection – Physical Environment
Unique Features
– Permafrost
29 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
Reading List
1. Chaudhuri, J and Nash, I. (2005).
Medgaz: the ultra-deep pipeline. Pipeline
World, June, 10p.
[2005_Pipeline_World_06_Medgaz_Pipe
line.pdf]
30 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02
References
BCOG (2001). BC Offshore Oil & Gas Technology Update. JWEL Project No. BCV50229,
October 19, 2001
BHP (2005). http://www.bhpbilliton.com
EnCana (2002). Development Plan – Revised Volume 2, Deep Panuke Offshore Gas
Development Project, 142p.
Google (2005). earth.google.com
Hansen, B. (2005). How Hydro’s Ormen Lange Project Can Contribute to the Development of
the Russian Arctic. Proc., IBC Arctic Oil and Gas Development Conference, Challenges and
Opportunities – The Technology Solution, London, UK.
Heap, A. (2004). “Shifting sands the clue to the vanishing seagrasses.” AusGEO, 75
September, p.32-34.
Hydro (2005). http://www.hydro.com/ormenlange/en
Lanan, G. (2007). Offshore Arctic Pipeline Operations. Proc., IBC Offshore Oil and Gas in Arctic
and Cold Waters Conference, Stavanger, Norway
Saipem (2006). http://www.saipem.eni.it/index.asp
SEIC (2005). http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/
Trifunac, M.D., A. Hayir and M.I. Todorovska (2002) “Was Grand Banks event of 1929 a slump
spreading in two directions?” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22, pp.349-360.
MMS (2005). www.mms.gov
NASA (2005). http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/
NOAA (2005). Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, http://www.oar.noaa.gov/
NRCan (2005). http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/inter/index_e.html
31 © 2008 S. Kenny, Ph.D., P.Eng. ENGI 8673 Subsea Pipeline Engineering – Lecture 02