A

SEMINAR
ON
MEMRISTORS
BASIC COMPONENTS OF
ELECTRONIC DEVICES:

 RESISTORS

CAPACITORS

INDUCTORS
1 .RESISTOR

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic

component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric
current through it in accordance with Ohm's law
which states
“Voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to
the current (I) through it where the constant of
proportionality is the resistance (R)”.
V = IR
2. CAPACITOR
A capacitor or condenser is .a passive electronic
component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric.

When a voltage potential difference exists between the

conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric.
This field stores energy and produces a mechanical
force between the plates

CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATION
3. INDUCTOR

An inductor or a reactor is a passive electrical

component that can store energy in a magnetic
field created by the electric current passing
through it. An inductor's ability to store magnetic
energy is measured by its inductance, in units
of henries
•Memristor theory was formulated and
named by Leon Chua in a 1971 paper.

•Memristor is the fourth device to provide

conceptual symmetry with the resistor,
capcitor, inductors

• A device linking charge and flux

(themselves defined as time integrals of
current and voltage), which would be the
Memristor,
On April 30, 2008, that a team at HP
Labs led by the scientist R. Stanley
Williams would announce the
discovery of a switching Memristor.

 Based on a thin film of titanium

dioxide, it has been presented as an
approximately ideal device.
 The reason that the Memristor is
radically different from the other
fundamental circuit elements is that,
unlike them, it carries a memory of its
past.
 When you turn off the voltage to the
circuit, the Memristor still
remembers
how much was applied before and
for
how long . That's an effect that
can't
be duplicated by any circuit
combination of resistors,
capacitors,
and inductors, which is why the
Memristor qualifies as a
fundamental
 The Missing Link
There are six different mathematical relations
connecting pairs of four fundamental circuit variables
viz. current I, voltage v, charge q, and magnetic flux Φ.
The relation between these fundamental elements
can be shown as :

RESISTORS (v=Ri)
Voltage (v) Current(i)

(i=dq/dt)
CAPACITORS INDUCTOR
S
Φ=Li
(q=Cv)
(v=dΦ/dt)

? Flux
Charge(q) (Φ)
?
THE 4TH NEW FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT :
MEMRISTOR

 Memristor is one of four basic electrical circuit

components, joining the resistor, capacitor, and
inductor.

The Memristor, short for “memory resistor” was first

theorized by student Leon Chua in the early 1970s.

On April 30, 2008, that a team at HP Labs led by the

scientist R. Stanley Williams would announce the
discovery of a switching Memristor.
 MEMRISTOR
FIG: A CROSSBAR ARRAY OF MEMRISTOR
NEED OF MEMRISTOR

The known three fundamental

circuit elements as resistor,
capacitor and inductor relates four
fundamental circuit variables as
electric current, voltage, charge
and magnetic flux. In that we were
missing one element to relate
charge to magnetic flux. That is
where the need for the fourth
fundamental element comes in.
This element has been named as
MEMRISTOR.
 MEMRISTOR: THEORY AND PROPERTIES

Definition of Memristor
“The Memristor is formally defined as a two-
terminal element in which the magnetic flux Φm
between the terminals is a function of the amount of
electric charge q that has passed through the
device.”

Electronic Symbol

•Chua defined the element as a resistor whose

resistance level was based on the amount of charge
that had passed through the Memristor
 • MEMRISTANCE
Memristance is a property of an electronic component
to retain its resistance level even after power had been
shut down or lets it remember (or recall) the last
resistance it had before being shut off.

•Chua’s. Theory
Each Memristor is characterized by its memristance
function describing the charge-dependent rate of change
of flux with charge.
 •As we know from, Faraday's law of induction that magnetic
flux is simply the time integral of voltage, and charge is
the time integral of current, we may write the more
convenient

It can be inferred from this that memristance is simply

charge-dependent resistance. . i.e. ,
1.V(t) = M(q(t))*I(t)
This equation reveals that memristance defines a linear
relationship between current and voltage, as long as charge
does not vary. Of course, nonzero current implies
instantaneously varying charge.
THE COUPLED VARIABLE-RESISTOR MODEL FOR A
MEMRISTOR
•The Diagram with a simplified equivalent circuit.
V, voltmeter; A, ammeter.
•Applied voltage and resulting current as a function
of time t for a typical memristor
The equation given below describes the memristance
of any device as a function of charge :

M(q) = Memristance of a device as a function

of charge
Roff = High resistance state
Ron = Low resistance state
µv = Mobility of charge
q(t) = Charge flowing thorgh device at any
time t
D = Thickness of semiconductor film
sandwiched between two metal conatcts
WORKING OF MEMRISTOR

(a) Broader electronic

barrier when a negative
potential is applied to
electrode A

(b) Thin electronic

barrier when a positive
potential is applied to
electrode A
a
 ANALOGOUS SYSTEM
The analogous system of memory resistor or “memristor”
is perfectly explained, assuming that memristor behaves
like a pipe whose diameter varies according to the amount
and direction of current passing through it.

•The diameter of pipe

remains same when the
current is switched off, until
it is switched on again.

•The pipe, when the

current is switched on again,
remembers what current has
flowed through it.
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
•NANO-SCALE NATURE

Information can be written into the material as the resistance

state of the memristor in a few nanoseconds using few picojoules
of energy-“ as good as anything needs to be”. And once written
memory stays written even when the power is shut.

Instead of increasing the number of transistors on a circuit,

we could create a hybrid circuit with fewer transistors but
with the addition of Memristors which could add
functionality. Alternately, Memristor technologies could
enable more energy-efficient high-density circuits.
 •REPLACEMENT OF FLASH MEMORY

The kind used in applications thet require quick writing and

rewriting capabilities, such as in cameras and USB memory sticks.
Like flash memory, memristiev memory can only be written 10,000
times or so before the constant atomic movements within the device
cause it to break down. It is possible to improve the durability of
memristors.
 •REPLACEMENT FOR DRAM

Computers using conventional D-RAM lack the ability to retain

information once they are turned off. When power is restored to a
D-RAM-based computer, a slow, energy-consuming "boot-up"
process is necessary to retrieve data stored on a magnetic disk
required to run the system. the reason computers have to be rebooted
every time they are turned on is that their logic circuits are incapable
of holding their bits after the power is shut off. But because a
Memristor can remember voltages, a Memristor-driven computer
would arguably never need a reboot. “You could leave all your
Word files and spreadsheets open, turn off your computer, and go
get a cup of coffee or go on vacation for two weeks .
 As
•BRAIN-LIKE
for the human
SYSTEMS
brain-like characteristics, Memristor
technology could one day lead to computer systems
that
can remember and associate patterns in a way similar
to
how people do.
This could be used to substantially improve facial
recognition technology or to provide more complex
biometric recognition systems that could more
effectively
restrict access to personal information. These same
pattern-matching capabilities could enable appliances
that
learn from experience and computers that can make
decisions.
THANK YOU