Clefs

C clef

F clef

Neumes representing single notes

Punctum ("point")

Virga

Bipunctum ("two points")

Neumes representing two notes

Clivis ("by slope") Two notes descending

Podatus or Pes ("foot") Two notes ascending

Three-note neumes

Scandicus Three notes ascending

 Climacus Three notes descending

Torculus down-up-down

Porrectus up-down-up

Compound neumes

a note appended to the beginning is praepunctis; this example is a

Praepunctis
podatus pressus because it involves a repeated note

One or more notes appended at the end of a neume; this example is a

Subpunctis
scandicus subbipunctis

Other basic markings

same meaning as modern flat; only occurs on B, and is placed before the
Flat entire neume, or group of neumes, rather than immediately before the affected
note.

At the end of a staff, the custos indicates what the first note of the next staff
Custos
will be

Like a dot in modern notation, lengthens the preceding note, typically

Mora
doubling it