BASIC of ICT

IT CLUB 2010
St John's College
Jaffna
 jfty ; njhopy ;
El ;g j ;j pd ; mwpKfk ;
Introduction to ICT
jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; mwpKfk;
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; jfty; njhopy; El;gj;Jf;fhf kdpjd; ePz;l
Jhuq;fSf;fhf gpuahzk; nra;aNtz;b ,Ue;jJ. mjd; gpd; jfty;
gupkhw;wq;fspy; Vw;gl;l njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf jfty;
gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf njhiyNgrp thndyp njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd gad;gl;L
te;jd. ,d;wa fhyj;jpy; jfty; njhopy;El;gk; ghupasT
Kd;Ndw;wkile;J jfty; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F ifj;njhiyNgrp ,izak; ,E-
mail Nghd;wd gad;gLfpd;wd. jw;fhy njhlu;ghly; rhjdkhf fzpdp
gad;gLfpd;wJ.
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gpuNahfk;
jfty; njhopy; El;gkhdJ md;whl tho;tpy; gy tiffspy;
gad;gLfpwJ. ,izajsq;fs; %yk; jfty;fshdJ mDg;Gtjw;Fk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; gad;fs;
msg;gupaJ
cjhuzk;:-

1. fy;tp-Education

2. Nghf;Ftuj;J -Transport

3. kUj;Jtk;-Medicine

4. nghwpapay;-Engineered

5. ghJfhg;G-Security

6. nghOJNghf;F-Entertainment

jfty; njhlu;ghly; xd;wpd; gpujhd $Wfs;

1. juT mDg;Gdu; (Sender)

2. Clfk; (Medium)

3. jfty; ngWdu; (Receiver)

,itfs; xU rpwe;j jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;Jf;F

Kf;fpakhFk;.
juTk; jftYk;
juT
fzpdpf;F toq;fg;gLk; raw material shfNth mtjhdq;fshfNth
fhzg;glyhk;. ,it vOj;Jf;fshfNth glq;fs;
rj;jq;fshfNth ,Uf;f KbAk;.
jfty;
jutpd; kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epuw;gLj;jy; xOq;fikj;jy;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; xU nra;jp my;yJ cs;slf;fk;
jfty; vdg;gLk;.

epuw;gLj;jy;
juT xd;iw jftyhf khw;Wk; NghJ nra;ag;gLk; nraw;ghLfs;
epuw;gLj;jyhFk;. ,jd; NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; gjpTnra;jy;
kPsg;ngWjy; fzpg;gPL Nghd;wit nra;ag;glyhk;.

ey;y jftypd; gz;Gfs;

1. nghUj;jkhd jd;ik

2. jpUj;jkhd jd;ik

3. fhyj;jpw;Fupa jd;ik

4. KOikahd jd;ik

5. ,ufrpaj; jd;ik
fzpdpapd; mwpKfk;
fzpdp
jdJ epidtfj;jpNy Nrkpf;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fSf;fikthf
nraw;gLk; XU ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdkhFk;.
fzpdpapd; gz;Gfs;
- Ntfk;
- jpUj;jk;
- ek;gfj;jd;ik
- Nrkpj;jy; jd;ik
- czu;tw;w jd;ik
fzpdpapd; gpujhd gFjpfs;
td;nghUs; (Hard ware)
fzpdpapy; ngsjPf uPjpahf fz;zhy; ghu;f;ff;$ba gFjpfshFk;
cjhuzk;: cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;, ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfs;>
Nrkpg;Gf;fUtpfs;;

nkd;nghUl;fs;;(Soft ware)
,J ,yj;jpudpay; uPjpahd mwpTWj;jy;fspd; njhFjp. ,JNt
fzpdpf;F vijr; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd $Wfpd;wJ.

epiy nghUs;;(Firm ware)

,J fzpdp cw;gj;jpahsu;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; epiyahd
khw;wq;fshFk;;.

cjhuzk;: ROM ,y; fhzg;gLk; rpwpasthd nra;epiyfs;.

capHg;nghUs;(Live ware)
,J fzpdpia gy;NtW Njitf;fhf gad;gLj;JNthiuf;Fwpf;Fk;

1. nkd;nghUl; nghwpapashsu; (Software Engineer)

2. jpl;l Kfhikahsu; (Project Manager)

3. td;nghUl; njhopy; El;gtpashsu; (Hardware Technician)

4. gltiuQu; (Graphic Designer)

5. juTgjpAdu; (Data Entry Operator)

6. tiyaikg;G epu;thfp (Network Operator)

fzpdpapd; tuyhW

• Muk;fhyq;fspy; kdpjd; fzpg;gPLfis tpuy; kw;Wk; rpW

nghUl;fis nfhz;L Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. gpd; fUtpfs; fz;Lgpbj;jypy;
mf;fiw fhl;bdhd;.

• kzpr;rl;lk;- ,JNt Kjy;

fzpg;gPl;Lf;fUtpahFk;. ,jpy;
$l;ly;>fopj;jy;>ngUf;fy;>tFj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;s cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

• $l;Lk; ,ae;jpuk;- Blasé Pascal vd;gtuhy;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ngUf;fy;. tFj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,yFthfTk; tpiuthfTk; nra;af;
$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

• Chales Babbage- ,tu; Different engine,

Analytical machine Nghd;wtw;iw
fz;Lgpbj;jypd; %yk; fzpdpapd; je;ij vd
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
• Lady Ada- ,tNu fzpdp program xd;iw Kjd;Kjypy;
fz;Lgpbj;jtuhthu;

• ENIAC (Electronic Numeric

integrators And
Computers)-,JNt KjyhtJ
vz;Kiw fzpdpahFk;. ,J
ntw;wplf;Foha;fs; %yk;
njhopw;gl;lJ.

• UNIVAC(Universal Automatic
Calculator)- ,J 10000
fzpg;gPLfis nra;JKbf;ff;
$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
fzpdp Xd;wpd; mbg;gil fl;likg;G
 cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
fzpdpf;F fl;lisfis toq;f gad;gLk; rhjdq;fshFk;

c-k;:- tpirg;gyif(Keyboard)>Rl;b(Mouse)> xypthq;fp(Mi;c)>

tULnghwp(Scanner)>…… Nghd;wd rpythFk;

Mouse

Keyboard

Touch Screen Scanner

OMR

Web Camera

Joy Stick Light Pen

 ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfs;

fzpdpahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis kdpju;fs; my;yJ

Vida ,ae;jpuq;fs; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tbtj;Jf;F khw;Wk;
fUtpfNs ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfshFk;.

c-k;:- fzpdpj;jpiu(Monitor)> mr;Rg;nghwp(Printer)> xypg;ghd;

(Speaker)> tiuG nghwp(Plotter)………. Nghd;wd rpythFk;.

LCD Monitor

Printer

Plotter

Speaker
epidtfk;
gpujhd epidtfk;

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

,J fzpdpapd; XU Kf;fpakhd
td;nghUshFk;. fzpdpapd;
mwpTWj;jy;fs;> Mizfis
jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;Fk;.

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)

,J rpwpastpy; fhzg;gLk;
epidtfq;fshFk;;. ,J fzpdp
njhopw;gl Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd
rpwpasthd mwpTWj;jy;fis
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

3. gJf;F epidtfk;(Cache memory)

,J fzpdpapy; mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jfty;fis

jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;fg;gad;gLk; ,jd; %yk; fzpdpapd;
Ntfk; mjpfupj;Jf;fhzg;gLk;.
Jizepidtfk;(Secondary storage)
fhe;j Clf epidtfk;

td; jl;L (Hard Disk)

,J epue;ju Nrkpg;Gf; fUtpahFk;.
,J fzpdpapd; gpujhd
epidtfk;. ,jpy; Njitahd
NghJ Nrkpj;j jfty;fis
ghu;itapl KbAk;.

nefpo; tl;L (Floppy Disk)

,JTk; XU epue;ju epidtfk;. ,jd;
nfhs;ssT 1.44MB.

Zip drive
,J nefpo;tl;ilg; Nghd;w
Nrkpg;Gf;fUtpahFk; 100-750 MB
… tiuapYk; fhzg;gLk;.

Pen drive
,J xU Nrkpg;GfUtpahFk;. ,J gad;ghl;Lf;F
,yFthdJ. ,J 1GB,2GB,4GB, 8GB,16GB,32GB…
tiuapYk; fhzg;gLk;.
xsp Clf Nrkpg;GfUtpahFk;.
1. ,Wtl;L (Compact Disk)
,J jfty;fis fjpuhf khw;wp
Nrkpf;fpd;wJ. ,jpy; xU Kiw
kl;LNk Nrkpf;fKbAk;.

700-750 MB tiuapYk;
Nrkpf;fKbAk;.
,J ,U tifg;gLk;-

1. CD-R

2. CD-RW: jfty;fis mopj;J kPz;Lk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.

2. DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

,jpy; ,Wtl;il tpl mjpf
jfty;fis Nrkpf;fyhk;. ,J 1.7
GB,8.5GB,9.4GB,17GB… tiuapYk;
Nrkpf;fKbAk;.

fzpdp nkd;nghUl;fs;
• Kiwik nkd;nghUs;(System Software)
• ,J fzpdpapd; td;nghUl;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;>
xUq;fpizf;fpd;w> Kfhik nra;fpd;w nkd;nghUshFk;

• gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;(Application Software)

• ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyia ,yFthf nra;tjw;F cUthd
nkd;nghUshFk;
 vz; Kiwik
Number System
vz; Kiwik (Number System)

• mb gj;jpid nfhz;l vz; Kiwik

mb (Base)10
epiy (Range) 0→9

• mb ,uz;bid nfhz;l vz; Kiwik

mb (Base) 2
epiy (Range) 0,1

• mb vl;bid nfhz;l vz; Kiwik

mb (Base) 8
epiy (Range) 0→7

• mb gjpdhwpid nfhz;l vz; Kiwik

mb (Base)16
epiy (Range) (0→9,A→F)
Number Conversions

mb ,uz;bid mb 10 ,w;F khw;Wjy;;

(Binary to Decimal Conversions)

Example1

The binary value 1100 1010 represents:

1x27 + 1x26 + 0x25 + 0x24 + 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20

=1x128 + 1x64 + 0x32 + 0x16 + 1x8 + 0x4 + 1x2 + 0x1

=128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0

=202 (base 10)

mb gj;jpid mb 2,w;F khw;Wjy;

mb ,uz;bid mb 16 ,w;F khw;Wjy;
(Binary to Hexadecimal)

For example, the binary value 1010111110110010 will

be written:
1010 1111 1011 0010

A F B 2

mb gjpdhwpid mb 2 ,w;F khw;Wjy;

(Hexadecimal to Binary)
For example the hex value 0AFB2 will be written:

A F B 2
1010 1111 1011 0010

mb gj;jpid mb 16,w;F khw;Wjy;

(Decimal to Hexadecimal)
E.g. Division Quotient Remainder Hex Number

44978 / 16 2811 2 2

2811 / 16 175 11 = B B2

175 / 16 10 15 = F FB2

10 / 16 0 10 = A 0AFB2
mb gjpdhwpid mb 10,w;F khw;Wjy;
(Hexadecimal to Decimal)

Eg-

A x 16 F x 16 B x 16 2 x 16

10 x 4096 15 x 256 11 x 16 2x1

40960 3840 176 2

40960 + 3840 + 176 + 2 = 44978

mb ,uz;bid mb 8,w;F khw;Wjy;

(Binary to octal)

For example, the binary value 1010111110110010 will

be written:

00 010 111 110 110 010

1

1 2 7 6 6 2

mb vl;bid mb 2,w;F khw;Wjy;

(Octal to Binary)
E.g. 13
1 3
001 011
mb gj;jpid mb 8,w;F khw;Wjy;
(Decimal to octal)
E.g.-:
Division Quotient Remainder Octal Number

44978 / 8 5622 2 2
5622 / 8 702 6 62
702 / 8 87 6 662
87 / 8 10 7 7662
10 / 8 1 2 27662
1/8 0 1 127662

mb vl;bid mb 10,w;F khw;Wjy;

(Octal to Decimal)
E.g.
5 4 3 2 1 0
32768+8192+3584+384+48+2 = 44978

1x8 2x8 7x8 6x8 6x8 2x8

1x327 2x409 7x512 6x64 6x8 2x1

68 6
32768 8192 3584 384 48 2
Rules for Binary Addition
Operation Result

0+0 0

0+1 1

1+0 1

1+1 0 and Carry 1

Rules for Binary Subtraction

Operation Result

0-0 0

0-1 1 and borrow 1

1-0 1

1-1 0

Rules for Binary Multiplication

Operation Result

0*0 0

0*1 0

1*0 0

1*1 1
cjhuzk;:
mb ,uz;bid $l;ly; (Binary addition)

0+0=0

0+1=1

1+0=

1+1=0 and carry 1

Eg: 1 1 1

1 1

1010

mb ,uz;bid fopj;jy; (Binary subtraction)

0-0=0

1-0=0

0-1=1 and borrow 1

Eg: 1 1

01

10
mb ,uz;bid ngUf;fy; (Binary multiplication)

0 × 0=0

0 × 1=0

1 × 0=0

1 × 1=1f

Eg: 1 1

11

11

11

1001

ASCII

ASCII vd;gJ fzpdpapd; FwpaPl;L tifia cilajhFk;. ,J

128 tpj;jpahrkhd njupTfis nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J 27-128
cila ,yf;fq;fis gpujpgypf;Fk;

fzpdpapy; cs;s tpirg;gyifapy; xt;nthU nghj;jhd;fSf;Fk;

(Key) mit nfhz;Ls;s vOj;Jf;fspw;Nfw;g ngWkhdk; cz;L.

1. vOj;Jf;fs; Mq;fpy mfu tupir vOj;Jf;fs; A-Z tiu

Mq;fpy ngupa vOj;J rpwpa vOj;Jf;fSk; 0-9
,yf;fq;fSk;,
2. tpNrl fl;Lg;gLj;jy; FwpaPLfs;,
3. FwpaPLfSk; @,#,%,^,&,*,-,=,+ and etc…

Nghd;wtw;wpw;F ngWkhdk; fhzg;gLk;.

ASCII Table
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code)
,J 8 bit coding system. ,J epWtdj;jpd; IBM tif fzpdpfspy;
mjpfk; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; 256 (28) vOj;Jf;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

EBCDIC Code: Commonly Used Characters

Hex Character Hex Character Hex Character Hex Character

'40'x space '95' n 'C4' D 'E3' T

'4B' . '96' o 'C5' E 'E4' U

'4E' + '97' p 'C6' F 'E5' V

'60' - '98' q 'C7' G 'E6' W

'81' a '99' r 'C8' H 'E7' X

'82' b 'A2' s 'C9' I 'E8' Y

'83' c 'A3' t 'D0' } 'E9' Z

'84' d 'A4' u 'D1' J 'F0' 0

'85' e 'A5' v 'D2' K 'F1' 1

'86' f 'A6' w 'D3' L 'F2' 2

'87' g 'A7' x 'D4' M 'F3' 3

'88' h 'A8' y 'D5' N 'F4' 4

'89' i 'A9' z 'D6' O 'F5' 5

'91' j 'C0' { 'D7' P 'F6' 6

'92' k 'C1' A 'D8' Q 'F7' 7

'93' l 'C2' B 'D9' R 'F8' 8

'94' m 'C3' C 'E2' S 'F9' 9

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
BCD MdJ 4 bit fspd; (24) njhFg;ghFk;. A-F, 0-9 tiuahd
,yf;fq;fNs ,k; Kiw %yk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Truth Table

Truth Table vd;gJ xU Logic Circuit f;F nfhLf;fg;gLfp;w Input

f;fhd Output [ mwpa gad;gLfpwJ

E.g.
jHf;f gliyfs; (Logic Gates)

AND GATE

OR GATE

NOT GATE
 XOR GATE

NOR GATE

XNOR GATE
NAND GATE

Laws and Rules of Boolean algebra

Commutative Low

Associative Law

Distributive Law

Demorgan’s Law
 jfty; Kiwik
Information System
jfty; Kiwik
(Information System)

Kiwik (System-Rw; w hly; njhFjp)

cgKiwik cgKiwik

1 (kuq;fs;) 5 (tsp)

cgKiwik
cgKiwik cgKiwik
4 (#upad;)
2 (ePu;) 3 (capupdq;fs;)

cgKiwik cgKiwik

1 (fub-tpyq;Ffs;) 2 (Gy;-jhtuq;fs;)

jfty; KiwikahdJ xd;Nwhnlhd;W md;dpNahd;dpakhf ,ize;j

gFjpfspdhy; mike;j xd;whFk;. ,jd; %yk; jfty;fis xd;W
jpul;Ltjw;Fk;> kPsg;ngWtjw;Fk;> nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk;
gfPu;e;jspj;jy; Nghd;w fhupaq;fis nra;J epWtdj;ij gupghypj;J
jPu;khdk; vLf;f cjTfpd;wJ. jfty; Kiwik gpujhdkhf ,uz;L
tifahFk;

1. fzpdp njhopy;El;gk; cs;slf;fg;gl;l jfty; Kiwikfs;.

2. fzpdp njhopy;El;gk; cs;slf;fg;glhj jfty; Kiwikfs;.

fzpdpj; njhopy;El;gk; cs;slf;fg;gl;l Kiwikahf jd;dpaf;f

fhrspg;G ,ae;jpuKk; (ATM) fzpdpj; njhopy;El;gk; cs;slf;fg;glhj
Xu; Kiwikfshf capUs;s kw;Wk; ngsjPf KiwikfisAk;
cjhuzkhf fhl;lyhk;.
jd;dpaf;f Kiwik
(Automated System)

jfty; Kiwik xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf Xu; egupd; jiyaPL

Njitahd NghjpYk; jd;dpaf;fk; nra;j Kiwik xd;iw ,af;f
xUtupd; jiyaPL Njit ,y;iy. ,t;thwhd Kiwikfis
mNefkhf ,af;f fzpdp cgfuzq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf
G+uz jd;dpaf;f ryit ,ae;jpuk; xd;iw fhl;lyhk;. ,q;F
,ae;jpuj;jpNy mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Micro Chip %yk; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba ePupd; msT> Rw;wpd; vz;zpf;if cyu;j;Jk;
gFjpapd; ntg;gepiy Mfpad fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

fhupahya jd;dpaf;f Kiwik

(Office Automated System)

vz;zpay; Kiwapy; mikf;fg;gl;l xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;l>

ifahsg;gl;l kw;Wk; Nrkpj;Jitf;fg;gl;l epWtdj; juTfs; Xu;
mbg;gilj; Njitf;fhfNth> my;yJ Nehf;fq;fis mile;J
nfhs;tjw;fhfNth ghtpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ ,jd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;.
Kd; ,Ue;j epWtd jd;dpaf;f Kiwikfspy; jl;lr;R ,ae;jpuKk; gpujp
vLf;Fk; ,ae;jpuKk; Xu; ghupa Nritiar; nra;jJ. Mdhy;> ,d;W
mj;jifa Kiwikfspy; e-mail;> Voice mail ghtpg;gjdhy;
Kiwikapy; cs;s jfty;fs; vz;zpay; Kiwf;F gupkhw;wk; nra;J
njhlu;ghly; nra;af; $bajhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
gupkhw;wy; nray;Kiw Kiwik
(Transaction Processing System)
ehshe;j tq;fp eltbf;iffspNy eilngWk; gz itg;Gfs;>
kPsg;ngwy; kw;Wk; xUtupd; fzf;fpy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhUtupd; fzf;fpw;F
gzj;ij khw;Wjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; ,k;Kiwik %yk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; MdJ Nkw;gb eltbf;iffspd;
NghJ Vw;glf;$ba FiwfisAk; nraw;jpwdpd;ikiaAk; Fiwf;f
,k;Kiwik %yk; tpNrl nraw;ghLfis
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtNjahFk;.

gupkhw;w nray;Kiw Kiwikapd; tpNrl mk;rq;fs;

tpiuthf gjpyspj;jy; tpiuthf gjpyspg;gjw;fhf mjpNtf

nraw;ghL rpwpJ fbdkhf tplakhf
,Ue;jhYk; Neuk; kpf Kf;fpak;> vd;gij
fUjp thbf;ifahsu;fs; ePz;l Neuk;
fhj;jpUg;gij Fiwg;gjw;F ,t;tpNrl
gz;Gld; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ek;gfj; jd;ik thbf;ifahsu;fspdhy; Kiwikapy;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gupkhw;wq;fspd; NghJ
gpiofis vjpu;ghu;g;gJ ,y;iy. Mifahy;>
,k; Kiwikfs; ghupa ghJfhg;GlDk;>
mdu;j;j epthuz myFfisAk;
cs;slq;fpaJ.

epue;juj; jd;ik vy;yhg; gupkhw;wq;fSf;Fk;> egu; xUtiuNah

mtupd; jFjpiaNah ghu;f;fhky; xNu
jd;ikahf ,aq;Fk;.

fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; mikj;jy; epWtdj;jpd; nray;fSf;fhf xd;wpize;J

fl;Lg;ghLfSld; $ba mikg;Gld;
mike;Js;sJ.
Kfhikj;Jt xj;Jiog;G Kiwik

(Management Support System)

tpahghuk; xd;wpy; midj;J cs;sf fl;Lg;ghl;L nraw;ghl;bd; cg

myfhFk;. kdpj> Mtzq;fs;> njhopy; El;gk;> kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs;
jfty; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fzf;fhsuhy; gupghypf;fg;gLk;. tpahghuj;jpd;
gpur;rpidfis jPu;ff
; ,J gad;gLk;.

cjhuzk;:-

1. cw;gj;jpfspdJk; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; nryTfis

fzpj;jy;.
2. gue;j tpahghuq;fspd; cghaq;fis NjLjy;
vd;gd ,jdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; tplaq;fshFk;.

jPu;khd xj;Jiog;G Kiwik

(Decision Support System)

tpNrl jfty; Kiwik xd;whFk;. ,jdhy;> ,it %yk; Xu;

tpahghuj;jpNyh my;yJ epWtdk; xd;wpNyh jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk;
nraw;ghLfSf;fhf xj;Jiog;G toq;fg;gLk;.

epiwNtw;W xj;Jiog;G Kiwik

(Executive Support System)
epiwNtw;W xj;Jiog;G KiwahdJ Xu; epWtdk; xd;wpd; juTfis
gpuNahrdKs;s tifapy; rhuhk;rg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,lkspf;Fk;. Xu;
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk; Xu; fUtpahFk;. ,t; mwpf;iffs; rhjhuzkhf
epiwNtw;W kl;lj;jpy; epu;thfpfspdhy; tpiuthf guprPypg;gjw;fhfg;
ghtpf;fg;gLk;.
epGzj;Jt Kiwik (Export System)

epGzj;Jt KiwikahdJ xU nkd;nghUs; Nghd;w xd;whFtJld;

mjd; %yk; VjhtJ> ghltplaj;jpy; epGzu; xUtu; my;yJ gyuJ
nray; fhl;bfis gpujp nra;tjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jypd; mk;KiwikAk;
epGzj;JtnuhUtuJ cjhuzkhf cUthf;fpf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jw;fhf nraw;if Ez;zwptpd; cjtp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
gytifahd Kiwfs; ,e;epGzu;fspd; nray; fhl;b> cjhuzj;jpw;F
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

cl;nghjpe;j Kiwikfs; (Embedded System)

Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU my;yJ kpfr; rpwpa tpN\l NtiyfSf;fhf

kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; Kiwikfs; MFk;. G+u;j;jpahd cgfuznkhd;wpd; xU
gFjpahf cl;nghjpag;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwiknahd;whFk;.
e tpahghuk;

,izaj;jpD}lhf nghUl;fspd; nfhs;tdT> tpw;gid kw;Wk;

Nritfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;wit e tpahghukhFk;.

e tzpfk;

,J e – tpahghuj;jpd; Xu; cg gpupthf ,Uf;fpd;wJld;

,izaj;jpD}lhf tpahghu eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;tJkhFk;.
mjhtJ> epWtd jdpahu; kw;Wk; fl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fpilapYk;
mtw;wpd; epWtd my;yJ fl;rp vd;gtw;wpw;Fs;shf eilngWk;
gupkhw;w eltbf;iffshFk;.

e tpahghu nraw;ghLfs;

ngaustpyhd fsQ;rpa epiyfs; (Virtual Store front)

,izaj;jpD}lhf Neubahfg; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tij
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,q;F ,yj;jpudpay; ngau;f;nfhj;J (Directory)
cs;sJld; 24 kzpNeuKk; ,f; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;fhf
jpwe;jpUf;fk;.

cjhuzk;: www.amazon.com

www.acompdata.com

jfty; jufu;fs; (Information Brokers)

,J xU epWtdkhf my;yJ eguhf ,Uf;ff; $ba mNjNtis

Nrit ngWgtu;fSf;F nghJj;juT tq;fpfspd; jfty;fisj;
Njbf;nfhLf;Fk;. ,jd; %yk; NritngWgtUf;F NeuKk; gzKk;
kPjkhFk;. epfo; Neuj;juTfisr; Nrfupf;Fk;. fopT mbg;gilapy;
tpw;gid eilngWk;. ,tw;wpy; tpsk;guq;fspy; ntspaplg;gLk;.
gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: re;ij Muha;r;rp (Market research)

Ngl;ld;l; Muha;r;rp (Patent research)

nghUslf;fq;fs; toq;Fdu;fs; (Content Provider)

,jD}lhf gy;NtW tifahd ,yj;jpudpaw; jfty;fs;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; nra;jpfs;> kpd;dQ;ry;> tiuglq;fs;>
fbjq;fs;> rydg;glq;fs; Nghd;w ve;NeuKk; GJg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;w jfty;fs;
cs;sd.

cjhuzk;: www.yahoo.com

www.wikipedea.org

epfo;Neu Nrit toq;Fdu;fs; (Online Service Provider)

,jd; %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F epfo;Neu Nritfs; ngw;Wj;

jug;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: www.wow.lk

www.wikipedea.org

tiythry;fs; (Portals)

gadu;fSf;F anchorfspDld; $ba ,izaj;jsq;fs; fhzf;

$bajhftpUf;Fk;. murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; murhq;f epWtdq;fisg;
gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fspd; gpuNahrdj;jpw;fhfTk; fy;tp>
gy;fiyf;foff;fy;tp Nghd;wit gw;wpAk; tiythry;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk;: www.myharverd.edu `thl; gy;fiyf;fofk;

ww.gov.lk ,yq;if mur ,iza Eisthapy;

kha r%fq;fs; (Virtual Communities)

gadu;fSf;Fj; fz;Zf;Fj; njupahj r%fk; vd ,jid
miof;fg;gLk;. ,q;F jfty;fs;> njhiyNgrp> nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gfs;>
kpd;dQ;ry;fs; %ykhf mNef egh;fSf;fpilapy; jfty;fisg; gupkhw;wQ;
nra;jy; eilngWk;.
egh;fisr; re;jpj;jy;> tplaq;fisg; gupkhw;wQ: nra;jy;> $l;lhfr;
nraw;gly;> murpay;> Rw;whly;> Neha;fs; vd;gd gw;wp jfty;fisg;
gupkhw;Wtjw;F kha r%fk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,itfspy; mstshTk;
miw> mwptpj;jw; gyif Nghd;wit fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf:- Yahoo groups, Google groups
e tpahghuj;jpd; ed;ikfs; jPikfs;

tpahghu Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;gth;fSf;Fk; ngw;Wf;

nfhLg;gth;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ek;gpf;ifapd; kPJ ,J jq;fpAs;sJ.
ed;ikfs;

• tpw;gidapd; gpd; Njitahd cjtpfis toq;Fjy;>

nraw;ghLfSk;> topfhl;LjYk;.
• fth;r;rpfukhd nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;jy;.
• Nghl;b kakhd tpiyfs;.
• jpUg;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
• tpiuthd Nrit.
• ,yFthf nrd;wilaf; $ba gf;fq;fs;
• tpiuthf nfhs;tdTk; toq;fYk;
• tpsk;guk;.
• guprpy;fs; toq;Fjy;
• fopTfs;
• tpNrl guprpy;fs;
• thbf;ifahsu;fspd; kPJ jdpg;gl;l ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
• msTk; miw> e – r%fk;> nra;jpf;FOf;fs;> r
%fq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;G

jPikfs;

1. fl;lisapLk; nghUl;fspd; ek;gfj; jd;ik ,y;yhjpUj;jy;.

2. fl;lisapLk; nghUl;fspd; tpguq;fspd; kPJ ek;;gfj;jd;ik
,y;yhjpUj;jy;.
3. tpw;gid nra;Ak; epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlh;G ,y;yhjpUj;ju;.
4. gzf; nfhLg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ fldl;ilfspd;
ek;gfj;jd;ik gpur;ridfSf;Fl;gLjy;
5. kPjkhAs;s gzj;jpd; ghJfhg;gw;w jd;ik.
juT mDg;gy; Kiw
Data Transmission
Methods
juT mDg;gy; Kiw
(Data Transmission Methods)
nghJthfr; nra;;jpfs;> vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidfs;> epidTfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw ntt;Ntwhd Ml;fspilNa my;yJ Fof;fspilNa
ghpkhw;wpf; nfhs;tijNa njhlh;ghly; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid
rw;W Mokhf Nehf;fpdhy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
1. mbg;gil KbTfis my;yJ cz;ikf; fUj;Jf;fisr;
Nrfhpf;Fk; nraw;ghL.
2. mtw;wpidg; Ngzpitf;Fk; nraw;ghL
3. Ntz;lg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;F mtw;wpid mDg;Gk; nraw;ghL
4. Njitahd gjpiyg; ngWk; nraw;ghL
njhlh;ghlypd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk;> nraw;gltpUf;Fk; nray;jpl;lq;fspy;>
Njitahd rpy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp> mjidr; rpwg;ghf
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fhpa juit/jftiyg; ghpkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.
gaDWjpkpf;f njhlh;ghly; nraw;ghL vd;gJ Njitahd khw;wj;ij mq;F
Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
r%fj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLk; njhlh;ghly; top Kiwfshfg;
gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fUjyhk;.

1. tha; %ykhd njhlh;ghly; (Oral Communication)

2. tha; nkhopapyhd njhlh;ghly; (Verbal Communication)

3. vOj;J %ykhd njhlh;ghly; (Written Communication)

4. FwpaPLfs; my;yJ rkpf;iQfs; %ykhd njhlh;ghly;
(Symbolic Signal Communication)

5. Clfq;fSldhd njhlh;ghly; (Mass Commnication)

6. njhiyj; njhlh;ghly; (TeleCommnication)

7. juTj; njhlh;ghly; (DataCommnication)

rhjhuzkhf juTj;njhlh;ghly; khjphpnahd;W gpd;tUk; %yfq;fisf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
1. mDg;gp my;yJ %yk; (Sender / Source)
2. fhy;tha; my;yJ Clfk;; (Channel / Medium)
3. ngWjp my;yJ KbT (Receiver / Destination)

Gtpapay; hPjpapy; ntt;NtW ,lj;jpYs;s Sender, Receiver

vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilNa juTfis mDg;GjNy juTj;njhlh;ghlyhFk;.
Sender, Receiver vd;gd kdpjh;fs;> fzpdpfs;> Nghd;wd
mikayhk;. ,tw;wpw;F ,ilNa juTfis mDg;Gtjw;F njhlh;ghly;
fhy;thahf fljhrp> fzpdpf; fsQ;rpa Clfq;fs; njhiyNgrp
,izg;ghd; Nghd;wd gad;gLk;.

,U ntt;NtW ,lj;jpYs;s mDg;gp> ngWtp vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilNa

jftiy tpiuthfg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;tjw;F mjp Ntf ,yj;jpudpay;
njhlh;ghly; Kiwfs; cjTfpd;wd. fzpdpfisAk;> ,yj;jpudpay;
juTj;njhlh;ghly; KiwikfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; juitr;
Nrfhpf;fTk;> mtw;iwg; Ngzpitf;fTk;> gpd;dh; epue;jug;gLj;jTk;> ,Wjp
tpisthf jftiy mDg;Gtjw;Fk; ,aYk;. ,tw;wpidj; juTj;
njhlh;ghlypy; epfof;$ba mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfshff;fUjyhk;.

juTj;njhlh;ghly; Kiw
juT mDg;Gk; nraw;ghL Neubahff; fzpdpahy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wjh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gijg; nghWj;J juTj;
njhlh;ghly; Kiwikia Kf;fpakhd ,U gphpthff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

1) Nfhl;byhd juT mDg;Gk; Kiwik (Neubahd Kiwik)

fzpdp Kiwahy; juT mDg;Gk; nraw;ghl;bid Neubahff;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w epiyNa Nfhl;byhd juT mDg;Gk; Kiwik
vd;ghjhFk;.
cjhuzk;:- Coaxial Cable my;yJ jdpj;J/ Fj;jiff;f
toq;fg;gl;l njhiyNgrp ,izg;igg; (Dedicated / Leased) gad;gLj;jp>
fzpdp %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; juT mDg;gy;.

2) Nfhl;by;yhj juT mDg;Gk; Kiwik (Neubaw;w Kiwik)

juT mDg;Gk; nraw;ghL Neubahff; fzpdp Kiwahy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jhky;> fhyjhkjpg;Gld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; juT mDg;gy;.

cjhuzk;:- nghJj; njhiyNgrpapizg;igg; (Public Telephone Dial

Up Connection) gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; my;yJ nkd;jl;L %yk; Xh;
fzpdp KiwikapypUe;J ,d;Ndhh; fzpdp Kiwikf;F jutpid
mDg;Gjy;.
Xh; juTj; njhlh;ghly; Kiwikapd; cgKiwikfs; ($Wfs;)

rhjhuzkhfj; juTj; njhlh;ghly; KiwikahdJ gpd;tUk;

,UKiwikfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
• juTj; njhlh;ghly; td;DWg;G Kiwik
• juTj; njhlh;ghly; nkd;DWg;G Kiwik

juTj; njhlh;ghly; td;DWg;G Kiwik

gy td;DWg;Gg; ghfq;fs;> juTj; njhlh;ghlypy;

<LgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf
,dq;fhzg;gl;litfs; tUkhW.

1. fzpdpfs; (Computers)
2. fzpdp me;jiyfs;/ Kbtplf;fUtpfs; (Peripherals/
Terminals)
3. njhlh;ghly; fhy;tha;fs; (Communication Media)
4. njhlh;ghly; ,ilKftyFfs; (Communication
Interfaces)
5. njhlh;ghly; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; myFfs; (Communication
Control Units)

fzpdpfs;
Njitahd jfty;fis cah; Ntfj;jpy; mDg;Gtjw;Fk;>
ngWtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itg;gjw;Fk; chpa trjpfisf;
nfhz;lJk;> juTj; njhlh;ghlypw;F MjhukhfTk; ,Ug;gJ fzpdpfshFk;.

fzpdp me;jiyfs;/ Kbtplf;fUtpfs;

(Peripherals/ Terminals)

jutpid cs;sPL nra;tjw;Fk;> jftiy ntspaPL nra;tjw;Fk;

cjTk; fUtpfshf fzpdp me;jiyfs;/Kbtplf;fUtpfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,it juTj; njhlh;ghlypYs;s vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; gq;Fgw;w
Ntz;bait my;y. vdNt ,tw;iwf; fzpdp mstpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jitahff; fUjKbahJ.

cjhuzk;:- fl;Gyf;fhl;rp myF Kbtplf;fUtp (Visual Display Unit

Terminal) gjpjy; Kbtplf;fUtp (Printer Terminal)
njhlh;ghly; fhy;tha;fs;
(juT mDg;Gk; Clfk; my;yJ ngsjPf ,izg;ghd;)
fhy;tha; my;yJ Clfk; vd;gJ Xh; ghijahFk;. mjD}lhf
juthdJ Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhhplj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk;. vt;tbtj;
juntdpDk; ,yj;jpudpay; rkpf;iQfshfNt fhy;tha;fSlhfr; nry;Yk;

juTj; njhlh;ghly; Kiwikapy; fzpdpfisAk;> mjd;

Kbtplf;fUtpfisAk; ,izg;gjw;F njhlh;ghly; fhy;tha;fSk;
gad;gLfpd;wd. njhlh;ghly; fhy;tha;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tFg;Gf;fshfg;
gphpf;f KbAk;.

njhopy;El;gj;ijg; nghWj;Jg; gphpj;jy;

Nfhrpa]; Nfgps; my;yJ fzpdp Nfgps; ( Coaxial/ Computer

Gables) ,J ehd;F gilfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• cl;flj;jp (Inner Conductor)
• cl;fhtyp ( Inner Insulation)
• ntspf;flj;jp (Outer Conductor)
• ntspf;fhtyp (Outer Insulation/Jacket)

Cl;flj;jpiar; Rw;wp cl;fhtyp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ntspf;flj;jpia

fhg;gjw;F ghJfhg;G ciwahf ntspf;fhtyp ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
cl;flj;jpahdJ ,yj;jpudpay; rkpf;iQfisf; flj;Jfpd;w epiyapy;
ntspf;flj;jpahdJ nghUspd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;
NfgpshdJ Anolog> Digital Mfpa ,Utifr; rkpf;iQfisAk;
flj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; tOf;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd
tha;g;gf;fs; FiwT vd;gjhy; kpfTk; ek;gfkhdJ.
KWf;F Nrhb tlk; (Twisted Pair Wire)
KWf;fpathW mike;j ,U Nrhb tah; njhiyNgrp ,izg;ghdJ
gy jrhg;jq;fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,it ,U
fUtpfis ,izf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tahpDlhf xyp kw;Wk; juT> jfty;
vd;gd mDg;gg;gLk;. ,k;KWf;F wire ,d; Nehf;fk; njhlh;ghly;
FWf;fPLfs;> ,ilQ;ry;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jtph;g;gjhFk;. ,jd; %yk;
Analog> Digital Mfpa ,Utifr; rkpf;iQfisAk; mDg;gKbAk;. Xh;
njhiyNgrp ,izg;ghdJ gy KWf;F wire fisr; rhjhuzkhff;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Xt;nthU NrhbAk; xt;nthU njhiyj;njhlh;ghly;
fhy;thahFk;.

nraw;iff;Nfhs; njhlh;ghly; (Satellite Communication)

,k; Kiwapy; Ez;ziyfs; %yNk njhlh;ghly;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. G+kpapd; Nky; Vwj;jhs 36000 fpNyh kPw;wh; (22300
iky;) J}uj;jpw;F mg;ghYs;s nraw;iff;Nfhspw;F> epyj;jpypUe;J
Ez;ziyrkpf;iQfs; mDg;gg;gLk;. nraw;iff;NfhshdJ G+kpapd;
Row;rpf;F xj;j ,ay;igf; nfhz;ljhFk;> nghUj;jkhd ghijapNy
efUtjhfTk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjhtJ G+kpapd;> nraw;iff; NfhSk; xNu
Row;r;rp Ntfj;ijf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjd; fhuzkhfNt
G+kpapd; vg;gFjpapypUe;Jk; g+kpapYs;s ,d;Ndhh; gFjpf;Fj; njhlh;ghliy
Nkw;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. nraw;iff;NfhshdJ G+kpapYs;s
mDg;gy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J ngw;w rkpf;iQia (Up link)
tphpayhf;fg;gl;L (Amplify) G+kpapYs;s Nruy; epiyaj;jpw;F mDg;Gk;
(Down link)
Ez;ziy Kiwik (Microwave System)
,k; Kiwapy; Ez;ziyfshf jfty;fs; thd;ntspapy; (Space)
mDg;gg;gLk;. ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s ngsjPf hPjpapyhd ,izg;G tah;fs;
(Nfhrpa];> Nfgps;> njhiyNgrp ,izg;G tah; Nghd;wd) Njitapy;iy.
Ez;ziyj; jutDg;gyhdJ GtpNkw;gug;g epiyikapd; mbg;gilapNyh
my;yJ nraw;iff;Nfhs; mbg;gilapNyh Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
GtpNkw;gug;gpy; juT / jfty; mDg;gy; (Terrestrial
Transmission)

kpfTk; gpugy;akhd juT/ jfty; mDg;gy; Kiw ,JNtahFk;.

GtpNkw;gug;gpy; cah; kPbwidf; nfhz;l Ez;ziyfs; %yk; ,it
Xhplj;jpypUe;J ,d;Ndhhplj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. Xh; Ez;ziy
epiyaj;jpYs;s disc antenna [g; gad;gLj;jp juT/jftyhdJ
GtpapYs;s ,d;Ndhh; Receiving Station f;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
kpfj;njhiytpy; Receiving Station ,Ug;gjdhy; ,ilapilNa
Repeater Station cjtpAld; epiyaq;fs; rkpf;iQ thapyhd
juT/jfty;fis Amplify nra;J mLj;Js;s epiyaj;jpw;F mDg;Gk;>
mLj;jLj;j ,uz;L epiyaq;fspw;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; 50 fpNyh kPw;whpw;F
(30 iky;) cl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;G:- tphpayhf;fg;gLjy;;
Fiwthd tPr;rk; nfhz;l Ez;ziyia> cah; tPr;rKs;s
Ez;ziyahf khw;WjNy tphpayhf;fg;gLjyhFk;. ,jd; %yk; Xh;
Ez;Ziyia ePz;l J}uk; mDg;g KbAk;. ,d;DNkhh; topapy;
nrhy;tjhapd; rkpf;iQapd; tYitf; $l;LtjhFk;.

xspapiof; Nfgps; (Optical Fiber Cable)

xspapiof; NfgpshdJ mjp J}a fz;zhb my;yJ Fthl;];
my;yJ gpsh];bf; (Ultra Pure glass or Quarts or Plastic) Nghd;w
%yg;nghUspy; xd;wpy; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l eLj;Jis ,ioiaf;
(Core) nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,jD}lhfNt xsptbtr;rkpf;iQia
kpff;Fiwthd xspapog;Gld; ePz;l J}uj;jpw;F mDg;gKbAk;.
Xspapioapd; eLg;gFjpahdJ cah; njwpg;GilajhfTk;> kpfTk;
Fiwthd KwpTr;Rl;bAilajhfTk; (mjhtJ xsp KwpT Vw;gLtjpy;iy
vz;Zkstpw;Ff; FiwT) ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; eLj;Jis ,ioalhf
xsp> Kwptpd;wp njwpg;Gld; ePz;l J}uj;jpw;F gazpf;Fk;. nghJthf
xspapiof; Cable ieNyhd; my;yJ PVC (Nylon or PVC) vd;Dk;
fhtypahy; Rw;wpg; Nghh;ff
; g;gl;bUf;Fk; (%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;).

,dptUk; jiyKiwapd; juT mDg;Gk; Clfkhfg; nghpJk;

tpsq;fg;NghtJ ,JNtahFk;. mnkhpf;fh> [g;ghd;> rpq;fg;G+h; Nghd;w
ehLfs; ,j; njhopy;El;gj;jpidNa juTj; njhlh;ghlYf;F kpf mjpfk;
nra;Js;sd. Vida ehLfSk; mtw;wpidg; gpd;gw;wp
,j;njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jptUfpd;wdh;.
jutDg;Gk; Clfq;fspd; ntt;Ntwhd Ntfq;fs;

Telephone cables - 300bps – 10Mbps

Co-axial cable - 56Kbps – 20Mbps
Micro wave - 256Kbps –100Mbps
Optical cable - 500Kbps – 10Gbps

jutDg;Gk; jpirapidg; nghWj;jy; gphpj;jy;

Simplex Method
,k; Kiwapy; XNu jpirapy; khj;jpuk; juTj; njhlh;ghly;
eilngWk;. mDg;gp (Sender) juit mDg;Gk; mNj Ntis
ngWtp (Receiver) mjidg; ngWk;.
cjhuzk:; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;wtw;wpy;
gad;gLk; jutDg;gy; Kiw Simplex MFk;.

Half Duplex
,k;Kiwapy; ,U jpirapfspYk; juTj; njhlh;ghly;
eilngWk;. vdpDk; Xh; Neuj;jpy; Xh; jpirapy; khj;jpuNk
eilngWk;.
cjhuzk;: Walkie-Talkie> gf;]; (Fax) Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLk;
jutDg;gy; Kiw Half Duplex MFk;.

Duplex or Full Duplex Method

,k; Kiwapy; Xh; Neuj;jpy; ,U jpirapYk; juTj;

njhlh;ghly; eilngWk;.

cjhuzk; njhiyNgrpapy; gad;gLk; jutDg;gy; Kiw

Duplex MFk;.
juT ghptHj;jid Kiwfs; (Data Transmission
Types)

njhluDg;Gjy; (Serial Transmission)

,k; Kiwapy; juTWg;Gf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; bits fs; xd;wd;

gpd; xd;whfj; njhlh; NfgpspD}lhf (Serial Cable) mDg;gg;gLk;. ,k;
Kiwapyhd jutDg;gy; kpfTk; nkJthfNt eilngWtjhy; Ntfk;
Fiwthd fUtpfSf;Nf njhlhghly; Nfgps; my;yJ njhiyNgrp
,izg;Gf;fs; (Serial Port Cable) gad;gLfpd;wJ.

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 

rkhe;ju mDg;gy; (Parallel Transmission)

,k; Kiwapy; juTWg;Gf;fis gpujpepjpj;jtg;gLj;Jk; bits fs;

rkhe;jukhf NfgpspD}lhf mDg;gg;gLk;. ,k; Kiwapyhd jutDg;gy;
Ntfkhf eilNgWk;.

0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
1 
1 
0 
 nra;epuy; vz;zf;fU
Programming Concept
nra;epuy; vz;zf;fU (Programming Concept)
gpur;ridia jPh;j;jy; (Problem Solving)
1. gpur;ridia gFg;gha;T nra;jy

2. gpur;ridf;Fupa algorithm xd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy;

3. fzpdp nra;epuy; vOJjy;
fzpdp nra;epuiy guPl;rpj;jy;

gpur;ridia gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

• Kjypy; gpur;ridia ed;F Muha;e;J mjDila cs;sPL
ntspaPL nra;Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fz;L
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
• gpur;ridf;Fupa algorithm xd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

gpur;ridf;Fupa Algorithm xd;iw tpUj;jp nra;jy;

Algorithm
• gpur;ridia jPh;g;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis
gbKiwfspy; vOJtJ algorithm vdg;gLk;.

• Kjypy; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;l gpur;ridf;Fupa jPh;tpid

fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• gpd;dh; mjw;fhd algorithm ,uz;L Kiwfspy; tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gLk;.

• mitahtd:
1. tiuG Kiw (gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L glk;)
2. vOj;J Kiw (Nghypf;FwpaPL)

tiuG Kiw Graphical Method

gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L glk; Kyk; tiuG Kiwahf algorithm tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gLk;.
gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L glk; Flow chart
• nra;epuy; xd;wpd; nraw;ghLfis tiuG Kiw %yk;
tiff;Fwpj;jy; gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L glk; vdg;gLk;.

FwpaPL ngah;

Muk;gk; KbT
Start / Stop
nraw;ghL
Process
cs;sPL ntspaPL
Input Output
nry;Yk; ghij
Flow Line
jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;
Take Decision

Connector
cjhuzk;:-
,U ,yf;fq;fis $l;Ljy;

Start

Input tow number

Add two
numbers

Print total

Stop

cjhuzk;:-
ngupa ,yf;fj;ij fz;lwpjy;

Star
t

Input two
numbers

Print y
If
x>y

x
Print x

Stop
vOj;J Kiw (Textual Method)
Nghypf;FwpaPL %yk; vOj;J Kiwahf algorithm [ tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gLk;.

Nghypf;FwpaPL (Pseudo Code)

fzpdp nra;epuy; xd;iw fzpdp nkhopapy; jq;fpapuhj nkhopapy;
RUf;nfOj;J Kiw %yk; jug;gLk; nrhw;fNs Nghypf;FwpaPL vdg;gLk;.

,jdhy; ,jid nra;epuyh; (Programmer) my;yhjtUk; ,yFtpy; Gupe;J

nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzk;:- End

,U ,yf;fq;fis cjhuzk;:-
$l;Ljy; ngupa ,yf;fj;ij
Start fz;lwpjy;
Input first number, second
Start
number Input x, y
Total = first number + second If x > y then Out put x
number Else Output y
Output total End
Nghypf;FwpaPl;bd; mikg;Gfs;
Sequence
Start
Enter hours, rate

Wage =hours *rate

Display wage

End

Selection

Simple selection

If A>B
Then display A
End if

Two way selection

If A>B
Then display B
Else display B
End if

Multi way selection

If A>B
Then If B>C
Then display C
Else display D
End if
End if

Repetition
While
Enter number
While number <>0
Do display number
Enter number
End while
 Until
Enter number
Repeat
Display number
Counter = counter + 1
Until counter= 10

For
For index =1 to 10
Do enter number
Display number
Next

fzpdp nra;epuy; vOJjy;

• kpfr;rupahf fzpdpahy; Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $ba nkhopapy;
fzpdpapy; cs;sPL nra;jy;.
cjhuzk;:-
C++

Python

Visual Basic

FORTRAN

Turbo Pascal

fzpdp nra;epuiy guPl;rpj;jy;

• nra;epuiy nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis ,dq;fz;L
mtw;iw jpUj;Jk; nra;Kiw tO ePf;Fjy; (Debugging)
vdg;gLk;.

- ,jd; NghJ Nghypahd juTfs; cs;sPL nra;ag;gl;L rhpahd

ntspaPLfs; ngwg;gLfpwjh vd fz;fhzpf;fg;gLk;.
,izak;
Internet
,izak;
jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf tiyaikf;fg;gl;l my;yJ xd;Wld; xd;W
,izf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfisf; nfhz;l gue;j xU KiwikNa
,izakhFk;. ,J tiyaikg;Gf;fspy; xU tiyaikg;G MFk;. ,J
gq;fplg;gl;l cyfshtpa tskhf fhzg;gLtJld; vtUf;Fk;
nrhe;jkhfNth kw;Wk; vtuhYk; xOq;fikf;fg;gLtNjh ,y;iy.
,iza trjpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Njitahdit
• fzpdp

• Modem
• ,iza Nrit toq;Fdh; ISP(Internet Service Provider)
• ,iza cyhtp (Web Browser)
• njhiyNgrp ,izg;G A Telephone Line

,iza trjpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;

• mwptpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

• jfty;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

• VidNahUld; njhlh;G nfhs;tjw;F

• nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fSf;F
• nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; nfhs;tdT , tpw;gidfspy;
<LgLtjw;F
fzpdpahdJ ,iza gf;fq;fisj; jUfpwJ. xt;nthU ,iza Server
f;Fk; xt;nthU IP KftupAk; kw;Wk; xU Domain ngaUk; cz;L.
cjhuzkhf cq;fspd; cyhtpapy;
http://www.jaffnastjohnscollege.com/index.html vd;w URL
[ Type nra;tPh;fshapd; mJ cq;fsJ Ntz;LNfhis
jaffnastjohnscollege vd;w Domain ngaiu cila (Domain
Name) Server f;F mDg;Gk;. gpd;dh me;j Server MdJ
index.html vd;w gf;fj;jpid (page) ngw;W mjid cq;fsJ
cyhTf;F (Browser) mDg;Gk;.
World Wide Web (WWW) ,y; cs;s xU gf;fk; my;yJ
,lk; (Site)
Xt;nthU ,iza gf;fKk; home page vd;w xU gf;fj;jpidf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gadhsh;fs; VjhapDk; xU gf;fj;jpDs; (page) EioAk;
NghJ ,JNt KjyhtJ Mtzkhf Njhd;Wk;. World Wide Web ,y;
cs;s gf;fq;fshdJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Mtzq;fisAk; kw;Wk;
Nfhg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. World Wide Web ,y; cs;s
xt;nthW gf;fKk; xU jdp egh;, fk;gdp my;yJ epWtdq;fspdhy;
eph;tfpf;fg;gLtJld; mth;fSf;F nrhe;jkhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,iza
KfthpahdJ ,izaj;jpYs;s xU fzpdpia jdpahf ,dq;fz;L
nfhs;fpd;wJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; ,iza KftupahdJ xU
,izag;gf;fj;jpd; ngaiuAk; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,JNt URL vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. URL vd;gJ “Uniform Resource Locator”
vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;.
kdpjd; Qhgfj;jpy; itj;J nfhs;tjw;F ,yFthf IP Kftupfs;
nghJthf jrk vz; KiwikapNyNa Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mJ “Dotted
Decimal Number” vd $wg;gLk;. Mdhy; fzpdpfs; Jtpj(Binary)
vz; tbtpNyNa njhlh;G nfhs;fpd;wd.

World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW vd miof;fg;gLk; World Wide Web MdJ cyfyhtpa uPjpapy;
fhzg;gLk; midj;J fzpdpfspYk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; Vuhskhd
Mtzq;fspd;; njhFg;Gfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd tpNrl
fzpdpfs; cyfyhtpa njhlh;ghly; Kiwikf;F gq;fspg;gpid
nra;tjw;fhf xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ ,izak; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ

,iza gf;fk; (Web Page)

HTML vd;w nkhopapy; vOjg;;gl;lJk; ,izaj;jpd; Kyk;
,af;fr;nra;af;$baJkhd xU MtzNk ,iza gf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
Xt;nthU ,izagf;fj;jpw;Fk; URL miof;fg;gLk; XU jdpahd Kftup
cz;L. ,izagf;fq;fshdJ vOj;JUf;fs; (Text), cU/glq;fs;
(Graphics) NtnwhU ,izagf;fj;jpw;Fr; nry;yf;$ba ,izg;Gf;fs;
(Hyperlinks) kw;Wk; Nfhg;Gf;fs; (Files) Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;f
KbAk;.
IP Kftupfs;
,izaj;jpYs;s xt;ntU fzpdp ,ae;jpuj;iuAk; ,dq;fz;L
nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jdpahd ,yf;fNk IP KftupahFk;.

Web Server
,iza gf;fq;fisAk;, ,iza gpuNahfq;fisAk; (Web Pages and
Web Applications) toq;Ftjw;fhf tpNrl nkd;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;l
xU fzpdpNa Web Server MFk;.

,iza cyhtp (Web Browser)

World Wide Web [ gadhsh;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahdtw;iw
toq;Fk; nkd;nghUNs ,iza cyhtpahFk;. ,J gadhsu;fSf;F
cU/glk; rhh;e;j ,ilKfj;ij(Graphical Interface) toq;FfpwJ.
,jdhy; gadhsh;fs; Buttons, Icons kw;Wk; Menu Option
Nghd;wtw;iw ghtpj;J ,izag;gf;fq;fSf;F EioaTk; kw;Wk;
ghu;itaplf;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ.
Netscape Navigator kw;Wk; Internet Explorer Nghd;wd kpfTk;
gpurpj;jp ngw;w ,iza cyhtpfshFk;.

NjLnghwpfs;(Search Engines)
rpy gpurpj;jp ngw;w NjLnghwpfs; gpd;tUkhW
1. www.yahoo.com
2. www.google.com
3. www.msn.com
Nfhbf;fzf;fhd ,izag; gf;fq;fspUe;J gadhsHfSf;F mtrpakhd
gf;fq;fisj; NjbnfhLg;gNj NjLnghwpapd; gpujhd nraw;ghlhFk;.
cq;fs; NjLjYf;F njhlh;ghd ,iza gf;fq;fis nfhz;l xU
gl;baiy ePq;fs; ngwyhk;. NjLnghwpahdJ ,izag;gfq;fspypUe;J
kl;Lky;yhJ “News Groups” ,File Server kw;Wk; Vida gy
tsq;fspypUe;Jk; jftiy Nrfhpf;fpd;wJ.
ePq;fs; NjLnghwpiag; gad;gLj;jfpd;wPh;fs; vd;gJ cz;ikapi;
ePq;fs; ,izaj;jpy; NjLfpd;wPh;fs; vd fUjg;glhky; khwhfj; juT
Nfhg;Gf;fis(Database Files) NjLfpd;wPh;fs; vd;Nw nghUs;gLk;.
vdpDk; Neubahf NjLtjw;F ,izak; kpfg;nghpajhFk;.
Thank you