Technical 4 Nverters Optimal Topology

INVERTERS: The Investigation to the
optimal topology to the designing of a

sinewave inverter range for the use in
static as well as mobile applications
Presenter: Dr Gawie van der Merwe

Background
 PV and Mobile Inverters with a sinewave
output is the optimal requirement.
 Various Topologies exist.
 Investigations done in order to search for

the optimal topology.
 Investigation towards:
– Efficiency
– Cost
– Reliability
Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za
– Manufacture (Complexity/Simplicity)
Sinewave Inverter Topologies
 CVT (Constant Voltage Transformer)
 50Hz Transformer
– Push Pull Primary-
– Full Bridge switching in Primary with series
line Inductor
 High Frequency Isolation Transformer
and Secondary H-Bridge Control
 Series or Parallel Transformer switching

A) Constant Voltage Transformer
(Ferro Resonant Transformer)
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
Resonant
components
CVT
Transformer
BATTERY
Inverter “push-pull”

B) 50Hz - Transformer Topology
Various “50Hz” transformer

topologies exist
1 Push-pull - Inductor in primary
2 Push-pull - Inductor in secondary
3 Full Bridge Inductor in primary

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
LINEAR LOAD
400 3
V O LTA G E (V )
C U R R EN T ( A )
200
1
CURRENT
0 0
VOLTAGE
-1
-200
-2
-400 -3
-10 0 10 20 30
TIME (5MS/DIV)
50Hz T RANSFORM ER
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

NON-LINEAR LOAD
400 8
6
V O L TA G E (V )
C U R R EN T (A )
200 4
2
CURRENT
0 0
VOLTAGE
-2
-200 -4
-6
-400 -8
-10 0 10 20 30
Copyright: Dr Gawie van derTIME
Merwe www.planmypower.co.za
(5MS/DIV )
50Hz T RANSFORMER
Topology B1
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
TOROID ERROR AMP

SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
INDUCTOR
DRIVE CIRCUIT
BATTERY AND CONTROL
LATCH

Topology B1
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
TOROID ERROR AMP

SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
INDUCTOR
DRIVE CIRCUIT
BATTERY AND CONTROL
LATCH
 Advantages
– Simple manufacture & design
– Mosfet drive circuit referred to ground
 Disadvantages
– Voltage overshoot over devices - leads to
voltage rating increase - Reduction in
efficiency
– No-, or limited control over free running
inductor current
– “Skewing” of transformer often occur.
Topology B2
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
INDUCTOR
TOROID ERROR AMP

SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
DRIVE CIRCUIT
BATTERY AND CONTROL
LATCH
 Primary side Push-pull, series inductor in

secondary
Topology B2
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
INDUCTOR
TOROID ERROR AMP

SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
DRIVE CIRCUIT
BATTERY AND CONTROL
LATCH
 Advantages
– Simple manufacture & design
– Mosfet drive circuit referred to ground
 Disadvantages
– Voltage overshoot over devices - leads to
voltage rating increase - Reduction in
efficiency
– No-, or limited control over free running
inductor current
– “Skewing” of transformer often occur.
Topology B3
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
TOROID
ERROR AMP
SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
BATTERY
DRIVE CIRCUIT
AND CONTROL
LATCH
INDUCTOR
 Most popular used topology

Topology B3
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
TOROID
ERROR AMP
SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
BATTERY
DRIVE CIRCUIT
AND CONTROL
LATCH
INDUCTOR
 Advantages
– Complete control over primary side inductor
current
– Uni-as well as bi-polar pwm control strategy
possible
– Simple manufacturing
 Disadvantages
– System design is more complex
– Inverter efficiency is load dependent
C) High Frequency Isolation
SINEWAVE OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
DRIVE CIRCUIT
AND CONTROL
LATCH
TOROID
ERROR AMP
SINE-REF
SAWTOOTH
BATTERY PRIMARY SIDE DEVICES

CONTROLLED TO OFFER
A FIXED DC LINK VOLTAGE
INDUCTOR

C) High Frequency Isolation
Transformer with full H-bridge
Control on Secondary
 High frequency isolation reduce

physical size
– Direct output control leads to better
output waveform control and reduced
distortion

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
LINEAR LOAD
400 4
V O LTA G E (V )
C U R R EN T ( A )
200 2
CURRENT
0 0
VOLTAGE
-200 -2
-400 -4
-10 0 10 20 30
TIME (5MS/DIV)
HIGH FREQUENCY INVERT ER
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

NON-LINEAR LOAD
400 6
4
V O LTA G E (V )
C U R R EN T ( A )
200
2
CURRENT
0 0
VOLTAGE
-2
-200
-4
-400 -6
-10 0 10 20 30
Copyright: Dr Gawie van derTIME
Merwe www.planmypower.co.za
(5MS/DIV)
HIGH FREQUENCY INVERT ER

High Frequency Isolation Transformer
 Advantages
– Units generally more mobile
– Possible to limit battery current drawn to a
“smooth DC”
– Good efficiency with a non linear load
 Disadvantages
– Design is complex
– Manufacture is complex
– High cost
D) Transformer - series and/or
parallel switching
 A wide range of topologies exist
 A combination of various
Transformer switching topologies
– Transformer secondary is in series
– Separate output voltage & frequency for
each transformer

Transformer-series and/or parallel
switching SINEWAVE
OUTPUT
(A+B+C) =
(A) (B) (C)
BATT
ERY

VOLTAGE OUTPUT OF MULTI TRANSFORMER
INVERTER
400
V O L TA G E (V )
200
0 VOLTAGE
-200
-400
-10 0 10 20 30
TIME (5MS/DIV)
MAT RIX T RANSFORM ER INVERT ER
ZOOM INTO VOLTAGE STEPS

400
V O LTA G E (V )
200
0 VOLTAGE
-200
-400
-10 0 10 20 30
Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe
TIMEwww.planmypower.co.za
(5MS/DIV)
M AT RIX INVERT ER
Transformer -series and/or
parallel switching
 Advantages
– High running to overload ratio is
– Very popular design
– Advantages for motor startup
– High efficiency
 Disadvantages
– Control complex
– Manufacturing is complex
– Inverter is big and bulky
Summary
 Different topologies have advantages for
different applications
 Both topology A, B1&B2, (50Hz topology) are

outdated
 High frequency option, has mobility & weight
advantage
– Output distortion under all conditions low
 Matrix transformer topology
– Physical dimensions restrains mobility
– Ideal for short period overload power
peak/Mass ratio is good
Estimated Inverter Manufacturing
Costs (Same Input Power Stage)
INVERTER MANUFACTURING COST
(Based on Linear load)
C o s t ( p e r u n it )
4
T h o u sa n d s
QS-INV
2 HF-SINE
MA TRIX SINE
0
300 500 750 1000 1500 3000 50 00
VA
 Input power stage same for comparing

 Calculation done on continues rating without forced air
cooling
 Cost calculated on discreet units
Non linear load as a % of total
power consumption
NON LINEAR LOAD AS % OF FULL POWER
(TYPICAL APPLICATIONS)
100
L O A D P R O B A B IL IT Y
80
60
40
20
0
100 1000 2000 3000
POWER INVERTER
NON-LINEARLOAD LINEAR LOADS
 Non linear loads - high percentage on power application below 1Kva

typical loads, computer, fluorescent lights, video
 Higher power application, more resistive, i.e. Microwave, Hairdryer etc.
 < 1Kva most sensitive to PV applications

WEIGHTED % SYSTEM LOSSES AS RESULT OF
S Y S TEM EFFIC IENCY L O S S ES %

NON-LINEAR LOAD
0
100.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00
(LOSSES DUE T O INVERT ER CHOICE)

POWER
HF TOPOLOGY
50HZ TOPOLOGY
INVERTER EFFICIENCY LOSS

DUE TO NON-LINEA R LOA D
E F F IC IE N Y L O S S ( % )
20
15
HF TOPOLOGY
10
50HZ TOPOLOGY
0
0 1 2 3 4
Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za ASSUM PT ION 100%
T housands LOAD
POWER INVERTER (WA TT) SAME POWER ST AGE DESIGN
Topology Suggestions
for Power Levels
Full Bridge High Matrix
Power Rating
50Hz Frequency Config.
Mobile (most Advantage on Too expensive
100-600W cost efficient) perm installation
50% 60%
10%
Mobile General PV-Permanent PV-Permanent
400W-1500W 70% 100% 40%
PV & Mobile PV Permanent
PV-Permanent Stackable units
1000W-2,5Kw Best choice
70% in parallel 70% 80%
Stackable
Stackable Units Mobile parallel
2Kw-5Kw 80% 30% combination
100%
(Percentage indicates topology choice for the application)

Technical 4 Nverters Optimal Topology

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Technical 4 Nverters Optimal Topology

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INVERTERS: The Investigation to the

optimal topology to the designing of a

Presenter: Dr Gawie van der Merwe

 Investigations done in order to search for

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

Various “50Hz” transformer

1 Push-pull - Inductor in primary

2 Push-pull - Inductor in secondary

3 Full Bridge Inductor in primary

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

TOROID ERROR AMP

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

TOROID ERROR AMP

TOROID ERROR AMP

 Primary side Push-pull, series inductor in

TOROID ERROR AMP

 Most popular used topology

BATTERY PRIMARY SIDE DEVICES

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

 High frequency isolation reduce

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

HIGH FREQUENCY INVERT ER

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

HIGH FREQUENCY INVERT ER

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

(A) (B) (C)

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

MAT RIX T RANSFORM ER INVERT ER

ZOOM INTO VOLTAGE STEPS

 Both topology A, B1&B2, (50Hz topology) are

 Input power stage same for comparing

 Non linear loads - high percentage on power application below 1Kva

Copyright: Dr Gawie van der Merwe www.planmypower.co.za

S Y S TEM EFFIC IENCY L O S S ES %

(LOSSES DUE T O INVERT ER CHOICE)

INVERTER EFFICIENCY LOSS

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