Introductorv Lessonsin Aramaic: AnswersAppendix

Exercise:14.

N: rD mlk'
("theking")

l.'Pn tqvP
]'!'Pn tqypyn
andin theplural)
("strong"in thesingular

n'l byt
$n'l byt'
I'fi: btyn
N"nl bty'
("house,""the house,""houses,"and "the houses")

:nf ktb
n:n: ktbt
("he wrote" and"shewrote")

-lDN 'mr
'l-]bN 'mrw
("he said"and"they said")

ln:' yktb
'i.l:n:' yktbwn
("he writes"and"theywrite")

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

Exercise:lb.

ktb ln:
ktbt nln:
("he wrote"and"shewrote")
't fl-
k'n lt-
("now")

'l jv
("over,""above")
'dyn
l"l$
("then")

ptgm' NDin!
("message")

mdh il.]n
("tribute")

5lm nlw
("peace,""well-being")

,r, l-1lt
'r" NJJ-IN
("land" and "the land")

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix

Exercise:lc.
n\ttir-'. |
\/tYt rrfr-l r l r E- r i i ' \ - ' 1 . - f h
- /n
t-
4/Yit
| l.r,l

N-]i]:-lltJ ):: ]'n')ut I

rr:?-r -rrnrl -T7i.1']''l?:

lrt,/ Jr rrilJ I
i']''ir:']

'l
mlkyn tqypynhww yrw5lm
w5lytynbkl 'br nhr'
wmdhblw whlk mtyhblhwn

"strongkingswereoverJerusalem
and(theyhad)authorityin all Abar-Naharah
andtribute,tax,andtoll wasgivento them-"

Exercise:ld.
'i'rir)]-lbN ND::
l'-'lN
'i.:: N:.ll ;'1:-l'J N'-]ll nnnu
l'r:N]D

'dyn knm' 'mrw lhwn

mn 'nwn Smhtgbry' dy dnhbnyn' bnyn

"Then,accordingly, theysaidto them,

'Whatarethenamesof the menwho arebuildingthis structure(literally,
who,this structure,a.rebuilding)?"'

3
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix
Exercise:le.
'lhhn hwt 'l 6byyhwdY'
w'yn

wl' btlw hmw

N'Jli'Tn'lu ,IJ nln

]iln)* 1'ttt
]Di] 't)n: *)t

"The eyeof theirGodwasovertheeldersof the Judaeans

did not stopthem(i.e.,thebuilders)."
andthey(i.e.,theelders)

Exercise:lf.
-
N:bDu.l':l )y .':!:'tnn)u "l Nn-llNllUr!
'l
pr5gn'ggrt' dy-Slhtttny . . . dryrvSmlk'

"A copy of the letterthat Tattenaisent . . . to Dariusthe king."

.'-'T .'J -'lirln'

)::: ;'lEnNf )D f\rT:)n':l

ytbqqrbbyt gnzyy' dy mlk' tmmh dy bbbl

be madein thehouseof recordsof theking therein Babylon."

"Let asearch

4
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix
Exercise2a.
- lrrr --- melek("king")
12A
t'la: + kesap("silver")(Because
the shewais the first vowelof the
word,it is pronounced.)

-ar
il-l -+ bayrt
1 '

tir-
I I t- ---+Dau'n
i -,-\

l'T

--E
rl -rJ --+ KetaD
:
rrirl-t-1-\
'l-l rJ --+ KetaDtl

n\pj;-r hrr ir- l|r F- r n -t / . t .i.-.lhtt

U , / 'W
.' 1
| lll
, / ) -J -:
I | -/t- -
: l I l'- | :

NliTl:l! ):: 'i'n'!u11

tiir! lilnn l);rr i): nrnl

malkTvntaqqrvprvnhdwO* 'al yer[*Selem

wesalltlt-inbskol'dbar-nahara
[*middan belo* wahdlak mitveheb laho*n

Note that the first shewain li'l'l'lb representsthe absenceof a vowel and
the secondrepresentsa murmuredvowel.

Exercise
2b.
Distinguishthe shewasthatrepresent
murmured-vowels from thosethat
represent
the absenceof vowelsby transliterating
thesewords:

N?D: ("the silver"):kaspd (Theapostrophe

is in superscript,
indicatingit
is beingusedasa moter-consonant.)

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 5

:TVff il ("heknewyou"):h6*de'Ak

'antln
llnlX ("you" for masculinepluralentities):
'j'--fb$ ("those d here.):'amor-/n
who aresaying")(The, vowelrepresents

l]ll ("building"):binyan

R]l? ("Theonewho is building")(The, vowelrepresents 5 here.):bdneyd

(Theapostrophe indicatingit is beingusedasa maler-
is in superscript,
consonant.)

Exercise2c.
in the biblicalbookof Ena
This is thebeginningof a letter,embedded
(4:l 1).Transcribe
it:

'ri)! rn?u'-'tN;-UN ;TjT

1lD-lp
-
U;N:J"J:! N?)EXnipUrin-l$
NJiT:--llIJ )!
'-1NIJ:I;I]
"'r N?)n) ntn) !'r: n:-$:l
'iggartd dlv salahu*'alo*hTv
danahparsegen
malka-'abdavk 'EnaS'5bar-nahdrf,
'al 'artah5aSte'
yedT)'lehewelamalka'dTlyehu"daycd-i
r-r'*ka'enet

Notethatin thewordl'Jl! but is a graphic

the yodhis not pronounced,
markthattheword is in theplural.

Notethat.!'1' hasan extraa-vowelattached to the 'ayin.Thisrepresents

a
relativelyrecentdeveloprnentin thepronunciation of Aramaicanddoesnot
needto be representedin thetransliteration.

Notethattheword Nln) has,in its first syllable,a shortvowelandis

followedby the ultra-shortvowel,e. Thismeansthattechnicallythe first
syllableis an opensyllable.This is the exceptionto therule.

"This (is) a copyof the letterthattheysentto him:

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 6

'To: Artaxerxes,
theking --- (From:)your servants,
thepeopleof Avar-
Naharah.
who . ."'
Now, let it be knownto theking thattheJews/Judaeans

Exercise2d.
from Ezra(5'.4)'.
thefollowingpassage
Transliterate

ii;r) r-r[l-tNFit jtf*

'i:;?Nll!: ;11'l'-TNilll I]TFU
luN lE

'6dayin kenemd''dmaru* 1eh6*n

man 'inn[*n Semahatgubrayya'dTvdenal'binyana banayin

Note the four exampleswhere stressdoesnot fall on the final syllable.In

threecasesthe stresspreventswhat is a shortvowel frorn reducingand
becominga murrnuredvowel.

Then,thus,they askedthem:
"What arethe namesof the men who arebuilding this building (lit., who this
buildingarebuilding)."

Exercise2e.
thefollowing(frornEzra5:5)into Ararnaicscript:
Transcribe

wo'eYn'dlahahonhdwat'al Sabcv
yeh["daye

wela'battil["'himmd'

NlJtil''lP )rl nll ]nl?* j'E'l

innr)n: s?t
But the eyeof their Godwas overthe eldersof the JewsiJudaeans

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 7

andthey(thePersianofficials)did not stopthem(i.e.,eldersof the
who wereworkingon rebuildingJerusalem).
Jews/Judaeans

Introductory Lessonsin Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 8

Exercise3a.
frornEzra5.6,5'.17'.
thefollowingpassage
Transliterate
-
x?)Bull:l Jv .'!Rnn?u 'T t{[t-UN
llu-18
-li?:nl
):lr'T N])D'.T Niill n':J
i'.t4[t
'iggartddTv-Selah 'al
par5egen tattanay. . . darydwesmalkd
yifbaqqarbsbevtginzayyadtvmalka'tammandivbebabel

Part3.
in Aramaichavethefollowingforms:
Thepronouns

Sineular Plural
lcs "I" ;''illt 1cp"we" illn:N
2ms"you" nl|! 2mp"you" Efflt! /'ijfn!t!
'l-U|| 'iffllt
2fs"you" 2fp"you"
'i:]!t\+ (E.:inn I D..
3ms "he" !ll;''l 3mp"they" linil)
3fs " she" lvi'l 3fp"they" l'l$

like Englishpronouns.
Theyareusedin manyrespects

Exercise3b.
Basedon what you know of Aramaic orthographyand syllabification,
transliteratethe pronounsfrom the precedingchart:

Sinsular Plural
'6na 'lnahndn
lcs "I" lcp "we"

'ant 'ant6m / 'ant[*n

2ms"you" 2mp "you"

'antty 'ant€n
2fs "you" 2fp "you"
'inn[*n / himm6*/ himm6*n
3ms "he" hD*' 3mp "they"
'inntyn
3fs "she" hTY' 3fo"they"

9
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix
Exercise3c.
Translate into Aramaic,utilizingthe vocabularythat
the followingsentences
followsthe exercise:

1.He is theking.
2.He is in thehouse.
3. We arein thehouse.
4. Theyarebeforetheking.
5. Accordingly,all arethere.
6. Beforetheywerethere,we werebeforetheking.

1 N?)D*r;r
2.Nf'13 t\l;1
3 n!::: nln!$
4 N?)pn1piux
s nPn): xpil
nln:|\ilFnlr:NnDri2lb
6 N?)Bc'r17

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix l0

 ln the followins
Exercise4a: Fill in chart for
ng chart mascullnenouns/adiecti
tor masculinenouns/adtectlves:
Noun/adj. emph./det. plural abs. pl. cstr. pl. emph./det.
abs./cstr.sins. sing.
Ptttt! ("old") Ni?'n! I'i?'n! l2 r'tu- Nii?'n!

lp ("good", N;P I
-11.1
? i .+? rifr)
'' t
Nitp
root:! 1 l!).
The : 6.
-]'IJT
I'IJT ("little") N-I'TJT ?rit
I :
lt? t)/l NTt-

The : €.
r)t:T
l'? ('Judg-ment"l\)'.7 I't'-l l{tJ'--T
'i ' -T)
llE("mountain.") N-'nlJ $rl:lE

E'!l_1("wise") N D '!N 1I llr':1n Nrn'!n

*,tttil
lp) ("tongue")
-a.
N]ID) l f
)w ./ NT]U)
The :
,I')D ,,D
)jJ ("voice",root: N , D I I t
N:')D
t -lr

)tPl
The a
l$U ("remnant") ts rr \t tt.!
t\ t ||\\u
'l':$u '-]NiD N!-INU
t :

The : a.

Exercise4b:
lll ln tne Io owlng cnart or remlnle no I /es:
Noun/adj. cstr.sing. emph./det. plural abs. pl. cstr. pl.
abs.sing. sing. emph./det.
I ll.)
It
t'l)'t I tl)
t-
t t)J NFi?'nq ilz
ll'
l'lY t tI t' ) t ' t v Nli?'n!
("old") ('attTyqta)
NFl:b
?:t l?t
Nn:b
1"good", (tabta
)
root:! 1 ll)
F-rt ltt
;1-l'lji I I -I| ) / l NN:'IJ] i | )/r | |
t
I )Jl
"i
!qnl.lIJT
("little")
i''T?rfn n)1r[ n|J)1:n t -r:.r F?
It
-it-'!F?
$n)rrn
("crimg")
nl'n n'l'n Nrllnn T't'n
lt "
n]'n Nn't'n
("animal",
root: N ' n)

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond.AnswersAppendix 1l

:.lhrin
t-
l'rlrtin NFn'!n
ti
lnt=]n
It
-/\r:F? !qinn!n
tt

("wise")
I rl4 l:| r r;/ l;l $rji2'13. li?rs I ll,
It
l5
:'
$[ri?-]s
("charitv") (sidqetd)
-lnr;t':l
?I-
I i :-Jl -
'l_rt'I
!$j?'i?R 1E1'rj'.tEt n?'i?n NNE'DR
7 f l -

("strong")
t35 N-l9g r lEl I\T]Bts
t:J5 J'lEg 7_:

(srppar) (sipperd)
("bird")

Noticethatthel'l of the ltfi- endingin the singularemphatic/determined is

trsuallynot spirantized (or soft)in the
(or hard),thoughit is spirantized
words"little" and"animal".Apparently,whenthis final l'l is preceded by an
e vowel(..) it becomes spirantized.

Exercise 4c.

sing.abs./cstr sing. pl. abs. pl. cstr. pl. emph./det.

emoh./det
s?)g 'n)s Nrn)g
E)I ("image") I'n)s
N)r! 1 i -(' 1i t=: N:')ljl
)^!J! ("master") |

l[i_l ("wine") $-rtrn 1r -tr\n '-'1Dl_] N!'-]nn

t -: -
l:-

13,p ("slave") N:T]IJ N!':T:JJ

I'rl! "|-

^UllFl("gate") $lllrr j'!Jn 'lJ

I l $:'ljlFI

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond. Answers Appendix 12

Exercise5a.
root m.s.abs. f.s. abs. m. pl. abs f. pl. abs.
.Tlf{ j'':rl$
("to rt$ ;.'T'Tt$
t:t llr$
Derish")
)NU ("to ask )$u ;.I)NU T')NUJ
|
-:t i )nu
lt_:t

for or request")
1 | i'lE11 ?-nt
pB) ("togo i''1E11 :'?:'181'l
I rai tlr i t

out")
p)D ("to come | 1l) /U
lr : r lr(a
uD")
1 I -?-t
' = 1ft
1!!J ("to do, | It i r

makg")

Exercise5b.
'-l:i
N?)F)p i':np Nt;-tS
The men of the land are writing to (use )! for "to") the king.

r:$ N?N?Fn?)n
N{-rn-)rl
Thegoodking is not perishingat the gate.

'ilttt-r -rBl )*p N?rE:l

]n
winefromhisfather(:'i'l:ll$ )
Theking'ssonis requesting

N??nnlii i'TP'il!
The decreeof the kine is old.

rsF-trr \r. I
-\rr
r :- . | ,..../ )') n?L,'-]:
t\f'f r;t|\ | /t)

A sonis sending to a kingtheletter.

$F'lt-'rN?l IJ'll
Thewise sonknows.

NB: In theword l:)E the shewaunderthelamedhindicatestheabsence of

a vowel,thoughthekaphis pronounced "sofil."How wouldyou be ableto
predictthatthis shewaindicatesthe absenceof a vowelandnot a murmured
vowel?

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 13

If thewordwerepronounced *malek[*, thenthatwouldmeanthe first
syllablecontaineda shortvowelin an open,unaccented syllable(*ma-le-
k[*). This is an intolerable situationin Aramaic.Notealsothatin theplural
'i]:?F,
form of this word, the sequence of two shewasmeansthatonly the
secondrepresents a munnuredvowel,thusmalkewdn.

Exercise5c.
sing.abs. sing.cstr. slng. pl. abs. pl. cstr. pl
emnh./det. emph./det.
:l-'l' i'l_l nl:';i: Nn:i-t'i''T: l'n'i]l nl-'l'iil
lr: t:

"illumination"
: F?N]FI n:lnul_'T $Frt
Nt tlt t\!JtI
FlttFl rrnttin IIltn/JtI
trFr
NilililiJt
FittF
- I
;- t:- t t-: :

"needs"

Notethatin thepluralformsof "illumination"the shewaperhapsrepresents

a murmured vowel,perhapsnot.

Exercise 5d.
sins. ab sing.cstr. sins.emph. pl. abs. pl cstr. pl. emph.
$nll'] XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX
t
not attested not attested not attested
("greatness")
i t1)/iJ $nlJJl XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX
not attested not attesled not attested
("request")
The : a.
n:l Nnl' 'n--ll Ntnl'
llJ'("moon") I'nr: I
_
i -

-l!D("scribe") iEln $rlc ':,r-tEtn '-l!? It:'lDc

-t | !='i
-a.
The :
'':T t Jr.':T
Tl rr - Jl rr':l- N]'':T l':tl Nrlt.l
t- t -

('Judge")
The : A.
'l'i''T)N ';''T)N
;-'T)$1"God"; n)N NiT)$ tr:
N:it?r3
The,:a.
Theil is part
ofthe root and
is not replaced
by ll- in the
cstr..etc.
'f ("priest") N)n! Nrl;''T!
i'TJ l;r? l-: ?
| )t12 l- _: t

The : -a.

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 14

Exercise5e.
Completethe followingchartbasedon theparadigmof f[
sins.abs. sine.cstr. sing.emph. pl. abs. ol. cstr. pl. emph.
.llll
il),P ("year") tJ v,J
i $rjtq (?) ?t
lta ..: N'litJ
'-:

' E$
irFl nn!r $rjnN J'BN $rE$
("nation")
nt-t $nr! 1r.r ':1 Nr:l!
I i'iJ t-

("window")

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond.AnswersAppendix l-s

Exercise6a.
G-Perfect D-perfect H-oerfect

3ms ''
i
-

3fs -:-

-qiq /EqEl r-*q /FqF-r rriqq /EqEqa

l'lJl lJ i l'l-ri iJ i l - l ' l J- _ - / l'l-rl'lJ l ldi lJi I / l'lJi lJr I
2ms t i - i t : - i t i t : ' : - I I : -

r-qA-r
2fs i ''t :J-t : t J ':- '::_
l'lil lJt r

lcs '' '' : : -

t

:rrn-r
3mp -:
3fp I l-I'lJ
t'-

trFtF- lqFqF- rr!FrrF--

2mp lii'rJi_rJ l'r'rJi'rl f
ii'lJi'lJt l

rFlF-t
2fp I i'r-Jr_rJ Ii'lJi'rf i i'rJi'lJr_i

lcp
N)ln! $)tn! N;:Fr:il

Exercise6b.
Parsethe following forms (indicatingstem,person,gender,number,and
root) and filI in the blanks:

rP?P("the), came up")G-3ms p)o

Nln?n ("wesalted") G-lcpn )n
Jlnn?U("ysusent") G-2mp n)U
D-3fu-lPf
;rll?l ("theyinquired")
lnfjlUil ("youfound")H-2fpn:U
nlnl ("! sat")G-lcslll'

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix L6

Exercise6c.
Transliterateand translatethe following forms:
;-TnlJJ? ba'[*tah, herrequest
lQ)n helm4k,your(ms)dream
E:n ?n millatkdm,your(mp)word
i':T-lED siprEh,his word
Nl?2 qalana, ourvoice
jil:nil hamreh€n, their(fp) wine
'n'.!'[J mYanimal
heywetTy,
:lfi?l$ sidqetak,your (ms)charity

Exercise6d.
1. my slaves']l! (The plural for "slave" is like the plural for "king", in
that the "soft" pronunciationof the third consonant,daleth,recallsthe
archaicpronunciationof the plural form of this word: *'abadTn.)
2. oursons(rememberthe unpredictable plural to this word) NJ'lf
' ! ! ) B
3 . y o u r( f e m .s i n g . k) i n g
kingdomsEilnJ: ?E
4. their(masc.)
- | l rrLx
). ner woro rlt-|: _2u
6. your(masc.sing.)letter:l|:l*
7. our nations(remember plural)NJ'D|\
the unpredictable
er rt--
d. mv Crlmes I r t/'t-l I
, 'u 'r, , '
9. hrsrllumlnatloni:Til:l-l'i'll
10.their(fem.)greatness jnnl:-l
I l. your(fem.pl.)judge.'if';il
l2 hisneedsnn][Ui-f

Exercise6e.
of thekings|ti:rE "=Ttriln?Tl
L thedecrees
2. theservants/slaves of the nation NfE$ "l i:l'-ll!
3. the scribesof the land lt|-t$ "l ;"1'l!?
4. theneedsof the children tttl: 'T EililJi:lUlf
':r Eilnfl:i:t
5. thecrimesof thoseservingGod il?* 'n)?
6. therequestof the onesendingthe letter$lill$ nrp "l nnllJ?

Introdactory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix I7

7. Thejudges of the nation madethe imageof the old king. They said to
their children (use )! for "to"): "We are writing in our language(for "in"
use3, for "language"usethe word for "tongue").

Np'tllJN?)F "T nn)g *qn$ "l i-1..:1'l lrl!

*;iry)r 1'ln? iljnll3'r E;J'!r )! l-rp$
Notice how the verbscomefirst in the sentence.Note how somebegadkepot
consonantsare spirantized,or soft, due to the influenceof a vowel flom a
precedingword. Also, note how the particle'J can mark direct speech.

Exercise6f.
Translatethe following passagefrom Ezra 5:l I -l 2,vocalizingthe two
unpointedforms. For words you do not know, usethe vocabularylist that
follows the passage.
,';1i'11!ibil Njn:$
Np-r*] N:.DU;'r?*-"1
NlnT?$lTuil 'T-'injil?
;-T?N
N!.E||J
-rs:_rfll; -T:3'lb;']lil'
N'.ltD:):l-1)n

We are the servantsof the God of heavenand earth . . .

. . . But, becauseour fathersangeredthe God of heaven,
he gavethem into the handof the Nebuchadnezzar, the Chaldaeanking of
Babylon.

Notice how the 3mp pronouncan be usedas the equivalentof the verb "to
be". Notice also how the adjective"Chaldaean"doesnot follow the word
that it directly modifies,"king".

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 18

Exercise7a.
G-imperfect D-imperfect H-imperfect Alternative
form of the H-
stem with no i'J

3ms a . : '
'' : - :
3fs :n:Ft lFl:F] -Jl'tJl'l

2ms
:f?t'l '' _
i
''
i
-
i
:n:n
tllE-- l r --lr
i n - rrJtr tt-rF-!F I I rf L-t-n
2fs I +l'lJi'l i r I -,it' i-Jt lt' r
i+).r-J)-r

lcs rn:$ lr.'lftl lrl:i]N :n:|t

rrt-fF--t

3mp lrrn:l i'iJi'r-J i'i-rl

rtF-rii
lJl I

3fp lJ'r; tt;-: I t: : -:

ii-tFqF rtq-tF li-\F-rtF I t q h q F

I 1Ji'rJi'l | 1-lt' r-Jt I t' l I 1-li't-Jl't

2mp llJr'r-Jyr
tt-ttE
l::-

2fp l;nrn i - i ' r J_t; ' r

tr:
i - i ' l J t: - i: i ' l
lt:
r - J l ' t J l ' -l
It::

lcp

Exercise7b.
Parsethe following forms,describingstem,person,gender,number:

jninG3fs;G2ms
tit-tn n 4n
I i r ' r J l ' tu r I S
jr )bnnD2mp
]?tt'l D 3fp
rrirL-r .t.
uJ+ /t_rj rr rcp
nlU|! FVAlcs

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix t9

Exercise7c.
In the followingchart,theprepositions ! and! -. like ) in theirform. The
prepositions]FandED aresimilarto eachotherin thattheybothactually
havea doubledsecondradical(i.e.,minnand'imm),something thatis only
indicatedin the orthography by a dot whena suffix followsthem.The
prepositiotrt).U andE]liJ bothtakesuffixesasif theywerepluralnouns.

Fill out theblanksin the followingchart.

':1 rr ft
, ! ?n Ff!
U tl.)

lcs
.1, r.:l t.)n 'r
lj\ ft rLrfl 'ill'?-
- t tr:

2ms \J It 1? :1? :?f 11

tf
Ttjrf )
lr -
-?'r lt-l-
I t tlr:

2fs t:, ':iE t:t ?! r - r Al /- l

) tl/

3ms a, i':'Tl :1=1 i'l.1n =tj\ ll 'ili rlj r-iA--

| .| ttl tl/
? Ir:

f 't =r tr !,1
3fs a2 i'T:1 =lj\ a'ntD - ? lr:

lcp $)) N)t ?-

Nll N)ln $)E! $;'?! $)'b'TD T - ' IT:

F-trr,r--
2mp E:) Fith F-lljtt) E:.)! ,t-t tl .)l(

r -1.! f',l - -llj\ n 'i-F

Zfp rrb lft !-'rl.\--
t) tl,/
l+i lll l+ ..1
\J
I t lYl

F-'rh--
3mp Ei], lJr liJ
t--.ll..t Fl-ix\ ft
E;t')g t)t I t)' ' |,2
r lr:

? -..1'\ 1-X\ f t t-rltr--

3fp J;1) lilf lil! lt
)tt:
! lt.r)4 lI r t /),t
l r . 1r + , r l i

Exercise7d.
sing.abs. sing.cstr. sing. pl. abs. pl cstr pl.
emph./det. emph./det.
'?l? ')lf N'):! rir li.l ': ?l? tt')ll
lr:t

("Babvlonian")
rlit):r r:tft: rrr:ftt= t I r.:?|,n.1 r t ?ftr-] N":TU!
_ '' t -
t:- t:- tt : lri- :

("Chaldaean")

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 2{)

Exercise7e.
Translate fromEzra4:14-15,vocalizingthesix forms
thefollowingpassage
withoutvowels.For wordsyou do not know,usethevocabularylist that
followsthepassage.

$ln?ns!:'n n?n-'-r):p-); iU:

$:inn!s;? -T'-'to
N?N?)pn1:!!

)u ;r:-r-)!
N?)p ) x:uii;rl NlrJ

Nl:JfJ--llof -li2ll ':T

:lf|J?}3':T

.tr--rt n-?r-ltf --?-tr -!-- = . ? r D n r - t i - 1 t - ?,

| - ) / l ) r-l l 2 l ) l llJllllll-Jlt tl,/'l lr\rl ll,/
| : l- : : - : t r t t :r' I I T : :,'

Now, because we havedonatedthe saltof thepalace(or, eatenthe saltof the

palace),
it is not properfor us to seethedishonorof theking.
Becauseof this,we havesent(word)andwe havemadeknownto theking
sothathe mightsearchin thebookof recordsof your fathers;
youwill find (thefollowing)in thebookof recordsandyouwill understand
thatthiscity is a rebelliouscity,injuringkings.

Noticethefollowingpoints:
1. Thephrase"donatethe saltof thepalace"mightbe translatedmore
idiomaticallyinto Englishas"donatesaltto thepalace".Bothphrases
indicatethatwhatwasowedto the Persianking wasgivento him.

at thebeginningof the secondline,which linksthe

2. Thewaw conjunction
phraseto the mainclause,is not translated.
subordinate

3. Aramaicoftendoesnot specitrobjectsto verbsthatareobvious.Thus,in

to supplywordsin parentheses
Englishit is necessary for sense.

word is a participle,actingasan adjectiveto

4. Noticehow thenext-to-last
theword "crty", andtheparticipleis in constructwith the followingword.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 2l

Exercise8a.
one DooK 1lI i:.11,
fromtwokings'i'f)E j.':n ln j]lN j'lll[
twoletters
or.l'!?D
.-L* 'Ji-]
rqFr t 'l=i-ln
ln ]'ll$ 'i'-f ;f
three fromfourscribes
records !Q Vl-lt! lF I'iJ:l ilF?n
fiveyearsin sixcountries (i.e.,lands)'i'!i$ nUl J'ltlJUn[
seven palacesfor eightkingdoms ll? )D il;?n b il|lU
'i"r:9 i'):'1
niJUn j.'btt
thesenineslaves for tencitiesll-1i2rtp!?
-fq! flf
eleven menfromtwelvenations'i'nNil-l.Ul 't='l''l[lb l'--f:J
houses
thirteen l't'i+ ftP! nn?n

thefirstsonN'F-'lP N-ll
thefirstkingdomNflS-TPNll!)D
thesecond cityN|illn Nfll ?
thethirdmanN'n' tn N:lI
thefourthanimalNn'IJ':-l Nn.l'n

Exercise8b.
ReadDaniel7.1-7.

King of Babylon,Danielsawa dream

7:1 In the first yearof Belshazzar,u
andthevisionsof hisheadfrightened him overhisbed.
Thenhe wrotethe dream(down). . .

andsaid:"I sa*o in my.visionin thenight:four'winds

7.2Danielanswered
werestiningup the greatseao(i.e.,theMediterranean).
of theheavens

7:3 Four greatbeastscameup from the sea,this onedifferingfrornthat."

7.4Thefirst (was)like a lionf andit hadswingsof an eagle.Iwatched

while its wingswerepluckedout andit waslifted up from the groundandit
h
wasmadeto standliki a human,over(its) feet. A humanheartwasgiven
to it.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 22

7:5 Then,anotheranimal,a secondone,like a bear(cameup from the sea).
It wasraisedto onesideandthreetusks(or,ribs)werein its mouth,between
its teeth.' It wastold.r 'Rise,eatmuchflesh'.

7:6 After this,I watchedandanother(beast)waslike a leopard.It hadfour

wingsof a bird on its back.Thebeasthadfourheads.Dominionwasgiven
to it.

7.7 Afterthis I watchedin the visionsof thenight.Thefourthbeast(was)

extremelyfrightful,tenifoing,andstrong.It had greatteethof iron.It ate,
demolished, andthe restit stampedon with its feet.lt wasdifferentthanall
k
theotherbeastswhich(were)beforeit (since)it hadtenpairs of horns.

Notes
u Observethat the standardway for indicatingthe year of a king's reign is to
havethe word for "year" in constmctbeforea cardinalnumber.This is
followedby the preposition) plus the nameof the king. tf we were
translatingtoo literally we would get: "In year one belongingto Belshazzar.

o The predicatehereis madeup of a participle(illll) and a perfectform of

"to be" (l.]t']D)

'The word:l-lN which is traditionallytranslated"1o",doesnot needto be so

translatedin every instance.lt functionsto mark the beginningof a new
sectionor new point.

o The ) preposition
that precedes"sea" indicatesthat "sea" is the direct
object.

" NotetheidiomN:l-lD Nl
r Thisclausehasno verb.Thepredicateis theprepositional
phrase"like a
lion".
s This clausealsodoesnot havea verb.Possession
is expressed
throughthe
) preposition.

Introductory Lessonsin Arsmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 23

n Theword is herea dualform, indicatingspecificallytwo legs.The
"its" is basedon thecontextof thepassage.
possessive
i Theword for teethis in the dual,suggesting
two setsof teethor jaws.
j
Thepluralform of the activeparticipleis hereusedin an impersonal
way,
asif it werea passiveverb.
andtranslated
* Theword for hornsis in the dual.

lntroductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 21

Exercise9a.
Fill out the following chart for the verb l[]1, consultingthe paradigmsin
the Answer ix as needed.
G-nass.Perfect D-pass.Perf. H-pass.Perfect

'r|:|-l lFqq / qF:-

3ms - J l ' l J f l l ) t ' t ) t -l : '

3fs itiirJ I l:i lJ

hqF-q /FrF--
l l J l- ': l: 1J. l- i : t i / i l ; l ' l J l i

Fq--- /-lFq-
-rrAq / F-tF-
l'lJllJii'lJilJ l't-ii'tJ l'lJi'lJr I / i'lJi'lJr I
2ms : : - r . : : _ : a . : : - i t

.--i-- , r--d--
r-rr riq r |:l-'l t':t-l , / l' l-l'l-Jr '
t ' t - J i ' il J l ''li -- l: lr '.liJ- itf
2fs
FqFtt /FqFq-
1cs It-J IrJ I i-t tJ liJl'lJt l/lEi'tJt-l

'r l-Ji -l '-l J r r r-i--t

r:ri: 'l
)r'l;) | / ' l - J i ' l -J:t? I
3mp 't
-qli-q r --ri-r-
i l-'il lJr i / r i-il'lJt i
3fp ri-i llJ rlJi'lJ

ttFiEq tattEq- ,..--F]i:

rrF:iF-
ir'rJ i lJ ,llJl-lJr , /
2mp l l'lr'rjr'_rJ 1 1'll'Ei'l-. ,
I F!i F-r trFtF- i a E r - - -

i r'r-Jr_lJ
l'.1-l'l-.
2fp llr-
irJ I
i'l-l_lJl i /
| ?

lcp Nl:li? Nlfrifil / Nllnfil

$):'n! t :
- : 1 . f |
-
i 1

25
Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix
Exercise9b.
Fill out the spacesleft blank in the following chart and answerthe following
uestrons.
tG-Perfect tD-Perfect tG-Imperfect tD-Imoerfect

3ms -.,n!ni] rilnir :n!r'1' -'i

3fs F-F-FT?
I t-,lt t:Jt tt I ri:r't!ni] -ii liJi ti'l -ti'tJt ll'r

2ms
h t F t F -
t't-ll t;Jl tr I
: : i :
rr:nlnn :n!nri ll't;Jl ['r
r--liq-r r--riq-- r'lqF-iFF
.r.aF|---
2fs l ' 'l :-" l: li l J l lr i t'l-li't;Ji tr I
I Ji.riJr.ri'l i -Jt'r;Ji ||'r
l:-i

lcs l'i:l]!lti'l FqEqEq

I El'lJl ll I tFi!n$

'rl-Ji i- n - 't iq JF -i F' l- J l lti-ttt

ir-F-Ft
3mp .t:J:t t t I --: lr i ilJt rJt I
tt-l i1-,it'rJt I
-rliqn- -ri---
3fp r ill lJl lr I r l.jl'lJl lr i l.'jl lJl I
l-ri'lJl
tr:-:
I

tr-i-t-t it-!FqFF
lr I rJt ri'l iI-F-FF
2mp l'il'lJi'lJi
l:_-:
llJi
|
1Ji',r;Ji li'r
trtF-rF-Frt tqFqEF
zfp i t t - J t '- t- ;I J t t r I
| :
lJi rJi ri'l
rt--FF
r J l ' li i J_l:
l l
ll'I

lcp
N):n!ni'] N)rFt!ni''T :n!n) . j t '-r- Ji t t l

1. Whatarethedistinctionsin thevowelpatternsbetweenthetG-perfectand
thoseof the G-perfect?
While theG-perfecthasanlal-vowel(li!, 'llti!), thetG-perfecthas
- -rirrr
a n / e / - V O w e l ( - J i . . l J i . l r .) l O t / l / - V O W O l( ' l - J i . l J i . l t .Jl .

2.In a text lackingvowelmarkers,how manydifferentformscouldnfn:ni'l

represent? Whatarethey?
Six differentperfectforms:tG-3fs,tG-2ms,tG-lcs;tD-3fs,tD-2ms,
tD-1cs

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmqic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 26

 in BiblicalAramaic.But, giventhe
3. Thereareno tG or tD imperatives
imperfectformsyou'vewrittendownin the abovechart,whatwouldthe
imperativeformsof thetG andtD look like, if theydid occur?

tG-stem tD-stem
qF-F- -tFttF-
m.s. -'ji'lJl
"iI
l, I J i ' i_J _ i : lt I
rqi-rn- ,r-ri---
f.s. - J' .t ':t:J l tt I J .t _' t J. :t tt I

'lJi'lJi.tr.l r' -l l . i - r - -
m.p. J l ' l -J -l : il 1
- J-r- -- li---
LD .
rT.::
t l-li'iJi it I I t-Jt'tJt
T--:
tt I

4. TherearetG- or tD- participles

in BiblicalAramaic.If themasc.sing.
formsare,respectively lFlnn andlljJflD, whatdo theotherforrnslook
like?
tG-stem tD-stem
tFrnn -F-Ftr
-jt'tJt ilJ

il+nlnn --F-F'.
I lJl'lJl
t:-;
l{J

t t -l F]=li'.r t |l r\ F-F'a
I Jf'rJt r{J
I +l.r+).rt-J
l-\F-Ftr rr-F-Fta
l-Jt rJt r{J tJt'tJf - :
lT:
il-J

Exercise9c.
this slightlysimplifiedversionof Daniel7:8-10:
Translate

8.
u
I was consideringthe horns and another,small horn cameup betweenthem,
o
and three of the first hornswere rootedup from before it.
Lo, eyes,like the eyesof a human,'(were)in this horn and a mouth speaking
greatthings.

9.
I was watchinguntil throneswere set up and the Ancient of Daysd sat down,
his garment(was) white like snow and the hair of his headlike pristine
wool;
his throne (was) flames of fire, its wheels a burning fire.

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix

10.
A river of fire was flowing and coming forth from beforehim (or, it);
a million (i.e., a thousandthousands)servedhim and one hundredmillion
(i.e., ten thousandmyriads) stoodbeforehim;
the court sat down and bookswere opened.

Notes
uNoticethat the verb )fU in the tD-stemtakesa beth-preposition as a
complement.In otherwords,in Biblical Aramaic,one doesnot say"I
consideredx, y, or 2", ratherone usesthe prepositionJ, which would result
in the unidiomaticEnglishtranslation:"[ was consideringin the horns".

oThe preposition'fb is here

translatedas "of'.

'Literally,
the phrasewould be: "like the eyesof the human".
u The Ancient
of Days is apparentlya title, literallymeaning"the agedone,"
and presumably
refersto God.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 28

Exercise
10a.
Basedon the two examplesabove,you shouldbe ableto predictthe
-lDlt
following forms. Fill in the blanks of the chart ( for the G-Imperfect
andJDN):

G-Imoerfect G-Imoerative
3ms -IEN] XXXXXXXX
3fs :NNFl XXXXXXXX

2ms -'18$r'l rnN

2fs 'lFs
J'-rnNr-]
lcs -'rn$ XXXXXXXX

3mp XXXXXXXX
l:1-'lnN'
3fp llnNl XXXXXXXX

Zmp lrrnNn llb$

Zfp lJDNfr ;r-tnN

lcp tn$l XXXXXXXX

Exercise10b.
List thepossiblerootsI?omwhichtheseverbalformsrnightderiveandlook
up the correctroot in the AnswersAppendix.

L NU NID: G: "to lift"

2.=l li'T' G: "to give"
3 lP? P!: G: "to go out";H: "to takeout"
4.91 JJ-'fnG: "to know"
'll'l;'Tt-l "llN G: "to perish";H: "to destroy"
5.

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 29

Exercise10c.
thisslightlysimplifiedversionof Daniel7:11-14.
Translate

11.
I waswatchingthenbecause of the soundof thepowerfulwordsthatthe
hornwasspeaking;
I waswatchinguntil thebeastwaskilled,
andits bodywasgivento a burningofire.

12.
As for therestof thebeasts, theirdominionwasrernoved;
but long life (lit., lengthingin life) wasgivento themfor a time anda
season.

13
I sawin thevisionsof thenight,
andwith thecloudsof heaven, (someone)like a human(lit., a sonof man)
wascoming,
andhe approached the Ancientof Daysandwasbroughtbeforehirn.

14.
Dominion,honor,andkingshipweregivento him,
andall thepeoples,thenations,andcultures(lit., tongues)
wereservinghim;
his dominion(was)an eternaldorninionthatwouldnotpassaway;
his kingshiponethatwouldnot be destroyed.

Notes
uNoticethatthepreposition
as"liom" and"because
lE canbe translated
of." Thetwo wordsin Englisharealsosometimes usedinterchangeably.
o Theword nli?] (theconstructof nli?]) is surprising
because
onewould
expectthe .. to reduce.Thishasbeenexplainedasa Hebrewpronunciation,
andtheword asa loan-wordin BiblicalAramaic,from BiblicalHebrew.It
mightbe,however,thatthe symbol .. representse.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 30

Exercisella
Translatethis slightly simplifiedversionof Ezra 5:6-10;the first verseyou
have alreadyseenbefore.

6.
Copy of the letter that Tattenai,governorof Beyond-the-River,and his
colleagues,the officialsof Beyond-the-River, sentto Darius,the king.

7.
A letter they sent
and it is written as follow in its interior:
"To Darius,King, (May) all (be) well.

8.
Let it be known to the king that we went to Jehud,the province,
to the greattemple of God (or, to the templeof the greatGod),u
and it is beingbuilt (out of) "rolled" stone. . .;
this work is being donediligently and is prosperingin their hands.

9
Then we askedtheseeldersthus,
sayingbto them:
"Who gave" you a commandto build this temple,
andthis wall to finish?"

l0
Also, we askedthem their namesfor the purposeof informing you (of
everything), .,
so that we might write the name(s)
of the men who were their leaders.'

Notes
uBecausethe adjectiveagreesin number,gender,and statewith both nouns,
God andtemple,it is possiblethat it modifieseithernoun.
b Literally, "we saidto them".

'The verb is EnU.usuallvtranslated"to set".

dLiterally, those"who were amongtheir heads".

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramcticby Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 31

Exercisellb
this slightlysimplifiedversionof Ezra5:11-13,severalof the
Translate
versesyou havealreadyseenbefore.

ll.
Accordingly,they retnrnedto us a reply saying.
"We a.rethe servantsof the God of heavenand earth
and (we) are building the temple that was built beforethis, many years(ago)

12.
"But, becauseour fathersangeredthe God of heaven,
he gavethem into the handof the Nebuchadnezzar,the Chaldaeanking of
Babylon,
andthis templehe destroyedand the peoplehe exiledto Babylon.

13.
"Nevertheless,in the first year(lit., yearone)of Coresh,King of Babylon,
Coresh,the king, gavean orderto build this ternpleof God."

Exercisel lc.
Givenwhatyou havelearnedabouttheverbalforms.Describeall the
possibleverbalforms(andthe possibleroots)for the followingverbalform.
Checkyourlist againsttheonein theAnswersAppendix:

I l:i G-3mpperfectfromI'T (G: "to judge")

2 i:':T G-3mpperfectfrom the imaginaryroot *i'l:':T
3. i::T G--.p. imperativefromtheimaginaryroot *i'l::l
4. l:i G-m.p.imperative fromtheimaginaryroot *'i1) (G-3ms
imperfect'*j-ll)
5. l:i G-m.p.imperative fromtheimaginaryroot *jT' (G-3ms
imperfect:*lTl'.)
6. lll G-3mpperfectfromtheimaginaryroot *l:T
7. lli G-m.p.imperative fromtheimaginaryroot *'i):T(G-3ms
imperfect:*'i-T:)

Introductory Lessonsin Arqmctic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 32

Exercise1ld.
thisslightlysimplifiedversionof Ezra5:14-17;severalof the
Translate
versesyou havealreadyseenbefore.

14.
"Also,thevessels of thetempleof God,of goldandsilver,
whichNebuchadnezzar hadtakenout from thetempleuwhich(was)in
Jerusalem;
hebroughtthemto thetemplethat(was)inoBabylon;
Coresh,theking, tookthemout from thetemplethat(was)in Babylon
andtheyweregivento Sheshbazzar. . . whomhe (Coresh)hadsetup (as)
governor.

15.
"He saidto him: 'Takethesevessels;go anddepositthemin thetemple
whichis in Jerusalem,
andlet thetempleof Godbe built on its place.'

16.
"Then,this Sheshbazzar cameand'laid(lit., gave)thefoundations of the
templeof Godwhich(is) in Jerusalem
andfromthenuntilnow it hasbeenunderconstruction (lit., it hasbeenbeing
built)andit is not completed."

17.
"Now,dif theking findsit good(lit., if [it is] goodto theking),
let a searchbe madein thehouseof records(lit., treasures) of theking there
in Babylon;
if it is (thecase)thatfrom Coresh,theking, a commandwasmadeto build
thetempleof God,which(is) in Jerusalem,
andthewill of the (present)king is in accordwith this (lit., [is] overthis),
(then)let him sendto us (wordaboutthis)."

Notes
uIn Biblical Aramaictherearetwo wordsthatcanbe translated "temple,"the
first of whicht-ltJ, alsomeans"house."Thesecond,):'ii, is a wordthat
goesbackto Sumerian.
b TheAramaicwordsmightbe moreliterallyrendered"the templewhich
(was)of Babylon"sincethereis no preposition!, "in". It sohappens,

IntroductoryLessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond:AnswersAppendix 33

however,that this prepositionis frequentlydroppedbeforewords that begin
with beth.Thus,the translationabove("which was in Babylon") is the
correctone.
'Notice
that thereis no conjunctionbetweenthe two verbsin Aramaic.
dThis word often functionsas a signalthat the topic is shiftingor changing.

Introductory Lessonsin Aramaic by Eric D. Reymond: Answers Appendix 34