1

Za zadani sustav prostornih sila F1 = 2 ⋅ i + 3 ⋅ j + 4 ⋅ k (kN) ______ oktant

F2 = −4 ⋅ i + 5 ⋅ j − k (kN) ______ oktant
koje djeluju na materijalnu to ku odredite:
a) rezultantu silu FR = ?
b) ravnotežnu silu F3 = ?

a) Rezultanta sila FR = ?
FR = FRx ⋅ i + FRy ⋅ j + FRz ⋅ k (kN)
FRx = F1x + F2 x = 2 − 4 = −2 kN
FRy = F1 y + F2 y = 3 + 5 = 8 kN
FRz = F1z + F2 z = 4 − 1 = 3 kN
Vektor rezultante: FR = −2 ⋅ i + 8 ⋅ j + 3 ⋅ k (kN) ______ oktant

Intenzitet rezultante: FR = F Rx2 + F Ry2 + F Rz2 = (− 2)2 + 8 2 + 3 2 = 77 = 8,77 kN

Prikloni kutovi prema:

FRx −2
- osi x cos α R = = = −0,228 α R = 103°
FR 77
F 8
- osi y cos β R = Rx = = 0,912 β R = 24°
FR 77
F 3
- osi z cos γ R = Rx = = 0,342 γ R = 70°
FR 77

Vrijedi relacija: Suma kvadrata cosinusa priklonih kutova sile prema koordinatnim osima
jednaka je jedinici.

cos 2 α R + cos 2 β R + cos 2 γ R = 1

2 2 2
−2 8 3
+ + =1
77 77 77
4 + 64 + 9
=1
77
1=1
 2

b) Ravnotežna sila F3 = ? F3 = F3 x ⋅ i + F3 y ⋅ j + F3 z ⋅ k (kN)

F1 = 2 ⋅ i + 3 ⋅ j + 4 ⋅ k (kN)
F2 = −4 ⋅ i + 5 ⋅ j − k (kN)

Jednadžbe ravnoteže za prostorni sustav sila:

1. Fx = 0 F1x + F2 x + F3 x = 0 2 - 4 + F3 x = 0 F3 x = 2 kN
2. Fy = 0 F1 y + F2 y + F3 y = 0 3 + 5 + F3 y = 0 F3 y = −8 kN
3. Fz = 0 F1z + F2 z + F3 z = 0 4 - 1 + F3 z = 0 F3 z = −3 kN

Ravnotežna sila: F3 = 2 ⋅ i − 8 ⋅ j − 3 ⋅ k (kN) ______ oktant

Intenzitet sile: F3 = F32x + F32y + F32z = 2 2 + −(8) + (− 3) = 77 = 8,77 kN

2 2

Prikloni kutovi prema:

F 2
- osi x cos α 3 = 3 x = = 0,228 α 3 = −77° ili α 3 = 360° − 77° = 283°
F3 77
F −8
- osi y cos β 3 = 3 x = = − 0 ,912 β 3 = −156° ili β 3 = 360° − 156° = 204°
F3 77
F −3
- osi z cos γ 3 = 3 x = = − 0,342 γ 3 = 110°
F3 77
 3
Za doma u zada u
Zadan sustav sila F1 = 2 ⋅ i − 4 ⋅ j + 3 ⋅ k (kN) ______ oktant
F2 = −3 ⋅ i + 5 ⋅ j − 2 ⋅ k (kN) ______ oktant
F3 = i − 3 ⋅ j − 2 ⋅ k (kN) ______ oktant
Rješenja:
a) Rezultanta: FR = −2 ⋅ j − k (kN) ______ gdje leži? FR = 5 kN
α R = −90° ili α R = 270°
β R = −153° ili β R = 207°
γ R = 117°

b) Ravnotežna sila: F4 = 2 ⋅ j + k (kN) ______ gdje leži? F4 = 5 = 2,24 kN

cos α 4 = 0 α4 =
2
cos β 4 = = 0,893 β4 =
5
1
cos γ 4 = = 0,446 γ4 =
5
 4
Stati ki moment sile obzirom na pol

Sila F = 4 ⋅ i + 3 j (kN) djeluje u to ci A(5;2) (m). Odredite stati ki moment sile obzirom na:
a) ishodište koordinatnog sustava O (0;0)
b) to ku B (6;1) (m).

a) Stati ki moment sile obzirom na ishodište koordinatnog sustava O (0;0)

F = 4⋅i + 3 j (kN)
r = 5⋅i + 2 j (kN) rx = x A − xO = 5 − 0 = 5 (xhvatišta sile – xpola)
ry = y A − y O = 2 − 0 = 2 (yhvatišta sile – ypola)

M O (F ) = ⋅r × F (kNm)
i j k i j k
M O (F ) = ⋅r × F = rx ry rz = 5 2 0 = k (5 ⋅ 3 − 2 ⋅ 4 ) = 7 ⋅ k (kNm)
Fx Fy Fz 4 3 0

b) Stati ki moment sile obzirom na ishodište koordinatnog sustava B (6;1)

F = 4⋅i + 3 j (kN)
r = −⋅i + j (kN) rx = x A − x B = 5 − 6 = −1 (xhvatišta sile – xpola)
ry = y A − y B = 2 − 1 = 1 (yhvatišta sile – ypola)

M B (F ) = ⋅r × F (kNm)
i j k i j k
M O (F ) = ⋅r × F = rx ry rz = − 1 1 0 = k (− 1 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 ) = − 7 ⋅ k (kNm)
Fx Fy Fz 4 3 0
 5
Zadatak:
Stati ki moment sile F = 4 ⋅ i + 3 j (kN) koja djeluje u to ci A(5;2) (m) obzirom na ishodište
koordinatnog sustava O (0;0) iznosi 7 kNm (prethodno smo izra unali). Odredite ekscentricitet
(e) sile F obzirom na ishodište koordinatnog sustava te odsje ke ex i ey na osima x i y.

F = F x2 + F y2 = 4 2 + 3 2 = 5 kN
M O (F ) 7
- ekscentricitet: M O (F ) = e ⋅ F e= = (m)
F 5

M O (F ) 7
- odsje ak na osi x M O ( F ) = e x ⋅ F y - 0 ⋅ Fx ex = = (m)
Fy 3
M O (F ) 7
- odsje ak na osi y M O (F ) = 0 ⋅ Fy - e y ⋅ Fx ey = − = − (m)
Fx 4
 6

Primjer 1: Nacrtajte dijagrame unutarnjih sila za gredu optere enu na slici.

Reakcije:

1. ΣM A = 0 RB ⋅ 15 − F ⋅ 8 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ (1 + 3) = 0 RB = 99 ,73 kN
2. ΣM B = 0 R A ⋅ 15 − F ⋅ 7 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ (8 + 3) = 0 R A = 156 ,27 kN
3. ΣFx = 0 zadovoljena
Kontrola ΣFz = 0 − R A − RB + F + q ⋅ 6 = 0
− 156 ,27 − 99 ,73 + 118 + 23 ⋅ 6 = 0
− 256 + 256 = 0

Dijagrami:

T A = R A = 156 ,27 kN
T1 = R A = 156 ,27 kN
T2 = R A − q ⋅ 6 = 156 ,27 − 23 ⋅ 6 = 156 ,27 − 138 = 18,27 kN = T3l
T3l = ( T2 ) = 18,27 kN
T3d = R A − q ⋅ 6 − F = 156 ,27 − 23 ⋅ 6 − 118 = 156 ,27 − 138 − 118 = − 99 ,73kN
TB = − R B = −99 ,73kN

U to ci 3 je popre na sila Tz = 0 što zna i da je za x = 7 m moment savijanja ekstreman: M3 = Mmaks

MA =0
M 1 = R A ⋅ 1 = 156 ,27 ⋅ 1,00 = 156 ,27 kNm
M 2 = R A ⋅ 7 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ 3 = 156 ,27 ⋅ 7 ,00 − 23 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 3 = 1093,89 − 414 = 679 ,89kNm
M 3 = R A ⋅ 8 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ (3 + 1) = 156 ,27 ⋅ 8,00 − 23 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4 = 1250 ,16 − 552 = 698,16kNm = M maks
MB = 0

Mjerilo:
 7

1 cm :: … m
Tz 1 cm :: … kN
My 1 cm :: … kNm
 8
Primjer 2:

Reakcije:

1. ΣM A = 0 RB ⋅ 11 − F ⋅ 2 − q ⋅ 3 ⋅ (2 + 1,5) = 0 RB = 39,36 kN
2. ΣM B = 0 R A ⋅ 11 − F ⋅ 9 − q ⋅ 3 ⋅ (6 + 1,5) = 0 R A = 118,64 kN
3. ΣFx = 0 zadovoljena
Kontrola ΣFz = 0 − R A − RB + F + q ⋅ 6 = 0
− 118,64 − 39 ,36 + 80 + 26 ⋅ 3 = 0
− 158 + 158 = 0

Dijagrami:

T A = R A = 118,64kN
T1l = R A = 118,64kN
T1d = R A − F = 118,64 − 80 = 38,64kN
T2 = R A − F − q ⋅ 3 − F = 118,64 − 80 − 26 ⋅ 3 = 118,64 − 80 − 78 = −39,36kN
TB = − R B = −39 ,36kN

U to ci 1 se popre na sila ne poništava pa tražimo mjesto ekstrema momenta savijanja.

MA =0
M 1 = R A ⋅ 2 = 118,64 ⋅ 2 = 237 ,28kNm
M 2 = R A ⋅ 5 − F ⋅ 3 − q ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1,5 = 118,64 ⋅ 5 − 80 ⋅ 3 − 26 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1,5 = 593,20 − 240 − 117 = 236 ,20kNm
MB = 0

za 2 < x < 5 m vrijedi M y = R A ⋅ x − F ⋅ (x − 2) − q ⋅ (x − 2) ⋅

(x − 2)
2
q
M y = R A ⋅ x − F ⋅ x + F ⋅ 2 − ⋅ (x − 2)
2
2

dM y dM y
= Tz mjesto ekstrema: = Tz = 0
dx dx
 9

dM y q
= RA − F − ⋅ 2 ⋅ (x − 2) ⋅1 = 0
dx 2
RA − F 118,64 − 80
RA − F − q ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ q = 0 x= +2= + 2 = 1,49 + 2 = 3,49 m
q 26

M y = R A ⋅ x − F ⋅ (x − 2) − q ⋅ (x − 2) ⋅
(x − 2)
2
1,49
M maks = 118,64 ⋅ 3,49 − 80 ⋅ 1,49 − 26 ⋅ 1,49 ⋅ = 414 ,05 − 119 ,20 − 28,86 = 265,99 kNm
2

Mjerilo: 1 cm :: … m Tz 1 cm :: … kN My 1 cm :: … kNm
 10

Primjer 3:

Reakcije:

1. ΣM A = 0 RB ⋅ 12 − F ⋅ 5 − q ⋅ 4 ⋅ (1 + 2 ) = 0 R B = 50 kN
2. ΣM B = 0 R A ⋅ 12 − F ⋅ 7 − q ⋅ 4 ⋅ (7 + 2 ) = 0 R A = 110 kN
3. ΣFx = 0 zadovoljena
Kontrola ΣFz = 0 − R A − RB + F + q ⋅ 6 = 0
− 110 − 50 + 60 + 25 ⋅ 4 = 0
− 160 + 160 = 0

Dijagrami:

T A = R A = 110kN
T1 = R A = 110kN
T2l = R A − q ⋅ 4 = 110 − 25 ⋅ 4 = 110 − 100 = 10kN
T2d = R A − q ⋅ 4 − F = 110 − 25 ⋅ 4 − 60 = − 50kN
TB = − R B = −50kN

U to ci 2 je popre na sila Tz = 0 pa je za x = 5 m moment savijanja ekstreman: M2 = Mmaks

MA =0
M 1 = R A ⋅ 1 = 110 ⋅ 1 = 110kNm
M 2 = R A ⋅ 5 − q ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 = 110 ⋅ 5 − 25 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 = 550 − 200 = 350kNm = M maks
MB = 0
 11

Mjerilo:

1 cm :: … m
Tz 1 cm :: … kN
My 1 cm :: … kNm
 12
Primjer 4:

Reakcije:

1. ΣM A = 0 R B ⋅ 15 − F ⋅ 5 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ (4 + 3) = 0 R B = 109,20 kN
2. Σ M B = 0 R A ⋅ 15 − F ⋅ 10 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ (5 + 3) = 0 R A = 148,80 kN
3. ΣFx = 0 zadovoljena
Kontrola ΣFz = 0 − R A − RB + F + q ⋅ 6 = 0
− 148,80 − 109 ,20 + 84 + 29 ⋅ 6 = 0
− 258 + 258 = 0
Dijagrami:

T A = R A = 148,80kN
T1 = R A = 148,80kN
T2l = R A − q ⋅ 1 = 148,80 − 29 ⋅ 1 = 119 ,80kN
T2d = R A − q ⋅ 1 − F = 148,80 − 29 ⋅ 1 − 84 = 35,80kN
T3 = R A − q ⋅ 6 − F = 148,80 − 29 ⋅ 6 − 84 = −109 ,20kN
TB = − R B = −109 ,20kN

U to ci 1 se popre na sila ne poništava pa tražimo mjesto ekstrema momenta savijanja.

MA =0
M 1 = R A ⋅ 4 = 148,80 ⋅ 4 = 595,20kNm
M 2 = R A ⋅ 5 − q ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0 ,5 = 148,80 ⋅ 5 − 29 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 0 ,5 = 744 − 14 ,5 = 729 ,50kNm
M 3 = R A ⋅ 10 − q ⋅ 6 ⋅ 3 − F ⋅ 5 = 148,80 ⋅ 10 − 29 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 3 − 84 ⋅ 5 = 1488 − 522 − 420 = 546kNm
MB = 0

za 5 < x < 10 m vrijedi M y = R A ⋅ x − F ⋅ ( x − 5) − q ⋅ ( x − 4 ) ⋅

(x − 4 )
2
 13

q
⋅ (x − 4)
2
M y = RA ⋅ x − F ⋅ x + F ⋅ 5 −
2

dM y dM y
= Tz mjesto ekstrema: = Tz = 0
dx dx

dM y q
= RA − F − ⋅ 2 ⋅ (x − 4) ⋅ 1 = 0
dx 2
RA − F 148,80 − 84
RA − F − q ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ q = 0 x= +4= + 4 = 2 ,23 + 4 = 6 ,23 m
q 29

M y = R A ⋅ x − F ⋅ ( x − 5) − q ⋅ ( x − 4 ) ⋅
(x − 4)
2
2 ,23
M maks = 148,80 ⋅ 6 ,23 − 84 ⋅ 1,23 − 29 ⋅ 2 ,23 ⋅ = 927 ,02 − 103,32 − 72 ,10 = 751,60 kNm
2

Mjerilo: 1 cm :: … m Tz 1 cm :: … kN My 1 cm :: … kNm
 14
Korištena literatura:

Andrejev, V., Mehanika I. dio Statika, Tehni ka knjiga, Zagreb, 1969.

Bajt, M. I., Džanelidze, G. J., Kelzon, A. S., Riješeni zadaci iz teorijske mehanike sa izvodima iz
teorije prvi dio Statika i kinematika, Gra evinska knjiga, Beograd 1978.

Bazjanac, D., Tehni ka mehanika I dio Statika, Tehni ka knjiga, Zagreb, 1966.

Cindro, N., Fizika 1, Mehanika-valovi-toplina, Školska knjiga, Zagreb,1980.

Kiri enko, A., Tehni ka mehanika I dio Statika, GI, Zagreb, 1990.

Kittel, C., Knight, W. D., Ruderman, M. A., Mehanika , Tehni ka knjiga, Zagreb, 1982.

McLean, W. G., Nelson, E. W., Theory and problems of Engineering Mechanics, Statics and
Dynamics 2/ed, Schaum`s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1962

Nikoli , V., Hudec, M., Principi i elementi biomehanike, Školska knjiga, Zagreb,1988.

Peri , R., Tehni ka mehanika, RGNF VGŠ Varaždin, 1979.

Rustempaši , A., Tehni ka mehanika, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1990.

Špiranec, V., Tehni ka mehanika, Školska knjiga, Zagreb,1990.

www.mating.hr/prim_mehanika