COIIII".tf!r llletl.otls in '·oll;cr Sf/sten •.

r·lnalysis

.' Jr-- T ,4
<,

e 'j 9L't

~~-/ (/ lZ ~L,.---_ ..
.9.L~c~7:!
,::d-L•

McGraw-Hill
John G. Truxal

Series in Electronic
and Ronald A. Rohrer

Systems
Consulting Editors

Schuliz and Melsa Stagg and El-Abiad Timothy and Bona

State Functions and Linear Control Systems Computer I'rfethods in Po icer System Analysis State Space Analysis: An Introduction

CtulIllll,tc'r

il'ctl,olls

1#{Ht;C'r S,/stel",

in .ltn,(llgsis

Glenn
l! ad, ,Engineering

u·. ,fit,agg

,\ tucrican Electric

A na(\'sis and Computer Dirision Poiccr Service Corpora/io'fl Ahitned fl. El-Jlbiud

Professor

of Elcclrical

Purdue

EfI{/i"nccrin,q Unircrsil;y

INTER.VA

710.'J;,uoJ STu.nENT

EDITIO.V

T')I.~lIfi

A.I!~kla lid
,.,\'(,Uj

nil s.srl d.ar]

"/'n_rUL_tnl'J

./,,/l.a.TI !1.1';~bl(rli
S(UI

f.A!1<i(m"

Merico
.Sllrlnf!-Jj

1)p1lhr

/JrtnlfJ

Sin,ytll)IJTt.·

Computer ltlethods in Power System Analysis

I.': TU!.vA TfOSAI. STULJfST ElJITlO.\'

Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hili Kogakusha, Ltd., for manufaclure and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGrawHill.
V

Copyright @ 19GB by McGraw· Hill, Inc. All Rights Resr-rved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a ret r ieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, p horocopying , recording. or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library o] CVII{/n'ss Cat ol oc Cord Number 67-128(j:l

This

book

present

s techniques with

that a dicital

huvo

been

a pplied It ran

sur cessf u llv in solvint: thus serve

11.-;

pOI\'l'r syst crn pr ohlerns

computer.

ad "anced power svst crn courses to inform pruspr+t in' er cnuineers of met liod s currently emploYf>o in the electric utility inriu-tr y. Hccause of the inrr ca-iru; use of the computer as an indi~pensabl(' t",,1 ill power system enuincer ing, this book will also serve Ir.r the development as a basic reference fur power of computer applications. system eneineers re"l'omihlr:

I"'"

a text

ior

The material contained in the text has heen developed from not es for specia] two-week courses offered since JD64 at Purdue Lniversity, The l·nivcr.,in· of ,risconsin and the {·niversit.y of Santa ('lam. These courses were altl'nJed hy representatives of universities. elect rip utilities, and equipment manuracturr-r s. Solution techniques arc presented for the three problems encountered frtq·.:, n t ly in power system analysi-, namely, short circuit, load flow. aud -y-tcm stability. In addition to an engineering description of these mo.'t
1,,'\1('1'

[If,,I,1.'I1;',

:1,(' rna tho mnt ical t cchniqucthat nrr- required for a computer ~nlllti"n :Lri' rir,crilwd. Thus, relevant. mnt ei ial is included from rna t r ix all!:!'bra and n u rncr ic:lllll1aly~is. of clernentarv Chapter It is ass urned , however, power system analysis. J presents, as a brief that
t he rr-adr-r has a generallinderslandinl!

introdur

ion,

the

impact

nf computer"

on

t-ower sy-t crn enuineer ina, the orient at ion of rnl!:inrrring problcru- to comput crs. ami the advantages of digital computation. Chapter 2 COHr, thc ba- ic pr inciplr-, "f matrix ulcr-brn and provides ,uffil"ipnt b:l"k~rollnd in matrix t hcor v f"r ~I", nrnni nd cr of t I,I' book. For fI'arl,'1" fami! inr 1\ it I, n,at r ix t<'f'itlli'lIl(,S, Ihi, "I,a: 01('r serves 8.5 a. review and cst abli-hes the not nt ion used throuuhout the t cxt . l ncidrnrr anri net ,I'ork matrices arl' introdurod in Chapter :~, which prr-sr nt s t hr:
1 ",.j, t

n iq uos for dc.'crit.irlg required

t),P

~""n\f·t ri"

"I

r nr-t urr- of a nrt work

anel

()\!t

Ii 11<''' the'

to drri ,'P nr-t "', .rk mal rices. Titr Iorrnnt ion (If I hc~e rnat r iccs is t hc first ~t"l' in the annlv-i-. (,f I'''\\,('i' ".\·,trm jlr(l"lcm~, (,h:ll'tt'r 4 presr-nts aknrithm!< whirh r a n 1,(, lI"ril in all a lt er nn t i vc m-t hr.d fM thr Ior mnlion of certain network rnatriccs. Th"~l' ~lg"rithll\:i have proved to 1,(, dfL'l'iin' [lOr use in computer calculat ion. The ruct hods dcscr ihed in (,h3I't('r,;:3 and .j 31'(' developed for s ingle-phase representation of power systems. Chapter S extend,
r ansf or mnt ions

these matrices methods

methods

for

three-phase

representation.

The presented program

application

of

network

to short circuit calculations is are included and a typical computer

in Chapter G. Several i" dc-rribcd to illu: ..t r.ur- a

practical application uf the techniques. Chapter 7 contains a hrid int rndur t iou til t l.c .";OIUli()1I (,f linr-ar :IlId ""II· linear simultuncous algehrai« «quat ion-. This IllalPl"l:d i-, l,n'.,,;clIled ill a n.uurur that affords direct application to the solut iOB of the 11I3d flow problplIl. Til,' formulation and solution of the load A,)w pr oblcu: i~ IJI'('''l'nt('d in Ch:'ptf'l ~. This chapteralso describes the procedure" for handline volt ngc-rout rol lcd Lu-es. transformers, and tie line control. The different mct l.od-, :HI' compared Ir..m several points of view and a description i., giv('n of an a ct uul I'r"J!l'alll lH'd fur load flow calculations. In a manner similar to t hnt in Ch aptc r I, C],apter Sl introduces methods for the numcricul -olut io» "f t l. r- dirr .. r<'loIi,,1 "'1,,;oli(Jlh t!.:lt are required and solution and governor fur transient techniques systems, stabilit y -t udivs. Chaptc'r IU ,'(J"l'r.' th,· ;"mlhul:oli"ll emplovcd in t ra nsient st udics and pr".,('nt$ proced ur .. , of svnchronous the distance relays. of this Service had and induct i-m rnachinc-. Au actual material
t run-ir-nt

for the detailed computer The 1950s interest power members continued possible previous This

representation and

{'v'i:n :,t:dlility

program is described. first efforts in the development American Electric Power authors American of in the application of computers

W('Ie rnude

ill the cu rlv

of the

at the systems.

Cor porat ion as a result

to the planning Electric basis basic enthusiast The authors Power computer ically

anr! opera t io n of electric

t ozet hr-r ns

In J959, the staff of the together

an o pport uuit v to work for several years.

of the

::-\el'\'ire Corporation This met hod . ; established

and made in of the

to work

on a part-time

the f~urther years. research

development was endorsed Company.

work

hy the manauernent
their

American Electric Power tion for this support. It is. a pleasure also helped in the preparation thank Jorge F. Dopazo,

wish to express

a pnrec in-

to acknowledge of this book. who studied

the conutnutions The a u t hors would in derail and

of those who have like I':lrt'il'lilariy to made ma nv ,uggc~-

the. text

tions; Marjorie Watson, for her contribution related to th€' rnat hemat ical t cchniques and for edit ing the manuscript; and G. Hobert Hail(!y, Dcnni- \\'. John.,t,nl. Kasi Nagappan, Janice F. Hohenstein, and other mcrnhors of the Engincerirur Analysis and Computer Division. Tho authors would like :1],') to thank I'rof(',~(Jr~ Ar un G. !'l.:ulke and Daniel K. 11";1:111 hf TIlt' ('lIiq','sil_\' .. [ Wi'n,II,ill f",' their helpful comments in re\'icwill~ th .. tr-xt . Last, sincere thanks to Constance Aquila for her ex .... llcnt . general preparation o~ the rnanu-cript. l.ut "(!r\ailll~' not 1":I.,t, work iu thr tYI,illg and
Gl"lIn

Allnl(''/

IP. Sruf!.f!. 11. £1.AtJiocl

l n t r arl u c t i o n

I I i~t"rir.11 n(1I('
.2 Irn pnct of r-orn put ors 2

.:;;

nri,~n:ati"n

of ('nl!in"Prin~

pr oblcrns

to ccm puters

.\lntrix
£.1

alg .. br a and
II

2_'2
2.8

H:l!'-ic concepts
iJ('tcrnlinnn:s

dpEnit

ions

-;-

:?.;
.: ..',
2 r:

'.bl"i~ operations I.;IH'"r dClwn,J~flcc

Li nca r cqun t ions

14 and rank
:21

of n matrix

l!l

ch a p t .. r 3

Lnci do nr e and rlpt.k'nrk macric es Intr(1duction:27 Graphs 2.';

Inf'icl~n('c FlIrlllariCiri
FOfillali(dl

s.t

s.e
.).,) 8,.~ .1._:;
'-j)j

mn t rice-

:) I -III

Prilllill\·C'TH·twllrk

(If nr-t w nr k 11I:ltrjc('~

.);-

L\:,mplp

(~r fllrm:ltinn

ni

nr-t wor

by singular transformations 42 by nonsincular t ransfor mat ious 4:-< oi in('ld"flr'~ nnr:l network mA.trir:~R. ;,~)
rll:1trj(·f>~

c/II'I'I('r

4
.:.1

Alunr; III TIl.' [nr [ar m a tinn of network

matrices

.;.2
.~ ..j

, ., ..,
"

Lnt rod urt.iou ;~l .\!J.;orillllll i"r [nr rua t mn pr bus impcdanre matrix 79 :'>lodificalinll fir the btl" impedance matrix for -ha nccs in tl,c nr-t wnrk W) r:':lrllpk of ["II"":i",, a nd modification of bus impedance

matrix

92

4.6 4.6

Derivation of loop admittance matrix from bus impedance Example of derivat ion of loop admittance matrix from bUB impedance matrix 110 Three-phase networks

matrix

lP4

chapter

5 5.1 6.2 5.3 5.4 6.6

5.C

6.7 6.8
5.!!

Introduction 117 Three-phase network e lerncnts 117 Three-phase balanced network clements J:.!U Transformation matrices 1:l3 Thrcc-phasc unbalanced network element a I:!::' Incidence and network matrices for thrce-phuse net wr.r k s 1:!(j Algorithm for formation of three-phase bus impcdu nce matrix 1"(; Modification of the three-phase hua impedu nrc m at r ix for changes in the netwurk I:ltj Example of formation find rnodifir-a uon uf thrcc·plllll'tC network IIJhlriC'I'1i 1:r; Short circuit studie~

chapter

6
0.1

6.2 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.7 chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.8

In trod uct.ion IG7 Short circuit calculations using Z"t's 1Gb Short circuit calculations for balanced three-phase network using Z sus 173 Example of short circuit calculations using Znv., Short circuit calculat ions using Z LOOP 201 Example of short circuit calculations using ZLOOP Description of short circuit program 21.'> Solution of si,nultaneoU3 algebraic
equation.

Ib4 20G

7.4
7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 chapter 8 8.1
8.B

Introduction 223 Direct methods for solution of linear algebraic equations 224 Example of solution of linear equation, by direct methods :!:li Iterative methods for solution of linear algchrnic equut ions 240 Example of solution of linear equations by it ers tive methods 24:) Methods for solution of nonlinear algebraic equations 241\ Example of solution of nonlinear equations 250 Comparison of methods 253 Load!Ww 8tudie~

8.S 8.1; 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10

Introduction 257 Power system equations 259 Solution techniques 261 Acceleration of convergence 281 Examplcs of load flow calcula t ions 283 Voltage controlled buses 312 Representation of transformers 31 i Tie line control 324 CompariBon of methods 325 Description of load flow program 332

cho p ter 9 9.1 B.t 9.8 9.1, 9.5 chapter 10

Numerical

aolution

of differential

equationa equations 353 equations 343 353

Introduction 343 Numerical methods for solution of differential Solution of higher-order differential equations Exnrnples of numerical solution of differential Comparison of methods 362 Tran~ient stability Hudies

10.1 10.t 10.S 10.1,

10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

Introduction 36j Swing equation 366 Machine equat ions 3G9 Power system equations 374 Solution techniques 3i8 Example of transient st abil it.y calculations 386 Exciter and governor control systr-ms :;!)j Distance relays 4n3 Description of transient stability program 410 Lndez 4£1

/
I

/~~
t j/ •
.~

W'
~.,,___

~:,,--

...

..
-.

~.

..

'

Intr

~ c~ '...c:i........•.I. ... .. 't.e r.

I _'
i

....... . ;~

--"<-.,

1.1

Historical

note

The grcat t cchnicnl :l(h'a!lc(,~ in the de"igll and production of commercial .uid scientific general-purpose digital computers since the early 19,')Os have pl.iccd a powerful tool :t t t he disposnl (;[ the cngi nccring profession. This .rdv.mccmcut 11:\" m.idc eCI)Il()mic:!lly fea"iblc the utilization of digital r"m]l\ltrr.~ for rou t ino c.ilcul.u ions encountered in everyday engineering work. III :1c1clitioJ1. it li:!s prrl\'idet! the c a pabilit y for performing more :ldY:tnced l'Ii~IIl('crill~ :'llid "r:iClltliic comput n tions that were previously Inlp"s"iL](: ll('(';'ll."(: ,,1- !l'!'ir cllmpl!:;; (ll' t imc-consum.ng nature. All t lu-«: t rcnrls 11:1\'(' ill(:n'''':l'd irnrncn-r-lv tlte i nt crcst in digital computers :Inrl han; ll!'c(''',itat!''] ;1 bct tcr 1IIltier;;t:lnding of the engineering and Illath('m;\tic;;] h:t,,(:s for pl'"hlclll ."(li\'iTlg. The planninz, cJ('si}!Tl. and opcrat ion of power systems require cont inu ous ;\n<1 r"mprchell~i\'c analysi-, to cvnluatc current system perftll'mallre .uid to :\"c(,rt:lill the cff cct i vcncss of alternn t.ivc plans for system expansion. Tltcsr "t\ldIC~ play an import ant role in providing a high -t andard of piwcr svst crn I'ell:lbility and ensuring the maximum utilization of capital invcst mcnt. The comput at ional task of determining power flows and voltage levels rcsul t i nu frol11 a single opcra tiug condition for even a small network is :111but insurmountable if performed by manual methods. The need f"l' computational aid . ; in power syst crn engineering led .in 1929 to the design of a special-purpose analog computer called all ac network analyzer. This device made possible the study of a greater variety of system operating conditions for both present and future system designs. It provided the abili ty to determine power flows and system voltages during normal and emergency condi tions and to study the transient behavior of the

Computer

method"

in power

lIyHem analYllill

system resulting from fault conditions and switching operations. By the middle 1950550 network analyzers were in operation ill the Ullited States and Canada and were indispensable tools to planning, relaying, and operating engineers. The earliest application of digital computers tv power system problems dates back to the late 19408: However, most of the early applications were limited in scope because of the small capacity of the punched card calculators generally in usc at that tim«. The a v.ul.rbi l i t v of In ruescale digital computers in the middle 1\).,)Os provided eq uipmcn t uf su llicient capacity and speed to meet the rcquiremcnt s of major power system problems. In 19.')7 the American Electric Power Servicc Corporut.i on completed a large-scale load flow program for the IB.\[ 704 which calculated the voltages and power flows for a specified i'()\\'cr ;;)"'-;\('111 not \\·mk. The initial application of the load flow )!r()~rall1 tu t r.ui-mission planning studies proved so successful that all subsequent studies empl()yed the digital computer instead of the network :walyzer. The success of this program led to the development of progrums for short circuit and transient stability calculations. Today the computer is an indispcnsaule tool in all phases of power system planning, design, and opcru t ion.

1.2

Imp{lct of computers
has provided the f ollowiug

The development of computer technology advantages to power system engineering: l.

:2.

3.

4.

More efficient and economic means of performing; routine engilleering calculations required in the planning, design, and opor.it ion of a power system A better utilization of engineering talent by relicving the engineer from tedious hand calculations and permitting him to spend more time on technical work The ability to perform more effective engineering studies by applying calculating procedures to obtain a number of alternate solutions for a particular problem to provide a broad Lase for engineering decisions The capability of performing studies which heretofore were not possible because of the volume of calculat ions involved

Two major factors which have contributed to the realization of these benefits are the declining cost of computing equipment and the development of efficient computational techniques. Now that a substantial reduction in computing cost has been effected, principal effort must be dirccted toward the orientation of engineering problems to computer solutions.

Chapter

Introduction

1.3

Oriefltation

of engineering

problems

to computers
prob-

The process of applying a computer to the solution of engineering lems involves a number of distinct steps. These steps are:

1. Problem definition Initially, the problem must be defined precisely and the objectives determined. This may be the most difficult step in the entire process, Cnnsldcrnt.ion must be given to the pertinent data availnblc for input, t ho scope of the problem and its limitations, the desired results, and their relative 'im portuncc in making an engineering decision. This phase requires the judgement of experienced and capable engineers. 2. Jf ath emniical formulation After the problem has been defined, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model to represent the physical system. This requires specifying the characteristics of individual system components as well as the relations which govern the interconnection of the clements. DifTerent mathematical models may be used to represent the same system and, for many problems, complementary (dual) formulations may be obtained. One formulation may result in a different number of equations than another as, for example, in the case of network problems which can be solved using either loop equations or node equations. The mathematical formulation of the problem, therefore, includes the design of a number of models and the selection of the best model to describe the physical system. 8. Selection of a solution techriique The formulation of most engineering problems invol ves mat hema tical expressions, such as sets of nonlinear equations, differential equations, and trigonometric functions, which cannot be evaluated directly by a digital computer. A computer is capable of performing only the four basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. A solution for any prol.lern , thcrof'orr-, must be obta incd hy numerical techniques which employ the four l.nsic arithmetic operations. It is important in this phasr: to s('l('('t n mot hrxl which is prncticnl for machine computation and, ill pn rt iculur. will prodllcc t hr: desirnd results in a reasonable amount of computer time. Since numerical approaches involve a number of assumpt ion», (':1.r('[111onsidr-r.rt c ion must hf' given to the degree of accuracy ["C'III ired. 4. Program dcsiqn The sequence of logical steps by which a particular problem is to be solved. the allocation of memory, the access of data, and the assignment of input and output units are important aspects of computer program design. The objectives are primarily to develop a pro-

"

Compuur

methods

in power sy.um analysis

cedure which eliminates unnecessary repetitive calculations and remains within the capability of the computer. The program design is usually prepared in the form of a diagram called a flow chart. 5. Programming A digital computer has a series of instructions consisting of operation codes and addresses which it is able to interpret and execute. In addition to the arithmetic and input! output instructions, logical instructions are available which are used to direct the sequence of calculations. The translation of the precise detailed steps to be performed in the solution of a problem into an organized list of computer instructions is the .process of programming. A program can be developed by using computer instructions in actual or symbolic form, or it can be written in a generalized programming language, such as FORTIL\X. 6. Program verification There are many 'opportunities to introduce errors in the development of a complete computer program. Therefore, a systematic series of checks must be performed to ensure the correctness of problem formulation, method of solution, and operation of the program. 7. Application Engineering programs, in general, can be classified into two groups. The first consists of special-purpose programs, which are developed in a relatively short period for the solution of simple engineering problems. Such a problem is usually well defined, and often the program completely serves its purpose after the first series of calculations has been completed. Some small programs are used on a continuing basis but are restricted in their use because of their special-purpose nature. The second group consists of general-purpose programs that are designed for the anulysis of large engineering problems. T'h esc pr ogrnms are applied extensively ill the regular studies of one or mure engineering departments. Their use may have an effect on the approach to an engincering problem and the organization of IL study, Thus, it ill important that consideration be given to the manner in which a program is to be empioyed in an engineering activity. Some aspects which must be considered are means of collecting and preparing data, processing time, and presentation of results. Programs of this type are becoming an integral part of power system engineering. The relative importance of each of these steps varies from problem to problem. Moreover, all steps are closely related und play Il.ll important role in the decisions that must be made. Of primary importance is the interrelation of the mathematical formulation of a problem and the selection of a solution technique. Frequently, it is difficult to evaluate the

Chapter

Introduction

influence of lhese two step~ Oil each other without developing a complete program and performing nrt u.rl calculations to compare the alternatives. The mater-ial covered ill this hook pertains to the first three steps, with particular clllplia"is 1>11 t l u- in\nrciatil>!ls 1,[ qt:ps ~ and :). Simplified flow charts are used to illustrate the methodpresented.

Biblio gra ph v Gross, Eric T. B.: :\et work Analyzr-r TnstallatilJ1l~ in Canada n n d the United States, Pro: .. 1 III. Pou:cr COII/., vol, 21, pp. GG:i-G(j9, l!J;j9. St. Clair, H. P., :ilid G Stagg: Digital Computer ~olutioll of Power System Problems. Proc .. 1 Ill. Poircr Conj., vol. 20, pp. fiJ4-G2\l, l!J.")8. St. Clair, II. 1'., G. \Y. St:,gg. and \Iaria Tvchr-r nr: : Digit.al Computer Takc,.; O\,pr LI,:td FI')II' C'alcnlations, Electrical !VII/·lri. Sept. :~(), 1~F)7. Stagg, G. \\'., .. . I.'. C;:t\'f1cile. \ and .T. F. Hohcnstein: Digital Computer Calculates Trnu-irnt Stability Problems, RII,I;lriwl Wor/ri, Sept. J, 1958. Stagg, G. '\'., and E. L. \\"izemann: Computer Program for Load Flow Study Handles Ten-system Interconnection, Electrical World, Aug. 1, 1\)00. Zuckernick, S . .T., and C. \\'. Stagg: Computer Solves Relay Problems, Electrical World, July 20, l\J;jD.

/
I

/~~
t j/ •
.~

W'
~.,,___

~:,,--

...

..
-.

~.

..

'

]"atri~~!!._,

cWl!!!:!5r 2

~~

2.1

'ntroduction

In recent years, the use of matrix algebra for the formulation and solution of complex engineering problems has become increasingly important with the advent of digital computers to perform the required calculations. The application of matrix notation provides a concise and simplified means of expressing many problems. The use of matrix operations presents a logical and ordered process which is readily adaptable for a computer solution of a large system of simultaneous equations.

2.2 .Hatrix

Basic concepts n o t.at.io n.

and definitions

Matrix notation is a shorthand means of writing systems of simultaneous equations in a concise form. A matrix is defined as a rectangular array of numbers, called elements, arranged in a systematic manner with m [()WS and n columns. These elements can be real or complex numbers. A double-subscript notation a., is used to designate a matrix elemcn t. 'I'h« Ii rxt subscript i d('sil';l1atp>l t.he row in which Lhe clcrnen t IiI;>;, and t.h« second subscript j designates the column. In the following system of equations,
allX1 a.1X, a31X'

+
+ +

a12X2 a2ZX. a32XZ

+ +

aux. anxa a33Xa

= Yl =

y.

(2.2.1)

= YJ

X"

Xz, and Xa are unknown variables; all, all, an, , an are the coefficients of these variables; y" Yt, and Y3 are known parameters. The

Computer

m et.h.od« in power syotem aruslysi s

coefficients form an array

till [ till

a'l
a31

a22
aJ2

(:!.:2.:.n of the system of equations (:2.2.1). and parameters can be written in matrix

which is the coefficient motrix Similarly, the variables form: and

(2.2.3)

The matrix (2.2.2) is designated by a capital letter A and the matrices (2.2.3) by X and Y, respectively. In matrix notation the equations (2.2.1) are written
AX
=Y

A matrix with m rows and n columns is said to be of dimension m by n, or m X n. A matrix with a single row and more than one column = 1 and n > 1) is called a row matrix or row vector. A matrix with a single column and more than one row is called a column matrix or column

em

vector. Types of matrices

Some matrices with special characteristics tions. These are:

are significant in matrix opera-

Square matrix When the number of rows equals the number of columns, that is, m = n, the matrix is called a square matrix and its order is equal to the number of rows (or columns). The elements in a square matrix a,j for which i = j are called diagonal elements. Those for which i ~j are called off-diagonal elements. For elements a., to the right of the diagonal i is less than i. and for those to the left of the diagonal i is greater than j. Upper triangular matrix If the. elements a., of a square matrix arc zero the matrix is an upper triangular matrix. For example:

for i

> i. then

Chapter

l'rfatriz algebra

Lower triangular matrix If the elements aij of a square matrix arc zero for i < i, then the matrix is a lower triangular matrix. For example:

Diagonal matrix If all off-diagonal clements of a square matrix are zero (a.;j = 0 for all i ,e ij, then the matrix is a diagonal matrix. For example: A all 0

Unit or identity matrix If all diagonal elements of a square matrix equal one and all other clements are zero (o;j = 1 for i = J and a., = 0 for i ,e j), the matrix is the unit or identity matrix, designated hy the let ter U, For example:

Null matrix

If all elements of a matrix are zero, it is a null matrix.

Transpose of a matrix If the rows and columns of an m X n matrix are interchanged, the resultant n X m matrix is the tronspose and is designated by At. For the matrix

the transpose is

Symmetric matrix matrix are equal example: 5

2

If the corresponding off-diagonal elements of a square (c., = aj;), the matrix is a symmetric matrix. For

~l

10

Computer

rnethods

in power system

analy~is

The

transpose
=

of a symmetric

matrix

is identical

to the

matrix

itself,

that is, A'

A.

Skew-symmetric matrix 1f A = -:1' for u square matrix, A. is a skcu:symmetric matrix. Thc corresponding oIT-di:lg()!lal elements arc equal l.ut of opposite sign (c., = - aji) and the diagonal elements arc zero. Fur example:

[
=

-5

-3

-u

()

3]
for a sqllarc ma t rix with r('al

Orthogonal matrix If A'A = U = .'1;1' elements, then A is an orthogonal matrix.

Conjugate of a matrix If all the clements of a matrix arc replaced by their conjugates (replace the clement a -+ jo by a - jo), the resultant matrix is the conjugate and is designated by .4 *. For a matrix

[4

J3

+ J2
is

the conjugate

A."

[4- J3

- J2
then

1 - )1 of A are real, then A. = -A *. A. A

*.

5]

If all the elements

imaginary, Hermitian Hermitian

If all clements

nrc pure

matrix If A = (A *)' for a square matrix in which all diagonal clements

complex mnt rix, :1 is a arc reed. For example:

4 [ 2 +]3

2 -5

j3]

Skeui-Hermiium matrix If.4 = -(A *)' for a square complex matrix, A is a skeic-Hermitian. matrix ill which all diagonal elements arc either zeru or pure imaginary. For example:

=[

0 -2 -j3

2 -0J3]

Unitary matrix If (A *)'.1. = U = A(A *)' for a square complex matrix, A. is a unitary matrix. A unitary matrix with real elements is an orthogonal matrix.

Chapter

j~fatrj%

algebra

11

Table

2.1 summarizes

some

types

of special

rna trices.

Con d itio n
----~---.-

Typ(

of mnlr

ix

A :I A !l .4. A

-.4

A'

-A' .4* -.4. * (A *), .1 -(A *)' .1 '"I = U (.-! ')' il = U

:"ull Svrnrnctr-ic ~krw·.'innrnctric Heal Pure imaginary Hcrrn itinn

~kc\\'·1 Un it a rv

r r r iu it ian

Orthogonal

2.3

Determinants
of de t.cr rn i n a n t.s equations (2,3,1)

lloji ni t ion. a n d pr o p er t.ie. The solution

011.'[1 OZlX1

of two simultaneous

+ + anXz
alZTZ

1', ill

can be obtained by eliminating the variables one at a time. Solving for terms of II from tIle second equation and substituting this expression Ior I2 in the rirst cqun t ion, the following is obtained:
!111.fl

012

(h (122 -

Q2_l
0"

Xl)

Qll!1nTl

ol,k, -

Q1Z021Il a12(]Zl)Il

02z l

(a11a22

k Qnkl -

012k2

Theil,

subst it n t ing

.fl 11\

either

of the equations

(2,3.1),

X2

is obtained:

The expression the coefficient matrix

(1111a22

(12021)

.1, where

IA I denotes

is the value of the determinant the determinant

of

1:1! =

12

Computer

method.

in power

.y.tem

analy.i.

The solution of the equations I

Xl

(2.3.1) by means of determinants

is

k% au

kl

all I a22 i aul

I all and I all

X2

aa

a2l

kll
k2 all I an

I all
an

A determinant is defined only for a square matrix and has a single value. A method for evaluating the determinant of an n X It matrix is given in Chap. 7. Determinants have the following properties: 1. value of a determinant is zero if All elements of a row or column are zero The corresponding elements of two rows (or columns) are equal A row (or column) is a linear combination of one or more rows (or columns) If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the value of the determinant is changed in sign only The value of a determinant is not changed if a. All corresponding rows and columns are interchanged, i.e., The a. b. c .•

2. 3.

IAI
b.

IA'I

4. 5.

k times the elements of any row (or column) are added to the corresponding elements of another row (or column) If all elements of a row (or column) are multiplied by a factor k, the value of the determinant is multiplied by k The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to the product of the determinants of the matrices, i.e.,

lA
6.

CI

IAIIBIICI

The determinant of the sum (or difference) of matrices is not equal to the sum (or difference) of the individual determinants, i.e.,

IA + B

CI ~ IAI + IBI - ICI

of these properties can reduce the work
In

The application determinants.

evaluating

Chapter

Matrix

algebra

13

lUinors and cofactor»

The determinant obtained by striking out the ith rnw and jth column called the minor of the clement aij. Thus, for

I~

IAI

all =

al2

au
au
a33

a21
a31

an
a32 a21

the minor of

is

al2 a32

al31
a33
I

The order of this minor is one less than that of the original determinant. By striking out any two rows and columns a minor of order two less than the original determinant is obtained, etc. The cofactor of an element is (-l)i+j(minor of
aij)
ai,

where the order of the minor of nated by .421, is

is

1.

The cofactor of

a21,

desig-

alII
all

-II

an
al2

The following relationships exist: I.

between

a determinant

and cof'actors

The slim of t.he products of the clements in any row (or column) and their cofactors is eq ual to the determinant: (2.3.2)

2.

The sum of the products of the elements in any row (or column) and the cof'actors of the corresponding elements in another row (or column) is equal to zero: (2.3.3)

Adjoint If each element of a sq unrc matrix is replaced by its cofactor and then the matrix is transposed, the resulting matrix is an adjoint which is designated by A+

14

Computer

method.

in power system analysis

2.4

Matrix

operations

Equality

of matrices

If A and B are matrices with the same dimension and each element a,j of A is equal to the corresponding element b,j of B, the matrices are equal, i.e.,

A=B
Addition and subtraction of matrices

Matrices of the same dimension are conformable for addition and subtraction. The sum or difference of two m X n matrices, A and B, is a matrix C of the same dimension, i.e.,

A±B=C
where each element of C is
eij

0.;,

bij

For n conformable

matrices the sum or difference is

A±B±C±D±'"
=

±N=R
matrix Rare
nij

where the elements of the resultant

roj a;j

bij

C;j

d.,

± ...±

The commutative as follows:

and asaocintivc lnws apply to uddit.ion of matrices commutative law of the order of the addition. associative law

A+B=B+A
A

i.e., the sum of the matrices is independent

+B +C

+ (B + C)

(A

+ B) + C

i.e., the sum of the matrices is independent matrices are associated for addition.
Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar

of the order in which the

When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar, the elements of the resultant matrix are equal to the product of the original elements and the scalar. For example:

kA = B
where bi;

ka;j

for all i and j.

Chapter

Matrix

algebra

15

The multiplication law and the distributive

of a matrix by a scalar law as follows:

obeys

the commutative

kA
k(.1

Ak
B)

commutative law k.B = (.4

B)k

distributive

law

lUultiplication ~Iultiplication

of matrices of two rnut.rices

AB =C
is defined only if the number of columns of the first matrix A equals the number of rO\\'O' of 8. Thus, for the product of matrix A of dimension m X. q and matrix B I)f dimension q X n, the matrix C is of dimension m X n. Any clement c,; of C is the sum of the products of the corresponding elements of the zth row of A and the jth column of B, that is,

or c., = For

L
Q

a"bkj

t=

1,2,

...

,m;)

1,2,

...

,n

k -1

example: aIl a21

(j"1

:In

(l12]
022 (j'.2

r bll

l b21

bZ2

bl21
=

[allbll a21bll a,lbll

+a b + anb + a,2b

lZ ll
21

a21bl2

allb12
a31bu

21

+ a bn] + a bn
l2 22

a32b22

In the product An, :l prcrnultiplics 8 or B postmultiplies A. The product 8:1 i~ riot drfin(~d sincr- the number of columns of 8 is not equal to the num bo r of rows of :\. \\'hcn the products A 8 and 8.1 arc defined for a square matrix, it can be shown that, in general, An ,e. BA Therefore, the commutative law does not hold for matrix multiplication. If the matrices A, B, and C satisfy the dimension requirements fer multiplication and addition, the following properties hold: A (B C) AB AC distributive law A (BC) = (A B) C = A BC associative law However,

AB

= 0 does not necessarily imply that A = 0 or B = 0 CA = C B does not necessarily imply that A = B

16

Computer =

method"

in power """tem

anal),si.'!

If C transposed

AB, then the transpose of C is equal to the product matrices in reverse order, i.e.,

of the

This is the reversal rule.

Inverse of a matrix

Division does not exist in matrix algebra except in the ease of the division of a matrix by a scalar. This operation is performed by dividing; each element of a matrix by the scalar. However, for a given set of equations,
aUXI aUXI

aux,

+ + aux. + a22X2 + anx. + anX + anx.

al2X2 2

= Yl =

Y2

(2.4.1)

= !Ja

or, in matrix form, AX

=

Y
Xl, x«,

(2.4.2)

it is desirable to express

and

XJ

as functions of

VI, Vz,

and s», that is,

BY

If there is a unique solution for the equations (24.1), then mn t rix B exists and is the inverse of A. If the determinant of A is not zero, the equations call be solved for the x;'s as follows:
Xl

!AT u, + fAT Y2 + fAT !Ja

!AT Yl + fAT Y2 + fAT
A
12

All

A21

A3l
A

A22

32

Ya

where A i i, A 12, .. ,A is the determinant of A. All B Au A21 A22 A23 A31 A32

33

are the cofactors of Thus

all,

a12,

..•

, a3l

and

\.1.\

IAI IAI

IAI IAI

IAI

A+

!AT

Au

IAI

A ..

IAI

\AI

IA\

Chapter

Matri:r algebra

17

whr-rr: A + is the: adjoint of A. It should be noted thut the clements of the adjoint A + are the cofactors of the elements of A, but are placed in transposed posif.ion. The matrix B is tho inverse of A and is written A-I. :\Iultiplying au
Q21
al2 a13

A. by its inverse,
All

A21

A31

On

A
a'!:\

\A\
12

\A\
I1n

11 32 A33
jAi
IAI

\AI

0 0 0 0

0 0 1
(2.3.2)

aJ!

A.13
a32 a33

\A\

\A\

111\ An \A\

results in the unit matrix. This follows from the relationships and (2.:3.:3). A diagonaJ term of lJ, such as Ul1, equals 1 since
All

all

fAT + al2iAl

,.112

+ a13lA!
term, a1a

A 13

iA1 iA1
0

\A\

1
zero since

and an off-diagonal

such as U12, equals

= =

all

!AT +
=

..121

An
al2

fAT +
= [:

lA!

A23

Thus

.4A-I

A-I.4

TO :-01\,1' for X from the matrix arc prcrnultiplicd by A-I.

COllation

(2.4.2)

both sides of the equation

AX A-lAX

=Y = A_-I}' =

UX
X

k-l}'

= A-IY

The order of the matrices in the product must he maintained. If the determinant of a matrix is zero, the inverse does not exist. Such It mat r ix i;; c.illr-d a sinqular matrix. If the (jr.tr:rminant. of a mat rix is not zero, the matrix is a non sirujulnr matrix and has a unique inverse. The inverse of t hr- prurillct of matrices can he obtained by the reversal rule, i.e., (:1 T?)-I = N-'.,j-' The changed, trn nspose i.e., and inverse operations on a matrix can be inter-

18

Co mpwt er methodA

in power system

analy .•i«

Partitioning A large matrix dimensions:

of matrices can be subdivided into several submatricr-s of smaller

~1 __
A

,_1_2 __

If the diagonal submat rices Al and .4" are square, the subdi\'i"ioll IS called principal partitioning. Partitioning call be used to show the spcc ii:c <t r urt urc of ,I :ll1d tl) simplify matrix computation, Each suhm.u nx is CUI1SIU,'rl'U :l' :I!I d('ment in the partitioned matrix, Additiull or "UblLI1,ti()11 IS pnfulIll("d as Iollows:

±
Aa. where the dimensions of corresponding submut Multiplication is performed as follows: riccs must c()llfurmable,

I'e

where

CI C2

c,
C.

AIBI AIB2 A3BI = AaB2

+ A2Ba + A2B. + A.B. + A.B,

The rule for partitioning two matrices whose product is to be f (lund is: the n columns of the premultiplier are grouped into k and n - k columns from left to right, and the n rows of the postmultiplier are grouped into k and n - k rows from top to bottom in order that the submatrices are conformable for multiplication.

Chapter

Ma tri» algebra

19

The transpose

of

3.

partitioned

matrix

is shown

below.

-I
A, I I

'{l

A2

A,
Al'
A.' of a pn r t it i onrd matrix is ob t a in crl as fr.ll ows :

A'
i

~I
A
2
I

I
I

The inverse

where (AI .-1,,.1,-1 .:13)-1

-J3IA,.-\,-1 B,
-A,-q,B1 A,-' - ..1.,-I'-\,B2 he ~'1uarc matr ices.

(2.·1.:3.)

and Al and A, must

2.5
Linear

l.inear dependence and rank of a matrix

de p e n d e n c e of n n
III

The columns

II

mn t rix A can bc wr it tcn as n column

vectors.

ell: c,l . . . i c, I
A ca n be written as
111

:\150, the rows of matrix

row vectors.

frtllr21

...

11'..,1

20

Computer

methods

in poteer sy s t em. analysi6

The column vectors are linearly

independent

if the equation (2.')1)

is satisfied only for all p. = 0 (k = 1, 2, ... ,n). Similarly the rov vectors arc linearly independent if only zero values for the sc.clnrs qr (r = 1, 2, ... ,m) satisfy the equation (252) It is not possible to express one or more linearly independent column vectors (or row vectors) as a linear combination of others. If some Pk y! 0 satisfies (2.5.1), the column vectors are linearly dependent. If some qr y! 0 satisfies (2.5.2), the row vectors are linearly dependent. That is, it is possible to express one or more column vectors (or row vectors) as a linear combination of others. If the column vectors (or row vectors) of a matrix A. are linearly dependent, then the deterrninant of A is zero.
Ra nk of a ma trix

The rank of an m X n matrix A is equal to the maximum number of linearly independent columns of 11 or the maximum number of linearly independent rows of I1. The former is called the COIUIIIIl rank and the latter the row rank. The column rank i" equal to the row ra nk. The rank of a matrix is equal to the order of the largest nonvanishiug determinant in A. For example, consider the matrix
2

4 8 The rows are linearly dependent

qd124) +qzl2481

since the equa t ion =0

+q3138101

is satisfied for
ql = 2 q2 = -1 q3 = 0

Similarly, the columns are linearly dependent

since the equation

Chapter

,\latrix

algebra

21

is satisfied
PI

for

6
-I -I

pz
p,

However, Tin two colurn ns a rr: linr-nrlv df!IH'Tld(,rlf :llld, t licreforc, of the matrix is 2.

t.hn rank

A linear
OllXl !l21Xl

svst crn of m equations

012.(2

in n unknowns
=
=
YI

is written

+ + + a22X2 +

+ + a2"""
OI"X"

Y2

(2.0.1 )

!),

The system

known coefficients or parameter!' of the system unknown variables of the system known constants of the system of equations (2.6.1) in matrix form is matrix of .1, designated hy A, is fonned as the (n I)st column to A.

AX

The augmented the column vector al1

by adjoining

al"
a1"
G","

I""
a21

a22 a~2 .,!J",

;:"
y ...
In

Lam!

If Yl, !J2,. homogeneous and AX

are all zero

(2.6.1),

the linear

equations

are

=0

the linear equations are nonhomogeneous. The necessary and sufficient condition for a system of linear equations to have a solution is that the rank of the coefficient matrix A be equal to the rank of the augmented matrix A. A unique solution exists when A is a square matrix and the rank of A is equal to the number of columns (variables). The unique solution is nontrivial for nonhomogeneous equations and trivial (i.e., zero) for homogeneous equations. If the rank of A is less than the number of equations, some of the equations are redundant and do not place any further constraint on the variables. If the rank of A is less than the number of variables of the system, there are all infinite number of nontrivial solutions.

If one or more Y, arc nonzero.

22

Computer

methods

in power syatem analysia

Problems 2.1 Given:

=[

-7

23

~l

and

-2

~l

2.2

Determine: a. C = A + B b. What type of matrix C is c. D = A. - B d. What type of matrix D is Given: -3 [ -2 1

A=

-5

~J

and

Determine:
a. C=
=

2.3

c. E = d. What the relationship Given:

b. D

AB BA A'B'

of matrix 1<) to matrix D is

A=

[11 ~

8 1 5

:1

and

B=

[ _,

-1 -1

-n

2.4

Determine: a. C = B'AB b. What type of matrix A is c. What type of matrix C is d. D = C-I e. E = CC-I f. What type of matrix E is Given:

o
-1

and

Chapter

;\1 a trix algebra

23

2.5

Determine: a. B = A-I b. X from AX Given:

11

~l-~
-/

;)

7
-1 0
0)

-1

-7

-i:l
rix A
IS

Determine:
(I.

= O.IA

O:,f[
III at

i.
c. 2.0

\\"hat

t ypc of

That 11is orth{)g()ll:ll Given:

:1

-'~J~J ~~"l:
.)

-)'T

.V;~

--+j
2

v:i
-~"

.)

-:2 -

. y':j

'J

'2

')(~I ('rIllIIW:

2.7

a. j) = (..I 0),..1 I). \\"hat type or mn t r: x :1 Given:

IS

[,

,)

J-

"OJ

-}2 I

, + J:l
'2 -)

- ):1

+]

:1

Determine:
a.

2.8

What type of matrix A Given:

b. A = [~ -1] -:J

B=

(.'1 *)'
IS

[j2 j.1

~]

and

UJ

(I.

Determine: X from (.1 + jIJ)XO =y b. What type of matrix A is c. What type of matrix B is

24

Computer

methods

in power "yatem analY.'3

2.9

Given the partitioned

matrix:

2.10

Determine B = A-I using the formulas a partitioned matrix. Given: 12

2 6 0 3 4 1

(2.4.3) for the inverse of

0
14 5

0
5

--00 30 41

10 2

1 2 12

2.11

Determine Az. Given the partitioned 12 11 --00 00 00 --00 13 7

4

matrices: 0 0
2 4 2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0
-

13 23 15 0
2 0

0 0 0
-

s
1
4

--B=
3 4
2

1
2

;; 3 6 1 3
1

6
2

5
2

6 6

3 7 3 C
=

1 5

8
4

--72 Determine

i ;)

AB.

Cbajner

Matr;" algebra

25

2.12

Given:

C~
where

I: I: I
~]
A-' N B

= [~

= [~

-4

-1]

and N is a null matrix. Show that the inverse of C is

c-' ~
2.13
Given:

N: B-1

6 5
2.1-1 Show t hn t A is a singular Given:
i
I

matrix

and determine

its rank.

Al A A3
Determine Gin'll :

A'I
..1'1
= Al

6 I2
!

I,
[

0 4 7 4

3 2
'J

2 3 2

B 3
1

112..1.-1..13•

L.Lj

I
A
=

-2
[j

l-2

-8
0
-1

.; 1
12

=[

-1

-~]

and

C = [~ Determine

-~]

= A - C'B'C.

26

Computer

methods

in po ioer syHem analysis

Ribliopraphy

Aitken. A. C "Determinants and Matrices." Iriterscience Publishers. Inc .. Xew York. 1959 . .Avros. Frank, Jr "Theory and Problems of Matrices." Schaum Publisbing Company .. \ew York, 1962. ELLIE'. H '\Lltnx Algebra for Elec t ricul Engineers." Addi-on-We-lev Publi-hing C,nllpany. Inc .. Reading, '.[ass., 196:.i. :'iil!:lllT. :' .\ll~Tell: "Tbe Elements of Det errniuan ts. \latriec,. uid Tensors fur Engiuecrs.' \[acDon:dd and Co., LTd .. London. l'6!1 Tropper..\ ,\1 "\Iatrix Theory for Electrical Engineers, AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, :\lass., 19,12.

Incidencf!

3.1

Introduction

The formulat i..n of a sun able rnat hcmat.icul D'odejl" t h. first st cp in the analysis of all electrical network The mode! TLU,' de~('nh(' t h« C!i,tr,l(,teristics of individual llC't\I'(,rk ('omp(:llCT!t> '\0' well ,"', the relat ion- that govern the interconnect iou of t hest' "iempnts,\ net II" irk rna t r;x eq llation provides a convenient mathematical nnde] i(Jf l' digital c.m.put er solution, The elements of a network matrix depend '<;( t l«- selp('T:(lll "f the independent variables. which caIl he either cu rrr-u rs or Vt)1t:lge" ('n!'respondingly, the elerncnt s of the network mllt!"" WIll he imped.u.ccs ur admittances, The electrical char acteris ucs of t.he individual nct wor k (,lllllp"llenh can be presented conveniently in the form "f a primit iv. Ii('tw"rk matrix. This matrix, while adequatel:; describing the chnruct eristir of each ("'mponent, does not provide :111\' inf'ormatir.n p.-r t au.ina to t hr- lIP( wor k cnllnccti ons. It is IWr'e",:<an', therefore, t o transform tIl!' prim it i ve nct work matrix into a network rn a t nx that describes the pcrforruance of t h« nu erconnected network, The form of the network m.u rix used ill thl' pcrf orm.mce equut ion depends on the frame of reference. namely, btl:' or loop, In the bus frame of reference the variables are the uo.ial voltages .uid )ludal r-ur rcntIn the loop frame of reference the variables are loop \'oltages .uid iuop currents. The formation of the appropriate network matrix IS eUi irl1('gL,1 part of a digital computer program for the solution ,.)i PUm?!' system pf(,hlprn~,

28

Computer

methods

'n. power

system

an.alysu

3.2

Graplas

Tr. wdp,r t'l describe the geometrical structure of a network it IS sufficient u. replace the network components by single line seamem s irrespective of (,h characteristics of the components, These line segments are called elemen:» and their terminals are called nodes. A nodr -md an Element are inricent if the node is a terminal of the element Node- can be incident 1.(, ',nf' e>f more elements. A ,;i'(jph shows the geometrical interconnection ,if tit" elements of a net ','()rk A subqra ph is any subset of elements of tho, grapl. A path is a subgraph of connected elements with no more than tw« clements connect ed t(i anyone node. A graph is connected if and only if there IS a path between every pair of nodes. If each element »f the connected graph is assigned a direction it is then oriented. A representation of a power system and the corresponding oriented graph are shown in Fig. 3.l.

+-{~ t··
(u )

l_l=+@

®
• '0

CD

8)

I
( b)

Ll

(c)

Fig. 3.1 Power system representations. (a) Single line diagram; (b) positit'e sequence riet worlc diagr a m; (c) oriented connected grnph.

Chapter

Incidence

an.d n.cr.work matrices

29

/-----'

.>

--- ----.____

--.

(!l~---_:'
~~

//

~""
f"-:

---Branch
---Link

Fig.3.2

Tree and co tree of the oriented

connected

ara ph .

A connected subgraph containing all nodes of a graph hut no closed path is called a tree. The elements .)f a tree are caller! branches and furm a subset of the elements of the connected graph. The number of branches b required to form a tree is b
=

n- 1

(3.2.1J

where n is the number of nodes in the graph. Those elements of the connected graph that are not included in the tree are called links and form a subgraph, not necessarily connected. called the cotree. The cot ree is the complement of the tree. The number of links 1 of a connected graph with e elements is l=e-b From equation 1=e-n+1 (3.2.1) it follows that
(:~.2.21

A tree and the corresponding cotree of the graph given ill Fig. 3.1c are shown in Fig. 3.2. If a link is added to the tree, the resulting graph contains one closed path, called a loop. The addition of each subsequent link forms one «r more additional loops. Loops which contain only one link are independent and are called basic loops. Consequently, the number of basic

.10

ComputeT

rrulthoda in power system analY3u

_/--

_- ..
./

---

.......

,/

® -----~----6
F

"

,/

,/

." "
.

®
Fig.3.3 Basic loops of the oriented connected graph.

loops is equal to the number of links given by equation (3.2.2). Orientation of a basic loop is chosen to be the same as that of its link. The basic loops of the graph given in Fig. 3.2 are shown in Fig. 3.3. A cut-set is a set of elements that, if removed, divides a connected graph into two connected subgraphs. A unique independent group of

-----

.... ----6

®
Fig. 3.4 Basic cut-sets
(jf the oriented

connected

graph.

Chapter

Incidence

ond network

nuJtrice3

31

cut-sets may be chosen if each cut-set contains only one branch, Independent cut-sets are called basic cui-sets. The number of basic cut-sets is equal to the number of branches Orientation vf a basic cut-set is
chosen to be till' "arne as that of its branch graph given in Fig ;3.2 are shown in Fig. :3.4 The basic cut-sets of the

3.3

Incidence matrices
incidence matrix

Element-node The incidence element-node follows:

A
graph is shown by the .. f the matrix are as

of elements to Hodes in a connected incidence matrix. The element:'

a"

1 if the ith element is incident to and orient ed away from the jtb node a" -1 if the Ith element is incident t() and orieuted toward the )th !lode a" = 0 if the rt h element is not incident to t he rb ",)de

The dimension of the matrix is c X II. where e is the number of elements and n is the number of nodes in the graph. The element-node incidence matrix for the graph shown in Fig. 3.2 is

@
1

'G; -1

0)

G;

2 3

1 1
I

-1

I
I

-1
I I

4
I I

-1
I

5
I I

1
I

-1
I

6
I

1
I

-1
I I

-1

32

Computer

methods

in power .y&tem analYlIis

Since

i ==

)' a., '-'

(1

=0

1=

1,2,

...

,e Hence. the rank of

the columns of
ll u« incidence

are linearly dependent.

A

A<

n.

matrix

Anv node of a connected graph can be selected as the reference node. Then. the variables of the other nodes, referred to as buses, can be measured with respect to the assigned reference. The matrix obtained [rom A by deleting the column corresponding to the reference node is the elcrnen t-bus incidence matrix A, which will be called the bus incidence ma trix The dimension of this matrix is e X (n - 1) and the rank is 71 1 = b, where b is the number of branches in the graph. Selecting node 0 as reference for the graph shown in Fig. 3.2,

-,
e

1 2

-.
bus

CD
-1

(])

8)

~~

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
1
~~~-

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
-1

~-

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
1

-1

~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~
-1

3
.l

-1 1

-±
;)

-1

~~

-1
~-

This matrix is rectangular and therefore singular. I f the rows of A are arranged according to a particular tree, the matrix can be partitioned into submatrices Ab of dimension b X (n - 1) and AI of dimension l X (n - 1), where the rows of Ab correspond to branches and the rows of AI to links. The partitioned matrix for the graph shown III Fiz. 3.2 is

Chapter

Incidence

and network

matrices

~us e 1
2

-,

CD
-1
--

(2)

8)

Buses

--

--

--

-1
----

--

3
----

-1

-] --

-1 ----

5
()

1 -1

-- -1 -1 -- -1

--

---'

--

A,

-1
(n -

Ab is a nonsingular
Branch-path

square matrix with rank

matrix K

i)

incidence

The incidence of branches to paths in a tree IS shown by ! he branch-path incidence matrix, where a path is oriented from; bus to the reference node. The elements of this matrix are: kij k.,
ki' =
=

1 if the ith branch is in the pat.h from the jth bus tp reference and IS oriented in the same direction -1 if the ith branch is in the path from the jth bus to reference but is oriented in the opposite direction 0 if the ith branch is not in the path from the jr h bus to reference incidence matrix associated with

With node 0 as reference the branch-path the tree shown in Fig. 3.2 is

~
1 2
K=;

0
-1

®
I

~
'

3 4

I -1--'-' :, -1 i -1
I

----1-: II
-1
1

------

. -1 :
i

-;---~:
'

This is a nonsingular

square matrix with rank

(n -

li.

34

Computer methods

in power system analysi&

The branch-path incidence matrix and the submatrix Ab relate the branches to paths and branches to buses, respectively. Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between paths and buses, AbK'
=U

(3.3.1)

Therefore.
13.3.21

Basic cllt-set

incidence

matrix

The incidence of elements to basic cut-sets of a connected graph is shown by the basic cut-set incidence matrix B. The elements of this matrix are: b.,
b.,

b.,

I if the ith element is incident to and oriented in the same direction as the jth basic cut-set -} if the ith element is incident to and oriented in the opposite direction as the .ith basic cut-set 0 if the ith element is not incident to the jth basic cut-set of dimension e X b, for the graph

The basic cut-set incidence matrix. shown in Fig. 3.4 is

~b e~

----,----,-----,---,

Basic cut-sets ABC

2 3
R 4

5
() 7 -1

-1

-}

The matrix B can be partitioned into submatrices Ub and B, where the rows of U; correspond to branches and the rows of BI to links. The partitioned matrix is

CluapUr J

Incidence

and n.etwork matrices

35

Basic cut-sets

B
: l'
i
'I

C
I I
1

D
•
-----:

'"~_~i b:
i
I

Basic cut-set"

2 3

:--1i :
1, i-I

i-~-!---i----ii'

B=

;~-I--I--_--, - -1:
'

1_

,5 I 6
,

1
, ---

!--I--[--'

7i

i-:--I--- ---------,
L__ !
,-1; 1
_

i -1 il'

The identity matrix L'b shows the one-to-one correspondence of the branches and basic cu t-sets. The submatrix B, can be nbtained from the bus incidence matrix A._ The incidence of links to ouses is shown by t he subrnatrix A I and the incidence of branches to bU5e'i~ shown by t hr- submatrix A.,,_ Since there is a one-to-one correspondence of the branches and baSIC cut-sets, BlAb shows the incidence of link!' to buses. that IS, BlAb
=

Al

Therefore,
B, = AIAb-l

In addition, as shown in equation (3,3.2),

Ab-l =

K'

Therefore,
B, = A1K' Augmented cut-set incidence matrix

(3.3_3)

Fictitious cut-sets, called tie cut-sets, can be introduced in order that the number of cut-sets equals the number vf elements, Each tie cut-set contains only one link of the connected graph. The tie cut-sets for the graph given in Fig. 3.4 are shown in Fig. 3.5. An augmented cut-set incidence matrix is formed by adjoining to the basic cut-set incidence matrix additional columns corresponding to these tie cut-sets, A tie

36

Computer method. in po_r

.,..tem analYllu

/G

--~ ~--- .... --~~----

"

- - - - .. --_--_--__.'
5

4'

Basic cut -set Tie cut-set Fig,3,') Basic and tie cu t=se ts of the oriented connected graph,

cut-set is oriented in the same direction as the associated link. The augmented cut-set incidence matrix for the graph shown in Fig, 3,5 is

-, el
e~

-;-\--1
3i
I I

Basic cut-sets ABC I

Tie cut-sets E F G

-!-------.-------\

~-~

" 1-\-li~1 ,-,-1-,

I--j--;--; I

'

,
I'

'

-i

51-i~I-I-1
7

i:

:
;

61~I-l'I-1
The matrix

I--I~I-I-IB can be partitioned as follows:

Thi« is a square matrix of dimension e X e and is nonsingular,

Ch4pUJr

Incidence and network

matrices

37

Basic cut-set .. s ABC D

Tie cut-seta E F G

B=

Basic loop incidence

ITUltrix (.

The incidence of elements to basic loops of a connected graph is shown by the basic loop incidence matrix C. The elements of this matrix are:

c.,
c.j
= =

c.,

1 if the ith element is incident to and oriented in the same direction as the jth basic loop -1 if the ith element is incident to and oriented in the opposite direction as the jth basic loop 0 if the ith element is not incident to the Jth basic loop

38

Computer

methodlr in po_r

.,.8tem GnGly.u

The basic loop incidence matrix, of dimension e X I, for the graph shown in Fig. 3.3 is ~

_-~'l_---c------.-_--,

e",iE
1
::

[I

Basic loops

1 :,

1.__ 1
1 i -1 1

I
I

3 ! -1 : , ,

:---1-1--1
1----1---. !
I

c=

4 ; -1
I

5!
6'

,--1----

'

1-1-,-

l'

1--1--1--1I

The matrix C can be partitioned into submatrices Cv and UI where the rows of Cb correspond to branches and the rows of UI to links. The partitioned matrix is
"" I

--11
c

e "";

~ 21-1 ~-11
:1'
5
6

Basic loops E F G

~!
o

] 1-------,
Basic loops

·-1-I

=:\=!
1.
i

~
-1 I

~!

i-I-l~1_1__

I matrix

L__
of links to

The identity basic loops.

Augmented

UI shows the one-to-one correspondence

loop incidence

matrix

The number of basic loops in a connected graph is equal to the number of lin ks III order to have a total Dumber Qf loops eQ1,I~I o the number of t

Chapurl

Incidence and netUJOrk matrices

.~ Basic

loop

Open loop

Fig. 3.6

Basic and open loops of the oriented

connected

graph.

elements, let (f - 1.1 loops, corresponding i<, t he b branches. he designated as open loops. An open loop, then, is defined as a path between adjacent nodes connected by a branch. The open inops for the graph given in Fig. 3.3 are shown in Fig. 3.6. The orientation of an open loop is the same as that for the associated branch, The augmented loop incidence matrix is formed by adjoinmg to the basic loop incidence matrix the columns showing the incidence of elements to open loops. This matrix, for the graph shown in Fig. 3.6, is ~ Open loops Basic loops ABC D E F G --j---, ------.--;-------e~i 1 ill
,

ei

:--1--1---:-2!
: I

I
1

I--I--!--I
I!

! 1 :
i

-1 :
1

1 -1
I

3: (J
=

1--1----1

ill'
'

5~1~1~!

~I~:~I

i
--:--!
.. --,~-!
; i

:1~1~I~i

--~

1
f.

I --------.-~-,-----

This is a square matrix, of dimension e X

and is nonsingular.

40

Computer

method.

in power system analysis

The matrix
" A;

e can be partitioned
Open loops B__ C_ _
1

as follows:

t~~I_A

__

Basic loops

G
i

: -------2
:l 1
i

I' I - - -- ---- 1--1

1 -1: 1

,Ii

1---I--i--1-:------1-i

4 S 6 7

, I ------------1------,--,---,-----1

--=~----I-=~\ I --1-:----1- 1-1-,-- ----:-----1---1

-1
1 \

I;

I-

,
1

I
1

~I

Open loops

Basic loops

----------.-------~

3.4

Primitive

network

:\ etwork components represented both in impedance form and in admittance form are shown in Fig. 3.7. The performance of the components can be expressed using either form. The variables and parameters are:
I'pq

Cpq Ipq

is the voltage across the element p-q is the source voltage in series with element p-q is the current through element p-q

Chapter

Incidence

and network

matrices

41

JJXi
zpq
ypq

is the source current in parallel with element p-q is the self-impedance of element p-q is the self-admittance of element p-q

Each element has two variables. 'po and lpq. [D steady Uite these variables and the parameters of the elements Zp, and .'Ipq are r--al numbers for direct current circuits and complex numbers fur alternating current circuits The performance equation of an element in impedance f(.rm is

or in admittance

form is 134.2)

The parallel source current in admittance source voltage in impedance form by

form is related

to

thc serio-

A set of unconnected elements I, derined as " prinur ivo network. The performance equations of a primit rve network can be derived frurn (3.4.1) or (3.4.2) by expressing the variables as vectors and the parame-

Ep

'/l)

8
epq

Eq
Zpq ipq

.'q'

(a)

~------~GD------~
Ep ...--_----L----~

YP'l

I--__

Ipq

'-----' ipq+ jpq

• Eq

(b)

Fig. 3.7 Re presercta tio n s of a netu:ork component. Impedance form; (b) admittance form.

(a.;

42
t"Tf.

Computer

methods

in power "y.tem OJ&4ly.ia

as matrices.
=

The performance

equation

\D

impedance form is

.... e
-r
_J,_

[zJi form is

'!l

admittance
=

fy]v

-\ dUlgonal element of the matrix [z] or [y] of the primitive network 18 tJw >,,'r,mpedance Zpq,pq or self-admittance ypqrq An off-diagonal element is mutual impedance Zpq,," or the mutual admittance Ypq,., between 'hc " lq'lf'llt~ p-q and r-8, The primitive admittance matrix [y] can be it!l:lI11edby inverting the primitive impedance matrrx [e]. The matrices :lflcl [y] are diagonal matrices if there is no mutual coupling between elernen ts. In this case the self-impedances are equal to the reciprocals uf the corresponding self-admittances .

. .5 1

by singular \'ettcork

Formation of network transformations

perfor mance equations

matrices

-\ network is made up of an interconnected set of elements, In the bus frame of reference, the performance of an interconnected network is described by n - 1 independent nodal equations, where n is the number of nodes, In matrix notation, the performance equation in impedance form is

or

III

admittance

form is

1en',' = Y BUSESUS
where vector of bus voltages measured with respect to the reference bus 1B['S vector of impressed bus currents Zm's ='bus impedance matrix whose elements are open circuit driving point and transfer impedances Y BG'S = bus admittance matrix whose elements are short circuit driving point and transfer admittances In the branch frame of reference the performance of the interconnected network is described by b independent branch equations where b is the number of branches, In matrix notation. the performance equalion in impedance form is
EBl,s

FoR

= zBRIBR

Chapter

Incidence (lnd network matrices

43

or in admittance

form is

where

vector of voltages across the branches vector of currents through the branches branch impedance matrix whose eleYnf-'ntf, are open circuit driving point and transfer lm;_;,,,b:!,,,·,; or '(;r branches of the netw ork branch admittance rnatrix whose eien.ents life short circuit driving point and transfer admittur.ce- ,-,1 the branches of the network In the loop frame of reference, the performance 'if au interconnected network is described by I independent loop equatious where I is the number of links or basic loops. The performance 2(1'liilll,n in impedance form is

EBR

E LOOP =
I LOOP =

Z LOopI LOOP

or in admittance Y LoopE
= = = =

form is
LOOP

where

E LOOP
lLOoP ZLOOP

Y LOOP

vector of basic loop voltages vector of basic loop currents loop impedance rnat nx loop admittance matrix
and bus impedance matrices

Bus admittance

The bus admittance matrix Y BUS can be obtained by using the bus incidence matrix A to relate the variables and parameters of the primitive network to bus quantities of the interconnected network. The performance equation of the primitive network
i

+J =

[y]i.i by A', the transpose of the bus incidence matrix, to obtain (3.5.1)

is premultiplied A'i

+ AtJ

A'[Y]i.i

Since the matrix A shows the incidence of elements to buses, A. 'i is a vector in which each element is the algebraic sum of the currents through the network elements terminating at a bus. In accordance with Kirchhoff's current law, the algebraic sum of the currents at a bus is zero. Then A'i
=

(3.5.2)

44

Computer

methods

in power

.,..tem

Gn4ly." at each bus

Similarly, At] gives the algebraic sum of the source currents and equals the vector of impressed bus currents. Therefore

I B,'S I EWS

AtJ
from equations (3.5.2) and (3 ..S.3) into (3.5.1) yields

(3.5.3)

Subs tituting
= A'[yjv

(3.5.4)

into the network is U;us)'EilCS aud the sum of the powers in the prirnit i ve network is (J*)IV. The power in the primitive and interconnected networks must be equal, that is, the transformation of variables must be power-invariant. Hence
P(J'.H~r

(3.5.5) Taking U;lJs)t the conjugate

= (J*)tA

transpose

of equation

(3.5.3)

Since A is a real matrix

A*
and

(l~u.',)'

(J*)'A
from equation
=

(3.5.6) (3.5.6) into (3.5.5)

Substituting

(J*)tAEnus

err»
is valid for all values of J, it follows that (3.5.7)

Since this equation

AEBc'S I He'S =

fj

Substituting

from equation

(3.5.7)

into (3.5.4), (3.5.8)

At[yJ.4EIliIS equation of the network is

Since the performance

I HU S
Y
BCS

Y HU S E BC' S
(3.5.8) and (3.5.9) that

(3.5.9)

it follows from equations

=

At[yJA
is a singular

The bus incidence matrix A is singular and therefore A.t[y]A transformation of [y]. The bus impedance matrix can be obtained from Z eu s = Ynbs = (A t[y]A )-1

ChGpter J Branch admittance

Incidence

and neturork matrice&

45

and branch i nipedaru:e matrices

The branch admittance matrix Y BR can be obtained by using the basic cut-set incidence matrix B to relate the variables and parameters of the primitive network to branch quantities of the interconnected network. The performance equation of the primitive network 111 admittance form is premultiplied by 8< to obtain
(3 ..5.10)

Since the matrix B shows the incidence (,f -Iemrnts to basic cut-sets, B'i is a vector in which each element is the algebraic sum of the currents through the elements incident to a basic cut-set. The elements of a basic cut-set if removed divide the network into two connected subnetworks. Therefore, an element of the vector B'I is the algebraic sum of the current entering a subnetwork and by Kirchhoff's current law is zero. Therefore
B'i = 0 (3 ..5.11)

Similarly, B'J is a vector in which each element is t he algebraic sum of the source currents of the elements incident to the basic cut-set and is the total source current in parallel with a brand). Therefore (3.5.12) Substituting from equations
(3.5.11)

and (3 ..5.12) into (;3. .5.10) yields

(3 ..5.13)

Power into the network is (J~R)«E (l~R)IEBR

=

RR) and since power is invariant

(J*)'fJ

Obtaining (l~R)' from equation (3 ..5.12), then (J*)<B*EBR

=

irv»

Since B is a real matrix B*

=

and

Since this equation is valid for all values of J, it follows that fJ

=

BEBR from equation (3 ..5.14) into (3 ..5.13) yields

(3.5.14)

Substituting

IBR

B<[yJBEBR

(3 ..5.15)

The relation between the branch currents and the branch voltages is
(3 ..5.161

46

Computer

meth0d3

in power sy.tem analY8i8

It follows from equations YER

=

(3.5.15) and (3.5.Hil that.

B'[yJB

The basic cut-set matrix B is a singular matrix and therefore B'[yJB is a singular transformation of [y]. The branch impedance matrix can be -btained from
ZHR

YB~

(B'[yJB)-l
and loop admittance matrices

Loop impedance

The loop impedance matrix Zwop can be obtained by using the basic loop incidence matrix C to relate the variables and parameters of the primitive network to loop quantities of the interconnected network. The performance equation of the primitive network

v +e

= [zJi:

is premultiplied

by C' to obtain (3 ..5.17)

Since the matrix C shows the incidence of elements to basic loops, C'i] gives the algebraic sum of the voltages around each basic loop. In accordance with Kirchhoff's voltage law, the algebraic sum of the voltages around a loop is zero. Hence

c»

=0

(3.5.18)

Similarly e'e gives the algebraic sum of the source voltages around each basic loop. Therefore (3.5.19) Since power is invariant (l~oop)IELOOP
=

(i*)'e (3.5.19), then

Substi tuting for BLOOP from equation Uroop)'C'e

=

(i:*)'e is valid for all values of

Since this equation

(1*)' = Cl1oop)'C'

e, it

follows that

Hence,
i=

C*lLOoP

Chapter

Incidence and netUlOrk

matricea

47

Since C is a real matrix, C"

and
i= =

CILQOP
from equations (;L;i~)

(3.5.20)

Substituting yields

.j:,

[q).ll:d

(:3 .~i.20)int.o (3 ..').17)

c'[z]CILOop
The performance equation of the network

(3.5.21) if: the lccp fr-une of reference is

(3 ..5.22) and it follows from equations

ZLOOP

(3.521;

and (3.522)

that

C'[z]C
matrix,

Since C is a singular

Ct[zJC

18

a singular

transformation

of [zJ.

Tabk 3.1 Formation of network singular transformations

matrices

by

Network

matrices

#J

Computer

method. in power

aylltem analym

Table 3.2 Current arad voltage relatW~ primitive arad interconnected networks Frame of reference

betsoeen.

Loop
I -----1---------

Bus

Branch
-------

t
t

;-~----I----~------Ewop
=

cILoop

ISR

B'j

;;:;

c«

'I

iJ = AE8us

V = BEBs

The loop admittance Y LOOP

matrix can be obtained from

= Z"ibop =

(C'[Z]C)-l

The singular transformations for obtaining network matrices are summarized in Table 3.1. The current and voltage relations between the primitive and interconnected networks are summarized in Table 3.2.

3.6 Formation of network matrices by nonsingular transformations

Branch admittance and branch impedance matrices

The branch admittance matrix Y BR can be obtained also by using the augmented cut-set incidence matrix B to relate the variables and parameters of the primitive network to those of an augmented interconnected network. The augmented network is obtained by connecting a fictitious branch in series with each link of the original network. In order to preserve the performance of the interconnected network the admittance of each fictitious branch is set to zero and its current source is set equal to the current through the associated link, as shown in Fig. 3.8a. The voltage across a fictitious branch is zero. Then a tie cut-set can be interpreted as a cut-set containing a link and a fictitious branch, as shown in Fig. 3.8b. The performance equation of the augmented network in the branch frame of reference is

Chapter J

Ineidenc« and _tUJOrk matrices

Fictitious
node

49

Fictitiou»
hrafl.Ch

.i
(a

TiP cutset G

Fictitious

.-uxie

Fictitious
branch

(I)

-e------------__. C:~
3

~I

Fig. 3.8 Repr esen tation. of an augmented branch in series ",ith a link; (b1 interpretation

n et uor k , a Fictitious of a tie cur-set.

The matrix Y BR will be obtained directly from the admittance 9' BR of the augmented network. The performance equation for the primitive network
t

matrix

+J

[y]v by

is premultiplied

B' to obtain
(3.6.1 )

13tl

+ Blf

Bl[y]ii

50

Computer

methods

in power

BYatem analyai&

Equation
'---------~

(3.6.1) can be written in the partitioned

I

matrix form:

--,---,
!

i:

BI'

jb

:-!
, jl

!
I

i
r

-----_

-_
(Hi2)
,

y
,

------

where the primitive current vectors 'I and j are partitioned into the current vectors Ib and Jb; which are associated with branches of the network. and t he current vectors 'il and li. which are associated with links. The left ,irjp of equation (3.6.2) is

-----!+
11

jl

where and However B';

=

Jb

+ Bz'J1

and
(3.6.2) is

Then the left side of equation

o
21

~I

~i

+--'
I

, I s»
, JI

E
Iii

L____c

+ jl

I '

Sinee each element of tl is equal to a current source of a fictitious branch, 11 + JI is a vector in which each element is equal to the algebraic sum of the source currents of a fictitious branch and its associated link. Therefore,

Chapter

Incidence

and rw.twork matrices

51

and equation (36.1) becomes

BR

= SI[y]i

(3.6.::»

Since the voltages across the ri('t.it!()!l~ branches are zero. the voltage vector of the augmented network lS

t; Ilk

EiJ/1

'

= _.-

o
across the elements

The voltages (;Ld41 art'

f

of t.hp origin"_] network from

('quatlo!!

BEBR

However
BEBR

= StBR

then

Substituting

from equation (3.h.4; mto equation (,:).0.0)

!BR
fBR

= BI[y]Bf:BI?

Since the performance equation of the augmented network is

=

rBRtBR

(3.G.G)
matrix of (3.G.7! form
_--;----...,

it follows from equations (3.6.5) and (:Hi.6) that the admittance the augmented network is rER
=

Bt[y]B (3.6.7) can be written in the partitioned

Equation
,-----.

y~ ,

U
0
=

BI'

Yb/;
IN

.'Ib;

--.- -_.-_
!:lit

U, 0
i

(;31)8)

Y3

Y,
[Ybll

B,

C,

primitive admittance matrix of branches [yu,l' = primitive admittance matrix whose elements are the mutual admittances between branches and links [YII] = primitive admittance matrix of links It follows from equation (3,6.8) that
=

where [Yb6]

[Ybbl

+ B/[Ylbl + [YbdBi + B1'[YlllB

(3.6,9)

52

Computer

methods

in power system analysu

; t:

:'MJ +- BI'[Y'bl
Y1

+ iYbdB, +

Ri[yulB,

\3.6.10)

h"rr,
}'J;/i

equations
=

(3.6.9) and (:Hl.lO). therefore.

The branch
ZHIc

impedance

matrix

can be obtained

from

Y1-l

Loop impedance

and loop admittance

matrices

The »OP impedance matrix ZLOOP can be obtained also by using the augmerited loop incidence matrix C to relate the variables and parameters of
t h« 'Primitive network to those of an augmented interconnected network. The augmented network is obtained by connecting a fictitious link in parallel with each branch of the original network. In order to preserve t he performance of the interconnected network the impedance of each fictitious link is set to zero and its voltage source is set equal and opposite tl) 1 he voltage across the associated branch, as shown in Fig. 3.9a. The current through a fictitious link is zero. Thcn an open loop can be iu tcrprcted as a loop containing a branch and a fictitious link as shown in Fig. ::I.9b. The performance equation of the augmented network in the loop fl':llIW of reference is

The

;? t.o.,» of the augmented

I' _;_ ,~ =

will be obtained directly from the impedance network. The performance equation for the primitive network
ZWOl'

matrix

matrix

[z]!
by

i- prr-multiplicd

C'

to obtain

C'l + ('c

= C'[zji

(3.6.11)

Ch..pter 3

Incidence

and nettDOrk matrices

S3

"\

.,~.

/:---..,
J -,

"-

':;_"'r-_"~
(a)
Fictuious lInk -------

(li)

___

----_
--411-------__:.

---

---~-.----

0' c.

-----

(I)

-,

"- -,
",

Open

-,

loop A
<,

f.,
<,

Fictitious link
(b)

<,

"'---_

Co',

Fig. 3.9 Representation of an aug m en ted network. 'a) Fictitious link in parallel with a branch: ,b, interpretation of an open loop.

Equation

(:3.6.11) can be written

in the partitioned

form

--'--

--,--'
Cb' U1

z
i

(3.6.12)

54

Computer

method» in powe,. ay..tem onaly ...

where the primitive voltage vectors ii and e lire partitioned into the voltage v..ctors ii&. and eb, which are associated with the branches of the network. and the voltage vectors iir and ih, which are as~;;c;ated with the links. 1')11' left side of equation (36.12) is
- ...-'I ,.----... -, 'b

.----- + 1---:
I :
eb
-l- 1"1 i
;

ii";

Cb'eb

CI

w hr-r«

H()\\t'ver
("f'

cv-. + VI
=0

C'ii

and

Cb'CI-

+ CI

c»

and

G'e = Bwop
(3.6.12) is then
,----~-

The left side of equation

I'b

eb

ELOOP

I
1

Vb

eb

Ewop

Since each element of ~ is equal to a voltage source of a fictitious link. !'b + eb IS a vector in which each element is equal to the algebraic sum of the source voltages in an open loop. Therefore,

[LOOP

i~
1---I

(3.6.13)

ELOOP (3.6.11) and (3.6.13) (3.6.14)

and from equations fwop

=

C'[z]I

Since the currents in the open loops are zero, the current vector of the augmented network is

=8
I

ILoop I

The currents through the elements of the original network from equation (3.5.20) are
I=

clLOop

Chapter

Incidence and network lfUJtrice~

55

However.

(3.6.15)

·;3 b lhl
~IIIV.~

thp pvrformaner,=
ZU)(jP1LUOP

eq uat iou of t he augmented

r,p,. \\

)fK

.~

FU"0!"

:11;.17
and (3.6.17) that
t

It follows from equations (3.6.16) of the augmented network is

h- Impeclan('(' ruat nx i:UilSi

Equation

(3.6.18)

ran be written

ltl

the part.itioncd

'-"m:

-------L'b

rt

o
'----'--

.;.l.IU~

impedance matrix of branches [zld' = primitive impedance matrix whos« elemen t,lrt- the mutual impedances between branches and iinks [zu] primitive impedance matrix of links It follows from equation (3.6.19) that

where [Zbb] [zbd

primitive

Z.

= Cb'lz6bjC'b

+ [Zlb]Cb + Cb'[ZblJ + [ZllJ

(3.0.20

Since
ZLOOP =

C'[z]C

or
ZLOOP

---,-=

then
ZWOP

= Cb'[Zbh]Cb

+ [Zlb]Cb + Cb'[Zbd + [zu]

(3.6.20) and (3.6.21), therefore,

(3.6.21)

From
ZLOOP

equations
=

Z.

.'6

Computer methods

in power system arwlysis

The loop admittance

rnatrrx

can he "ht1dnf'ri

from

f)eriwlion
(lll!!trlenled

of loop admittance matrix .from n et uor k: admittance matrix

['J)I" ""p admittance matrix }'i .,IOP call i,p )htamed from the augmented idll\;ll:lllt'l'm:ltnx fRR Frorn equ.n .ou- ,:).(..7) and (::l.G.18),

(3.6.22 )

In p:lrtitioned Co
0 Th« currents t ion ,:l.,;:!O)
I=

form.

Cb

-_._-

Ub i Bt'
I

r,
through are

[.'/

the elements

of the pnrnrtive

network

from equa-

('1LOOP
by B',
(3.6,24) (3.6.24) is zero.

Premult iplying

IN

= B'clLOop
from equation (3.5.11) the left side of equation equation (3.6.24) can be written
LOOP

However Therefore. (Ct,

+ Bi)l
=

=0

It follows that Co -Bz'

from equation (3.6.25) into equation (3.6.23), (3.6.26) manner it can be shown that (3.6.27) Substituting from equation
=

(3.6.2.5 )

Substituting

(;11< III
fl.

similar

(3.6.26)

into (3.6.22),

ZLOopf'BR
Since [z][y]
=

(;'[2][Y].8

t:

Chapter

Incidence and network matrices

57

then

ZWOpfllR
Therefore.

('IB
i;U-;'27), (~.6.28)

from equation

x.
X::

Z
--

},
-----

Y,
.

\)

----

l,

Ye<

r.

(.

It follows that
ZI}"l

-+- Z,Y, ZlY, +- Z,Y. Z,Yl -+- Z,Y, Z,Y~ T Z,Y,

o
=

[",

(3.6.29)

0 l.·1
:.3.0.:'\0),

(:3.6.30)
(:3.6.,'31 )

Solving

for Z, from equation

Z3

-Z'Y3Yj-1 into equation (3.6.31),

and substituting -Z,Y,Yl-1Y, or

+ Z,Y.

= ["I

Since Z,Y
LOOP

= ['I

it follows that

Derivation of branch impedance matrix from augmented impedance matrix

The branch impedance matrix ZBR can be obtained from the augmented impedance matrix ZLOOP' Combining equations (;3.6.29) and (3.6.30) yields (Z, - Z,Z,-IZ3) Yj
=

Us

58 •. lI1ce .

Computer

metluHh

in posoer .Ylftem analysilf

"

ZBRY1

U,

it follows that

Irerirat io n of branch from bus admittance

adntittance and irn pedance and irnpe£iance mat.rices

matrices

l-~lng the branch-path incidence matrix K the branch admittance r u« can be obtained from Y BlS. From equation (3.3.1), A.oK'
=

matrix

U, (3.3.3),

and from equation

Post multiplying

A by K',

(3.6:3:2)

Su bst ituting from equations

(3.3.1) and (3.3.3) into (3.6.32),

AK'

Transposing, f:A'
=

B' by [YlAK' yields

l'"qmultiplying

or K(A'[vlA)K'
=

E'[ylB
t

(3.6.33)

From the singular

ransforrnat ions, and YER

=

E'[ylB

Chapter

Incidence

and netUlOrk matrices

59

Hence

equation
=

(3.6.33)

becomes (3.6.34) matrix is

Y BR

KY BusK'
impedance
=

The branch

ZRR
From

Ylik

(K')- TR~sK-l
(~);3.2), (3.1).~~ii)

equation

Substituting

from equation

(:3.(.UG)

int« euuation

·3.6.:~;)'.

Derit'ation of bus admittance and impedance matrices from branch admittance and impedance matrices Equation to obtain (3.G.:H) is prernultiplied

hy K- . and post multiplied

by (Kt)-l
(3.6.37)

Substituting

from equation

(:3.6.36) into equation

13.6.:37),

YBl"S = .·h'YBR.·h
Since

then or The nonsingular transformations summarized in Table 3.3. for obtaining network matrices are

3.7

Example of formation of incidence and network matrices

The method of forming the incidence and network matrices will be illustrated for the network shown in Fig. :3.10. The incidence matrices for a given network are not unique and depend on the orientation of the graph and the selection of branches, basic cut-sets, and basie loops. However, the network matrices are unique.

i
I I

I
..c!

.., ~ e ...

.. '"
'" ., ~
~
-

iI
!

ll-~j l-·~ I
i
N

I
iI
: I

'" :...
~ ~

..
~:
.. :...
Q;_'

I
•! II
I I

'" ..

s,

.,
t>
:.-;:.

-~

., ~
;:!

t> " '" N

:...

., '., "

i I

I
1

'" ...;: '"

,

'" N ~
I

c c

c,

s, '"

c c

e,

I
'" :"'111

,---- t-ti
I
"t;

N N

N
II

" o ..,
Q

~ ~
I

I'

:-:
~
II

'"

~ , ~
II

"" ~
;:!

~ ~ " 1:

:-:
:...

~ ~'"
Q

<:>.. 'CQ

., "

'u 'G

'::Q

~
Q"

,_

I
uo.w.<aau[

.!:;

r.JUlJpadul[

~JUfl1ltlUpV

Chapter

,1

Incidence

and network

matrice$

61

-~-_j

I
(1)
(0'

-,

Fill .. l,/(} work.

Sample

n et:

Problem
'I

Form the incidence matnces A. A, K, B. e. C. and for the network shown in Fig. 3.10. b. Form the network rnatnces YBIS• YSR) and Zwop by singular t.ransf orma ti ons. ,- Form the network matrices Z LUOP. Z BR. and Z 8';' by nonsingular transformations.
Solution

r:

The impedance data for the sample network is given

JD

Table 3.-!.

Table 3,4

I rnpedance s for sample Self

network Mutual

Element number

BWl code
p-q 1-2(1) 1-3 3--4 1-2(2) 2--4

l mpedance
Zpq,pq

Bus code r~s

Impedance
ZpIJ,f't

2 3 4 5

0.6 0.5 o5 0.4 0.2

1-2:1) 1-2(1)

The network contains four nodes and five elements, that is, n and e = 5. The humber of branches is

-4,

b=n-l=3
and the number of basic loops is

l=e-n+l=2

62

Computer

methods

in power ayatem analysis 3

0-------i
I.

C!'
\

"5 i
\

._-----------------4
I
---L Branch •

J 4

CD
Fi e . 3.11 Tree ana ("0 tree oj the oriented co n n.ec t e d gro ph. oj sample network.

----Link

11.

are "hUWCl ill Fig. ;1.11.

f?""
'.-_/

The branches and links of the oriented connected graph of the nr-twork The element-node incidence matrix is

-1

-1
,----;

1
__ ,

I
1 1

-1 :
: ,

'_-' __i_-:--i
5 ii'
! i:

,1

-1 i

!
I

-1

Selecting node 1 as the reference, the bus incidence matrix is

~I
e 1
2

l_l!_I_1
I -1
--'--'--,
1 ,

I 1

.I -1
I

3 4 5

--'-_!_-'
-1
I

--!--I--I
1.

\ -1

Chapter

Incidence

.. nd nett.oork

m«trices

63

The branch-path

incidence matrix is

'~h:
b

-- --'J I
1
I

2:

;~\

__i

r
---I

:2

p
I --1 -1
J

"~--

The basic ar.ci tie cut-sets of the orieutr-d connected graph of the network are shown III Fig. 3.12 The basic cut-set incidence matrix is
~i

-T2
3'

ABC
1-

1-=_,--i-I
1 -1

~=I=I
iIi
, I

- .]

4 .')

I 1I

----1--

B ;f

..

-----------.0 3
\
\

EI

.-

lS
\
\-

-~

CD

I L

"-" _ .. _ / 4

-.-

_J

A\.,..
-~----:--

-t-·

Basic cut- set

Tie cui- set

Fig. 3.12 Basic and tie cut-sets of the oriented connected graph of sample network.

64

Computer

methods

in power &'ystem anal.r&i&

.... ---3---

. '---..---._-

..... 0
\
\ \

5).

\
A E

\
,

._--------------~----~~.
-------~---~----~ 4
Basic loop Open loop

Fig. 3.13 Basic and open loops of the oriented connected graph oj sample network.

The augmented
e'

cut-set incidence matrix is B

J ,

----:----1---1
~ I 1
1

I,
I

3:
-1

1-·-,---1 iIi
1-1l 1 II! :-:-1--,-1
--1

I -1 IIi

1I

CluJpter 3

Incidence

and network matrices

65

The basic and open loops of the oriented connected graph are shown in Fig. 3.1:1. The basic loop incidence matrix is

e'':-

'''"', IDE

..

--1
-1

c
4

-1

The augmented loop incidence matrix is

""e
2 3
4

4. BCD ~-~,-.------------1
__ ._ • __ 1

F 1;
•

-1 :

66

Computer

methods

in power sy s te m: analyai3

b. The primitive 3.4 is

impedance matrix of the sample network from Table

""e
I

e ',,-

1-0-.-G~I-O.-l~I----o-.2~i--~!

2
[z) =

3 4 5

~~I·-I-J-I -I-~-i-I
~I-----~I-matrix is 4 -1.042 I 2.000 -1.042 0.208 3.021 5.000
I

I-I-I--!~~I
1 .2 3 ~----~----~----_. 5 2.n8:~ I -0.417

By inversion, the primitive admittance

""e
2 [y]
=

e ""

-----

----

-0.417

2.083

0.208

3 4 5

,....

e e

I
.....
I

,....
I

I
I I

.....

I I
.-<

I
I
I

,.... I

0 0 0
lQ

0 0 0
N

0 0 0

I
0
Cl N

r-.
0 0
C'l

M 00

I
I

..... 0)

-t<

c:
I
0 0

I
0 0 0
L()

0
C'l

c:
C()

0
C'l

c:
L()

I
I

ee
G

I
C'l 00

~
en
C 0 '';:; C'C

.....
I

C'1 0
M

.....

I I II "..... ...,.

0 0
C'l

c:
C'0

e e
I~
I

c::

S ~
-'

E:

5 ..::
~
t;,JC

00

~l

00 0 C'l

I
I I

8 o
L()

N
I

0
N

M 00 N

r--<

...,.
I

...,.
I

'y: c:

.....

I
I

I
I
I I

L()

10

I
100

o
Cl

o I

.c
CJ

>,

o
l::
-:;<

-c
-"

I ......
I

c::
x

.....
I

I I
.....
...... I

I
I

I .....
I

o
N

0 0 0
N

'i: ...,

c:: E
<:)

C'C

....
I

I
.....

I I
I

u
C

c:: _,
-'

.s
.c:

.. ~
"

::;

I
0)

""

:;,

;:....

'"

'"

I
I

:/
!
I

10
i

-:'1

I0 ~
1 1

i
I

I I
I
I
I I

'"ill II I 1~ 12_1_
C'l

ole
-' Ie 6

I I

L')

I~ I
I

I I I I
1

1-

0I I

C'1

I I

I I I

I
M C'l 0

I -' I
..,;<

I
'<?

,~
"1'

r---iI
II

"~Ll
-eI -

i
C'~
I

I I
II

I-~I
L!';

C'1 0

CQ

~.

,I

i i

I
-'

v
0

C'<

- ~J~
II

I ..,;<

>r. 0

0
I

C..)\

~I
"

I I
I

- ~I
'

IN

C..)

0 0 0
.<)

0
l~

0 0

I
I

0 0 0
I-

I I

I
-I
""I'

I
-:::>

I
00 0
I C'::

~
0 0 0 t:"::

I
1

I
I~

0 COl
t:")

l-

I
I

I
::;:, 0 C'l
I:':

I I

-,

0 C'l

I
I I

0 0

0
1:"::

00

I
I
0 0
00 N

I
I ,

0 0

II
0
'f;

~
"1

."

..... cj E .... .2
Ul

-I
I
I

':',1

I~
I
0 0 0
COl
I

I~

--~

11I

_I
I

:::
cj

;; ...
§;
c >.

_,. 1-

<:"; r/)

,0

--

I~

I
I

.iii

.c:

?:! 'c; .z:

,~ \~~-I--~

o
0 0
I <:0

';::

~ ~
<:)

'"

1---I
I

I
M 00 0 N
I I

':'1

-:-1
0

'-'
-'

~
E c:::

~
COl

I
I

I
1

....

c: .~
..<::
<:)

~ ~

' l-

~ ~
0

I I

.;:
0:

- Ii Ii I il I 1- I
I

I-

-I

I I-I 1- \
I

I
I
I I
I I

~\
~

I I
\

C'I
.

I~ \ I I
I

I I~ I - I'~ i I
\

~.\

N
.

I I

I~

-;-

~ ;:
I I

C';

"":
I

.....
I

I I I

I
1

......

I .....
1

I I

I
I

C';

I I
1

I;':

It:

.r;

.....

I
I
1

I I
I

-;-

I
...,..

I
I~

I
1

...... - I-I 1I I -I I
I I I I

II

II

I
I

I I
.....
I

I
I ......

I ......
I I

I
I

I
I

I I I
I

I
1

I
I~
1

iI
1

I
1

......

.~ I ~

I II .~" I

)'0: I
I
I

I I~
I(
1"(

en eo:> <.::> 0

I
1

t:-:
I I
::l.. C
"

......

I
I.

I~
7C
I

<.::> 0

c:
I

I
I

I .~
1

-,

r:
0

.... I 0
.-<

I '::
.-<

I~

I I '" I0
I I

iI
1

I o: ':'1 I cv:
0

,:"

G
.-<

I I

I
I
:

~
c

-r

..,.

I
I Ir:: l!": I

..,.
0

':":

I I

II
I

c I

.-<

I
':'1

r~

C'l

...... o

......

I:":

c'; 0

...

co
c.;:;

C C".: 00

co

L")

-e-

...,.
I

l~

,:";
.-<

':'1

r-

......

I
I

0
01

c:

G
L')

~
C

..".

L")

0
I

.....

L")

L":

I
..".

I
I

I
I

.... I
0
1 1

~
0

CO 01

'0 01 C

0 0

..,.
.....

I
rn

I
L")

I
I I I

.;::

;<

L")

~
C)

<::
<.J

6
<::

.:::

~
I

"0
C)

.e ,...
o:l

P-

....
0
c.;:;

L")

....
0
0

L")

N N
0:

I I

......
0

....
0

'0 .:::
..<::
C)

... .D
~

0;

e e
- II

o cv:
':"1

00
C

:::>

~..: :1:

("I

I0
~

e
(:v
'I;

)i
L 1"
c
0

I ~ ' I

-;-1-;' i-~-G ~
(:j

:::>

IC

I0

I I

'I
I
'Y) ~I

I: I~
(0

0)

- i! L":

,~ I

i-:

II
I

:::>

c I

I
':'1 C

I! ..
-tI

I
I

:::>

-e c
1.,":" I.,":"

I'

r-

':'1

c
i

-I~
I
:::>

I
I

I0 c

c I
C
,:"

- I - I t:
I~

I.""::

I
._
0

I I

00
0
I

r0
':'1

I I

- Is
':'1

.~

(0

e ':)
I

I0 II1

~i

i4

Computer

methods

in power aystem analysis

Problem«

a.r

Select for the sample network shown in Fig. 3.10 a different tree than that, used in the example. Retain node 1 as the reference and form; a. The incidence matrices j. A. K, B. 8, C, and t and verify the following relations: I. AbK' = ell. B, cAlK' Ill. Co =. - Hi' IV. rB' = L' b. The network rnat ricr-s fa,·." YhH• and Zwop by singular transformations c. The network matrices ZwoP. ZHR. and ZBUS by nonsingular transformations
B

t
~A

(N) (S\

~o
Fig. 3.14 Sample power syst.ern f or Prob . 3.2.

3.2

The positive and zero sequence impedance data for the sample power system shown in Fig. 3.14 is given in Table 3.5. For this system: a. Draw the positive sequence diagram and an oriented connected graph.
impedance do ta of sample poteer

Tubl e .1.5 Positive and sero sequence sy st.e m f or Prob . 3.2 Positive sequence impedance

Element Generator A Generator B Generator C Line A-l3 Line B-·C(N) Line B-C(S) Line C-D

Zero sfquenct Impedance 0.0

Element

]futual impedance

0 00 0.0 o 03 0.05 o 05 0.02

+ jl). 25 + j025 + jO I" + j02:! + jO 22 + jO II

.)

+ jO

?_J

o
o

0 (J.O

OS jO 45 0 13 ~ jO 75

+ iO + jO.l
Line B-C(S) 0.08

+ jO

0 13 0 07

+ jO + jO

+ j048

75 37

Chapter

Incidence

and network

matrices

75

b.

Selecting ground a.') reference, form the incidence A. K, B, B, C, and (; and verify ';he relations: 1. AbK' = {'
n.
Ill.

matrices

B,'cc 4,K'
C~ --

c.

Cb Bit iv. tEP I Neglectiug r(,~l.srall('r. form matrices -; j,; s. /Ii' S, YHH, ZHF
trunsfnrrr.at Xeglecting
YBUS,

hr
c.

P(J'-;;UV(

L·"u'·

sequence network ann YUlO? by singular

'un;;

d.

f.

e.

,:2:'lstl;llce. f orrn th~ zero> SPTif;nrf:> network matrices Zp:'s, Ylil,. ZIIR. Zu"," tnd ·,',.•.I/L' by singular transformations. Repeat c and d using nonsingular transformations. Repeat c including resistance.

""T"""'!"'"T'A _j : L.

__j

TTD
i

Fit'. .1.15 Sample for Prob, 3.3.

network

Table 3.6 Positive sequence reacWnces of sample network for Prob . 3.3 Positive sequence reactance 0.04 0.05 0.04

Element G-A.

A-D

A-B B-C

G-B

o.os

C-F D-F

n 02 O~
10

3.3

The positive sequence reactances for the network shown in Fig. 3.15 are given in Table 3.G. Designate elements A.-B and D-F as links and node G as the reference bus. Form: a. The incidence matrices .4, A, K. B, 8, C, and C b. The network matrices Y BUS, Y BR. and Z LOOP by singular transformations

76

Computer

methods

in power system

analysis

:~. .t

The network matrices Y 8{.·S, Znus, ZBR, Zwop, and Ywop by nonsingular transformations Prove that when there is no mutual coupling the diagonal and offdiagonal elements of t he bus admit tance matrix Y'<I., ran b(~ cornputed from

"

r =)' ... ~ u,

:L-)

the sum of the admittances of all lines connect ing and j. C~ing the bus impedance matrix Zm.·s computed In Prob. 3.2 and t he internal generator voltages given in Table 3.7: a Compute the positive and zero sequence bus voltages of the network. o. Compute the positive and zero sequence currents flowing in the line B-C(N).
where
.II., is
!>11"(,~ 1.'

To.ble 3.7 Internal for I'rob. 3.5

eeru-ru tor i-ol t a ee s

1nternal per unit voltaqes Generator A. 13 C Positive sequence Zero sequence 0 0 0 1/0°

.0/00 1. 1/-100 1 O/-W

3.6

Using the relations between interconnected variables prove the following: a ... hKt = U v. B, = AIKt

and primitive

network

Bibliography Byerly, R. T., R. W. Long, and C. W. King: Logic for Applying Topological :\Iethods to Electric :\ etworks, Trans. AI EE, vol. 77, pt. I, pp. 657-667, 1958. Edelmann, H.: :\ umerical and Algebraic Generation of Mesh-impedance Xlatrices by Set-theoretical Intersection on a Digital Computer,

Chapter

Incidence

and netl(]()rk matrices

77

Trans. I E'EE 1964.

on

Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 83. pp a97--402.

GuillemlP, Ernst A.: "Introductory Circuit Theory." John Wj!(,.\! & Sons, Inc, New York, 1953. Hale, H. W.: A Logic for Ident if'ying the Trees of a Graph. Tvui« .4.J EE, vol. 80, pt. III, pp. 19.'i-19R, 1961. Happ, H. fL: Orthogonal .:\et works, Trans. I EHE 07; h,j;, ,.4.pparatus and Systems, vol. 85, pp. 281 ~:294, 1966 . . -.--. Special Cases of Orthogonal ?\etworks-·Trel '!;"; '. E,K, 'I'rani IEKE Or! Power Apparatu., and Systems, vol. S;j, :i}:' S8li~91. [g(lt, Kron. Gabriel "Tensor Analysis 'if "\"etworks," John W::f;,' tV :;;ons. Inc.. "\"(·w York, 1939. ---.-.-: "Diakoptics," .\Iacdonald and Co., Ltd., Londcn [9(;;1 Le Corbeiller, P.: ".\Iatrix Analysis of Electric X etworks, . ,J one Wiley & Suns. Inc., New York, 19:10. Sato, X.: Digital Calculation of X etwork Inverse and ,\le~l} Transformation .\Iatrices, Trans. A.IEE, vol. 79, pt. III, pp. 71\'725, 19hO. Seshu, S., and .\1. B. Reed: "Linear Graphs and Electr.cal ~etlV()rks," Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading. \1,,>,,;. HWl Tinney, W. F., and C. :\1. .\1clntyre: A Digital Xlethod 'ni ()bLtinmg a Loop Connection Xl atrix, Trans. AlEE, vol. 79 pi LlI. pp. 740746, 1960.

/
I

/~~
t j/ •
.~

W'
~.,,___

~:,,--

...

..
-.

~.

..

'

4.1

'ntroduction

The methods presented in Sees. :{.fi and 3.6 reo u.re transformation and inversion of matrices to obtain network matrices. An alternative method based on an algorithm can be used to form the bus impedance matrix directly from system parameters and coded bus numbers. The underlying principle of the algorithm is the formation of the bus impedance matrix in steps, simulating the construction of the network by adding one element at a time (Brown, Person, Kirchmaver, and Stagg, 1960)t. A matrix is formed for the partial network represented after each element is connected to the network. In addition, an algorithm is presented for deriving the loop admittance matrix from a given bus impedance matrix.

4.2

Algorithm

for formation
of a partial

of bus impedance matrix

network

Performance

equation

Assume that the bus impedance matrix ZEUS is known for a partial network of m buses and a reference node O. The performance equation of this network, shown in Fig. 4.1, is
EBU~ = ZBusiBUB t Names in parentheses refer to the Bibliography at the end of each chapter.

Partial
netuiork

Fig. 4.1 Representation partial network.

of

Partial
network

(al

Reference

Partial
network

Element p-q

(b)

Reference

Fig. 4.2 Representations of a partial network with on added element. (a) Addition of a branch; (b) addition of a link.

Chapter 4

A.lgorithrru for formation

of network

matrice8

81

an m X 1 vector of bus voltages measured with respect to the reference node 1BUS = an m X 1 vector of impressed hUi- CUlTf"iJ ts When an element P-'1 is added to the partial network it may be a branch or a link 8.8 shown .n Fig, 4,2, If p-q is a branch, a new bus q is added te, the parual network and the resultant bus impedance matrix is of dimension 1,1/' , 1). X (Ill + I), The new voltage and current vectors are ,:,f C!ITIC!':3IUc ! 1'1 + 1) X l. To determine the new bus impedance matrix req;l,rb .J"'Y "ht, calculation of the elements III the new row and column, If p-q is a link. no new bus is added k the pqr\I:U network. In this case, the dimensions of the matrices in the pf'r!(Jrm3,!JI:," equation are unchanged, but all the elements of the bus impedance matrix must be recalculated to include the effect of the added link where
=

EBUS

Addition of a branch The performance p-q IS equation for the partial network with an added branch

--I
--I

n:

,--I

~I
--I
E1'
1

Ell

ZIl

Z12
:

ZIp
:

, : Zlm
,

;~i
1

,--,--:---- -l--!--;~--r~-'-I

i z.;
I

'I

Z22 ' ......

i

pi Z1'\ ' Z1'2 . , . , . Zpp

•

i--,--I--1--I'--i--- --'I

:_'_' _' !".: ......

12 . !~:~~~lZ2m_I_~_'_"_ .----I:I
'

:" ,I
'E
. q

.-, -. -, j-. -. -. ;-:-, -. '. -. -·1-. -, -.1-, -. -,,-~~

--'--.--

: ' ..
,

,Z"..
!

Z'''l

(4.2.1)

'-I, E,.

m.

Z",1

s, Zql i Z.2
I

·--i--,--j--!--i---II

Iz

m2.

...

--1--:--Z mp 1i .. ·,Z ,111m

-",--,

iz~..,q Zoo

L;

-,,

'

'

z.;

'--,
!__j

,.

Z'1'"

It is assumed that the network consists of bilateral passive elements. Hence Zqi = Ziq where i = 1, 2, . , . ,m and refers to the buses of the partial network, not including the new bus q. The added branch p-q is assumed to be mutually coupled with one or more elements of the partial network, The elements Zqi can be determined by injecting a current at the ith bus and calculating the voltage at the qth bus with respect to the reference

Element P-Q

Partial
network

1-11 C:) pe; unit0

I
@)
Reference

Fig. 4.3 Injected current and bus voltages for calculation of Zq"

node as shown in Fig. 4.3. Sinr-e all other hus currents equal zero, it follows from equation (4.2.1) that

s,
£2

= =

Zhli Z2Ji (4.2.2)

Em E.

= =

Z",Ji ZqJi

Letting I, = 1 per unit m equations (4.2.2), Zqi can be obtained directly by calculating s; The bus voltages associated with the added element and the voltage across the element are related by (4.2.3) The currents in the elements of the network in Fig. 4.3 are expressed in terms of the primitive admittances and the voltages across the elements by . ,
I I

i Ypq.pq

i
i

Yp •• pa

Vpo:

1---1---:
Ypa.pq Ypa .o a

(4.2.4)

Chapter 4

.4.lgorithm..Jorfonn4tion oj network m4trices

83

In equation (4.2.4) pq is a fixed subscript and refers to the added element and fXT is a variable subscript and refers t,G all other elements. Then, are, respectively, current through and voltage across the added element are the current and voltage vectors of the elements of the partial network is the self-admittance of the added element is the vector of mutual adrmt tances between the added element p-q and the elements p=o of the partial network is the transpose of the vector y"",., is the primitive admittance matrix of the partial network

!i",N

iY •• ,~l

The current in the added branch, shown in Fig. 4.3, is

(4.2.5)

However Vpq is not equal to zero since the added branch coupled to one or more of the elements of the partial network.

IS

mutually Xloreover.
(4.2.G)

v•• =Ep-E.

where E. and E. are the voltages at the buses in the partial network. From equations (4.2.4) and (4.2.5).

and therefore,
Vpq

= - ---

fjpq,P'Vp•
Ypq,pq

Substituting
VpQ =-

for

v••

from equation (4.2.6),

(4.2.7)

fjpq, ••
-----

(.E. - E.)
Vpq

Substituting Eq
=

for

in equation (4.2.3') from ',4.2.7),

•-

Ep

+ Ypq,..

(it

it)

Ypq,pq

Finally, substituting I, = 1,

for Eq, Ep,

E" and E. frum equation

i = 1,2, ...
I,_!q

(4.2.2) with

,m

(42.8)

84

Computer

methoda in power sydem anal'ys~

The element Z •• can be calculated by injecting a current at the qth bus and calculating the voltage at that bus. Since all other bus currents equal zero, it follows from equation (4.2.1) that
£1 = Zlqlq

E2

ZzqIq (4.2.9)

Em E,

= =

Z",.I. Zo.I.

Letting Iq = 1 per unit in equations (4.2.9), ZqO can be obtained directly by calculating Eo. The voltages at buses p and q are related by equation (4.2.3), and the current through the added element is
Z:po =

-10

= -1

(4.2.10)

The voltages across the elements of the partial network are given by equation (4.2.6) and the currents through these elements by (4.2.4). From equations (4.2.4) and (4.2.10),

and therefore,
Vpq

=-

ypq •••

v••
from equation (4.2.6), (4.2.11) (4.2.3) from (4.2.11),

Substituting v pq
=-

for

v••

+ Ypo.p.CE.
for
Vp•

- E.)
in equation

Substituting E
Q

E;

+1+

YPQ •••

ct. -

E.)

Ypq.pq

Finally, substituting
I , = 1,

for Eq, Ep,

s;

and

E. from equation (4.2.9) with

(4.2.12)

=
qQ

pq

+ 1 + Ypq .•• (Zpq

Ypq.pq

- Z •• )
.

If there is no mutual coupling between the added branch and other elements of the partial network, then the elements of Ypq.,.. are zero and
ZPQ,pq

= --

y P •• P.

Chapter"

Algorithrrufor

formation

of r&etlClOrkmatrice6

85

It follows from equation (4.2.8) that ZII' == Zpi i

i
=
,.0

1,2, ... q

,m

and from equation Furthermore. Zpo = 0 and Zq,

=0
2

(4.2.12) that

if there is no mutual coupling and p ,s the reference node,

.. m

1,2, ...

,m

i ~q

Also Z""
=

and therefore,

Addition of a link
If the added element p-q is a link, the procedure for recalculating the elements of the bus impedance matrix is to connect in series with the added element a voltage source Cc as shown in Fig. 4.4. This creates a

Partial
network

®
Reference

Fig. 4.4 Injected current voltage source in series with added link and bus voltages for calculation of Z".

fictitious node I which will be eliminated later, The voltage source e, is selected such that the current through the added link is zero, The performance equation for the partial network with the added element p-l and the series voltage source e, is 1
ill , p
I

~
!

111,_ E2
I
I

Zzl-~-.I-~~i~~:-i-~!-·-·~,_~l~ Zll !_~~_l_,

21!

1,1
I 12 ,
1--1

1'-·\'"
'I ..

1--1--1--1----

z.;

.•.

Z2P

'I

..

! ZlR
i ...

PI~I~-'-'-·
·! ..

'1".1.I-! [-1-------1--...
! ......
""

--I
1

·I

Zpp

_'_'_'1 z_ ~I
[

i, i

I z., z.,
1
1

l, I Za

Zu

,..

z., .. ·1 z•• ~ Zip [ ... ,I Z,... Zl!

I

I
1

I. I II:
i

i...,_______J

(4.2.13) Since el
=

EI - Eq

the element Zz, can be determined by injecting a current at the ith bus and calculating the voltage at the lth node with respect to bus q. Since all other bus currents equal zero, it follows from equation (4.2.13) that

E.

Z.J.
Z,Ji

1,2,

...

,m

e, =

(4.2.14)

Letting I, = 1 per unit in equations (4.2,14), Zli can be obtained directly by calculating el. The series voltage source is (4.2.15) Since the current through the added link is

the element p-l can be treated as a branch. The current in this element in terms of primitive admittances and the voltages across the elements is

Chapter

AllJorithnufor

for

m.4 tion

of n.etlllO,.k

r7U1trice5

87

where

Therefore
i'pi

Slllce

p!,r;c

fI pq,pa

and

then
: pi

1-1.2.16) i4.2.lfil. !-!.2.o), and

1. '2.

Substituting in order from equations l , = 1 into equation (-1.2.1.")} yields

(-1.2.14)

with

(4.2.17)

The element Zli can be calculated by injecting it current at the lth bus with bus q as reference and calculatmg the \"(-ltagl: at the lth bus with respect to bus q. Since all other bus currents equal zero, it follows from equation (4.2.13) that

E.

el =

ZuII ZllII

= 1, 2,

,m

0.2.18) directly

Letting II = 1 per unit in equation i4.2.18), Z/i caIl be obtained by calculating ei. The current in the element p-i is
lpl

-II

= -1

This current the elements

in terms is

of primitive

admittances

and the voltages

across

Again,

since and
Ypq.P,

then 1

+ Ypq.P'vp•
Ypo.pq

(-1.2.19)

88

Computer

method»

in power

-'Y6tern arualYN

Substituting in order from equations I, = 1 into (4.2.15) yields Z" = Z 1'/

-

(4.2.1.9). (4.2.6), and (4.2.18) with

Zql

+ ----'------Ypq,pq

1 + ijpq,P'(Z

pI

Z.r)

:4.2,20)
element and other are zero 8.Ed

If there i~ 110 mutual coupling between the added Plf'Ill(,'lt~ of t h« partial network, the elements of fjpq,p.
Zp,;.pq

= -Ypq,Pli

11 l,dlo\\s

from equation

(4.2.17)

that
m

i = 1, 2, ....

i~I
an d from

equation

(4,2.20),

Furthermore,

if there is no mutual
i=

coupling

and p is the reference

node,

Z;
and

1,2,

...

,m

r' l

= 1,2,

. , . ,m

i~

Also

Zp' = 0
and therefore.
ZII

-Zqr

Zpq.pq

The elements in the Ith row and column of the bus impedance matrix for the augmented partial network are found from equations (4.2.17) and f-l2.20), It remains to calculate the required bus impedance matrix t o include the effect of the added link. This can be accomplished by modifying the elements Z,;, where i, j = 1,2,. ., In, and eliminating t he it h row and column corresponding to the fictitious node. The fictitious node I is eliminated by short circuiting the series voltage source f,. From equation (4.2.13), (4.2.21) and
('I

z.i «,

ZIIII

(4.2.22)

Chapter

Algorithm&foT
.'7'.

formation

of

network

matrices

89

where i, j = 1,2, . substituting into (4.2.2n EEr:s

=

Solving

for 1, from equation

l4.2.22)

and

(ZBU,' - ~i~lj')11;';'>
.uti

which is t h« performance

:cC]U:Hinti

link

p.'(j.

It follows r.ha:
i

;'nc

of t h.· parj'j;{l net work includi ng the r-quired bus iran-dance matrix IS

Z BC· S (mod Hied

2,/21,
of Z 11; S :lrc.d·fi«il is

where any element

A summary of the eo uat.ions for the formation matrix is given in Table ·U.

of the bus Impedance

4.3 Modification of the bus impedance matrix for changes in the network
The bus impedance matrix Z SIS can be modified to reflect changes in the network, These changes may be addition of elements, removal of elements, or changes in the impedances of elements. The method described in Sec. 4.2 based on the algorithm for forming a bus impedance matrix can be applied if elements are added to the network. Then Z B( S is considered the matrix of the partial net wor kat t ha t stage and the new elements are added one at " time to produce the new bus impedance matrix Z~us The procedure to remove elements or tn change the impedances of elements is the same. If an element is removed which is not mutually coupled to any other element, the modified bus impedance matrix can be obtained by adding, in parallel with the element. a link whose impedance is equal to the negative of the impedance of the element to be removed. If the impedance of an uncoupled element is changed, the modified bus impedance matrix can be obtained by adding a link in parallel with the element such that the equivalent impedance of the two elements is the desired value. When mutually coupled elements are removed or their impedances changed, the modified bus impedance matrix can not be obtained by adding a link and using the procedure described in Sec. 4.2. However, an equation can be derived for modifying the elements of ZHl.·S by introducing appropriate changes in the bus currents of the original net-