0 I Flux density from an

F  BIl sin 
Fleming’s LEFT HAND to
B infinitely long wire predict magnetic force.
2r
 NI At the centre of a circular Unit is
B 0 wire F  BQv sin 
2r Tesla
B   0 nI Inside of a solenoid d Fleming’s RIGHT HAND to
E
B  1 2  0 nI At the end of a solenoid dt predict induced Emf.

Faraday’s Law
Lenz’s Law: The product of the area and magnetic flux
The induced current always flows in a direction   NBA sin  density that passes through it perpendicularly.
to oppose the change that produces it. Weber (Wb)

d 2QV Acceleration thru

[AC Generator] E 1 mv 2  QV  v 
dt 2 an electric field
m
d sin 
  NBA E Velocity Selector
dt BQv  QE  v  where E is E-field
 NBA cos t B
strength NOT Emf.
E  Blv sin 
r d ( BA sin  )
 r  E
 Br   sin  2 dt
 2  d ( Bls sin  )
r 
 2 Br 2 sin 
1
dt
 2   Blv sin  [Moving Rod]
 Br 2 
1
2  sin 
 T 
 BAf sin  [Rotating Disc]

I  I 0 sin t Irms:
I rms  I2 The value of the steady current which would dissipate heat at the
V  V0 sin t same rate in a given resistance as the AC.
I
For sinusoidal only:
I02
I0 V0 P0
I rms  Vrms  P 
2 2 2 I02/2
2
 I rms R I0

When AC flows thru é primary, it sets up a varying

0 t
mag field in é core which links é primary to
secondary. With Faraday’s, é varying mag field
induces AC EMF across the wire in é secondary. -I0
Heating effect of currentWires of low resistanceHeating 2
Vs I p N P
effect of eddy currentsLaminated iron core, cutting across Plost    Rcable
  s across cables
V 
V p I s N p eddy currentsHeat loss from magnetizing / reversing the
magnetic polesSoft, easily magnetized iron
Rectification:
Process of changing AC to DC.