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GATE BY RK Kanodia
GATE BY RK Kanodia
Fifth Edition
R. K. Kanodia
B.Tech.
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.1
BASIC CONCEPTS
of 10 20
electrons by a charging scheme. The charge on (C) 3 A (D) 4 A
the sphere is
6. In the circuit of fig P1.1.6 a charge of 600 C is
(A) 160.2 C (B) -160.2 C
delivered to the 100 V source in a 1 minute. The value
(C) 16.02 C (D) -16.02 C
of v1 must be
v1
2. A lightning bolt carrying 15,000 A lasts for 100 ms. If
the lightning strikes an airplane flying at 2 km, the
charge deposited on the plane is
20 W 60 V
(A) 13.33 mC (B) 75 C
(C) 1500 mC (D) 1.5 C
100 V
3. If 120 C of charge passes through an electric
Fig. P.1.1.6
conductor in 60 sec, the current in the conductor is
(A) 0.5 A (B) 2 A
(C) 3.33 mA (D) 0.3 mA (A) 240 V (B) 120 V
(C) 60 V (D) 30 V
4. The energy required to move 120 coulomb through
3 V is 7. In the circuit of the fig P1.1.7, the value of the
(A) 25 mJ (B) 360 J voltage source E is
1V
–
–
2V
5. i = ?
+
– E
1A 5V
i 4V
+
+
–
–
10 V
2A 5A
Fig. P.1.1.7
3A 4A
value of voltage v1 is 1 kW
kW
7V 2
+ 105 V – – 15 V + – 10 V +
+ + +
8V 5V
65 V 55 V 35 V
6V
100 V – + v1 – – – kW
3
+
–
4 kW
30
V
30
V
–
+
Fig. P1.1.12
Fig. P.1.1.8
1A –
vo 15 V
– Fig. P1.1.11
10. R1 = ?
60 W Req
10 W 10 W 10 W up to ¥
+
R1
100 V 70 V
+ Fig. P1.1.14
R2 20 V
– (A) 11.86 W (B) 10 W
–
(C) 25 W (D) 11.18 W
Fig. P.1.1.10
15. vs = ?
(A) 25 W (B) 50 W 180 W
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4
UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
2
R
W
i 0.2i1
A i1
2
+ b
v N
8 0.3i1
A
–
2
W
W
6
Fig. P.1.1.24
40 V 2ix 200 W
12 V
A B C
Fig. P.1.1.29
5W
1V 1W 2i1 RL = 2 W
v1
20 V v1 5W
5
Fig. P.1.1.26
32. A capacitor is charged by a constant current of 2 mA 36. The waveform for the current in a 200 mF capacitor
and results in a voltage increase of 12 V in a 10 sec is shown in fig. P.1.1.36 The waveform for the capacitor
interval. The value of capacitance is voltage is
(A) 0.75 mF (B) 1.33 mF i(mA)
5
(C) 0.6 mF (D) 1.67 mF
t(ms) t(ms)
4 4
v v 37. Ceq = ?
10 10
2.5 mF
t(ms) t(ms)
2 4 2 4
t(ms) t(ms)
2 4 2 4
(C) (D)
Fig. P.1.1.37
35. The voltage across a 100 mF capacitor is shown in
fig. P.1.1.35. The waveform for the current in the
(A) 3.5 mF (B) 1.2 mF
capacitor is
(C) 2.4 mF (D) 2.6 mF
v
6
38. In the circuit shown in fig. P.1.1.38
t(ms)
1 2 3 iin ( t) = 300 sin 20 t mA, for t ³ 0.
Fig. P.1.1.35 C2 C2 C2 C2
i(mA) i(mA) +
6 600
iin vin C1 C1 C1 C1 60 mF
t(ms) t(ms)
1 2 3 1 2 3
–
(A) (B)
Fig. P. 1.1.38
i(mA) i(mA)
6 600
v3 - 30 = v2 Þ v3 = 65 V
SOLUTIONS 105 + v4 - v3 - 65 = 0 Þ v4 = 25 V
v4 + 15 - 55 + v1 = 0 Þ v1 = 15 V
1. (C) n = 10 20 , Q = ne = e10 20 = 16.02 C
Charge on sphere will be positive. 9. (B) Voltage is constant because of 15 V source.
i
3A 4A 3
6A
1A
i
2A 3
i
Fig. S 1.1.5 6
1V
12. (C) If we go from +side of 1 kW through 7 V, 6 V and
–
–
2V
+
E
5 V, we get v1 = 7 + 6 - 5 = 8 V
–
–
–
10 V 1 A source.
Fig. S 1.1.7
10 ( Req + 5)
10 + 5 + E + 1 = 0 or E = -16 V 14. (D) Req = 5 +
10 + 5 + Req
5W 5W
8. (D) 100 = 65 + v2 Þ v2 = 35 V
+ 105 V – – 15 V + – 10 V +
+ +
+ Req
10 W Req
65 V v4 55 V
100 V – + v3 – + v1 – –
+
+
–
30
V
v2 Fig. S 1.1.14
30
V
–
+
–
Þ Req2 + 15 Req = 5 Req + 75 + 10 Req + 50
Fig. S 1.1.8
Þ Req = 125 = 1118
. W
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Basic Concepts GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.1
Þ 12 C = 2m ´ 10 Þ C = 1.67 mF
Q
41. (D) V = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10, Q = 1 C, C = = 0.1 F
1 V
33. (B) E = Cv 2 = 5 ´ 10 -6 ´ 100 2 = 0.05 J
2
di 200m
42. (A) vL = L Þ 100m = L Þ L = 2 mH
-3
10 ´ 10
2m
1 dt 4m
ò0 idt = 100 ´ 10 -6 (2 ´ 10 ) = 0.2 V
-3
34. (D) vc =
c
di
This 0.2 V increases linearly from 0 to 0.2 V. Then 43. (B) vL = L = 0.01 ´ 2( 377 cos 377 t) V
dt
current is zero. So capacitor hold this voltage. = 7.54 cos 377 t V
dv
35. (D) i = C 1 1 12000
Lò 0.01 ò
dt 44. (A) i = vdt = 120 cos 3t dt = sin 377 t
377
dv 6 -0 12000 ´ 120
For 0 < t < 1 , C = 100 ´ 10 -6 ´ = 600 mA
dt 10 -3 - 0 P = vi = (sin 377 t)(cos 377 t)
377
For 1 ms < t < 2 ms, = 1910 sin 754 t W
dv 0-6
C = 100 ´ 10 -6 ´ = - 600 mA
dt ( 3 - 2)m diL dv
45. (D) vL = L , iC = C C
dt dt
36. (B) For 0 £ t £ 4, d 2 iL
vC = 3vL Þ iC = 3 LC = - 9.6 sin 4 t A
1 1 5m dt
vC = ò idt = ò 4m tdt = 3125 t
2
C 200 ´ 10 -6
diL
At t = 4 ms, vc = 0.05 V 46. (B) vL = L
dt
It will be parabolic path. at t = 0 t-axis will be tangent.
æ -100 - 0 ö
For 2 < t £ 4, vL = (0.05)ç ÷ = - 2.5 V
è 2 ø
37. (A) 2 mF is in parallel with 1 mF and this
æ 100 + 100 ö
combination is in series with 1.5 mF. For 4 < t £ 8, vL = (0.05)ç ÷ = 2.5 V
è 4 ø
. (2 + 1)
15
C1 = = 1mF, C1 is in parallel with 2.5 mF æ 0 - 100 ö
. +2+1
15 For 8 < t £ 10, vL = (0.05)ç ÷ = - 2.5 V
è 2 ø
Ceq = 1 + 2.5 = 35
. mF
Thus (B) is correct option.
30 ´ 60 30(20 + 40)
38. (A) Ca = = 20 mF, Cb = = 20 mF
30 + 60 30 + 20 + 0 47. (C) Algebraic sum of the current entering or leaving
a cutset is equal to 0.
Cd Cc Cb Ca
C2 C2 C2 C2 6 16
i2 + i4 + i3 = 0 Þ + + i3 = 0
2 4
+
i3 = - 7 A, v3 = - 7 ´ 3 = - 21 V
iin vin C1 C1 C1 C1 60 mF
–
*********
Fig. S 1.1.38
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.2
GRAPH THEORY
(3) (4)
a 2 f
(1) (2) 1 3
b d e g
4 h 5
Fig. P.1.2.5
(A) a d e h (B) a c f h
(3) (4) (C) a f h g (D) a e f g
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
é 1 -1 0 ù é 1 0 -1ù 2 2
5 5
13. The incidence matrix of a graph is as given below
(C) (D)
é-1 1 1 0 0 0 ù
ê 0 0 -1 1 1 0 ú
A =ê ú
ê 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1ú 15. The incidence matrix of a graph is as given below
ê 1 0 0 0 -1 -1ú
ë û
é-1 1 1 0 0 0 ù
The graph is ê 0 0 -1 1 1 0 ú
2 2 A =ê ú
ê 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 ú
ê 1 0 0 0 -1 -1ú
ë û
The graph is
4 4
2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
(A) (B)
2 2
4 4
(A) (B)
4 4
2 2
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
(C) (D)
The graph is
2 2
1 4 3 1 4 3
Fig. P.1.1.16
(A) 8 (B) 12
5 5
(C) 16 (D) 20
(A) (B)
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
1 2 1 2
3 2 4
3 3
4 5 4 5
6 6
Fig. P.1.2.24
(C) (D)
The oriented graph will be
23. A graph is shown in fig. P.1.2.23 in which twigs are
solid line and links are dotted line. For this chosen tree
fundamental set matrix is given below.
é 1 1 0 0 1 0ù
BF = ê 0 -1 1 1 0 0ú
ê ú
êë 0 0 0 1 1 1úû
(A) (B)
3
2 4
1 5 6
The oriented graph will be 25. Consider the graph shown in fig. P.1.2.25 in which
twigs are solid line and links are dotted line.
1 4 2
6 5
(A) (B) 3
Fig. P. 1.2.25
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Graph Theory GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.2
(A) (B) i
ê 7ú ê 0 0 1 0ú
êë i8 úû êë 0 0 0 1úû
(C) (D)
28. If the number of branch in a network is b, the
number of nodes is n and the number of dependent loop
26. In the graph shown in fig. P.1.2.26 solid lines are
is l, then the number of independent node equations
twigs and dotted line are link. The fundamental loop
will be
matrix is
i
(A) n + l - 1 (B) b - 1
(C) b - n + 1 (D) n - 1
a c e
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
30. The directed graph will be 33. The oriented graph for this network is
8 8
5 6 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2 3 7 2 3 7 5 5
1 1
4 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
8 8
5 6 5 6
5 5
(C) (D)
2 3 7 2 3 7
1 1
4 4
ê v7 ú ê 0 0 1 -1ú
êë v8 úû êë 1 0 -1 0 úû
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Graph Theory GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.2
(A) (B)
(1) (2)
Fig. S1.2.1
(C) (D)
(1) (2) Fig. S .1.2.7
c c
1 3 1 3
3. (C) l = b - ( n - 1) = 4.
d e d e
4 4
t = n - 1 = 3, l=b-n+1=3
(1) (2)
5. (C) From fig. it can be seen that a f h g is a tree of 2 2
given graph
c a b a b
a f c c
1 3 1 3
b d e g d e d e
f f
4 4
h
Fig. S 1.2.5 (3) (4)
2
6. (B) From fig. it can be seen that a d f is a tree.
c a b
b e c
1 3
d e
a d f
f
(5)
Fig. S. 1.2.6 Fig. S. 1.2.8
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
l1
a e 34. (D) We know that [ vb ] = ArT [ Vn ]
c
l2 l4 So reduced incidence matrix is
h b d f é1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1ù
l3
ê0 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0 ú
Ar = ê ú
ê0 0 1 0 0 -1 1 -1ú
g ê0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 úû
ë
Fig. S 1.2.26
At node-1, three branch leaves so the only option is (D).
This in similar to matrix in (A). Only place of rows has
been changed.
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.3
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
+
vs
4. va = ?
4vs 6R v1 10 W
–
12 V 4W 10 V
Fig. P1.3.1
(A) 0.4vs (B) 1.5vs va
1W 4A 2W
(C) 0.67vs (D) 2.5vs
2. va = ?
3A Fig. P1.3.4
(A) 4.33 V (B) 4.09 V
(C) 8.67 V (D) 8.18 V
2W
va 5. v2 = ?
20 W 60 W
3W 1A
+ v2 –
30 W 0.5 A 10 V 30 W
Fig. P1.3.2
(A) -11 V (B) 11 V
(C) 3 V (D) -3 V Fig. P1.3.5
(A) 0.5 V (B) 1.0 V
3. v1 = ? (C) 1.5 V (D) 2.0 V
10 W
6. ib = ?
64 W 37 W
30 V 3A 30 W
20 W ib
10 V 0.5 A
– 36 W 69 W
v1
60 W 9A 6A 60 W
+
Fig. P1.3.6
(A) 0.6 A (B) 0.5 A
Fig. P1.3.3 (C) 0.4 A (D) 0.3 A
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
7. i1 = ? (A) 20 mA (B) 15 mA
6A
(C) 10 mA (D) 5 mA
11. i1 = ?
8W i1 2W
50 W
10 W
75 V 4W 3W 5W 100 W 0.1 A
i1
6.6 V
Fig. P1.3.7
40 W 0.06 A
(A) 3.3 A (B) 2.1 A
60W
(C) 1.7 A (D) 1.1 A
8. i1 = ?
0.1A
i2 Fig. P1.3.11
90 kW 10 kW
75 V
(A) 0.01 A (B) -0.01 A
7.5mA
(C) 0.03 A (D) 0.02 A
10 kW i1 90 kW
2A
3A 6W
3V 5W 2W
4W
Fig. P1.3.12
4A 3W 2W 2 5
(A) A (B) A
i1 3 3
5 2
(C) - A (D) A
Fig. P1.3.9 6 9
(A) 4 A (B) 3 A
13. i1 = ?
(C) 6 A (D) 5 A
200 W
10. i1 = ?
2 kW 40 mA 100 W i1 50 W 10 mA
45 V i1 500 W 15 mA
Fig. 1.3.13
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Methods of Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.3
4W 8W 5W
14. The values of node voltage are va = 12 V, vb = 9.88 V
and vc = 5.29 V. The power supplied by the voltage
12 V i1 2W i2 2W i3 20 V
source is
8V
6W
va 4W vb 3W
vc Fig. 1.3.17
12 V
é 4 -2 0 ù éi1 ù é12 ù
1A 2W
(A) ê-2 8 -2 ú êi2 ú = ê-8 ú
ê úê ú ê ú
êë 0 -2 5 úû êëi3 úû êë20 úû
16. vo = ?
Fig. 1.3.18
4 mA 2 kW 2 mA
é 6 k -12 k -12 k ù éi1 ù é-6 ù
1 kW
1 kW
ê
(A) -6 k ê ú
6 k -18 k i2 = ê 0 ú
ú
+ ê úê ú ê ú
êë -1k -1k 0 k úû ëêi3 úû êë 5 úû
1 kW 1 mA 2 kW vo
é 6 k 12 k -12 k ù éi1 ù é-6 ù
–
(B) ê-6 k -6 k 18 k ú êi2 ú = ê 0 ú
Fig. P1.3.16
ê úê ú ê ú
êë -1k 1k 0 k úû êëi3 úû êë 5 úû
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25
Methods of Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.3
29. va = ?
i1 R4 i2
10 W
v1 v2
25i2 4A
50 W va 40 W
Fig. P1.3.25
10 A 200 W 5A 100 W 20 W 20 A
The value of R4 is
(A) 40 (B) 15
Fig. P1.3.29
(C) 5 (D) 20
(A) 342 V (B) 171 V
26. va = ?
(C) 198 V (D) 396 V
2.5 kW
10 kW 10 kW
30. ia = ?
va
50 W 150 W
20 V 10 kW 5 kW 4 mA
225 W 100 W 200 W
ia
Fig. P1.3.26 2V 4V 8V
(A) 26 V (B) 19 V 75 W 50 W
(C) 13 V (D) 18 V
Fig. P1.3.30
31. v2 = ?
10 W v 20 W
50 W
– v2 +
4A
10 V 100 W 0.04v2
15 W 5W
28. i1 = ? 32. i1 = ?
0.5i1
300 W 2W 4W
40 V i1 500 W 0.4i1 8V 4A 6V
i1
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
16 A
33. vx = ? va 2W
+ 2.5 W 5W 10 A
1.6 A 100 W 0.02vx 50 W vx
–
Fig. P1.3.37
Fig. P1.3.33
(A) 25.91 V (B) -25.91 V
(A) 32 V (B) -32 V
(C) 51.82 V (D) -51.82 V
(C) 12 V (D) -12 V
38. For the circuit of Fig. P1.3.38 the value of vs , that
34. ib = ?
will result in v1 = 0, is
1 kW 3 kW 3A 2A
va
ib
0.1v1
6V 2 kW 4va
10 W 20 W
+
vs 40 W v1 48 V
Fig. P1.3.34 –
(A) 4 mA (B) -4 mA
(C) 12 mA (D) -12 mA Fig. P1.3.38
15 V i1 6W i2 18 V
Fig. P1.3.35
50 W 40. v1 = ?
iy 3W
+
+
2A 100 W 25iy 50 W vx 0.2vx 3W
vy 2A
– – 6W
14 V
+
Fig. P1.3.36
v1 7A 2vy
– 2W
(A) -3 V (B) 3 V
(C) 10 V (D) -10 V
Fig. P1.3.40
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Methods of Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.3
(A) 10 V
(C) 7 V
(B) -10 V
(D) -7 V
SOLUTIONS
1. (B) Applying the nodal analysis
41. vx = ?
4 vs v
– vx + + s
v1 = 6 R 3 R = 15
. vs
500 W 1 1 1
0.5vx + +
6 R 3R 6 R
500 W
2. (C) va = 2( 3 + 1) + 3 (1) = 11 V
0.6 A 600 W 900 W 0.3 A
v1 -v
3. (D) - + 1 + 6 =9 Þ v1 = - 90 V
60 60
Fig. P1.3.41
va - 10 va
(A) 9 V (B) -9 V 4. (C) + =4 Þ va = 8.67 V
4 2
(C) 10 V (D) -10 V
v2 v2 + 10
5. (D) + = 0.5 Þ v2 = 2 V
42. The power being dissipated in the 2 W resistor in the 20 30
circuit of Fig. P1.3.42 is
5W ia 6. (B) Using Thevenin equivalent and source transform
8W 60 V
3W 2W 3 i1 2W va 10 W
2A
2.5 A 4W 6ia 30 V 25 V 3W 5W
25 60
(A) 76.4 W (B) 305.6 W +
8
+ 2 15
(C) 52.5 W (D) 210.0 W va = 3
= 15.23 V
3 1 1
+ +
14 3 15
43. i1 = ?
25 - 15.23
500 W i1 = = 2.09 A
14
+ vx – 3
100 W 0.6 A
10
7. (A) ib = + 0.5 = 0.6 A
180 V +
64 + 36
400 W vy 0.001vy
–
8. (B) 75 = 90 ki1 + 10 k( i1 - 7.5m)
100 W
150 = 100 ki1 Þ i1 = 15
. mA
0.005vy 9. (B) 3 = 2 i1 + 3( i1 - 4) Þ i1 = 3 A
Fig. P1.3.43
10. (B) 45 = 2 ki1 + 500 ( i1 + 15m)
(A) 0.12 A (B) 0.24 A Þ i1 = 15 mA
(C) 0.36 A (D) 0.48 A
11. (D)
6.6 = 50 i1 + 100( i1 + 0.1) + 40( i1 - 0.06) + 60( i1 - 0.1)
***************** i1 = 0.02 A
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
Fig. S1.3.38
************
39. (D) ix = i1 - i2
15 = 4 i1 - 2( i1 - i2 ) + 6( i1 - i2 )
Þ 8 i1 - 4 i2 = 15 K(i)
-18 = 2 i2 + 6( i2 - i1 )
Þ 3i1 - 4 i2 = 9 K(ii)
i1 = 12
. A, i2 = -1.35 A
v y = 3( i1 - 2)
14 = 3i1 + 9( i1 - 2) + 6( i1 - 9) + 2( i1 - 7)
14 = 20 i1 - 18 - 54 - 14 Þ i1 = 5 A
v1 = 6(5 - 2 - 7) + 2 ´ 3(5 - 2) + 2(5 - 7) = -10 V
3W
+
vy 3W 2A
– 6W
14 V
+
v1 7A 2vy
i1 –
2W
Fig. S1.3.40
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.4
NETWORKS THEOREM
vTH, RTH
6V 6W R
i v
Fig. P.1.4.1
(A) 2 V, 4 W (B) 4 V, 4 W
Fig. P.1.4.4
(C) 4 V, 5 W (D) 2 V, 5 W
2. i N , R N = ? R
2W 2W R
v
iN, RN
15 V 4W
(A) (B)
Fig. P.1.4.2 R
R i
10
(A) 3 A, W (B) 10 A, 4 W i
3
(C) 1,5 A, 6 W (D) 1.5 A, 4 W
(C) (D)
3. vTH , RTH = ?
2W
5. i N , R N = ?
2W
vTH, RTH
2A 3W 1W
iN RN
6A 4W 3W
Fig. P.1.4.3
6 5
(A) -2 V, W (B) 2 V, W Fig. P.1.4.5
5 6
(A) 4 A, 3 W (B) 2 A, 6 W
5 6
(C) 1 V, W (D) -1 V, W (C) 2 A, 9 W (D) 4 A, 2 W
6 5
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
Fig. P.1.4.10
2A 6W
RTH
(A) 6 V (B) 7 V
5V
(C) 8 V (D) 10 V
Fig. P.1.4.7
11. i1 = ?
(A) 3 W (B) 12 W 20 V
4 kW i1 4 kW 6 kW
(C) 6 W (D) ¥
RTH
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Network Theorems GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.4
(C) 5 V, 6 W (D) 7 V, 6 W
iN, RN
3i1 4W
14. A practical DC current source provide 20 kW to a
50 W load and 20 kW to a 200 W load. The maximum
power, that can drawn from it, is
Fig. P1.4.19
(A) 22.5 kW (B) 45 kW
(C) 30.3 kW (D) 40 kW
(A) 0 W (B) 1.2 W
vTH RTH
E 4W R 2W 4A 0.1v1 5W v1
iR –
i1 i
i
iN, RN vs 4
20i1 30 W
Fig. P.1.4.22
Fig. P.1.4.18
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
23. In the circuit of fig. P1.4.23 the value of RTH at 26. The value of RL will be
terminal ab is ix
0.75va
16 V 0.9 A 3W RL
2W
8W
a
– Fig. P.1.4.26–27
9V 4W va
+
b (A) 2 W (B) 3 W
Fig. P.1.4.23 (C) 1 W (D) None of the above
28. RTH = ?
24. RTH = ?
-2ix
200 W
–
va RTH
va 100 W 50 W +
100
+ 100 W
0.01vx
RTH
100 W 300 W vx
Fig. P.1.4.28
(A) ¥ (B) 0
3 125 (A) 100 W (B) 136.4 W
(C) W (D) W
125 3
(C) 200 W (D) 272.8 W
25. In the circuit of fig. P.1.4.25, the RL will absorb
29. Consider the circuits shown in fig. P.1.4.29
maximum power if RL is equal to
ia 2W
40 W 100 W
i 6W 6W
2W 2W
6V 200 W 3i RL
12 V
12 V 8V
Fig. P.1.4.25
6W
400 2 ib 2W
(A) W (B) kW
3 9
800 4 6W 6W
(C) W (D) kW
3 9 2W 2W
The relation between ia and ib is 33. If vs1 = 6 V and vs 2 = - 6 V then the value of va is
(A) ib = ia + 6 (B) ib = ia + 2 (A) 4 V (B) -4 V
(C) ib = 15
. ia (D) ib = ia (C) 6 V (D) -6 V
12 W 4W
P1.4.34. Let the power consumed by R be P. If an
identical network is added as shown in figure, the
6W 2W
power consumed by R will be
Req
18 W 6W
9W
N R N N
R
Fig. P.1.4.30
Fig. P.1.4.34
72
(A) 18 W (B) W
13
(A) equal to P (B) less than P
36
(C) W (D) 9 W (C) between P and 4P (D) more than 4P
13
RL
simultaneously, then the power consumed by R is
W
(A) P1 ± P2 P1 ± P2
5
(B)
9W (C) ( P1 ± P2 ) 2 (D) ( P1 ± P2 ) 2
Fig. P.1.4.31
1W 3W 3W 1W
37. The following results were obtained from
+
measurements taken between the two terminal of a
vs1 1W va vs2
resistive network
–
Terminal voltage 12 V 0V
Fig. P.1.4.32–33
Terminal current 0A 1.5 A
***********
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38
Network Theorems GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.4
7. (C) After killing the source, RTH = 6 W 12. (B) We Thevenized the left side of xx¢ and source
6W transformed right side of yy¢
8W x 16 W y 8W
6W
RTH
4V 8V
Fig. S.1.4.7 x’ y’
Fig. S1.4.12
14. (A)
+
4V 6W v1 12 V
– i r RL
Fig. S1.4.10
Fig. S1.4.14
4 12
+ 2 2
v1 = 1 + 1 1 + 2 = 6 V æ ir ö
ç ÷ 50 = 20 k,
æ ir ö
ç ÷ 200 = 20 k
1 1 1
+ + è r + 50 ø è r + 200 ø
1+1 6 1+2
( r + 200) 2 = 4( r + 50) 2
11. (B) If we solve this circuit direct, we have to deal Þ r = 100 W
( 30) 2 ´ 100
with three variable. But by simple manipulation i = 30 A, Pmax = = 22.5 kW
4
variable can be reduced to one. By changing the LHS
and RHS in Thevenin equivalent
15. (C) Thevenized the circuit across R, RTH = 2 W
20 V
2 kW i1 4 kW 2 kW 4W 2W 2W
6V 8V 4W 2W
Fig. S1.4.15
Fig. S1.4.11
16. (A) isc = 10 A, RTH = 2 W,
20 - 6 - 8
i1 = = 0.75 mA 2
2k + 4k + 2k æ 10 ö
Pmax = ç ÷ ´ 2 = 50 W
è 2 ø
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
3W + 24 2
P= ´ 2 = 112.5 W
(1. 2 + 2) 2
2W va 6V
voc 12
– 37. (B) RTH = = =8W
isc 15
.
Fig. S.1.4.32b
6 ´ (2 + 3) 1 1
va = =5 V 38. (A) Let = = 50 mA
2 + 3+1 sensitivity 20 k
For 0 -10 V scale Rm = 10 ´ 20 k = 200 kW
33. (B) Since both source have opposite polarity, hence
For 0 -50 V scale Rm = 50 ´ 20 k = 1 MW
short circuit the all straight-through connection as 4
For 4 V reading i = ´ 50 = 20 mA
shown in fig. S.1.4.33 10
6W vTH = 20mRTH + 20m ´ 200 k = 4 + 20mRTH ...(i)
5
1W For 5 V reading i = ´ 50m = 5 mA
50
3W +
vTH = 5m ´ RTH + 5m ´ 1M = 5 + 5mRTH ...(ii)
2W va 6V Solving (i) and (ii)
16 200
– vTH = V, RTH = kW
3 3
Fig. S1.4.33
39. (D) v10 k = 10 k ´ 3.6m = 6
6 ´ ( 6 ||3)
va = - = -4 V v30 k = 30 k ´ 4.8m = 12 V
2 +1
10
6 = vTH Þ 10 vTH = 6 RTH + 60
34. (C) Let Thevenin equivalent of both network 10 + RTH
RTH RTH RTH 30 vTH
12 = Þ 5 vTH = 2 RTH + 60
30 + RTH
RTH = 30 kW
vTH R vTH R vTH
Fig. S1.4.34
At i = 0, voc = - 3 V
v -3
æ VTH ö
2
RTH = oc = = - 100 W
P = çç ÷÷ R isc 30m
è RTH + R ø
2
æ ö
ç V ÷ æ VTH ö
2
************
P¢ = ç TH
÷ R = 4çç ÷÷ R
çç R + RTH ÷÷ è 2 R + RTH ø
è 2 ø
Thus P < P ¢ < 4 P
P1 P2
35. (C) i1 = and i2 =
R R
P1 P2
using superposition i = i1 + i2 = ±
R R
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42
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.6
THE RLC CIRCUITS
1. The natural response of an RLC circuit is described (A) iL¢¢ ( t) + 1100 i¢¢L ( t) + 11 ´ 108 iL ( t) = 108 is ( t)
by the differential equation (B) i¢¢L ( t) + 1100 i¢¢L ( t) + 11 ´ 108 iL ( t) = 108 is ( t)
d 2v dv dv(0) iL¢¢ ( t) 11
. i¢¢L ( t)
+2 + v = 0, v(0) = 10, = 0. (C) + + 11
. iL ( t) = is ( t)
dt 2 dt dt 108 10 4
i¢¢L ( t) 11i¢L ( t)
The v( t) is (D) + + 11iL ( t) = is ( t)
108 10 4
(A) 10(1 + t) e - t V (B) 10(1 - t) e - t V
(C) 10e - t V (D) 10te - t V 4. In the circuit of fig. P.1.6.4 vs = 0 for t > 0. The initial
condition are v(0) = 6 V and dv(0) dt = -3000 V s. The
2. The differential equation for the circuit shown in fig.
v( t) for t > 0 is
P1.6.2. is
2W 1 mH v
1H
vs 100 W 10 mF +
vs 80 W 25 mF vC
–
Fig. P1.6.2
(A) v¢¢( t) + 3000 v¢( t) + 102
. ´ 108 v( t) = 108 vs ( t) Fig. P1.6.4
is 100 W 10 mF
Fig. P.1.6.5
iL -t -3t
(A) 5 e - 7 e V (B) 7 e - t - 5 e -3t V
Fig. P.1.6.3
(C) - e - t + 3e -3t V (D) 3e - t - e -3t V
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The RLC Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.6
Statement for Q.6–7: 10. The switch of the circuit shown in fig. P1.6.10 is
Circuit is shown in fig. P.1.6. Initial conditions are opened at t = 0 after long time. The v( t) , for t > 0 is
t=0
i1 (0) = i2 (0) = 11 A 3W
i1 2H i2
1 +
1
6V 1W 2H 4F vC
–
1W 3H 2W
Fig. P1.6.10
(A) 4 e -2 t sin 2 t V (B) -4 e -2 t sin 2 t V
Fig. P1.6.6–7
6. i1 (1 s) = ? (C) 4 e -2 t cos 2 t V (D) -4 e -2 t cos 2 t V
8. vC ( t) = ? for t > 0 4W 7A
25 mH
Fig. P1.6.11
(A) e -2 t (2 cos t + 4 sin t) A (B) e -2 t ( 3 sin t - 4 cos t) A
+
30u(-t) mA 100 W 10 mF vC (C) e -2 t ( -4 sin t + 2 cos t) A (D)e -2 t (2 sin t - 4 cos t) A
–
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
15. The forced response for the capacitor voltage v f ( t) is 19. In the circuit shown in fig. P 1.5.19 v( t) for t > 0 is
100 W 2u(-t) A
iL
– vx +
avx 1H 0.04 F
50 W 20 mH
+ vC –
Fig. P1.6.15 4W 2W
. ´ 10 -3 V
(A) 0. 2 t + 117 . ´ 10 -3 V
(B) 0. 2 t - 117
. ´ 10 -3 t - 0. 2 V
(C) 117 . ´ 10 -3 t + 0. 2 V
(D) 117 50u(t) V
Fig. P1.6.19
iL
+ vC –
17. The circuit shown in fig. P1.6.17 is critically
1
damped. The value of R is 20 V 4H
5W t=0
Fig. P1.6.20
R 120 W
10 mF
(A) -10 sin 8 t A (B) 10 sin 8 t A
(C) -10 cos 8 t A (D) 10 cos 8 t A
4H
d 2 i( t) 2 di( t) di(0 + )
+ + 5 i( t) = 10, i(0 + ) = 2, = 4. Fig. P1.6.21
dt dt dt
The i( t) is (A) 12 - ( 4 cos 2 t + 2 sin 2 t) e - t V
(A) 1 + e - t cos 4 t A (B) 4 - 2 e - t cos 4 t A (B) 12 - ( 4 cos 2 t + 8 sin 2 t) e - t V
(C) 2 + e - t sin 4 t A (D) 10 + e - t sin 4 t A (C) 12 + ( 4 cos 2 t + 8 sin 2 t) e - t V
(D) 12 + ( 4 cos 2 t + 2 sin 2 t) e - t V
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The RLC Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.6
22. In the circuit of fig. P1.5.22 the voltage v( t) is 25. In the circuit shown in fig. P1.6.25 a steady state
has been established before switch closed. The i( t) for
5H 1W
t > 0 is
5W
+
3u(t) A 5W 0.2 F vC 20 W 1H
–
20 V i
2W t=0
1
100 V 5W 25
F
Fig. P1.6.22
23. In the circuit of fig. P1.6.23 the switch is opened at (D) 0.89 e -4 t sin 6.38 t A
2A
3
4H t=0
10 W 1W 1H
1
3F
6W
5W 10 W +
1 vC
4V
t=0 25 F
–
Fig. P1.6.23
0.02 F 2 kW
14 W
b
i
2 H t=0
12 V
2W 12u(t) V 5 mF 8 mH
a
iL
6W
Fig. P1.6.27
iL 2W 1 mH
29. In the circuit of fig. P1.6.29 a steady state has been v
t=0
+
Fig. S1.6.2
3A 5W 10 mF 1H vo
– diL
vs = 2 iL + 10 -3 +v
dt
Fig. P1.6.29
(A) 100 te -10 t V (B) 200 te -10 t V æ v dv ö æ 1 dv d2 v ö
= 2ç + 10 -6 ´ 10 - t ÷ + 10 -3 çç + 10 ´ 10 -6 ÷+ v
è 100 dt ø è 100 dt dt 2 ÷ø
(C) 400 te -50 t V (D) 800 te -50 t V
108 vs ( t) = v¢¢( t) + 3000 v¢( t) + 102
. v( t)
30. In the circuit of fig. P1.6.30 a steady state has been
vC dvC
established before switch closed. The i( t) for t > 0 is 3. (C) is = + iL + 10m
100 dt
i
di
1H vC = 10 iL + 10 -3 L
dt
1 di d di
1W 2W 4F is = 0.1iL + 10 -5 L + iL + 10 -5 (10 iL + 10 -3 L )
t=0 dt dt dt
diL di d 2 iL
6V = 0.1iL + 10 -5 + iL + 10 -4 L + 10 -8
dt dt dt 2
i¢¢L ( t) 11 .
Fig. P1.6.30 Þ + iL¢ ( t) + 11
. iL ( t) = is ( t)
-2 t -2 t 108 10 4
(A) 2 e sin 2 t A (B) -e sin 2 t A
-2 t
(C) -2(1 - t) e A (D) 2(1 - t) e -2 t A v dv
dt ò
4. (A) + 25m + ( v - vs ) dt = 0
80
31. In the circuit of fig. P1.6.31 a steady state has been d 2v dv
Þ + 500 + 40000 = 0
established. The i( t) for t > 0 is dt 2
dt
i
s 2 + 500 s + 40000 = 0
3A 10 W 6u(t) A 10 mF 40 W 4H
Þ s = -100, - 400,
v( t) = Ae -100 t + Be -400 t
A 33
- - 2 B = - , Þ A = 3, B = 8,
6 2 1
+
2W vC 8W
t 4F –
-
-2 t
i1 = 3e 6
+ 8e ,
1
-
i1 (1 s) = 3e 6
+ 8 e -2 = 3.62 A Fig. S1.6.11
t diL (0 + ) diL (0 + )
-
-2 t 4 = 8 - ( -4) ´ 8 Þ = 10
7. (A) i2 = Ce 6
+ De dt dt
di2 (0) -143 C s 1
i2 (0) = 11 = C + D, = = - - 2D vC + vC + iL = 0, vC = 4 siL + 8 iL
dt 6 6 4 2
C = -1 and D = 12 s 2 iL + 4 siL + 5 = 0, s = -2 ± j
-
t
-
1 iL ( t) = e-2 t ( A1 cos t + A2 sin t)
-2 t -2
i2 = - e 6
+ 12 e A, i2 (1 s) = e 6
+ 12 e = 0.78 A
diL (0 + )
A1 = -4, = 10 = -2 ( A1 + 0) + A2 , A2 = 2
dt
8. (B) vC (0 + ) = 30m ´ 100 = 3 V
dvC (0 - ) dvC (0 + ) v dv di
C = iL (0 - ) = 0 = iL (0 + ) = C 12. (A) is = + 10 -3 + iL , v = 10 ´ 10 -3 L
dt dt 100 65 dt dt
100 1 65 di d 2 iL
s2 + s+ is = (10 ´ 10 -3) L + 10 -3(10 ´ 10 -3) + iL = 0
25 ´ 10 -3 25 ´ 10 -3 ´ 10 ´ 10 -6 100 dt dt
Þ s = -2000, -2000 d 2 iL di
+ 650 L + 10 5 iL = 10 5 is
dt dt
vC ( t) = ( A1 + A2 t) e -2000 t
dvC ( t) Trying iL ( t) = B
= A2 e -2000 t + ( A1 + A2 t) e -2000 t ( -2000)
dt 0 + 0 + 10 5 B = 10 5, B = 1, iL = 1 A
dvC (0)
vC (0 + ) = A1 = 3, = A2 - 2000 ´ 3 = 0
dt 13. (A) Trying iL ( t) = At + B,
Þ A2 = 6000 0 + 650 A + ( At + B)10 5 = 10 5(0.5 t), A = 0.5
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The RLC Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.6
i(0) = 6 = 6 + A, Þ A = -6 On solving, A = 2, B = -8
di(0)
= -50 A + 5000 B = 0, B = -0.06
dt ************
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61
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.7
SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
1. i( t) = ? (A)
1
cos (2 t - 45 ° ) V (B)
1
cos (2 t + 45 ° ) V
i 3W
2 2
1 1
(C) sin (2 t - 45 ° ) V (D) sin (2 t + 45 ° ) V
20cos 300t V ~ 25 mH 2 2
4. vC ( t) = ?
Fig. P1.7.1 3H
3. vC ( t) = ?
5W
Fig. P1.7.5
+
cos 2t V ~ 0.1 F vC
–
(A) 2 sin (2 t + 5.77 ° ) A (B) cos (2 t - 84. 23° ) A
(C) 2 sin (2 t - 5.77 ° ) A (D) cos (2 t + 84. 23° ) A
Fig. P1.7.3
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
13. In the bridge shown in fig. P1.7.13, Z1 = 300 W, Statement for Q.17-18:
Z 2 = ( 300 - j 600) W, Z 3 = (200 + j 100)W. The Z 4 at The circuit is as shown in fig. P1.7.17-18
balance is 1H 1W 1W 1H
3
Z
Z
1W
5cos 4t V ~ i1 i2
~ o
10cos (4t-30 ) V
1F
2
4
Z
Z
Fig. P1.7.17–18
17. i1 ( t) = ?
~
19. I x = ?
15. Vo = ?
0.5Ix
j20 40 W Vo 4W
Ix
~
120Ð-15o V ~ -j30 50 W 6Ð30 A
o
10Ð30 V
o
~ -j2 W j3 W
+
10sin (t+30o) V ~ 1F vo
– ~ o
20cos (t-45 ) V
+
4Vx 3Ð0 A
o
~ 20 W Vx
–
Fig. P1.7.16
Fig. P1.7.20
. cos ( t + 112 ° ) V
(A) 315
(B) 43. 2 cos ( t + 23° ) V (A) 29.11Ð166 ° V (B) 29.11Ð - 166 ° V
. cos ( t - 112 ° ) V
(C) 315 (C) 43. 24 Ð124 ° V (D) 43. 24 Ð - 124 ° V
(D) 43. 2 cos ( t - 23° ) V
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
Statement for Q.27–32: 35. In the circuit shown in fig. P1.7.35 power factor is
28. Q = 2000 VAR, pf = 0.9 (leading) (A) 56.31 (leading) (B) 56.31 (lagging)
(A) 4129.8 + j2000 VA (B) 2000 + j 4129.8 VA
(C) 0.555 (lagging) (D) 0.555 (leading)
(C) 2000 - j 4129
. .8 VA (D) 4129.8 - j2000 VA
36. The power factor seen by the voltage source is
29. S = 60 VA, Q = 45 VAR (inductive)
4W 1W
(A) 39.69 + j 45 VA (B) 39.69 - j 45 VA
+ v1 –
(C) 45 + j 39.69 VA (D) 45 - j 39.69 VA
10cos 2t V ~ 3v
4 1
1
3F
30. Vrms = 220 V, P = 1 kW, |Z |= 40 W (inductive)
(A) 1000 - j 68125
. VA (B) 1000 + j 68125
. VA
Fig. P1.7.36
. + j1000 VA
(C) 68125 . - j1000 VA
(D) 68125
(A) 0.8 (leading) (B) 0.8 (lagging)
31. Vrms = 21Ð20 ° V, Vrms = 21Ð20 ° V, I rms = 8.5 Ð - 50 ° A
(C) 36.9 (leading) (D) 39.6 (lagging)
(A) 154.6 + j 89.3 VA (B) 154.6 - j 89.3 VA
(C) 61 + j167.7 VA (D) 61 - j167.7 VA 37. The average power supplied by the dependent
source is
32. Vrms = 120 Ð30 ° V, Z = 40 + j 80 W Ix j1.92
33. Vo = ?
+ Fig. P1.7.37
(B) -96 W
~
6Ð0 A
o 16 kW 20 kW (A) 96 W
0.9 pf lagging VO 0.8 pf lagging
(C) 92 W (D) -192 W
–
Fig. P1.7.33 38. In the circuit of fig. P1.7.38 the maximum power
absorbed by Z L is
10 W j15
(A) 7.1Ð32. 29 ° kV (B) 42.59 Ð32.29 ° kV
(C) 38.49 Ð24.39 ° kV (D) 38.49 Ð32. 29 ° kV
120Ð0o V ~ -j10 ZL
39. The value of the load impedance, that would The line impedance connecting the source to load is
absorbs the maximum average power is 0.3 + j0.2 W. If the current in a phase of load 1 is
j100
I = 10 Ð20 ° A rms , the current in source in ab branch is
(A) 15 Ð - 122 ° A rms (B) 8.67 Ð - 122 ° A rms
3Ð20o A
~ 80 W -j40 ZL (C) 15 Ð27.9 ° A rms (D) 8.67 Ð - 57.9 ° A rms
SOLUTIONS æ -j ö
7. (C) Z = çç ÷÷||( 6 + j(27m) w)
è w(22m ) ø
- j106 27 ´ 10 3 j 6 ´ 106
1. (D) Z = 3 + j(25m)( 300) = 3 + j7.5 W = 8.08 Ð68. 2 ° ( 6 + j27 ´ 10 -3 w) -
20 Ð0 = 22 w = 22 22 w
I= = 2.48 Ð - 68. 2 ° A 10 6
æ 106 ö
8.08 Ð68. 2 ° 6 + j(27mw - ) 6 + jwçç 27m - ÷
22 w è 22 w2 ÷ø
i( t) = 2.48 cos ( 300 t - 68. 2 ° ) A
- j 36 ´ 106 j27 ´ 10 3 æ 106 ö
- wçç 27m - ÷÷ = 0
w22 22 è 22 w2 ø
1
2. (A) Y = + j(1m)(10 3) = 0.5 + j = 112
. Ð63.43°
2 Þ w = 1278
(1Ð0) w 1278
VC = = 0.89 Ð - 63.43° V f = Hz = = 203 Hz
. Ð63.43°
112 2p 2p
vC ( t) = 0.89 cos (10 3 t - 63.43° ) V
8. (C) Vs = 7.68 Ð47° V, V2 = 7.51Ð35°
-j V1 = Vs - V2 = 7.68 Ð47° - 7.51Ð35° = 159
. Ð125°
3. (A) Z = 5 + = 5 - j5 = 5 5 Ð - 45 °
(0.1)(2)
(1Ð0) (5 Ð - 90 ° ) 1 9. (B) vin = 32 + (14 - 10) 2 = 5
VC = = Ð - 45 ° V
5 2 Ð - 45 ° 2
vC ( t) =
1
cos (2 t - 45 ° ) V 10. (C) I1 = 744 Ð - 118 ° mA,
2
I 2 = 540 Ð100 ° mA
I = I1 + I 2 = 744 Ð - 118 ° + 540.5 Ð100 °
-j
4. (D) Z = 9 + j( 3)(5) + = 9 + j11 = 460 Ð - 164 °
(50m) (5)
i( t) = 460 cos ( 3t - 164 ° ) mA
Þ Z = 14.21Ð50.71° W
( 8 Ð0)( 4 Ð - 90 ° ) V - 20 Ð0
VC = = 2. 25 Ð140.71° V 11. (A) 2 Ð45° =
VC
+ C
14. 21Ð50.71° - j4 j5 + 10
vC ( t) = 2. 25 cos (5 t - 140.71° ) V j50 10 W
10 Ð0
+
10 Ð0
1
~ ~ 20Ð0 V
o
5. (B) Va = = V Ö2Ð45 A
o
-j4 VC
1
+
1
+
1 . + j0.4
105 –
1 - j2 4 + j 8
Va 10 Ð0
I= = = 1Ð - 84. 23 A Fig. S1.7.11
4 + j 8 1 + j10
1W 4W
Va (1 + j)( - j 4)(10 + j5) = VC (10 + j5 - j 4) + j 8
I
Þ 60 - j100 = VC (10 + j)
10Ð0 V
o
~ -j2 j8 Þ VC = 11.6 Ð - 64.7°
12. (D) X = X L + X C = 0
Fig. S1.7.5 So reactive power drawn from the source is zero.
i( t) = cos (2 t - 84.23° ) A
13. (B) Z1 Z 4 = Z 3Z 2
6. (D) w = 2 p ´ 10 ´ 10 3 = 2 p ´ 10 4 300 Z 4 = ( 300 - j 600)(200 + j100)
-j 1
Y = j(1m )(2 p ´ 10 4 ) + + Þ Z 4 = 400 - j 300
(160m )(2 p ´ 10 ) 36
4
120 Ð15 ° 20. (B) Let Vo be the voltage across current source
- 6 Ð30 °
40 + j20 Vo - 4 Vx Vo - Vx
15. (C) Vo = = 124 Ð - 154 ° + =3
1 1 1
+ + 20 j10
40 + j20 - j 30 50
Vo(20 + j10) - (20 + j 40) Vx = j 600
Vo(20) V
16. (C) 10 sin ( t + 30 ° ) = 10 cos ( t - 60 ° ) Vx = Þ Vo = x (2 + j)
20 + j10 2
10 Ð - 60 ° 20 Ð - 45 °
+ æ (2 + j)(20 + j10) ö
Vo =
j 3 Vx = ç - 20(1 + j2) ÷ = j 600
1 1 1 è 2 ø
+ +
j -j 3 j 600
Vx = = 29. 22 Ð - 166 °
-5 - j20
= 30 Ð - 150 °+20 Ð - 45 °
Vo = 315
. Ð - 112 ° V
æ j ö V - V2
j1 3W 21. (A) I1 = V3ç ÷ + 3 = j0.1V2 + j0.4 V3
è2 ø j10
Vo Vo - 3Vo
22. (A) + = 4 Ð - 30 °
Fig. S.1.7.16 2 j4
Vo(0.5 + j0.5) = 3.46 - j2 Þ Vo = 5.65 Ð - 75 °
æ jö æ jö
17. (C) 5 Ð0 ° = I1 ç j 4 + 1 + 1 - ÷ - I 2 ç 1 - ÷
è 4ø è 4ø 23. (D) I 2 = 4 Ð90 ° , I 3 = 2 Ð0 °
j4 1W 1W j4
-j3 j4
1W +
5Ð0 V
o
~ I1 I2 ~ 10Ð-30 V
o
12Ð0 V
o
~ I1 2W Vo I2 ~ 4Ð90 V
o
-j0.25 W –
2W 2W
Fig. S.1.7.17
~
Þ ( 8 + j15) I1 - ( 4 - j) I 2 = 20 Ð0 ...(i)
2Ð0o A
j j
-10 Ð - 30 ° = I 2 (1 + j 4 + 1 - ) - I1 (1 - ) Fig. P1.7.23
4 4
Þ ( 4 - j) I1 - ( 8 + j15) I 2 = 40 Ð - 30 ° ...(ii)
I1 [( 8 + j15) - ( 4 - j) ]
2 2
12 Ð0 ° = I1 ( - j 3 + 2 + 2) + 8 Ð90 °-4 Ð0 °
= (20 Ð0)( 8 + j15) - ( 40 Ð - 30 ° )( 4 - j) Þ I1 = 352
. + j0.64
I1 ( -176 + j248) = 41.43 + j 414.64 Vo = 2( 352
. + j0.64 + j 4) = 11.65 Ð52.82 ° V
Þ I1 = 103
. - j0.9 = 1.37 Ð - 4107
.
24. (D) I 2 = 3Ð0 ° A , I 4 - I 3 = 6 Ð0 ° A
( 8 + j15)(103
. - j0.9) - 20 Ð0 ° Io
18. (B) I 2 =
4-j
= -0.076 + j2.04 Þ I 2 = 2.04 Ð92.13° 15Ð90o V ~ -j4
2W I2
~ 3Ð0o A
j2
( - j2) I x = ( I1 - I x ) j 3, I1 =
Ix 1W I3 ~ 6Ð0 A
o
I4
1W
3
æ4 ö 10 Ð30 °
10 Ð30 ° = ç - 0.5 - j2 ÷I x Þ Ix = Fig. S.1.7.24
è3 ø 2.17 Ð - 67.38 °
I 3(1) + ( I 3 - I o)( - j 4) + ( I 4 + I 2 )( j2) + I 4 = 0
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
S = 39.69 + j 45 VA
4.8 W
|V |2 (220 2 ) 8W
30. (B) S = rms = = 1210 1.6Ix
~
|Z | 40
(2Ð90o)4.8 V
P 1000
cos q = = = 0.8264 or q = 34.26 °,
S 1210
Fig. S.1.7.37
Q = S sin q = 68125,
.
S = 1000 + j 68125
. VA I x = 5 Ð0 °, Va = 0.6 ´ 5 ´ 8 = 24 Ð0 °,
1
31. (C) S = Vrms I rms
*
= (21Ð20 ° )( 8.5 Ð50 ° ) Pave = ´ 24 ´ 1.6 ´ 5 = 96
2
= 61 + j167.7 VA
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Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.7
( - j10)(10 + j15) I aA
38. (A) Z TH = = 8 - j14 W 45. (D) I AB = Ð( q + 30 ° ) = 16.22 Ð1.34 ° A rms
10 + j15 - j10 3
120( - j10) V AB = I AB × Z D = (16. 22 Ð1.340 ° )(10 + j 8)
VTH = = 107.3Ð - 116.6 ° V
10 + j5 = 207.8 Ð40 ° Vrms
107.3Ð - 116.6 °
IL = = 6.7 Ð - 116.6 °
16 3600
46. (B) |S |= 3VL I L Þ IL = = 10 A rms
1 208 3
PLmax = ( 6.7) 2 ´ 8 = 180 W
2 208
ZY = Ð25 ° = 12 Ð25 ° = 10.88 + j5.07 W
10 3
( - j 40)( 80 + j100)
39. (B) Z TH = = 12.8 - j 49.6 W
80 + j 60
********
400
40. (B) Va = Ð - 30 ° = 231Ð - 30 ° V
3
Vb = 231Ð - 150 ° V, Vc = 231Ð - 270 ° V
I aA (10 + j 4)
44 (B) I = = 10 Ð20 °
(10 + j 4) + ( 4 + j 4)
a IaA
Iac Iab
Ibc IbB
c
b
icC
Fig. S.1.7.44
I aA = 15 Ð - 27.9 ° A rms
|I |
I ab = - aA Ð( q + 30 ° ) = 8.67 Ð - 122.1° A rms
3
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71
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.8
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IN THE S-DOMAIN
1. Z ( s) = ? s2 + 1 2( s 2 + 1)
(A) (B)
1F 2H s2 + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
2 s2 + 1 s2 + 1
(C) 2 (D)
s + 2s + 2 3s + 2
Z(s)
1W 1W
4. Z ( s) = ?
1W
Fig. P1.8.1
s 2 + 15 . s+1 s 2 + 3s + 1 Z(s)
W
(A) (B) 1H 1W
2
s( s + 1) s( s + 1)
2 s 2 + 3s + 2 2 s 2 + 3s + 1
(C) (D)
s( s + 1) 2 s( s + 1)
0.5 F
Fig. P1.8.4
2. Z ( s) = ? 3s 2 + 8 s + 7 s(5 s + 6)
(A) (B)
s(5 s + 6) 3s 2 + 8 s + 7
1F
3s 2 + 7 s + 6 s(5 s + 6)
Z(s) (C) (D)
1W 1H s(5 s + 6) 3s 2 + 7 s + 6
1W
s + s+1
2
2s + s + 1
2
(A) (B)
s( s + 1) s( s + 1) +
vC
s( s + 1) s( s + 1) 6V 3F
–
(C) (D) 2
2 s2 + s + 1 s + s+1
Fig. P1.8.5
3. Z ( s) = ?
3W 3W
+
1
1H
Z(s) 3s +
2W 1 2A
VC(s) 3s VC(s)
1F 6 V -
s
-
6. The s–domain equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 9. For the network shown in fig. P1.8.9 voltage ratio
P1.8.6 is transfer function G12 is
t=0
1H 1H
+ 1F 1F
2A 12 W 2H vL
+
– v1 1F 1F 1F v2
-
Fig. P1.8.6
Fig. P1.8.9
(A) (B) ( s 2 + 2) s2 + 1
(A) (B)
+ + 5 s + 5 s2 + 1
4
5 s + 5 s2 + 1
4
2s ( s 2 + 2) 2 ( s 2 + 1) 2
12 W VL 12 W 2s VL
2A (C) (D)
s 5 s4 + 5 s2 + 1 5 s4 + 5 s2 + 1
4V
- -
10. For the network shown in fig. P1.8.10, the
admittance transfer function is
(C) Both A and B (D) None of these
K ( s + 1)
Y12 =
( s + 2)( s + 4)
Statement for Q.7-8:
3
W
2
The circuit is as shown in fig. P1.8.7–8. Solve the
i1 1W i2
problem and choose correct option.
+
+
is 1W 1H io v1 2F 1W v2
2F 6
3 -
+ -
vs 1F 1F 1W vo
–
Fig. P1.8.10
The value of K is
Fig. P1.8.7–8
(A) -3 (B) 3
V ( s) 1 1
7. H1 ( s) = o =? (C) (D) -
Vs ( s) 3 3
(A) s( s3 + 2 s2 + 3s + 1) -1
11. In the circuit of fig. P1.8.11 the switch is in position
(B) ( s 3 + 3s 2 + 2 s + 1) -1
1 for a long time and thrown to position 2 at t = 0. The
(C) ( s 3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 2) -1
equation for the loop currents I1 ( s) and I 2 ( s) are
(D) s( s 3 + 3s 2 + 2 s2 + 2) -1 1F
1
I o( s)
8. H 2 ( s) = =? 2 t=0
Vs ( s) 2W
12 V i1 3H i2
-s
(A) (B) -( s 3 + 3s 2 + 2 s + 1) -1 1F
( s + 3s + 2 s + 1)
3 2
Fig. P1.8.11
-s
(C) (D) ( s 3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 2) -1
( s + 2 s + 3s + 1)
3 2
é 1 ù é12 ù
ê2 + 3s + s - 3s ú é I1 ( s) ù ê s ú
(A) ê
1 ú êI ( s) ú = ê ú
ê -3s 2+ ú ë 2 û ê0 ú
ë s û ë û
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
é 1 ù é 12 ù 3F 4F
ê2 + 3s + s - 3s ú é I1 ( s) ù ê- s ú
S1 S2
Va
(B) ê
1 ú êI ( s) ú = ê ú - + + -
ê -3s 2+ ú ë 2 û ê 0 ú 5V 1V
ë s û ë û +
10 V 2F 6V 5V
é 1 ù é 12 ù -
ê2 + 3s + s -3s ú é I1 ( s) ù ê- s ú
(C) ê =
1 ú êëI 2 ( s) úû ê ú
ê -3s 2 + 3s + ú ê 0 ú Fig. P1.8.14
ë sû ë û
(A) 9
V (B) 9e - t V
é 1 ù é12 ù t
b
16. In the circuit of Fig. P1.8.16 i(0) = 1 A, vC (0) = 8
Fig. P1.8.12 4
V and v1 = 2 e -2 ´10 t u( t). The i( t) is
50 W 1m H
-8( s + 2) -(2 s + 1) i
(A) VTH ( s) = , Z TH ( s) =
3s( s + 1) 3s
+
8( s + 2) (2 s + 1) v1 2.5 mF vC
(B) VTH ( s) = , Z TH ( s) = –
3s( s + 1) 3s
4( s + 3) (2 s + 1)
(C) VTH ( s) = , Z TH ( s) = Fig. P1.8.16
3s( s + 1) 6s
4 4 4
-4( s + 3) -(2 s + 1) (A) 1
[10 e-10 t
- 3e-2 ´10 t
- 22 e-4 ´10 t ]u( t) A
(D) VTH ( s) = , Z TH ( s) = 15
3s( s + 1) 6s 4 4 4
(B) 1
15
[ -10 e -10 t
+ 3e -2 ´10 t
+ 22 e -4 ´10 t ]u( t) A
4 4 4
13. In the circuit of fig. P1.8.13 just before the closing of (C) 13 [10 e-10 t
+ 3e-2 ´10 t
+ 22 e-4 ´10 t ]u( t) A
switch at t = 0, the initial conditions are known to be 4 4 4
(D) 13 [ -10 e -10 t
+ 3e -2 ´10 t
- 22 e -4 ´10 t ]u( t) A
- -
vC1 (0 ) = 1 V, vC2 (0 ) = 0. The voltage vC1 ( t) is
17. In the circuit shown in Fig. P1.8.18 v(0 - ) = 8 V and
+
t=0 iin ( t) = 4d( t). The vC ( t) for t ³ 0 is
+
vC1 1F 1F vC2
- -
+
iin 50 W 20 mF vC
–
Fig. P1.8.13
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Circuit Analysis in the s-Domain GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.8
18. The driving point impedance Z ( s) of a network has The steady state voltage across capacitor is
the pole zero location as shown in Fig. P1.8.18. If (A) 6 V (B) 0 V
Z(0) = 3, the Z ( s) is (C) ¥ (D) 2 V
jw
1
23. The transformed voltage across the 60 mF
capacitor is given by
s
-1
-3 20 s + 6
VC ( s) =
-1 (10 s + 3)( s + 4)
Fig. P1.8.19–21
+ +
I o( s)
19. =? 2W v1 Amplifier v
I in ( s) gain=K 2
- -
( s + 1)
(A) (B) 2 s( s + 1) -1
2s
Fig.P1.8.25
(C) ( s + 1) s -1 (D) s( s + 1) -1
(A) K £ 3 (B) K ³ 3
20. If iin ( t) = 4d( t) then io( t) will be 1 1
(C) K £ (D) K ³
(A) 4d( t) - e- t u( t) A 3 3
(B) 4 d( t) - 4 e- t u( t) A
26. The network shown in fig. P1.8.26 is stable if
(C) 4 e - t u( t) - 4 d( t) A
1W 2F
(D) e - t u( t) - d( t) A
+
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
27. A circuit has a transfer function with a pole s = - 4 31. The current ratio transfer function
Io
is
and a zero which may be adjusted in position as s = - a Is
The response of this system to a step input has a term s( s + 4) s( s + 4)
(A) (B)
of form Ke -4 t . The K will be (H= scale factor) s + 3s + 4
2
( s + 1)( s + 3)
æ aö æ aö s 2 + 3s + 4 ( s + 1)( s + 3)
(A) H ç 1 - ÷ (B) H ç 1 + ÷ (C) (D)
è 4ø è 4ø s( s + 4) s( s + 4)
æ aö æ aö
(C) H ç 4 - ÷ (D) H ç 4 + ÷ 32. The response is
è 4ø è 4ø
(A) Over damped (B) Under damped
28. A circuit has input vin ( t) = cos 2 t u( t) V and output (C) Critically damped (D) can’t be determined
(C) 4 e -2 t u( t) (D) -4 e -2 t u( t)
Fig. P1.8.31-33
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Circuit Analysis in the s-Domain GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.8
s( s + 4)
39. The network function represents
( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3) (A) (B)
an
(A) RC impedance (B) RL impedance
1F
1H
(C) LC impedance (D) None of these
1W 1F 1W 1H
3 8 3 8
3W
s( 3s + 8) 3W
40. The network function represents an
( s + 1)( s + 3)
( s + 1)( s + 4) ************
41. The network function is a
s( s + 2)( s + 5)
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
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Circuit Analysis in the s-Domain GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.8
Io s+4 s( s + 4) 39. (D) Poles and zero does not interlace on negative
31. (B) = =
Is s + 4 + 3 ( s + 1)( s + 3) real axis so it is not a immittance function.
s
40. (C) The singularity nearest to origin is a zero. So it
32. (A) The characteristic equation is ( s + 1) ( s + 3) = 0.
may be RL impedance or RC admittance function.
Being real and unequal root, it is overdamped response. Because of (D) option it is required to check that it is a
valid RC admittance function. The poles and zeros
2
33. (C) is = 2 u( t) Þ I s ( s) = interlace along the negative real axis. The residues of
s
YRC ( s)
2( s + 4) 3 1 are real and positive.
I o ( s) = = - s
( s + 1)( s + 3) s+1 s+ 3
io = ( 3e- t - e-3t ) u( t) A 41. (B) The singularity nearest to origin is a pole. So it
may be RC impedance or RL admittance function.
V ( s) 2 1
34. (B) o = = 2
+ 2s + 2 s + s + 2
Vs ( s) 4 s 2 + 7 s + 6 ( s + 1)( s + 6)
s 42. (A) =
s+2 ( s + 2)
The roots are imaginary so network is underdamped.
The singularity nearest to origin is at zero. So it may be
RC admittance or RL impedance function.
35. (C) The characteristic equation is
s( s 2 + 8 s + 16) = 0, ( s + 4) 2 = 0, s = -4, - 4 43. (D)
Being real and repeated root, it is critically damped. (A) pole lie on positive real axis
(B) poles and zero does not interlace on axis.
1
36. (B) vo = e -2 t u( t) Þ Vo( s) = H ( s) Vs ( s) = (C) poles and zero does not interlace on axis.
s+2
(D) is a valid immittance function.
2 dvs
v¢s = vs + Þ Vs¢( s) = (1 + 2 s) Vs ( s)
dt
s 2 + 8 s + 15 ( s + 3) ( s + 5)
Vo¢( s) = H ( s) Vs¢( s) = (1 + 2 s) Vs ( s) H ( s) 44. (A) =
s 2 + 6 s + 8 ( s + 2) ( s + 4)
1 + 2s 3
Vo¢( s) = =2 - Þ v¢o = 2 d( s) - 3e -2 t u( t) The singularity nearest to origin is a pole. So it may be
s+2 s+2
a RL admittance or RC impedance function.
37. (C) It is a second order circuit. In steady state
45. (A) The singularity nearest to origin is a pole. So
10
i= =2 A , v =2 ´ 1 =2 V this is RC impedance function.
4+1
8 1 8 13
10 5( s + 2) Z ( s) = 3 + + =3+ +
I ( s) = = s s+3 s 1+ s
2s + 4 +
1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1
3
1
1+ s
2 **************
10
1
1+ s
2 10
V ( s) = =
(2 s + 4) +
1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1
1
1+ s
2
V ( s) 2
= , It has one pole at s = -2
I ( s) s + 2
s 2 + 10 s + 24 ( s + 4)( s + 6)
38. (D) =
s 2 + 8 s + 15 ( s + 3)( s + 5)
The singularity near to origin is pole. So it may be RC
impedance or RL admittance function.
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.9
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS
i2 = 0. . e -2 t V
(C) 15 . e -2 t V
(D) -15
i1 i2
i1 i2
- - 2H
+ +
Fig. P1.9.1-2
v1 2H 3H v2
1. v1 = ?
- -
(A) -16 cos 2 t V (B) 16 cos 2 t V
(C) 4 cos 2 t V (D) -4 cos 2 t V Fig. P1.9.5-6
i1 i2 (D) v1 = -15
. sin 4 t V, v2 = -sin 4 t V
+ 3H +
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Magnetically Coupled Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.9
+ 1H + 1.4 H
v1 2H 2H v2
Fig. P1.9.12
-
(A) 4 H (B) 6 H
-
(C) 7 H (D) 0 H
Fig. P1.9.7-8
7. v1 = ? 13. Leq = ?
(A) 6( -2 cos t + 3 sin t) V (B) 6( 2 cos t + 3 sin t) V
4H
(C) -6(2 cos t + 3 sin t) V (D) 6(2 cos t - 3 sin t) V Leq
2H
8. v2 = ? 2H
(A) 3( 8 cos 3t - 3 sin t) V (B) 6(2 cos t + 3 sin t) V
(C) 3( 8 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) V (D) 6(2 cos t - 3 sin t) V Fig. P1.9.13
and i2 = 3 cos 3t A
i1 i2
14. Leq = ?
4H
+ 3H +
Leq 4H 6H
v1 3H 4H v2
- -
Fig. P1.9.14
Fig. P1.9.9-10
9. v1 =? (A) 8 H (B) 6 H
(A) 9(5 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) V (B) 9(5 cos 3t - 3 sin 3t) V (C) 4 H (D) 2 H
(C) 9( 4 cos 3t + 5 sin 3t) V (D) 9(5 cos 3t - 3 sin 3t) V
15. Leq = ?
2H
10. v2 = ?
(A) 9( -4 sin 3t + 5 cos 3t) V (B) 9( 4 sin 3t - 5 cos 3t) V Leq
4H 2H
(C) 9( -4 sin 3t - 5 cos 3t) V (D) 9( 4 sin 3t + 5 cos 3t) V
3H 3H 2H
Leq
5H 3H
Fig. P1.9.21
41 49
(A) H (B) H
5 5
Fig. P1.9.18
51 39
(A) 1 H (B) 2 H (C) H (D) H
5 5
(C) 3 H (D) 4 H
Statement for Q.22-24:
19. In the network of fig. P1.9.19 following terminal are
Consider the circuit shown in fig. P1.9.22–24.
connected together A
(i) none (ii) A to B
B
(iii) B to C (iv) A to C 4H
3H 15t A 6H
2H 6t A
a A 20 H C
2H 5H
4H
3H B D
5H Fig. P1.9.22–24
1H
b C
22. The voltage V AG of terminal AD is
Fig. P1.9.19
(A) 60 V (B) -60 V
(C) 180 V (D) 240 V
The correct match for equivalent induction seen at
terminal a - b is 23. The voltage vBG of terminal BD is
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (A) 45 V (B) 33 V
(A) 1 H 0.875 H 0.6 H 0.75 H (C) 69 V (D) 105 V
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
33. In the circuit of fig. P1.9.33 the w = 2 rad s. The 37. In the circuit of fig. P1.9.37 the maximum power
resonance occurs when C is delivered to RL is
C 10 W
2H
1 : 4
~
Zin 2H 2H 4W 100 Vrms RL
5 : 1
0.12 H 0.27 H + + +
vin
~ 2F vout
-
50 Vrms
~ -0.04V2 V1 8W V2
C - -
35. In the circuit of fig. P1.9.35 at w = 333.33 rad s, the 39. In the circuit of fig. P1.9.39 the ideal source supplies
voltage gain vout vin is zero. The value of C is 1000 W, half of which is delivered to the 100 W load. The
C value of a and b are
20 W 40 W 4W 25 W
k=0.5 1 : a 1 : b
+
vin
~ 0.12 H 0.27 H 20 W vout 100 Vrms
~ 100 W
20 W 20Ix
Ix Fig. P1.9.40
b
Fig. P1.9.36 (A) 1.65 A rms (B) 0.18 A rms
(A) 6 V, 10 W (B) 6 V, 4 W
(C) 0.66 A rms (D) 5.90 A rms
(C) 0 V, 4 W (D) 0 V, 10 W
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Magnetically Coupled Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.9
41. V2 = ?
50 W SOLUTIONS
40 W di1 di di
1. (B) v1 = 2 + 1 2 = 2 1 = 16 cos 2 t V
5 : 2
dt dt dt
+
80 Vrms
~ 10 W V2
2. (C) v2 = (1)
di2 di di
+ (1) 1 = 1 = 8 cos 2 t V
- dt dt dt
di1 di di
6. (D) v1 = 2 - 2 2 = - 2 2 = - 24 cos 3t V
Fig. P1.9.42 dt dt dt
di di di
(A) 3 W (B) 6 W v2 = 3 2 + 2 1 = -3 2 = -36 cos 3t V
dt dt dt
(C) 9 W (D) 12 W
di1 di
7. (A) v1 = 2 +1 2
43. I x = ? dt dt
8W 10 W
= -18 sin t + 12 cos t = 6 (2 cos t - 3 sin t) V
2 : 1
di2 di
8. (A) v2 = 2 +1 1
dt dt
100Ð0 V
o
~ -j4
j6
= 24 cos 3t - 9 sin 3t = 3 ( 8 cos 3t - 3 sin 3t) V
Ix
di1 di
Fig. P1.9.43 9. (A) v1 = 3 -3 2
dt dt
(A) 1921
. Ð57.4 ° A (B) 2.931Ð59.4 ° A = 45 cos 3t + 27 sin 3t = 9 (5 cos 3t + 3 sin 3t) V
(C) 1.68 Ð43.6 ° A . Ð43.6 ° A
(D) 179
di2 di
10. (D) v2 = -4 +3 1
44. Z in = ? dt dt
= 36 sin 3t + 45 cos 3t = 9 ( 4 sin 3t + 5 cos 3t) V
j16 6W 24 W 6W
1 : 5 4 : 1 1 1
11. (A) W = L1 i12 + L2 i22 + Mi1 i2
Zin 2 2
-j10
At t = 0, i1 = 4 cos ( -20 ° ) = 4.7 mA
i2 = 20 cos ( -20 ° ) = 18.8 mA ,
Fig. P1.9.44 M = 0.6 2.5 ´ 0.4 = 0.6
1 1
W = (2.5)( 4.7) 2 + (0.4)(18.8) 2 + 0.6( 4.7)(18.8)
(A) 46.3 + j 6.8 W (B) 432.1 + j0.96 W 2 2
(C) 10.8 + j9.6 W (D) 615.4 + j0.38 W = 151.3 mJ
L1 L2 - M 2 8 -4 d( 6 t)
15. (A) Leq = = = 0.4 H 24. (C) vCG = -6 = -36 V
L1 + L2 + 2 M 6 + 4 dt
21. (B) Let I1 be the current through 4 H inductor and 29. (A)
-j 2W 2W
I 2 and I 3 be the current through 3 H, and 2 H inductor
- Vx +
respectively
I1 = I 2 + I 3 , V2 = V3 3Ð-90o A ~ I1 j4 j4 I2 ~ 12Ð30 V
o
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Page
88
Magnetically Coupled Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.9
20 W 40 W
30. (D)
0.03 H 0.18 H
j10 j8 j10 +
Vin
~ 0.09 H j30
2F Vout
-
j18 j20 j10
-j3
1000C
V1 ~ I1 j4 j4 I2 4W 1V 20 W 20Ix
Ix
jI1
V1 = - + j 4 I1 + j2 2 I 2
2C 1
Vab = 1 V, I x = = 0.05 A, V2 = 4 V ,
0 = ( 4 + 4 j) I 2 + j2 2 I1 20
4 = 60 I 2 + 20 ´ 0.05 Þ I 2 = 0.05 A
- j 2 I1
Þ I2 = I in = I x + I1 = I x + 4 I 2 = 0.25 A
2 (1 + j)
1
V1 - j 2 - j + j 8 C + 2 C - j2 C RTH = =4W , VTH = 0
= + j4 + = I in
I1 2 C 1+ j 2C
- j + j8C + 2C - j 2C
Z in = 37. (A) Impedance seen by RL = 10 ´ 4 2 = 160 W
2C
For maximum power RL = 160 W, Z o = 10 W
Im ( Z in ) = 0 Þ - j + j 8 C - j2 C = 0
2
1 æ 100 ö
Þ C= PLmax = ç ÷ ´ 10 = 250 W
6 è 10 + 10 ø
3j V2 I V
34. (A) j 30 - = 0, C = 100 mF 38. (B) I 2 = , I1 = 2 = 2 , V1 = 5 V2
1000 C 8 5 40
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89
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.10
TWO PORT NETWORK
1. [ z ] = ? 4. [ T ] = ?
é 1 3ù é1 3ù é17 ù é 17 ù
- 8ú
ê- - 8ú
2ú ê 2ú (A) ê 3 (B) ê 3
(A) ê 2 ú (B) ê 2 ú ê ú ê ú
ê- 17 1ú ê17 1ú ë2 3 û ë-2 3û
ë 6 2û ë6 2û é 17 ù é17 ù
- - 8ú - 8ú
(C) ê 3 (D) ê 3
ê ú ê ú
é 17 1ù é17 1ù ë 2 - 3û ë 2 - 3û
ê- -
2ú ê 2ú
(C) ê 6 ú (D) ê 6 ú
ê-1 3ú ê1 3ú 5. [ z ] = ?
I1 2W 2W
ë 6 2û ë6 2û I2
+ +
V1 1W 2W 3W
2. [ y ] = ? V2
é3 1ù é 3 1ù
ê8 - - -
(A) ê 8ú ê
(B) ê 8 8ú
ú ú Fig. P.1.10.5
ê 1 17 ú ê- 1 17 ú
ë8 24 û ë 8 24 û é 21 1 ù é 7 1ù
ê 16 8 ú ê 9 6ú
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú
ê 1 7 ú ê 1 7ú
é17 1ù é 17 1ù ë 8 12 û ë 6 4û
ê - ú
(C) ê 6 2ú ê
(D) ê 6 2 é 21 1ù é 7 1ù
ú ú -
ê1 3ú ê- 1 3ú ê 8ú ê 3ú
ë2 2û ë 8 2û (C) ê 16 ú (D) ê 9
ú
ê- 1 7 ú ê 1 7ú
ë 8 12 û ë 3 4û
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91
UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
6. [ y ] = ? 11. [ y ] = ?
I1 1W 2W 3W I2 I1 1W I2
+ + + +
V1 2W 1W V2 V1 2W 1W I1 V2
- - - -
I 2 = - 2 I1 + 0.4 V2
V1 1W 2W V2
7. [ z ] = ? - -
é 11 -5 ù é 11 5 ù Fig. P.1.10.12
(A) ê (B) ê
ë-5 2.5 úû ú
ë 5 2.5 û é 4 2ù é 1 1ù
ê - ú
(A) ê 3 3ú ê
(B) ê 2 2
é1 -2ù é 1 2ù ú ú
(C) ê (D) ê ê- 2 2ú ê 1
1ú
ë5 0.4 úû ë-2 0.4 úû ë 3 3û ë 2 û
é 2 2ù é 1 ù
8. [ y ] = ? ê- 3ú ê 1ú
(C) ê 3 ú (D) ê 2
ú
é11 5 ù é 1 -2 ù ê 4 2ú ê 1 1
(A) ê ú (B) ê - ú
ë 5 2.5 û ë-2 4.4 úû ë 3 3û ë 2 2û
Fig. P.1.10.13
é 1 2ù é 11 5ù
(C) ê (D) ê é 7 1ù é 7 1ù
ë-2 0.4 úû ë 5 2.5 úû ê - ú ê -
(A) ê 4 4 (B) ê 4 4ú
ú ú
ê 1 5ú ê 3 5ú
10. [ T ] = ? ë 2 4û ë 4 4û
é 2. 2 0.5 ù é 2. 2 - 0.5 ù é 10 2 ù é 6 14 ù
(A) ê (B) ê ê
ë 0. 2 0.5 úû ú
ë 0. 2 - 0.5 û (C) ê 19 19 ú ê
(D) ê 19 19 ú
ú ú
ê 6 14 ú ê 10 2 ú
é 1 2ù é 1 -2 ù ë 19 19 û ë 19 19 û
(C) ê (D) ê
ë-2 0.4 úû ú
ë-2 - 0.4 û
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Two Port Networks GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.10
14. [ z ] = ? 17. [ z ] = ?
4V3
I1
I1 2W 2W I2
+ +
I1 I2
+ + V1 2W 2W V2
2W 1W
2I2 +
V1 1W V3 - -
V2
-
Fig. P.1.10.17
- -
é3 2ù é 1ù
Fig. P.1.10.14 6
(A) ê 1ú (B) ê 7ú
é2 3ù é-3 - 2ù ê6 ú ê ú
(A) ê (B) ê
3úû 3úû ë3
ë 7û 2û
ë3 ë 3
é 7 ù é 1 ù
é3 3ù é 3 3ù ê 1ú ê 3ú
(C) ê (D) ê 4 2
ë3 2 úû ë-3 - 2 úû (C) ê
1
ú (D) ê
7
ú
ê 3ú ê 1ú
ë 2 û ë 4 û
15. [ z ] = ?
I1 2W
2V1
I2
18. [ T ] = ?
1V
+ + 5 1
I1 4W I2
3V 2W + +
V1 2W 2 2 3 V2
1V
- - V1 10 2 4W V2
Fig. P.1.1.15 - -
é2 2ù é 3ù Fig. P.1.10.18
-2
(A) ê 3 ú (B) ê 2ú
ê 2ú ê ú é 0.35 - 1 ù é 2 - 3.33ù
ë2 û ë 2 -2 û (A) ê (B) ê
ú - 1 úû
ë 2 - 3.33û ë 0.35
é 3ù é 2 -2 ù é 2 3.33ù é 0.35 1 ù
2
(C) ê 2ú (D) ê 3 ú (C) ê
1 úû
(D) ê
3.33úû
ê ú ê- 2ú ë0.35 ë 2
ë2 2û ë 2 û
19. [ h] = ?
16. [ y ] = ? V2
I1 2W I2
I1 2W 1W I2
+ +
+ +
3W 1 4W
V1 2 I2 V2
V1 V2
- -
V2
- - Fig. P.1.10.19
é 3ù é 1ù
ê-2
Fig. P.1.10.16
ê 4 2ú 2ú
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú
é-1 1ù é 1 - 1ù 1ú 3ú
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú ê-2 ê 4
ë-1 - 2 û ë 1 - 2û ë 2û ë 2û
é 2 1ù é 2 1ù é 3ù é 1ù
ê- 3 ê- 3 - 3 ú ê 4 - 2ú ê2 2ú
(C) ê 3ú (D) ê (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ú ú 1ú 3
ê- 1 - 1 ú ê 1 - 1ú ê2 ê4 - ú
ë 3 3û ë 3 3û ë 2û ë 2û
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Two Port Networks GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.10
éZ + Z ab Z ab ù éZ - Z ab Z ab ù The value of
Vo
is
(A) ê a (B) ê a
ë Z ab Z b + Z ab úû ë Z ab Z b - Z ab úû Vs
3 1
éZ + Z ab - Z ab ù éZ - Z a Z ab ù (A) (B)
(C) ê a (D) ê ab
Z b + Z ab úû - Z b úû
32 16
ë - Z ab ë Z ab Z ab
2 1
(C) (D)
33 17
27. [ y ] = ?
Yab 30. The T-parameters of a 2-port network are
é2 1ù
[T ] = ê .
1 úû
Ya Yb
ë1
2W
1W
1W 2
[ y] = 5 3
1 2
Fig. P.1.10.31
é 19 -9 ù é 19 -7 ù
Fig. P.1.10.28 ê 10 ú ê 10 ú
(A) ê 10 ú (B) ê 10 ú
é6 4ù é6 2ù ê- 9 31 ú ê- 7 31 ú
(A) ê S (B) ê S ë 10 10 û ë 10 10 û
ë2 3 úû ë0 3 úû
é 19 9 ù é 19 7 ù
é5 4ù é4 4ù ê 10 10 ú ê 10 10 ú
(C) ê S (D) ê S
2 úû 1 úû
(C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë2 ë2 ê 9 31 ú ê 7 31 ú
ë 10 10 û ë 10 10 û
é2 0 ù
29. For the 2-port of fig. P.1.10.29, [ ya ] = ê ú mS
ë0 10 û 32. [ y ] = ?
I1(s) 2F I2(s)
60 W
+ +
[ ya]
+ 1W 2F 2V1(s) 1W
V1(s) 3 4 2F V2(s)
Vs Vo 300 W
-
100 W - -
Fig. P.1.10.32
Fig. P.1.10.29
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
2W
33. h21 = ? V1 V2
I1 R R I2
aI1
+ + - -
V1 R V2 Fig. P.1.10.37
- - (A) 2 (B) -2
(C) 1 (D) -1
Fig. P.1.10.33
3 1
(A) - (B) 38. Z in = ?
2 2
Zin
1 3
(C) - (D)
2 2 1 kW I1 I2
+ +
[ y] = 4 -0.1 mS
34. In the circuit shown in fig. P.1.10.34, when the Vs V1 50 1
V2 1 kW
25 W
Fig. P.1.10.34 + +
100 V V1 [ y] = 10 -5 mS V2 100 W
50 20
(A) 0.1 A (B) 1 A
- -
(C) 10 A (D) 100 A
Fig. P.1.10.39
35. For a 2-port symmetrical bilateral network, if
(A) -68.6 V, 114.3 V (B) 68.6 V, - 114.3 V
transmission parameters A = 3 and B = 1 W, the value of
(C) 114.3 V, - 68.6 V (D) -114.3 V, 68.6 V
parameter C is
(A) 3 (B) 8 S 40. A 2-port network is driven by a source Vs = 100 V in
(C) 8 W (D) 9 series with 5 W, and terminated in a 25 W resistor. The
impedance parameters are
36. A 2-port resistive network satisfy the condition
é 20 2ù
3 4 [z ] = ê W
A = D = B = C. The z11 of the network is ë 40 10 úû
2 3
4 3 The Thevenin equivalent circuit presented to the
(A) (B)
3 4 25 W resistor is
2 3 (A) 80 V, 2.8 W (B) 160 V, 6.8 W
(C) (D)
3 2
(C) 100 V, 2.4 W (D) 120 V, 6.4 W
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Two Port Networks GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.10
é 7 ù Z ¢R = n2 4 = 36
ê 1ú
[z ] = ê 4 Z’R
ú I1=0 I2
ê 1
3ú +
ë 2 û 1 : 3
+ +
V1 4W V’2 V’1 9W V2
18. (D) Let I 3 be the clockwise loop current in center - -
loop -
V2
I1 = + I 3, V2 = 4( I 2 + I 3) Þ I 3 = 0.25 V2 - I 2 Fig. S1.10.23b
10
V2
Þ I1 = 0.35 V2 - I 2 ...(i) V2 = ( 36 || 9) I 2 = 7.2 I 2 Þ z 22 = = 7.2,
I2
V1 = 4 I1 - 0.2 V1 + V2
z12 = z 21 = 2.4
. V1 = 4(0.35 V2 - I 2 ) + V2 = 2.4 V2 - 4 I 2
12
Þ V1 = 2 V2 - 3.33I 2 ...(ii) 24. (C) V1 = 3sI1 + 3sI1 - 3sI1 + 3sI1 + 2 sI 2
æ I ö 1 Þ V1 = 6 sI1 + 2 sI 2 ...(i)
19. (A) V2 = 4ç I 2 + I1 - 2 ÷Þ I 2 = -2 I1 + V2 ...(ii)
è 2 ø 2 V2 = 3sI 2 + 2 sI1 Þ V2 = 2 sI1 + 3sI 2 ...(ii)
I ( V - V2 ) - V2 V V
I1 = 2 + 1 = -I1 + 2 + 1 - V2 V2
2 2 4 2 25. (C) V1 = + 0( -I 2 ), I1 = (0) V2 + 5( -I 2 )
5
3
Þ V1 = 4 I1 + V2 ...(i)
2
26. (A) V1 = ( Z a + Z ab ) I1 + Z ab I 2 ...(i)
V1 V1 - V2 3 3 V2 = ( Z a + Z ab ) I 2 + Z ab I1 = Z ab I1 + ( Z a + Z ab ) I 2 ....(ii)
20. (B) I1 = -V2 + + = V1 - V2 ...(i)
1 2 2 2
V V - V1 3 3 27. (A) I1 = ( V1 - V2 ) Yab + V1 Ya
I 2 = 2 V1 + 2 + 2 = V1 + V2 ...(ii)
1 2 2 2
Þ I1 = V1 ( Ya + Yab ) - V2 Yab ...(i)
I 2 = ( V2 - V1 ) Yab + V2 Yb = -V1 Yab + V2 ( Yb + Yab ) ...(ii)
21. (D) I1 = 2 V1 + jV1 + j( V1 - V2 )
Þ I1 = (2 + j2) V1 - jV2 ...(i) 28. (B) y-parameter of 1 W resistor network are
V2
I2 = + V1 + j( V2 - V1 ) = (1 - j) V1 + (1 + j) V2 ...(ii) é 1 - 1ù
1 ê-1
ë 1úû
I1 æ1 ö é5 3ù é 1 - 1 ù é6 2ù
22. (B) V1 = + sI1 + sI 2 = ç + s ÷I1 + sI 2 ...(i) New y-parameter = ê + = ê .
s ès ø ë1 2 úû êë-1 1úû ë0 3 úû
5 1 I ¢2
3V1 - 5 I1 = I 2 Þ V1 = I1 + I 2 ...(i) Interchanging the port = 0.1, I 2¢ = 100 ´ 0.1 = 10
3 3 V1¢
1 2
V2 = I1 + I 2 ...(ii)
3 3 35. (B) For symmetrical network A = D = 3
For bilateral AD - BC = 1, 9 - C = 1, C=8 S
31. (B)
2W 1W 2W
A 4
36. (A) z11 = =
1W C 3
1W 1W 2
I2 I1 R I 1
33. (C) h21 = , -I 2 = , 2 =- 42. (B) I 2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 , I 2 = -V2 YL
I1 V2 = 0
R + R I1 2
V2 - y21
I1 R R I2 y21 V1 + ( y22 + YL ) V2 = 0 , =
V1 ( y22 + yL )
+
V1 R 43. (A) V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2 , V2 = -Z L I 2
æ V ö
- V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 çç - 2 ÷÷
è ZL ø
Fig. S.1.10.33
V2 z Z
I2 1 V2 ( Z L + z 22 ) = z 21 Z L I1 , = 21 L
34. (C) = y21 = = 0.1 I1 z 22 + Z L
V1 V2 = 0
10
**********
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100
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
1.11
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
A parallel resonant circuit has a resistance of 2 kW mH. The quality factor at resonance is
and half power frequencies of 86 kHz and 90 kHz. (A) 100 (B) 90.86
(C) 70.7 (D) None of the above
1. The value of capacitor is
8. A series resonant circuit has an inductor L = 10 mH.
(A) 6 mF (B) 20 nF
(C) 2 nF (D) 60 mF The resonant frequency wo = 106 rad s and bandwidth is
BW = 10 3 rad/s. The value of R and C will be
2. The value of inductor is (A) 100 mF, 10 W (B) 100 pF, 10 W
(A) 4.3 mH (B) 43 mH (C) 100 pF, 10 MW (D) 100 mF, 10 MW
(C) 0.16 mH (D) 1.6 mH
9. A series resonant circuit has L = 1 mH and C = 10 mF.
3. The quality factor is The required R for the BW 15.9 Hz is
(A) 22 (B) 100 (A) 0.1 W (B) 0.2 W
(C) 48 (D) 200 (C) 15.9 mW (D) 500 W
Statement for Q.4-5: 10. For the RLC parallel resonant circuit when
A parallel resonant circuit has a midband R = 8 kW, L = 40 mH and C = 0. 25 mF, the quality factor
admittance of 25 ´ 10 -3
S, quality factor of 80 and a Q is
resonant frequency of 200 krad s. (A) 40 (B) 20
(C) 30 (D) 10
4. The value of R is
(A) 40 W (B) 56.57 W 11. The maximum voltage across capacitor would be
(C) 80 W (D) 28. 28 W 0.105v1
5. The value of C is + v1 –
Zin
50 nF
v1 vs ~ 0.5 F 10 W vO
2
–
Fig. P1.11.16
Fig. P1.11.12
(A) 346 kHz (B) 55 kHz (A) (5 + j20 w) -1 (B) (5 + j 4 w) -1
(C) 196 kHz (D) 286 kHz (C) (5 + j 30 w) -1 (D) 5(1 + j 6 w) -1
13. For the circuit shown in fig. P1.11.13 the resonant 17. The value of input frequency is required to cause a
frequency fo is gain equal to 1.5. The value is
2 kW
10 mH
+
600 pF 22 kW vs
~ 60 mF vO
–
1.8 W
Fig. P1.11.17
Fig. P1.11.13
(A) 20 rad s (B) 20 Hz
(A) 12.9 kHz (B) 12.9 MHz (C) 10 rad s (D) No such value exists.
(C) 2.05 MHz (D) 2.05 kHz
18. In the circuit of fig. P1.11.18 phase shift equal to
14. The network function of circuit shown in
-45 ° is required at frequency w = 20 rad s . The value of
fig.P1.11.14 is
R is
V 4
H ( w) = o = 10 W
V1 1 + j0.01w
2 kW 15 kW
+
+
Vs
~ 1 mF vO
–
+
vi
~ C vC
–
AvC
–
vo
Fig. P1.11.18
~
+
vi 4H 3ia 0.25 F vO vs
~ 30 W vO
–
–
Fig. P1.11.15
Fig. P1.11.19
0.6 0.6
(A) (B)
jw(1 + j0. 2 w) jw(5 + jw) (A) 20 rad s (B) 20 Hz
3 3
(C) (D) (C) 40 rad s (D) 40 Hz
jw(1 + jw) jw(20 + j 4 w)
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UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
wo = Þ L= 2 C
/de
wo
c.
LC
dB
e
/d
dB
40
1
20
(B)
(A) wo 176 pk
3. (A) Q = = = 22
0 dB 5.56 16.7 0 dB 5.56 16.7 B 8 pk
log w log w
.
ec
c.
/d
/de
1
B
-2
R
-40
1
R= = 40 W
25 ´ 10 -3
(C) (D)
5. (C) Q = wo RC
Q 80
Þ C= = = 10 mF
wo R 200 ´ 10 3 ´ 40
*************** C 10 -6
6. (B) Qo = R Þ 200 = 10 3
L L
Þ L = 25 mH
C 50 ´ 10 -6
7. (C) Qo = R = 10 3 = 70.7
L 10 ´ 10 -3
1
8. (B) wo =
LC
1
Þ C= -3
= 100 pF
10 ´ 10 ´ (106 ) 2
R
BW = Þ R = 10 ´ 10 -3 ´ 10 3 = 10
L
R
9. (A) BW =
L
R
Þ = 15.9 ´ 2 p = 0.1 W
1 ´ 10 -3
C
10. (B) Q = R
L
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Frequency Response GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 1.11
0. 25 ´ 10 -6 Vi 3I a
= 8 ´ 10 3 = 20 15. (A) I a = , Vo =
40 ´ 10 -3 20 + j 4w 0. 25 jw
Vo 3 0.6
= =
11. (A) Thevenin equivalent seen by L-C combination V1 jw(5 + jw) jw(1 + j0.2 w)
æ v - 0.105 v1 ö
3 = v1 + 10ç 1 ÷ Þ v1 = 100 10
è 125 ø
jw(0.51) 10
1100 16. (A) Z1 = =
I sc = = 0.8 V
+ 10 1 + j 3w
1
125
jw0.5
Open Circuit : v1 = 0, voc = 3 V
10
3 1 1 + j5 w
RTH = = 375
. W, wo = = 1000 Vo
=
Z1
=
0.8 LC Vi 40 + Z1 10
+ 40
w L 1000 ´ 4 1 + j5 w
Qo = o = = 1066.67
R 375
. 10
= = (5 + j20 w) -1
|vC|max = Qo vTH = 1066.67 ´ 3 = 3200 V 50 + j200 w
Vo 1
12. (B) Applying 1 A at input port V1 = 10 V 17. (D) H ( w) = =
Vi 1 + jwRC
voltage across 1 A source
1
-3 j gain =
Vtest = 10 + jw10 - (5 + 1) (1 + w2 RC)
w50 ´ 10 -9
For any value of w, R, C gain £ 1.
Z in = Vtest
Thus (D) is correct option.
At resonance Im { Z in } = 0
6
Þ wo 10 -3 = Þ wo = 346 kHz 18. (D) H ( w) =
Vo
=
1
wo 50 ´ 10 -9 Vs 1 + jwCR
fo = 55 kHz phase shift = - tan -1 wCR = - 450 °
1 1 wCR = 1,
13. (C) Y = jw600 ´ 10 -12 + +
2 ´ 10 3 1.8 + jw10 -5 20 ´ 1 ´ 10 -6 R = 1 Þ R = 50 kW.
1.8 - jw10 -5
= jw6 ´ 10 -10 + 45.45 + Vo R
3. 24 + w2 10 -50 19. (A) H ( w) = =
Vs 1 + jwL
At resonance Im { Y } = 0
R 30
gain = =
wo 6 ´ 10 -10 ( 324
. + w2o 10 -10 ) - wo 10 -5 = 0 R +w L
2 2 2
900 + 4 w2 + 0.6
2
-10
3. 24 + w 102
o = 16.67 ´ 10 wo = 12.9 Mrad s
3
50 2 - 30 2
w w= = 20 rad s
fo = o = 2.05 MHz 2
2p
Vo 1 1
Vi 20. (A) H ( w) = = =
Vs 1 + jwCR 1 + j
jCw Vi
14. (C) VC = =
2 ´ 10 3 +
1 1 + j2 ´ 10 3 Cw Phase shift = - tan -1 wCR = - 45 °
jCw 1 1
gain = = = 0.707
(15 k) 2 AVc 2 AVi | j + 1| 2
Vo = AVc = =
16 k + 30 k 3 3(1 + j2 ´ 10 3 Cw)
2A 21. (B) BW= w2 - w1 = 2 p( 456 - 434) = 44 p
Vo 3
Þ = wo = 2 pfo = QBW = 20 ´ 44 p
Vi 1 + j2 p ´ 10 3 Cw
fo = 440 Hz
2A
=4 Þ A = 6, 2 ´ 10 3 C = 0.01
3 1
22. (C) fo =
Þ C = 5 mF 2 p LC
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105
UNIT 1 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Networks
1 1
= = 541 kHz Þ R= = 106
. kW
2 p 360 ´ 10 -12
´ 240 ´ 10 -6 2 p ´ 15 ´ 10 ´ 10 -6
1
fo = = 1.45 MHz 1
2 p 50 ´ 10 -12
´ 240 ´ 10 -6 30. (B) 20 log H = 20 log = -40 log w
w2
1 1 R2 1 jw
23. (B) fo = - 2 2+ 1+
2p LC L Vo jw30 ´ 10 -3 16 .67
31. (D) = =
10 7 Vs 6 + 1 jw
R
=
400
= 1+
L 240 ´ 10 -6
6 jw30 ´ 10 -3 .
356
1
24. (B) wo = , R and C should be as small as possible.
RC
(1.8)
R = ( 3.3) = 1165
. kW ***********
3.3.+1.8
( 30)
C = (10) = 7.5 pF
(10 + 30)
1
w= = 114.5 ´ 106 rad s
.
1165 ´ 7.5 ´ 10 -9
LC 4 ´ 20 ´ 10 -3 ´ 10 -6
26. (A) L¢C¢ = Þ K 2f =
K 2f 1´ 6
Þ K f = 2 ´ 10 -4
L¢ L 2 (1)(20 ´ 10 -6 )
= Km Þ K m2 =
C¢ C (2) ( 4 ´ 10 -3)
Þ K m = 0.05
1
27. (D) wc = 2 pfc =
RC
1
Þ R= = 15.9 W
2 p ´ 20 ´ 10 3 ´ 0.5 ´ 10 -6
1
29. (B) wc = 2 pfc =
RC
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
2.1
SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
In the problems assume the parameter given in 3. Two semiconductor material have exactly the same
following table. Use the temperature T = 300 K unless properties except that material A has a bandgap of 1.0
otherwise stated. eV and material B has a bandgap energy of 1.2 eV. The
ratio of intrinsic concentration of material A to that of
Property Si Ga As Ge material B is
In germanium semiconductor at T = 300 K, the eV, mp* = 10 mn* and ni = 1 ´ 1015 cm -3. The position of
impurity concentration are Fermi level with respect to the center of the bandgap is
(A) +0.045 eV (B) - 0.046 eV
N d = 5 ´ 1015 cm -3 and N a = 0
(C) +0.039 eV (D) - 0.039 eV
8. The thermal equilibrium electron concentration n0 is
(A) 5 ´ 1015 cm -3 . ´ 1011 cm -3
(B) 115 16. A silicon sample contains acceptor atoms at a
-3 -3
. ´ 10 cm
(C) 115 9
(D) 5 ´ 10 cm6
concentration of N a = 5 ´ 1015 cm -3. Donor atoms are
added forming and n - type compensated semiconductor
9. The thermal equilibrium hole concentration p0 is such that the Fermi level is 0.215 eV below the
. ´ 1013
(A) 396 . ´ 1013 cm -3
(B) 195 conduction band edge. The concentration of donors
(C) 4.36 ´ 1012 cm -3 . ´ 1013 cm -3
(D) 396 atoms added are
. ´ 1016 cm -3
(A) 12 (B) 4.6 ´ 1016 cm -3
10. A sample of silicon at T = 300 K is doped with boron
. ´ 1012 cm -3
(C) 39 (D) 2.4 ´ 1012 cm -3
at a concentration of 2.5 ´ 1013 cm -3 and with arsenic at
a concentration of 1 ´ 1013 cm -3. The material is
17. A silicon semiconductor sample at T = 300 K is
. ´ 1013 cm -3
(A) p - type with p0 = 15
doped with phosphorus atoms at a concentrations of 1015
. ´ 10 7 cm -3
(B) p - type with p0 = 15
cm -3. The position of the Fermi level with respect to the
-3
(C) n - type with n0 = 15
. ´ 10 cm 13
intrinsic Fermi level is
. ´ 10 7 cm -3
(D) n - type with n0 = 15 (A) 0.3 eV (B) 0.2 eV
14. A GaAs device is doped with a donor concentration doped n - type. The resistor is to have a value of 2 kW.
of 3 ´ 1015 cm -3. For the device to operate properly, the The resistor length is to be 200 mm and area is to be
intrinsic carrier concentration must remain less than 10 -6 cm 2 . The doping efficiency is known to be 90%. The
5% of the total concentration. The maximum mobility of electrons is 8000 cm 2 V - s. The doping
temperature on that the device may operate is needed is
(A) 763 K (B) 942 K (A) 8.7 ´ 1015 cm -3 (B) 8.7 ´ 10 21 cm -3
(C) 486 K (D) 243 K (C) 4.6 ´ 1015 cm -3 (D) 4.6 ´ 10 21 cm -3
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Semiconductor Physics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 2.1
21. A silicon sample doped n - type at 1018 cm -3 have a 27. For a sample of GaAs scattering time is t sc = 10 -13 s
-6
resistance of 10 W . The sample has an area of 10 cm 2
and electron’s effective mass is me* = 0.067 mo . If an
and a length of 10 mm . The doping efficiency of the electric field of 1 kV cm is applied, the drift velocity
sample is (m n = 800 cm V - s) 2
produced is
(A) 43.2% (B) 78.1% (A) 2.6 ´ 106 cm s (B) 263 cm s
(C) 96.3% (D) 54.3% (C) 14.8 ´ 106 cm s (D) 482
(A) 2.86 ´ 10 -14 cm -3 (B) 9.25 ´ 1014 cm -3 (C) 9.6 A cm 2 (D) 3.4 A cm 2
æ -x ö
32. A particular intrinsic semiconductor has a ç
ç
÷
÷
15 è L p ø
resistivity of 50 (W - cm) at T = 300 K and 5 (W - cm) at
Hole concentration p0 = 10 e cm -3,x ³ 0
neglected, the bandgap energy of the semiconductor is Electron concentration n0 = 5 ´ 1014 e è L n ø cm -3,x £ 0
5´1014
Statement for Q.38-39:
n(cm-3)
è L ø
39. The majority carrier mobility is
where L = 10 mm. The hole diffusion coefficient is (A) 430 cm 2 V - s (B) 215 cm 2 V - s
10 cm s. The hole diffusion current density at x = 5 mm
2
(C) 390 cm 2 V - s (D) 195 cm 2 V - s
is
(A) 20 A cm 2 (B) 16 A cm 2 40. In a semiconductor n0 = 1015 cm -3 and ni = 1010 cm -3.
(C) 24 A cm 2 (D) 30 A cm 2 The excess-carrier life time is 10 -6 s. The excess hole
concentration is dp = 4 ´ 1013 cm -3. The electron-hole
36. For a particular semiconductor sample consider recombination rate is
following parameters:
(A) 4 ´ 1019 cm -3s -1 (B) 4 ´ 1014 cm -3s -1
(C) 4 ´ 10 24 cm -3s -1 (D) 4 ´ 1011 cm -3s -1
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Semiconductor Physics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 2.1
è 300 ø
43. The thermal equilibrium generation rate for
-13´10 3
electron is 3
T e T
= 9.28 ´ 10 -8 , By trial T = 382 K
-3 -1 -3 -1
(A) 1125
. ´ 10 cm s 9
(B) 2.25 ´ 10 cm s 9
-10 -3 -1 E gA
(C) 8.9 ´ 10 cm s (D) 4 ´ 10 9 cm -3 s -1 -ç
- æ E - E gB ö
ç gA ÷
n2 e kT kT ÷ niA
3. (B) iA
2
= E gB = e è ø
= 2257.5 Þ = 47.5
niB - niB
44. A n -type silicon sample contains a donor e kT
-3
concentration of N d = 10 16
cm . The minority carrier
hole lifetime is t p 0 = 20 m s. The lifetime of the majority . ´ 1010 ) 2
ni2 (15
4. (A) p0 = = = 4.5 ´ 1015 cm -3
n0 5 ´ 10 4
. ´ 1010 cm -3)
carrier is ( ni = 15
(A) 8.9 ´ 106 s (B) 8.9 ´ 10 -6 s ( EF - Ev ) -0 .22
-
(C) 4.5 ´ 10 -17 s . ´ 10 -7 s
(D) 113 5. (A) p0 = N v e kT
. ´ 1019 e 0 .0259 = 2 ´ 1015 cm -3
= 104
2
Na - Nd æ N ö
7. (C) p0 = + ç N a - d ÷ + ni2
2 è 2 ø
For Ge ni = 2.4 ´ 10 3
2
1013 æ 1013 ö
p0 = + çç ÷÷ + (2.4 ´ 1013) 2 = 2.95 ´ 1013 cm -3
2 è 2 ø
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Semiconductor Physics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 2.1
=
0.1
= 11.36 kW 26. (A) J = evn = (1.6 ´ 10 -19)(10 7)(1016 ) = 1.6 ´ 10 4 A cm 2
-19
(1.6 ´ 10 )(1100)(5 ´ 1016 )(100 ´ 10 -8 )
et sc E (1.6 ´ 10 -19)(10 -13)(10 5)
27. (A) vd = =
L L me* (0.067)(9.1 ´ 10 -31 )
20. (A) R = , s » e m n n0 , R=
sA em n n0 A
= 26.2 ´ 10 3 m s = 2.6 ´ 106 cm s
L
Þ n0 =
em n AR 28. (A) N d >> ni Þ n0 = N d
n0 = 0.9 N d J = em n n0 E = (1.6 ´ 10 -19
)(7500)(1016 )(10) = 120 A cm 2
-4
20 ´ 10
= = 8.7 ´ 1015 cm -3 æ -Eg ö
(0.9)(1.6 ´ 10 -19)( 8000)(10 -6 )(2 ´ 10 3) - çç ÷
÷
è kT ø
29. (D) ni2 = N c N v e
æ 1 .1 ö
L L - çç ÷÷
21. (B) s » e m n n0 , R = , n0 = = (2 ´ 1019)(1 ´ 1019) e è 0 .0259 ø
= 7.18 ´ 1019
sA em n AR
10 ´ 10 -4 Þ ni = 8.47 ´ 10 9 cm -3
= = 7.81 ´ 1017 cm -3
(1.6 ´ 10 -19)( 800)(10 -6 )(10) N d >> ni Þ N d = n0
n0 7.8 ´ 1017 J = sE = em n n0 E
Efficiency = ´ 100 = ´ 100 = 78.1 %
Nd 1018 = (1.6 ´ 10 -19)(1000)(1014 )(100) = 1.6 A cm 2
V 6 ni2
22. (D) E = = = 3 V/cm, vd = m n E, 30. (A) s = em n n0 + em p p0 and n0 =
L 2 p0
vd 10 4 ni2
mn = = = 3333 cm 2 V - s Þ s = em n + em p p0 ,
E 3 p0
ds ( -1) em n ni2
=0 = + em p
23. (D) s1 = eni (m n + m p ) dp0 p02
10 -6 = (1.6 ´ 10 -19)(1000 + 600)ni 1 1
æm ö2
÷ = 3.6 ´ 1012 æç 7500 ö÷
2
At T = 300 K, ni = 391
. ´ 10 cm 9 -3 Þ p0 = ni ç n
çm ÷ è 300 ø
æ Eg ö è p ø
- çç ÷
÷ æN N ö
ni2 = N c N v e è kT ø
Þ E g = kT ln çç c 2 v ÷÷ = 7. 2 ´ 1011 cm -3
è ni ø
æ 1019 ö 2 s i m pm n
Þ E g = 2(0.0259) ln çç ÷ = 1122
9 ÷
. eV 31. (B) smin = = 2 en i m pm n
è 391
. ´ 10 ø mp + mn
æ 500 ö = 2 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19( 3.6 ´ 1012 ) (7500)( 300)
At T = 500 K , kT = 0.0259ç ÷ = 0.0432 eV,
è 300 ø
. ´ 10 -3(W - cm) -1
= 17
æ 1 .122 ö
- çç ÷÷
ni2 = (1019) 2 e è 0 .0432 ø
cm -3,
1
32. (B) s = = emni ,
Þ ni = 2.29 ´ 1013 cm -3 r
= (1.6 ´ 10 -19)(2.29 ´ 1013)(1000 + 600) 1 Eg
-
= 5.86 ´ 10 -3(W - cm) -1 r1 ni1 e 2 kT1
= = Eg
1 ni 2 -
2 kT2
1 1 r2 e
24. (B) r = =
s em n N d -
Eg æ 1
ç -
1 ö÷
2 k çè T1 T2 ÷ø
1 1 0.1 = e
Nd = = = 9.25 ´ 1014 cm -3
rem n 5(1.6 ´ 10 -19)(1350) E g æ 330 - 300 ö
ç ÷ = ln 10
2 k çè 330 ´ 300 ÷ø
dn
25. (B) J n = eDn E g = 22( k300) ln 10 = 1.31 eV
dx
æ 1018 - 1016 ö 1 1 1 1
= (1.6 ´ 10 -19)( 35)çç -4
÷÷ = 2.8 ´ 10 4 A cm 2 33. (D) = + +
è 2 ´ 10 ø m m1 m 2 m 3
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
2.2
THE PN JUNCTION
In this chapter, N d and N a denotes the net donor 5. The Fermi level on p - side is
and acceptor concentration in the individual n and (A) 0.2 eV (B) 0.1 eV
p-region. (C) 0.4 eV (D) 0.3 eV
A silicon abrupt junction has dopant concentration cm -3. The magnitude of the reverse bias voltage is
10. The maximum electric field | Emax | in depletion region is 17. An abrupt silicon pn junction has an applied
(A) 15 ´ 10 V cm
4
(B) 7 ´ 10 V cm
4 reverse bias voltage of VR = 10 V. it has dopant
. ´ 10 4 V cm
(C) 35 (D) 5 ´ 10 4 V cm concentration of N a = 1018 cm -3 and N d = 1015 cm -3. The
pn junction area is 6 ´ 10 -4 cm 2 . An inductance of 2.2
11. The space charge region is mH is placed in parallel with the pn junction. The
(A) 2.5 mm (B) 25 mm resonant frequency is
(C) 50 mm (D) 100 mm (A) 1.7 MHz (B) 2.6 MHz
(C) 3.6 MHz (D) 4.3 MHz
12. A uniformly doped silicon pn junction has
N a = 5 ´ 1017 cm -3 and N d = 10 17 cm -3. The junction has 18. A uniformly doped silicon p+ n junction is to be
a cross-sectional area of 10 -4 cm -3 and has an applied designed such that at a reverse bais voltage of V R = 10
reverse-bias voltage of VR = 5 V. The total junction V the maximum electric field is limited to Emax = 106
capacitance is V cm. The maximum doping concentration in the
(A) 10 pF (B) 5 pF n-region is
(C) 7 pF (D) 3.5 pF . ´ 1019 cm -3
(A) 32 . ´ 1017 cm -3
(B) 32
(C) 6.4 ´ 1017 cm -3 (D) 6.4 ´ 1019 cm -3
Statement for Q.13–14:
An ideal one-sided silicon n+ p junction has 19. A diode has reverse saturation current I s = 10 -10 A
uniform doping on both sides of the abrupt junction. and non ideality factor h = 2. If diode voltage is 0.9 V,
The doping relation is N d = 50 N a . The built-in potential then diode current is
barrier is Vbi = 0.75 V. The applied reverse bias voltage (A) 11 mA (B) 35 mA
is V R = 10. (C) 83 mA (D) 143 mA
13. The space charge width is 20. A diode has reverse saturation current I s = 10 -18 A
(A) 1.8 mm (B) 1.8 mm and nonideality factor h = 105
. . If diode has current of 70
(C) 1.8 cm (D) 1.8 m mA, then diode voltage is
(A) 0.63 V (B) 0.87 V
14. The junction capacitance is (C) 0.54 V (D) 0.93 V
(A) 3.8 ´ 10 -9 F cm 2 (B) 9.8 ´ 10 -9 F cm 2
(C) 2.4 ´ 10 -9 F cm 2 (D) 5.7 ´ 10 -9 F cm 2 21. An ideal pn junction diode is operating in the
forward bais region. The change in diode voltage, that
+
15. Two p n silicon junction is reverse biased at VR = 5 will cause a factor of 9 increase in current, is
V. The impurity doping concentration in junction A are (A) 83 mV (B) 59 mV
-3 -15 -3
N a = 10 cm
18
and N d = 10 cm , and those in junction (C) 43 mV (D) 31 mV
B are N a = 1018 cm -3 and N d = 1016 cm -3. The ratio of the
space charge width is 22. An pn junction diode is operating in reverse bias
(A) 4.36 (B) 9.8 region. The applied reverse voltage, at which the ideal
(C) 19 (D) 3.13 reverse current reaches 90% of its reverse saturation
current, is
16. The maximum electric field in reverse-biased silicon (A) 59.6 mV (B) 2.7 mV
pn junction is | Emax | = 3 ´ 10 5
V cm. The doping (C) 4.8 mV (D) 42.3 mV
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The pn Junction GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 2.2
23. For a silicon p+ n junction diode the doping cross-sectional area is 10 -3 cm 2 . The minority carrier
-3 -3
concentrations are N a = 10 18
cm and N d = 10 16
cm . lifetimes are t n 0 = 1 ms and t p 0 = 0.1 m s. The minority
The minority carrier hole diffusion coefficient is Dp = 12 carrier diffusion coefficients are Dn = 35 cm 2 s and
cm 2 s and the minority carrier hole life time is t p 0 = 10 -7 Dp = 10 cm 2 s. The total number of excess electron in
s. The cross sectional area is A = 10 -4 cm 2 . The reverse the p - region, if applied forward bias is Va = 0.5 V, is
saturation current is (A) 4 ´ 10 7 cm -3 (B) 6 ´ 1010 cm -3
-12 -15
(A) 4 ´ 10 A (B) 4 ´ 10 A (C) 4 ´ 1010 cm -3 (D) 6 ´ 10 7 cm -3
(C) 4 ´ 10 -11 A (D) 4 ´ 10 -7 A
28. Two ideal pn junction have exactly the same
24. For an ideal silicon pn junction diode electrical and physical parameters except for the band
t no = t po = 10 -7 s , gap of the semiconductor materials. The first has a
bandgap energy of 0.525 eV and a forward-bias current
Dn = 25 cm 2 s ,
of 10 mA with Va = 0.255 V. The second pn junction
Dp = 10 cm 2 s diode is to be designed such that the diode current
The ratio of N a N d , so that 95% of the current in I = 10 mA at a forward-bias voltage of Va = 0.32 V. The
the depletion region is carried by electrons, is bandgap energy of second diode would be
(A) 0.34 (B) 0.034 (A) 0.77 eV (B) 0.67 eV
(C) 0.83 (D) 0.083 (C) 0.57 eV (D) 0.47 eV
33. A gallium arsenide pn junction is operating in 39. A GaAs laser has a threshold density of 500 A cm 2 .
reverse-bias voltage VR = 5 V. The doping profile are The laser has dimensions of 10 mm ´ 200 mm. The active
-3
N a = N d = 10 16
cm . The minority carrier life- time are region is dLas = 100 A °. The electron-hole recombination
-8
t p 0 = t n 0 = t 0 = 10 s. The reverse-biased generation time at threshold is 1.5 ns. The current density of 5J th
current density is (e r = 131
. , ni = 1.8 ´ 10 ) 6
is injected into the laser. The optical power emitted, if
-8 -9
. ´ 10
(A) 19 A cm 2
. ´ 10
(B) 19 A cm 2
emitted photons have an energy of 1.43 eV, is
(C) 1.4 ´ 10 -8
A cm 2
(D) 1.4 ´ 10 -9
A cm 2 (A) 143 mW (B) 71.5 mW
(C) 62.3 mW (D) 124.6 mW
34. For silicon the critical electric field at breakdown is
approximately Ecrit = 4 ´ 10 5 V cm. For the breakdown
voltage of 25 V, the maximum n - type doping ***************
+
concentration in an abrupt p n-junction is
(A) 2 ´ 1016 cm -3 (B) 4 ´ 10 16 cm -3
(C) 2 ´ 1018 cm -3 (D) 4 ´ 10 18 cm -3
Dn = 25 cm 2 s, Dp = 12 cm 2 s
t n 0 = 10 ns , t p 0 = 10 ns
. ´ 10 -5 cm,
= 301 æ 4 ´ 1016 ´ 4 ´ 10 17 ö
= 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷ = 0.826 V
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 ´ 10
eA 117 -14 -4
è 2. 25 ´ 10 20 ø
CT = = . ´ 10 -12 F
= 35
W . ´ 10 -5
301 1
é2 e( Vbi + VR ) Na Nd ù 2
| Emax | = ê
æN N ö ë e ( N a + N d ) úû
13. (A) Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷
è ni ø eEmax
2
æ 1 1 ö
Vbi + VR = çç + ÷÷
2e è Na Nd ø
æ 50 N a2 ö
0.751 = 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷
è 2.25 ´ 10
20
ø . ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -14 )( 3 ´ 10 5) 2 æ
(117 1 1 ö
= ç + 17 ÷
V
2 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19 è 4 ´ 1016
4 ´ 10 ø
N a = 4. 2 ´ 1015 cm -3, N d = 2.1 ´ 1017 cm -3
1
= 8.008 V
ì 2 e ( V + VR ) é 1 1 ùü 2 VR = 8.008 - 0.826 = 7.18 V
W = í s bi ê + úý ,
î e ë Na Na û þ
æN N ö
17. (B) Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷
1
é2 e( Vbi + VR ) æ 1 öù 2
Nd > > Na Þ W » ê çç ÷÷ú è ni ø
ë e è N a øû
æ 1018 ´ 1015 ö
= 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷ = 0.754 V
è 2.25 ´ 10
20
1
ø
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -4 )(10.752) ù
é2 ´ (117 -4
2
=ê ú = 1.8 ´ 10 cm
ë 1.6 ´ 10 -19 ´ 4.2 ´ 1015 û
1
é eeN a N d ù2
C¢ = ê ú
= 1.8 mm ë2 ( Vi + VR )( N a + N d ) û
1
1
é eeN d ù2
é ee N a N d ù 2 For N a >> N d , C¢ = ê ú
14. (D) C¢ = ê ú ë2 ( Vbi + VR ) û
ë2( Vbi + VR )( N a + N d ) û
1
1
é1.6 ´ 10 -19 ´ 117. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -4 ´ 1015 ù 2
é ee N a ù 2 =ê ú
For N d >> N a , C¢ = ê ú ë 2 (10 + 0.754) û
ë2( Vbi + VR ) û
1 = 2.77 ´ 10 -9 F cm 2
-19 -4
é1.6 ´ 10 ´ 117
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 ´ 4.2 ´ 10 ù 15 2
C = AC¢ = 6 ´ 10 -4 ´ 2.77 ´ 10 -9 = 1.66 ´ 10 -12 F
=ê ú
ë 2 (10 + 0.754) û 1 1
fo = = = 2.6 MHz.
= 5.7 ´ 10 -9 F cm 2 2p LC 2 p 2. 2 ´ 10 -3 ´ 1.66 ´ 10 -12
1
ì 2 e ( V + VR ) é 1 1 ùü 2 eN a xn
15. (D) W = í s bi + 18. (B) | Emax | =
e êN úý e
î ë a Na û þ
é2e( Vbi + VR ) ù
1
For a p+ n junction, xn » ê ú
W A é( Vbia + V R ) ( N aA + N dA ) N aB N dB ù 2 ë eN d û
=
WB êë ( Vbib + R ) ( N aB + N dB ) N aA N dB úû 1
é2 eN d ù2
æN N ö So that | Emax | = ê ( Vbi + VR ) ú
Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷ ë es û
è ni ø
Assuming Vbi << VR ,
æ 1018 ´ 1015 ö
VbiA = 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷ = 0.754 V eEmax
2
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -14 )(10 6 ) 2
(117
è 2.25 ´ 10
20
ø Nd = =
2 eVR 2(1.6 ´ 10 -14 )(10)
æ 1018 ´ 1016 ö
VbiB = 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷ = 0.814 V = 3. 24 ´ 1017 cm -3
è 2.25 ´ 10
20
ø
1
æ VD ö 0 .9
æN N ö æ VD ö æ I ö
16. (C) Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷ 20. (B) I D = I s ç e hVt - 1 ÷ Þ VD = hVt ln çç 1 + D ÷÷
ç ÷ è Is ø
è ni ø è ø
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The pn Junction GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 2.2
I d2 -
e Vt Ln = Dn t no = 35 ´ 10 -6 = 5.9 ´ 10 -3 Cm
æI ö
V1 - V2 = Vt ln çç d 2 ÷÷ = 0.0259 ln 10 = 59.6 mV é çæç 0 .5 ÷ö÷ ù
è I d1 ø N p = 10 -3 ´ 5.9 ´ 10 -3 ´ 2.8 ´ 10 4 êe è 0 .0259 ø - 1ú
êë úû
æ VV ö æ I ö = 4 ´ 10 7 cm -3
22. (A) I = I s ç e t - 1 ÷ Þ V = Vt ln çç + 1 ÷÷
ç ÷ I
è s ø
è ø æ -Eg ö æ Va ö
æ Va ö ç ÷ ç ÷
ç ÷ ç V ÷ çV ÷
I 28. (A) I µ ni2 e çè Vt ÷ø µ e è t ø
e è tø
= -0.90 (–ive due to reverse current)
Is æ V -Eg ö
ç a ÷
ç V ÷
V = 0.0259 ln (1 - 0.9) = -59.6 mV Þ I µ eè t ø
æ V a - E g1 ö
ç ÷
ç V ÷ 1
23. (B) I s = Aen
1 2 D I1 e è t ø ( Va1 - Va2 - E g1 + E g2 )
i = æ V - E ö = e Vt
Nd t po I2 ç
ç
a2 g2 ÷
÷
Vt
eè ø
10 ´ 10 -6
æ E g2 - 0 .59 ö
Jn ç ÷
24. (D) = 0.95, ç 0 .0259 ÷
Jn + Jp 10 = e
3 è ø
I dQ 10 -3
é æçç eVa ö÷÷ ù é çç - Lx
æ ö
÷ ù 30. (D) g d = = = 3.86 ´ 10 -2 S
÷ Vt 0.0259
25. (C) dpn = pn - pn 0 = pn 0 êe è kt ø - 1ú êe è p ø ú
êë úû ê ú I dQt p 0 10 -3 ´ 10 -7
ë û Cd = = . ´ 10 -9 F
= 193
2 Vt 2 ´ (0.0259)
. ´ 1010 ) 2
ni2 (15
pn 0 = = = 2. 25 ´ 10 4 cm -3
Nd 1016 1 1
Z= = = 235
. - j7.5 W
Y g d + jwCd
Lp = Dp t p 0 = ( 8)(1 ´ 10 -8 ) = 2.83 ´ 10 -4 cm
ùé ç- x ÷ ù
æ ö
é æç 0 .61 ö÷ 31. (A) For a p+ n diode I p 0 >> I n 0
dpn = 2.25 ´ 10 4 êe çè 0 .0259 ÷ø - 1ú êe çè 2 .83´10 -4 ÷ø ú
ë ûë û æ 1 ö tp 0
-3534 x -3
Cd = çç ÷÷( I pot po), = 2.5 ´ 10 -6
= 3.8 ´ 10 e 14
cm è 2 Vt ø 2 Vt
0.2
= = 26 W
= 0.6 A cm 2 (10 -2 )(1.6 ´ 10 -19)( 480)(10 16 )
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UNIT 2 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electronics Devices
rn L L æ 5 ´ 1019 ö
Rn = = = 2(0.0259) ln çç ÷÷ = 114
. V
A Ae(m n N d ) . ´ 1010
è 15 ø
0.10 1
= = 46.3 W ì 2 e ( V + VR ) é 1 1 ùü 2
(10 )(1.6 ´ 10 -19)(1350)(1015)
-3
W = í s bi êN + úý
î e ë a Na û þ
R = Rp + Rn = 72.3 W
1
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -14 )(114
é2 ´ (117 . - 0.4) æ 2 öù 2
æN N ö =ê -14 ç 19 ÷ú
33. (B) Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷ ë 1.6 ´ 10 è 5 ´ 10 øû
è ni ø = 6.19 ´ 10 -7 cm = 62 A°
æ 10 16
ö
= 2(0.0259) ln çç ÷÷ =1.16 V
è 1.8 ´ 10
6
ø 38. (B) Ln = Dn t n 0 , Lp = Dp t p 0
1
Dn np 0 Dn
ì 2 e ( V + VR ) é 1 1 ùü 2 np 0
W = í s bi ê N + N úý Ln tn 0
î e ë a a ûþ hinj = =
Dn np 0 Dp pn 0 Dn Dp
1 + np 0 + pn 0
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -14 )( 6.16) æ 2 öù
é2 ´ (131 2
-4
Ln Lp tn 0 tp 0
=ê -19 ç 16 ÷ú = 1.34 ´ 10 cm
ë 1 .6 ´ 10 è 10 øû ni2 (1.8 ´ 106 ) 2
np 0 = = . ´ 10 -4 cm -3
= 324
eniW Na 1016
J gen =
2t o ni2 (1.8 ´ 106 ) 2
pn 0 = = = 6.48 ´ 106 cm -3
1.6 ´ 10 -19 ´ 1.8 ´ 106 ´ 1.34 ´ 10 -4 Nd 5 ´ 1017
= . ´ 10 -9 A cm 2
= 193
2 ´ 10 -8 Dn 25
= = 5 ´ 10 4 ,
tn 0 10 ´ 10 -9
eEcrit
2
34. (A) VB = Dp 12
2 eN B = = 35
. ´ 10 4
tp 0 10 ´ 10 -9
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -4 )( 4 ´ 10 5) 2
(117
25 = (5 ´ 10 4 )( 3. 24 ´ 10 -4 )
2 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19 ´ N B hinj =
(5 ´ 10 )( 3. 24 ´ 10 -4 ) + ( 35
4
. ´ 10 4 )( 6.48 ´ 10 -6 )
N B = N d = 2 ´ 1016 cm -3
= 0.986
eN d xn eEmax
35. (D) Emax = Þ xn = 39. (B) The areal density at threshold is
e eN d
J th t r (500)(15. ´ 10 -9)
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -14 )( 4 ´ 10 5)
(117 n2 D = = = 4.69 ´ 1012 cm -3
= = 5.18 ´ 10 -5 cm e 1.6 ´ 10 -19
(1.6 ´ 10 -19)(5 ´ 1016 )
The carrier density is
æN N ö æ 5 ´ 106 ö
Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷ = 2(0.0259) ln çç ÷÷ = 0.778 V n2 D 4.69 ´ 1012
. ´ 1010 nth = = = 4.69 ´ 1018 cm -3
è ni ø è 15 ø dLas 10 -6
1
ì 2 e V æ N öæ Once the threshold is reached, the carrier density does
1 öü 2
xn = í s bi çç a ÷÷çç ÷ý
÷ not change. When J > J th the electron hole
î e è N d øè N a + N d øþ
recombination is
-5 2 . ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -4 )( Vbi + VR ) ù
é2(117 . ´ 10 -9
(5.18 ´ 10 ) = ê -19 ú
J th
tr ( J ) = t r ( J th ) =
15
= 3 ´ 10 -10 s
ë (1.6 ´ 10 )(2 ´ 5 ´ 10 )
6
û J 5
Þ Vbi + VR = 20.7, VR = 19.9 V, VR = VB The optical power produced is p =
JA
hw
e
36. (A) For a p+ n diode, Neglecting Vi compared to VB , (5 ´ 500)(2 ´ 10 -5)(1.43 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19)
= = 715
. MW
1 1 1.6 ´ 10 -19
. ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -14 )(100) ù 2
é2 eVB ù 2 é2(117
xn » ê ú ê= -19 ú = 5.1 mm
ë eN d û ë (1.6 ´ 10 )(5 ´ 10 ) û
15
****************
æN N ö
37. (D) Vbi = Vt ln çç a 2 d ÷÷
è ni ø
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
2.3
THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
(C) 0.982 (D) 0.018 An npn bipolar transistor having uniform doping
of N E = 10 18 cm -3 N B = 1016 cm -3 and N C = 6 ´ 10 15 cm -3
is operating in the inverse-active mode with VBE = - 2 V
4. A uniformly doped silicon npn bipolar transistor is to
and VBC = 0.6 V. The geometry of transistor is shown in
be biased in the forward active mode with the B-C
fig P2.3.7-8.
junction reverse biased by 3 V. The transistor doping
Emitter Base Collector
are N E = 1017 cm -3, N B = 1016 cm -3 and N C = 10 15 cm -3. -n- -p- -n-
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UNIT 2 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electronics Devices
. ´ 1014 cm -3
(A) 39 (B) 2.7 ´ 10 12 cm -3 The emitter injection efficiency g is
(C) 2.7 ´ 10 14
cm -3
(D) 4.5 ´ 10 14
cm -3 (A) 0.999 (B) 0.977
(C) 0.982 (D) 0.934
9. An pnp bipolar transistor has uniform doping of
N E = 6 ´ 1017 cm -3, N B = 2 ´ 10 16 cm -3 and N C = 5 ´ 1014 15. A uniformly doped silicon epitaxial npn bipolar
-3
cm . The transistor is operating is inverse-active mode. transistor is fabricated with a base doping of
-3
The maximum V CB voltage, so that the low injection N B = 3 ´ 10 16
cm and a heavily doped collector region
condition applies, is with N C = 5 ´ 10 17
cm -3. The neutral base width is
(A) 0.86 V (B) 0.48 V xB = 0.7 mm when VBE = VBC = 0. The VBC at
13. A silicon npn bipolar transistor has doping 18. For a silicon npn transistor assume the following
19. In a bipolar transistor, the base transit time is 25% Statement for Q.24-26:
of the total delay time. The base width is 0.5 mm and For the transistor in circuit of fig. P2.3.24-26. The
base diffusion coefficient is DB = 20 cm 2 s. The cut-off parameters are bR = 1 , bF = 100 , and I s = 1 fA .
frequency is
(A) 637 MHz (B) 436 MHz
5V
(C) 12.8 GHz (D) 46.3 GHz
5V
Fig.P2.3.21-22
Vs I3
Fig.P2.3.31
(A) Forward-Active (B) Reverse-Active ********
250 mA I1
Fig. P2.3.32-33
. ´ 1010 ) 2
ni2 (15
SOLUTIONS 8. (D) pC 0 =
NC
=
6 ´ 1015
æ VBC ö
. ´ 10 4 cm -3
= 375
ç ÷
ç V ÷
æ VBE ö
ç
ç V ÷
÷ pC ( x¢¢ = 0) = pC 0 e è t ø
1. (A) I C = I s e è b ø
æ 0 .6 ö
çç ÷÷
eDn ABE nB 0 . ´ 10 4 e è 0 .0259 ø = 4.31 ´ 1014 cm -3
= 375
Is =
xB
(1.6 ´ 10 -19)(20)(10 -4 )(10 4 ) 9. (B) Low injection limit is reached when
= . ´ 10 -14 A
= 32
10 -4 pC (0) = 0.10 N C = 5 ´ 1013 cm -3,
æ
çç
0 .5 ö
÷÷ . ´ 1010 ) 2
ni2 (15
I C = 3. 2 ´ 10 -14 e è 0 .0259 ø = 7.75 mA pC 0 = = = 4.5 ´ 10 5
NC 5 ´ 1014
æ ö
ç VCB ÷
æ 0 .7 ö
çç ÷÷ ç V ÷ æ p (0) ö
2. (C) I C = 32
. ´ 10 -14
e è 0 .0259 ø
= 17.5 mA pC (0) = pC 0 e è t ø
Þ VCB = Vt ln çç C ÷÷
è pC 0 ø
bF æ 5 ´ 1013 ö
I
3. (C) bF = C , a F = = 0.0259 ln çç ÷ = 0.48 V
5÷
IB 1 + bF è 4.5 ´ 10 ø
IC 2.7m
aF = = = 0.982 J nC I nC
I C + I B 2.7m + 50m 10. (C) a = =
J nE + J R + J pE I nE + I R + I pE
ni2 . ´ 1010 ) 2
(15 118
.
4. (B) np 0 = = = 2. 25 ´ 10 4 cm -3 = = 0.787
NB 1016 . + 0.2 + 0.1
12
æ VBE ö
ç ÷
At x = 0, np (0) = np 0 e è
ç V ÷
t ø a 0.787
11. (A) b = == = 3.69
1-a 1 - 0.787
æ np (0) ö
Þ VBE = VT ln ç ÷
ç n ÷
è p0 ø 12. (B) g =
J nE
=
I nE
=
1. 2
= 0.923
10 1016 J nE + J pE I nE + I pE 1. 2 + 0.1
np (0) = ´ NB = = 10 15
100 10
æ 1015 ö . ´ 10 10 ) 2
ni2 (15
VBE = 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷ = 0.635 V 13. (B) nB 0 = = = 2.25 ´ 10 3 cm -3
NB 1017
è 2.25 ´ 10
4
ø
æ VBE ö æ 0 .5 ö
ç ÷ çç ÷÷
ç V ÷
nB (0) = nB 0 e è t ø
= 2.25 ´ 10 3 e è 0 .0259 ø = 5.45 ´ 1011 cm -3
. ´ 10 10 ) 2
ni2 (15
5. (A) pE 0 = = = 450 cm -3 eDB AnB (0)
NE 5 ´ 1017 IC =
xB
. ´ 10 10 ) 2
ni2 (15
nB 0 = = = 2. 25 ´ 10 4 cm -3 (1.6 ´ 10 -19)(20)(10 -3)(5.45 ´ 10 11 )
NB 5 ´ 1016 = = 17.4 mA
10 -4
. ´ 10 10 ) 2
ni2 (15
pC 0 = = = 2. 25 ´ 10 5 cm -3
NE 5 ´ 1015 1
14. (B) g =
N B D E xB
1+ × ×
. ´ 1010 ) 2
ni2 (15 N E D B xE
6. (B) pB 0 = = = 4.5 ´ 10 3 cm -3
NB 5 ´ 1016 1
æ VEB ö
= = 0.977
ç ÷ æ 0 .6 ö
çç ÷÷ 5 ´ 1016 8 0.7
pB (0) = pB 0 e
ç V
è t
÷
ø
= 4.5 ´ 10 e 3 è 0 .0259 ø
= 5. 2 ´ 1013 cm -3 1+
1018 15 0.8
. ´ 10 10 ) 2
ni2 (15 æN N ö
7. (C) nB 0 = = = 2. 25 ´ 10 4 cm -3 15. (B) Vbi = Vt ln çç B 2 C ÷÷
NB 1016
è ni ø
æ ö
ç VBC ÷
ç V ÷ æ 3 ´ 1016 ´ 5 ´ 1017 ö
nB ( x = xB ) = nB 0 e è t ø
= 0.0259 ln çç ÷÷ = 0.824 V
è (15 . ´ 1010 ) 2 ø
0 .6
ç ÷ bF ç ÷ I1 = - I E = - 12.75 mA.
è ø è ø
æ ö æ VBC ö
ç VBE ÷ ç ÷
ç V ÷ 1 bR ç Vt ÷ø 34. (A) I CEO = (b + 1) I CBO
Þ eè t ø
= + eè
1 + bF 1 + BF 0.4m
b+1= = 80 Þ b = 79
é æçç VBE ö÷÷ ç VBC ÷ ù
æ ö 5m
I é çç ÷÷ ù
æ VBC ö
ç V ÷
I C = I S êe è Vt ø - e è t ø ú - S êe è Vt ø - 1ú
ê ú bR ê úû
ë û ë 35. (B) I C = bI B + I CEO = 79( 30m ) + 0.4m =2.77 mA
IS é ù I é ù
æ VBC ö æ VBC ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
ç V ÷ ç V ÷
I CBO = ê1 - e è t ø
ú - S êe è t ø
- 1ú 36. (A) I C = bI B + I CEO = b I B + (b + 1) I CBO
1 + bF ê úû bR êë úû
ë I C - I CBO 5.2m - 0.5m
b= = » 10396
.
VBC = - 5 V, Vt = 0.0259 V I B + I CBO 50m + 0.5m
Is I
I CBO = (1 - 0) - S (0 - 1) = 101 . ´ 10 -15 A
. I S = 101 b
101 1 37. (A) a = = 0.9904
b+1
28. (D) I C - I CBO 5.2m - 0.5m
IE = = = 5.25 MA
a 0.9904
B-C Junction VBC
B-E junction VBE
Reverse Bias Forward bias
I C = bF I B = 50 ´ 250 ´ 10 -6 = 12.5 ´ 10 -3 A
æI ö æ 12.5 ´ 10 -3 ö
VBE = Vt ln çç C ÷÷ = 0.0259 ln çç -16 ÷÷ = 0.84 V
è IS ø è 10 ø
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UNIT 2 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia electronics Devices
11. In n-well CMOS fabrication substrate is 18. Monolithic integrated circuit system offer greater
(A) lightly doped n - type reliability than discrete-component systems because
(B) during the collector diffusion 30. For the circuit shown in fig. P2.5.30, the minimum
(C) during the emitter diffusion number and the maximum number of isolation regions
(D) while growing the epitaxial layer are respectively
¶ N
2
¶N ¶ N
2
¶N
(C) =D (D) =D
¶t 2
¶x ¶x 2
¶t Fig. P2.5.32
(A) 2, 6 (B) 3, 6
26. The true statement is
(C) 2, 4 (D) 3, 4
(A) thick film components are vacuum deposited
(B) thin film component are made by screen-and- fire 31. For the circuit shown in fig. P2.5.31, the minimum
process number of isolation regions are
(C) thin film resistor have greater precision and are
more stable
(D) thin film resistor are cheaper than the thin film
resistor
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UNIT 2 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia electronics Devices
SOLUTIONS
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B)
13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (B) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (A)
19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (A)
25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (B) 29. (C)
*******
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
3.1
DIODE CIRCUITS
vo vo
Statement for Q.1–4: 22
18
Fig.3.1.1 vi vo
t
4V 2 T
T
20 _
15 -16
t t
Fig. P3.1.3
vo vo
-5
-10 16
12
(A) (B) 4
t
4
t
vo vo T T T T
2 2
20 20 (A) (B)
vo vo
5 16
t t 12
4
t t
(A) (D) -4 T T T T
2 2
2.
2V (C) (D)
+ vi 4.
20 R vi
vi vo + 10
10 kW
D1
6V
t
_ -5 vi vo t
8V D2
Fig.3.1.2 _ -10
Fig.3.1.4
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
vo vo vo vo
10
8 9.42 9.42
5.7
4.3
t t
vi vi
5.7 15 4.3 15
-6
-10 (C) (D)
(A) (B) 7. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.1.7, each diode has
vo vo Vg = 0.7 V. The vo for -10 £ vs +10 V is
8 +10 V
6
10 kW
t t
-6 D1 D2
-8
(C) (D) vs vo
20 kW 10 kW
-10 V
vi vo
10 V 10 V Fig. P3.1.7.
_ vo vo
8.43 7.48
Fig. P3.1.5
vs vs
vo vo -10 10 -10 10
9.3 9.3
-8.43 -7.48
(C) (D)
3.33 3.33 8. A symmetrical 5 kHz square wave whose output
vi vi
-10 3.33 10 -10 4.33 10 varies between +10 V and -10 V is impressed upon the
(C) (D) clipping circuit shown in fig. P3.1.8. If diode has rf = 0
6. For the circuit in fig. P3.1.6 the cutin voltage of diode and rr = 2 MW and Vg = 0, the output waveform is
is Vg = 0.7 V. The plot of vo versus vi is +
1 MW
+
vi vo
2 kW 1 kW
1 kW vo 2.5 V
_
15 V vi
_ Fig. P3.1.8
vo vo
Fig. P3.1.6
10
vo vo 5
t t
19.6 19.6 -5 -10
(A) (B)
5.7 vo vo
4.3
vi 5
vi t t
5.7 15 4.3 15 -5
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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Diode Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.1
C
9. In the circuit of fig. P3.1.9, the three signals of fig are vi
+
impressed on the input terminals. If diode are ideal 10
t
then the voltage vo is vi R vo
5V
D1 v
v3 _ -20
+ D2
+ D3 v2 Fig. P.3.1.11
vo v1 vo
v1 +
35 vo
v2 t
v3 10 kW
25
- - -
5
Fig. P.3.1.9 t t
vo vo
-5
(A) (B)
vo
15
t t
(A) (B) (D) None of the above
t
vo vo
-15
(C) (D)
+ vi Fig. P3.1.12
10
Fig. P.3.1.10
vo vo
13. In the circuit of Fig. P3.1.13 diodes has cutin
20
voltage of 0.6 V. The diode in ON state are
10
t t D1 D2
12 W 6W
(A) (B)
vo vo
t t 5.4 V 18 W 5V
-10
-20
Fig. P3.1.13
(C) (D)
11. For the circuit shown in fig. P.3.1.11, the input (A) only D1 (B) only D2
voltage vi is as shown in fig. Assume the RC time (C) both D1 and D2 (D) None of the above
constant large and cutin voltage Vg = 0. The output
voltage vo is
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Diode Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.1
22. The diodes in the circuit in fig. P3.1.22 has 26. If v2 = 0, then output voltage vo is
parameters Vg = 0.6 V and rf = 0. The current iD2 is (A) 6.43 V (B) 9.43 V
+10 V (C) 7.69 V (D) 8.93 V
9.5 kW
27. If v2 = 5 V, then vo is
0.5 kW D2
0V (A) 8.93 V (B) 12.63 V
iD2 vo
(C) 18.24 V (D) 10.56 V
+5 V
0.5 kW D1 D3
28. If v2 = 10 V, then vo is
+5 V (A) 10 V (B) 9.16 V
Fig. P3.1.22
(C) 8.43 V (D) 12.13 V
(A) 8.4 mA (B) 10 mA
(C) 7.6 mA (D) 0 mA Statement for Q.29–30:
9.5 kW
vi
~ 100 W
+ 4
vD
0.5 kW D2 2V -
v2 vo
b vD(V)
0.5 0.7
v1
0.5 kW D1 Fig. P3.1.29–30
Fig. P3.1.23–25
29. The current iD is
23. If v1 = 10 V and v2 = 0 V, then vo is
(A) 2.5(1 + cos wt) mA (B) 5(0.5 + cos wt) mA
(A) 8.93 V (B) 7.82 V
(C) 5(1 + cos wt) mA (D) 5(1 + 0.5 cos wt) mA
(C) 1.07 V (D) 2.18 V
25. If v1 = v2 = 0, then output voltage vo is 31. The circuit inside the box in fig. P3.1.31. contains
(A) 0.964 V (B) 1.07 V only resistor and diodes. The terminal voltage vo is
(C) 10 V (D) 0.842 V connected to some point in the circuit inside the box.
The largest and smallest possible value of vo most
Statement for Q.26–28: nearly to is respectively
The diodes in the circuit of fig. P3.1.26–28 have +15 V
+10 V vo
500 W D1
Fig. 3.1.31
9.5 kW
(A) 15 V, 6 V (B) 24 V, 0 V
(C) 24 V, 6 V (D) 15 V, -9 V
Fig. P3.1.26–28
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
32. In the voltage regulator circuit in fig. P3.1.32 the Statement for Q.36–38:
maximum load current iL that can be drawn is In the voltage regulator circuit in fig. P3.1.36–38
15 kW
the Zener diode current is to be limited to the range
iL
5 £ iz £ 100 mA.
Vz = 9 V 12 W
30 V Rz = 0 RL
iz iL
Vz = 4.8 V
6.3 V Rz = 0 RL
Fig. 3.1.32
(A) 1 W (B) 1.5 W 38. The power rating required for the load resistor is
(C) 2 W (D) 0.5 W
(A) 576 mW (B) 360 mW
34. The Q-point for the Zener diode in fig. P3.1.34 is (C) 480 mW (D) 75 mW
11 kW
39. The secondary transformer voltage of the rectifier
Vz = 4 V circuit shown in fig. P3.1.39 is vs = 60 sin 2 p60 t V. Each
20 V Rz = 0 3.6 kW
diode has a cut in voltage of Vg = 0.6 V. The ripple
voltage is to be no more than Vrip = 2 V. The value of
Fig. P3.1.34
filter capacitor will be
+
(A) (0.34 mA, 4 V) (B) (0.34 mA, 4.93 V)
(C) (0.94 mA, 4 V) (D) (0.94 mA, 4.93 V) + vo -
+ 10 kW
vi vs
35. In the voltage regulator circuit in fig. P3.1.35 the -
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Diode Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.1
SOLUTIONS
+ +
1 : 1
+ 2.5 kW C vo
vs
vi - -
+
vs 1. (D) Diode is off for vi < 5 V. Hence vo = 5 V.
-
- For vi > 5 V, vo = vi , Therefore (D) is correct option.
31. (D) The output voltage cannot exceed the positive 41. (A) Vrip =
vmax
power supply voltage and cannot be lower than the fRL C
negative power supply voltage. vmax 75
RL = = = 6.25 kW
fCVrip 60 ´ 50 ´ 10 -5 ´ 4
30 - 9
32. (A) At regulated power supply is = = 1.4 mA iL
15 k ***************
will remain less than 1.4 mA.
75(50) 50
33. (D) vTH = = V
75 + 150 3
50
> VZ , RTH = 150 ||75 = 50 W
3
1 æ 50 ö
iZ = ç - 15 ÷ = 33 mA, P = 15 iZ = 0.5 W
50 è 3 ø
3.6(20)
34. (A) vTH = = 4.93 V > VZ ,
11 + 3.6
4.93 - 4
RTH = 11 || 3.6 = 2.71 kW, iZ = = 0.34 mA
2.71k
400m
35. (B) iZ ( max ) = = 40 mA
10
20 - 10
iL + iZ = = 45 mA
222
10
iL ( min ) = 45 - 40 = 5 mA, RL = = 2 kW
5m
CHAPTER
3.2
BASIC BJT CIRCUITS
Use VBE ( ON ) = 0.7 V, VCE ( Sat ) = 0.2 V for npn (A) 8.4 V (B) 6.2 V
transistor if not given in problem. (C) 4.1 V (D) None of the above
VC = 2 V
1. I E , RC = ? 50 kW
+12 V
10 kW IQ = 1 mA
+
VEC = 6 V -5 V
-
Fig. P3.3.3
RC
(A) 0.987 mA, 3.04 kW
10 kW
-2 V
2 kW
3 kW
Fig. P3.3.4
-8 V
(A) 1.49 V (B) 2.9 V
Fig. P3.3.2
(C) 1.78 V (D) 2.3 V
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
10. VB = 2 V
(A) -7 V (B) 1.5 V
500 kW
4.8 kW (C) 2.6 V (D) None of the above
-3 V
Statement for Q.11-12:
Fig. P3.3.5-6 The transistor in circuit shown in fig. P3.3.11-12
5. b = ? has b = 200. Determine the value of voltage Vo for given
(A) 103.4 (B) 135.5 value of VBB .
+5 V
(C) 134.5 (D) 102.4
5 kW
6. VCE = ?
Vo
(A) 6.4 V (B) 4.7 V 50 kW
12. VBB = 1 V
8 kW (A) 4.11 V (B) 1.83 V
(C) 2.46 V (D) 3.44 V
-5 V
Fig. P3.3.7 13. VBB = 2 V
(A) 0.943, 17.54 (B) 0.914, 17.54 (A) 3.18 V (B) 1.46 V
(C) 0.914, 11.63 (D) 0.914, 11.63 (C) 0.2 V (D) None of the above
5 kW
10 kW
Vo
VC
VB
IQ
1 kW
-5 V
8. VB = 0 V 14. I Q = 0.1 mA
(A) 6.43 mA, 2.4 V (B) 2.18 mA, 3.4 V (A) 1.4 V (B) 4.5 V
(C) 0 A, 6 V (D) None of the above (C) 3.2 V (D) None of the above
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Basic BJT Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.2
50 kW 4.7 kW
10 kW
VC
-9 V
VB
Fig. P3.3.20
Fig. P3.317
21. In the circuit shown in fig. P3.3.21 if b = 50, the
(A) 0.9 V (B) 1.19 V
power dissipated in the transistor is
(C) 2.14 V (D) 1.84 V
+9 V
18. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.3.18, VCB = 0.5 V and
b = 100. The value of I Q is 0.5 mA
+5 V
5 kW
Vo
50 kW 4.7 kW
-9 V
IQ
Fig. P3.3.21
RB RC
10 kW
VE
50 kW 10 kW Fig. P3.3.22
(A) 10 kW, 241 kW (B) 10 kW, 699 kW
-10 V (C) 6 kW, 699 kW (D) 6 kW, 241 kW
Fig. P3.3.19
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29. For the transistor in the circuit of fig. P3.3.29, 32. The current gain of the transistor shown in the
b = 100. The voltage VB is circuit of fig.P3.3.32 is b = 100. The values of Q-point
+10 V ( I CQ , VCEQ) is
+5 V
20 kW 1 kW
12 kW 5 kW
15 kW
2 kW 0.5 kW
Fig. P3.3.29
-5 V
(A) 3.6 V (B) 4.29 V Fig. P3.3.32
(C) 3.9 V (D) 4.69 V
(A) (1.8 mA, 2.1 V) (B) (1.4 mA, 2.3 V)
30. The current gain of the transistor shown in the (C) (1.4 mA , 1.8 V) (D) (1.8 mA, 1.4 V)
circuit of fig. P3.3.30 is b = 125. The Q-point values
( I CQ , VCEQ) are 33. For the circuit in fig. P3.3.33, let b = 60. The value of
+24 V
VECQ is
+5 V +10 V
58 kW
10 kW 2 kW
42 kW 10 kW
20 kW 2.2 kW
(C) (0 .915 mA, 16.23 V) (D) (0.418 mA, 18.43 V) (A) 2.68 V (B) 4.94 V
(C) 3.73 V (D) 5.69 V
31. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.3.31, let b = 75. The
Q-point (I CQ , VCEQ) is 34. In the circuit of fig. P3.3.34 Zener voltage is VZ = 5
+24 V
V and b = 100. The value of I CQ and VCEQ are
+12 V
25 kW 3 kW
500 W
8 kW 1 kW
Fig. P3.3.34
Fig. P3.3.31
(A) 12.47 mA, 4.3 V (B) 12.47 mA, 5.7 V
(A) ( 4.68 mA, 16.46 V) (B) ( 312
. mA , 1.86 V)
(C) 10.43 A, 5.7 V (D) 10.43 A , 4.3 V
(C) ( 312
. mA, 8.46 V) (D) ( 4.68 mA , 5.22 V)
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35. The two transistor in fig. P3.2.35 are identical. If (A) 36.63 mA (B) 36.17 mA
b = 25, the current I C2 is (C) 49.32 mA (D) 49.78 mA
+5 V
IC2
39. In the bipolar current source of fig. P3.2.39 the
25 mA diode voltage and transistor BE voltage are equal. If
base current is neglected then collector current is
Fig. P3.2.35
(A) 28 mA (B) 23.2 mA 10 kW
(C) 26 mA (D) 24 mA
-20 V
Fig. P3.2.39
(A) 6.43 mA (B) 2.13 mA
100 W (C) 1.48 mA (D) 9.19 mA
+25 V Vo
220 W
20 kW 50 kW
Fig. P3.2.40
(A) 1.04 mA (B) 1.68 mA
50 kW 30 kW (C) 962 mA (D) 432 mA
-
V
Fig. P32.41
Fig. P3.2.38
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Basic BJT Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.2
I ref I ref
(A)
æ
çç 1 +
(1 + N ) ö
÷
(B)
æ
çç 1 +
N ö
÷
SOLUTIONS
è b (b + 1) ÷ø è (b + 1) ÷ø
12 - 0.7
b I ref b I ref 1. (C) I E = Þ I E = 113
. mA
(C) (D) 10 k
æ (1 + N ) ö æ N ö
çç 1 + ÷ çç 1 + ÷ æ 75 ö
è (b + 1) ÷ø è b + 1 ÷ø I C = çç . ) = 112
÷÷(113 . mA
è 75 + 1 ø
42. Consider the basic three transistor current source in VCE = 12 - 1.13 ´ 10 - 1.12 RC - ( -12) = 6 V
fig. P3.2.42. Assume all transistor are matched with RC = 5.98 kW
finite gain and early voltage V A = ¥. The expression for
2. (C) 8 = 10 ´ (75 + 1) I B + 0.7 + 10 I B - 2
I o is +
V 9.3
IB = = 12.08 mA,
10 + 760
Io
Iref R1 I C = bI B = 0.906 mA, I E = (b + 1) I B = 0.918 mA
8 = 10(0.918) + VEC + 3(0.906) - 8
Þ VEC = 4.1 V
æ 75 ö 75
3. (A) I C = ç ÷ IE = (1m) = 0.987 mA
è 75 + 1 ø 76
-
V 5.2
RC = = 304
. kW
Fig. P3.2.42 0.987m
I ref I ref
(A) (B)
æ 2 ö æ 1 ö 4. (A) 5 = (1 + b)10 kI B + 20 kI B + 0.7 + b2 kI B
çç 1 + ÷ çç 1 + ÷
è (1 + b) ÷ø è (2 + b) ÷ø
5 = (760 k + 20 k + 150 k) I B + 0.7
I ref I ref Þ I B = 4.62 mA,
(C) (D)
æ 2 ö æ 1 ö
çç 1 + ÷÷ çç 1 + ÷÷ I C = bI B = 0.347 mA
è b(1 + b) ø è b(2 + b) ø
VC = 5 - (b + 1) I B RC = 5 - 760 ´ 4.62 ´ 10 -3 = 1.49 V
-5 V 5.4
7. (C) I E = = 0.5 mA
Fig. P3.2.43 2k
I E = 0, VC = 6 V æ b ö æ 50 ö
I C = çç ÷÷I E = ç ÷ ( VB - 0.7) mA
èb + 1ø è 51 ø
1 - 0.7 6 - VC
9. (B) VB = 1 V , I E = = 0.3 mA IC = mA, VC = VB
1k 10
I C » I E = 0.3 mA 50 6 - VB
( VB - 0.7) =
VC = 6 - I C RC = 6 - (0.3)(10) = 3 V 51 10
10.8 VB = 12.86 , VB = 119
. V
2 - 0.7
10. (B) VB = 2 V, I E = = 1.3 mA,
1
18. (B) VCB = 0.5 V , VC = 0.5 V
I C » I E = 1.3 mA
VC = 6 - (1.3)(10) = - 7 V 5 - 0.5 æ 101 ö
IC = =0.9 mA, I Q = ç ÷0.9 = 0.909 mA
Transistor is in saturation. The saturation voltage 5k è 100 ø
VCE = 0.2 V
VE = (1.3)(1) = 1.3 V , VC = VCE + VE = 15
. V 10 - VE
19. (C) I E = = 0.8 mA
10k
11. (C) VBB = 0, Transistor is in cutoff region VB = VE - 0.7 = 1.3 V
RL 10(5) VB 1.3
Vo = VCC = + 5 = 3.33 V IB = = = 26 mA
RC + RL 10 RB 50 k
I E 0.8m
1 - 0.7 b+1= = = 30.77 Þ b = 29.77
12. (B) I B = = 6 mA I B 26m
50 k
I C = bI B = 75 ´ 6m = 0.45 mA b 29.77
a= = = 0.968
5 - Vo V b + 1 30.77
= IC + o
5k 10 k
Vo Vo
(1 - 0.45) = + , Þ Vo = 1.83 V æ b ö 50
5 10 20. (D) I C = çç I E ÷÷ = mA = 0.98 mA
è b + 1 ø 51
2 - 0.7
13. (C) I B = = 26 mA VC = I C RC - 9 = (0.98)( 4.7) - 9 = - 4.394 V
50 k
IE 1
I C = b I B = 75 ´ 26 mA =1.95 mA IB = = mA = 19.6 mA
(b + 1) 51
VC = 5 - I C RC = 5 - 5 ´ 195
. = -4.75 V
VE = I B RB + VEB = 50(0.0196) + 0.7 = 1.68 V
Transistor is in saturation, VCE = 0.2 V = VC = Vo
VEC = 1.68 - ( -4.394) = 6.074 V
+24 V
5 kW
1.71 kW
-3.57 V
24.36 kW
+10.1 V
0.5 kW
10 kW
-5 V
Fig. S3.3.32
Fig. S3.3.30
-357
. = I BQ(171
. k) + VBE + (b + 1) I BQ(0.5 k) - 5
RTH = 58 ||42 = 24.36 kW 5 - 357
. - 0.7 = (171
. + 50.5)I BQ
æ 42 ö Þ I BQ = 14 mA
VTH =ç ÷(24) = 10.1 V
è 42 + 58 ø
I EQ = (100 + 1) I BQ = 1.412 mA
10.1 = I BQ(24.36 k) + VBE + (b + 1) I BQ(10 k)
I CQ = 100 I BQ = 1.4 mA
10.1 - 0.7 = I BQ(24.36 k + 1260 k)
VCEQ = 5 - RC I CQ - RE I EQ + 5
I BQ = 7.32 mA
= 5 - (5)(1.4) - (0.5)(1.412) + 5 = 2.3 V
I CQ = bI BQ = 0.915 mA
I EQ = (b + 1) I BQ = 0.922 mA 33. (B) RTH = 20 ||10 = 6.67 kW
VCEQ = 24 - (0.922)(10) = 14.8 V
æ 20 ö
VTH = ç ÷10 - 5 = 1.67 V
31. (D) R1 = 25 kW, R2 = 8 kW è 10 + 20 ø
+10 V
+24 V
2 kW
3 kW
6.67 kW
6.06 kW +1.67 V
+5.82 V
2.2 kW
1 kW
-10 V
5.82 = ( 6.06 k)( I BQ) + VBE + (b + 1) I B (1k) 10 - 1.67 - 0.7 = I BQ( 6.67 + 122)
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
Iref
Io = IC2
Q3
IC1
IE3
Q1 Q2
IB1 IB2
-
V
Fig. S3.2.42
I E 3 = (1 + b) I B 3
IE3 2 IB2
I ref = I C1 + = I C1 +
(1 + b) (1 + b)
I C1 = I C 2 = bI B 2
2 IC2 æ 2 ö
I ref = I C 2 + = I C2 çç 1 + ÷÷
b(1 + b) è b(1 + b) ø
I ref
IC2 = Io =
æ 2 ö
çç 1 + ÷÷
è b(1 + b) ø
I ref » I C1 = I S e Vt
, Io = IC2 = IS e Vt
æ I ref ö æI ö
VBE1 = Vt lnçç ÷÷ , VBE 2 = Vt lnçç o ÷÷
è IS ø è IS ø
æ I ref ö
VBE1 - VBE 2 = Vt ln çç ÷÷
è Io ø
From the circuit,
VBE1 - VBE 2 = I E 2 RE » I o RE
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
3.3
BASIC FET CIRCUITS
In the circuit shown in fig. P3.3.1–3 the transistor In the circuit shown in fig. P3.3.4–6 the transistor
parameters are as follows: parameter are as follows:
32 kW 4 kW 14 kW 1.2 kW
18 kW 2 kW 6 kW 0.5 kW
-10 V
Fig. P3.3.1–3
Fig. P3.3.4–6
4. VGS = ?
1. VGS = ?
(A) 2.05 V (B) 6.43 V (A) -3.62 V (B) 3.62 V
2. I D = ? 5. I D = ?
(A) 1.863 mA (B) 1.485 mA (A) 13.5 mA (B) 10 mA
(C) 0.775 mA (D) None of the above
(C) 19.24 mA (D) 4.76 mA
3. VDS =? 6. VDS = ?
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16. The parameter of the transistor in fig. P3.3.16 are 19. In the circuit of fig. P.3.3.19 the PMOS transistor
VTN = 1.2 V, K n = 0.5 mA / V 2 and l = 0. The voltage VDS has parameter VTP = -1.5 V, kp¢ = 25 mA / V 2 , L = 4 mm
is and l = 0. If I D = 0.1 mA and VSD = 2.5 V, then value of W
+5 V will be
+9 V
50 mA
Fig. P3.3.16 R
Rs
0.25 mA
-9 V RD
Fig. P3.3.17
-5 V
(A) 1.72 V (B) -1.72 V Fig. P3.3.20
+5 V
(C) 5.8 kW, 4 kW (D) 5 kW, 4 kW
-5 V
Fig. P3.3.18
10 kW
Statement for Q.22–23: 25. The transistors in the circuit of fig. P3.3.25 have
Consider the circuit shown in fig. P3.2.22–33. parameter VTN = 0.8 V, kn¢ = 40 mA / V 2 and l = 0. The
+5 V
width-to-length ratio of M 2 is ( WL )2 = 1. If Vo = 0.10 V
when Vi = 5 V, then ( )
W
L 1
for M1 is
M1 +5 V
Vo
M1
M2
Vo
Vi M2
Fig. P3.3.22-23
æW ö æW ö
23. If the ratio is ç ÷ = 40 and ç ÷ = 15, then Vo is RD
è L ø1 è L ø2
M1 M4
(A) 2.91 V (B) 2.09 V
ID1 RG
(C) 3.41 V (D) 1.59 V ID4
+5 V
V2 K n 3 = 100 mA / V 2
M3 K n 4 = 80 mA / V 2
26. I D1 = ?
Fig. P3.3.24
(A) 0.23 mA (B) 0.62 mA
æW ö æW ö æW ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ (C) 0.46 mA (D) 0.31 mA
è L ø1 è L ø2 è L ø3
(A) 1.75 6.94 27.8 27. I D4 = ?
(B) 4.93 10.56 50.43 (A) 0.62 mA (B) 0.31 mA
(C) 35.5 22.4 8.53 (C) 0.46 mA (D) 0.92 mA
(D) 56.4 38.21 12.56
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Basic FET Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.3
28. For the circuit in fig. P3.3.28 the transistor (A) 7.43 V (B) 8.6 V
parameter are VTN = 0.8 V and kn¢ = 30 mA / V 2 . If output (C) -1.17 V (D) 1.17 V
voltage is Vo = 0.1 V, when input voltage is Vi = 4.2 V,
the required transistor width-to length ratio is 32. A p-channel JFET biased in the saturation region
+5 V with VSD = 5 V has a drain current of I D = 2.8 mA, and
I D = 0.3 mA at VGS = 3 V. The value of I DSS is
10 kW
(A) 10 mA (B) 5 mA
Vo
(C) 7 mA (D) 2 mA
Vi
0.4 kW
20 kW
-5 V
10 kW Fig. P3.3.33–34
31. For the circuit in fig. P3.3.32 the transistor 140 kW 2.7 kW
parameters are Vp = - 35
. V, I DSS = 18 mA, and l = 0. The
value of VDS is
+15 V
60 kW 2 kW
0.8 kW
Fig. P3.3.35
4. (B) R1 = 14 kW, R2 = 6 kW, RS = 0.5 kW, RD = 1.2 kW RS = 0.6 kW, RD = 0.8 kW,
æ RL ö æ RL ö æ 5.5 ö
æ 6 ö VG = çç ÷÷(10) - 5 = ç ÷(10) - 5 = -2.25 V
VG = çç ÷÷(20) - 10 = ç ÷(20) - 10 = -4 V
è R1 + R2 ø è 14 + 6 ø è R1 + R2 ø è 14.5 + 5.5 ø
VGS = 152
. V, VGS = VDS æW ö æW ö
23. (A) ç ÷ > ç ÷ thus VGS1 < VGS 2
è L ø1 è L ø2
17. (B) I D = K n ( VGS - VTN ) 2 40( VGS1 - 0.8) 2 = 15( VGS 2 - 0.8) 2
Þ 0.25 = 0.2( VGS - 0.6) 2
Þ VGS = 172
. V, VGS 2 = 5 - VGS1
VGS = VG - VS , VG = 0, VS = -172
. V 1.63( VGS1 - 0.8) = (5 - VGS1 - 0.8)
VGS1 = 2.09, VGS 2 = 2.91 V, Vo = VGS 2 = 2.91 V
5 - VD 6 -1
18. (A) I D = = 0.8 mA, RD = = 5 kW
RD 0.8m
24. (A) Each transistor is biased in saturation because
I D = K n ( VGS - VTN ) 2
VDS = VGS and VDS > VGS - VTN
Þ 0.8 = (0.4)( VGS - 17
. )2 Þ VGS = 311
. V
For M 3 , V2 = 2 V = VGS 3
VGS = VG - VS , VG = 0, VS = -311
. V
æ 36 ´ 10 -3 öæ W ö æW ö
-311
. - ( -5) I D = 0.5 = çç ÷÷ç ÷ (2 - 1) 2 Þ ç ÷ = 27.8
I D = 0.8 mA = Þ RS = 2.36 kW è 2 øè L ø3 è L ø3
RS
For M 2 , VGS 2 = V1 - V2 = 5 - 2 = 3 V
k¢p W æ 36 ´ 10 -3 öæ W ö æW ö
19. (C) VSD = VSG, I D = ( VGS + VTP ) 2 I D = 0.5 = çç ÷÷ç ÷ ( 3 - 1) 2 Þ ç ÷ = 6.94
2 L è 2 øè L ø2 è L ø2
æ 25 ö æ W ö For M1 , VGS1 = 10 - V1 = 10 - 5 = 5 V
10 -4 = ç ÷ç ÷ (2.5 - 15
. )2 Þ W = 32 mm
è 2 øè 4 ø æ 36 öæ W ö æW ö
I D = 0.5 = ç ´ 10 -5 ÷ç ÷ (5 - 1) 2 Þ ç ÷ = 174
.
è 2 øè L ø1 è L ø1
æ 30 ´ 10 -6 ö
20. (D) K p = çç ÷÷(20) = 0.3 mA / V 2
è 2 ø 25. (D) M 2 is in saturation because
I D = K p ( VSG + VTP ) 2 Þ 0.5 = 0.3( VSG - 12
. )2
VGS 2 = VDS 2 > VGS 2 - VTN
Þ VSG = 2.49 V, VG = 0
M1 is in non saturation because
VS = VSG = 2.49 V
VGS1 = Vi = 5 V, VDS1 = VD = 0 V
5 - VS 5 - 2.49
ID = Þ RS = = 5.02 kW VDS1 < VGS1 - VTN , I D1 = I D2
RS 0.5m
æW ö æW ö
VD - ( -5) -3 + 5 ç ÷ [2( VGS1 - VTN1 ) VDS1 - VDS 2 ]= ç ÷ ( VGS 2 - VTN 2 )
2 2
ID = Þ RD = = 4 kW è ø1
L è ø2
L
RD 0.5m
æW ö
Þ ç ÷ [2(5 - 0.8)(0.1) - (0.1) 2 ] = (1)(5 - 0.1 - 0.8) 2
21. (B) Assume transistor in saturation è L ø1
10 - VGS æW ö æW ö
ID = = K n ( VGS - VTN ) 2 ç ÷ (0.83) = 16.81 Þ ç ÷ =20.3
10 k è L ø1 è L ø1
10 - VGS = (10)(0.2)( VGS - 2) 2
Þ VGS = 377
. V, - 0.27 V, VGS will be 3.77 V 26. (B) I D1 = K n 1 ( VGS1 - VTN ) 2 = K n 2 ( VGS 2 - VTN ) 2
VGS = VDS = 377
. V VGS1 = 5 - VGS 2 Þ (5 - VGS 2 - 1) 2 = 200 ( VGS 2 - 1) 2
10 - 377
. Þ VGS 2 = 2.76 V, VGS1 = 2.24 V
ID = = 0.623 mA
10 k -6
I D1 = 400 ´ 10 (2.24 - 1) 2 =0.62 mA
Power = I DVDS = 2.35 mW
VDS > VGS - VTN assumption is correct. 27. (B) VGS 2 = VGS 3 = 2.76 V
I D4 = K n 4 ( VGS 4 - VTN ) 2 = K n 3 ( VGS 3 - VTN ) 2
22. (B) For both transistor VDS = VGS ,
= 100 ´ 10 -6 (2.76 - 1) 2 = 0.31 mA
VDS > VGS - VTN Therefore both transistor are in
saturation. 28. (C) VGS = 4.2 V, VDS = 0.1 V
I D1 = I D2 Þ K n 1 ( VGS1 - VTN1 ) = K n 2 ( VGS 2 - VTN 2 )
2 2
VDS < VGS - VTN , Thus transistor is in non saturation.
K n 1 = K n 2 , VTN1 = VTN 2 5 - 0.1
5 ID = = 0.49 mA
VGS1 = VGS 2 = V 10 k
2 k¢ W
Vo = VGS 2 = 2.5 V
ID = n
2 L
{2 ( VGS - VTN ) VDS - VDS2 }
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
3.4
AMPLIFIERS
1. If the transistor parameter are b = 180 and Early 3. The small signal votlage gain Av = vo vs is
voltage V A = 140 V and it is biased at I CQ = 2 mA, the (A) -4.38 (B) 4.38
values of hybrid-p parameter g m , rp and ro are (C) -1.88 (D) 1.88
respectively
4. The nominal quiescent collector current of a
(A) 14 A V, 2.33 kW, 90 kW
transistor is 1.2 mA. If the range of b for this transistor
(B) 14 A V, 90 kW , 2.33 kW is 80 £ b £ 120 and if the quiescent collector current
(C) 77 mA V, 2.33 kW , 70 kW changes by ±10 percent, the range in value for rp is
(D) 77.2 A V, 70 kW, 2.33 kW (A) 1.73 kW < rp < 2.59 kW
(B) 1.93 kW < rp < 2.59 kW
Statement for Q.2–3. (C) 1.73 kW < rp < 2.59 kW
Consider the circuit of fig. P3.4.2–3. The transistor (D) 1.56 kW < rp < 2.88 kW
parameters are b = 120 and V A = ¥.
Statement for Q.5–6:
+5 V
Consider the circuit in fig. P3.4.5.6. The transistor
4 kW parameter are b = 100 and V A = ¥.
vo +10 V
250 kW
vs
~ RC
2V 50 kW
vs
~
Fig. P3.4.2–3
vBB
Statement for Q.14–15: 19. For an n-channel MOSFET biased in the saturation
Consider the common Base amplifier shown in fig. region, the parameters are VTN = 1 V, 12 m n Cox = 18 mA V 2
P3.4.14–15. The parameters are g m = 2 mS and and l = 0.015 V -1 and I DQ = 2 mA. If transconductance is
ro = 250 kW. Find the Thevenin equivalent faced by load g m = 3.4 mA V, the width-to-length ratio is
resistance RL . (A) 80.6 (B) 43.2
(C) 190 (D) 110
Thevenin equivalent
Fig. P3.4.14–15 60 kW 10 kW
v1 3.9 kW 18 kW v2
10 kW
_ _ vo
Fig. P3.4.16–17 vi
~
16. The h-parameter h21 is VGG
(A) 2.46 (B) 0.9
(C) 0.5 (D) 0.67 Fig. P3.4.21–23
(A) 4.44
(C) 2.22
(B) -4.44
(D) -2.22
SOLUTIONS
I CQ 2m
Statement for Q.33–34: 1. (C) g m = = = 77.2 mA V
Vt 0.0259
Consider the source-follower circuit in fig. bVt b 180
P3.4.33-34. The values of parameter are g m = 2 mS and rp = = = = 2.33 kW
I CQ g m 77.2m
ro = 100 kW.
V A 140
+5 V ro = = = 70 kW
I CQ 2m
Ro
2 - 0.7
2. (B) I BQ = = 5.2 m A
vo 250 k
vs
~ 500 kW IQ 4 kW I CQ = bI B = (120)(5.2m ) = 0.642 mA
I CQ 0.624
-5 V
gm = = = 24 mA V
Vt 0.0259
Fig. P3.4.33-34
bVt b 120
rp = = = = 5 kW, ro = ¥
33. The voltage gain Av is I CQ g m 24m
1
5. (A) VECQ = VCC = 5 V
2
VECQ = 10 - I CQ RC = 5
Þ 10 - (0.5m) RC = 5
RC = 10 kW,
I CQ 0.5
I BQ = = =5 mA
b 100
VEB ( ON ) + I BQ RB = VBB
Þ 0.7 + (5m ) (50 k) = 0.95 V
I CQ 0.5
6. (D) g m = = = 19.3 mA V
Vt 0.0259
bVt (100)(0.0259)
rp = = = 5.18 kW , ro = ¥
I CQ 0.5m
æ 100 ö
7. (B) I CQ = ç ÷(0.35) = 0.347 mA
è 1001 ø
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
vo æ rp ||10 k ö 1 kW (b+1)Ib
= - g m çç ÷÷ ( ro ||7 k)
vs è 500 + rp ||10 k ø
I CQ 0.347m Fig. S3.4.9
gm = = = 1313
. mA V
Vt 0.0259
bVt (100)(0.0259
b bV 100 rp = = = 2.18 kW
rp = = t = = 7.6 kW I CQ 119
. m
g m I CQ 1313
. m
vo = bI b (2k) , vs = - (b + 1) I b (1k) + I b ( rp)
VA 100
ro = = = 288 kW v -b(2 k) -(100)(2 k)
I CQ 0.347m Av = o = = = -196
.
vs rp + (b + 1)1k 2.18 k + (100)(1k)
288 ´ 7 7.6 ´ 10
ro ||7k = = 6.83 kW, rp ||10k = = 4.32 kW
288 + 7 7.6 + 10 10. (B) VECQ = 8.42 V,
æ 4.32 k ö For 1 £ vEC £ 11 V, DvEC = 11 - 8.42 = 2.58 V
Av = -1313
. mç ÷( 6.83k) = - 80
è 500 + 4.32 k ø Þ Output voltage swing = 5.16 V peak to peak.
8. (C) DC Analysis: I CQ = I EQ 11. (B) Since the B–C junction is not reverse biased, the
VCEQ = 5 = 10 - I CQ ( RC + RE ) transistor continues to operate in the forward-active
Þ 5 = 10 - I CQ(1. 2 k + 0. 2 k) Þ I CQ = 3.57 mA -mode
3.57
I BQ = = 23.8 m A
150 Ie +
AC Analysis: +
vce vce rp gmvce ro
Ib B C _
vo _
+
rp Vp bIb
_ E Fig. S 3.4.11
vs
~ R1 || R2 1.2 kW
vce 1 æ 1 ö
0.2 kW r= = , So rp || çç ÷÷ || ro
g m Vce g m è gm ø
(100)(0.0259)
Fig. S3.4.8 rp = = 2.33 kW
2m
bVt (0.0259) I CQ 2m
rp = = (150) . kW , ro = ¥
= 109 gm = = = 77.2 mA V
I CQ 357
. m Vt 0.0259
vo -(b I b ) RC 1 V 150
Av = = , vs = I b rp + (b + 1) RE I b = 12.95 , ro = A = = 75 kW
vs vs gm I CQ 2m
-bRC -(150)(12
. )k re = (2.33k)||(12.95)||(75 k) =12.87 W
Av = = = -5.75
rp + (1 + b) RE 109
. k + (151)(0.2 k)
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Amplifiers GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.4
VA VA 75 Vp Vp v + Vpi
12. (C) ro = Þ I CQ = = = 0.375 mA + + g m Vp + i =0
I CQ ro 200 k rp ro 270
Vp Vp vi + Vpi
+ + 2mVp + =0 Þ Vp = -0.647 vi ,
bV 75(0.0259) 50 k 250 k 270
13. (B) rp = t = = 194
. kW
I CQ 1m I sc = 1297
. mvi
bIb vTH 498 vi
E Ie C RTH = = = 384 kW
I SC 1297
. mvi
Ib
rp
+ 16. (B) The equivalent small-signal circuit is shown in
vi
~ B 2.7 kW vo
_ fig. S3.4.16
1.5 kW
ro
Fig. S 3.4.13 i1 E C
vi = I b ( rp + 15k
. ), I in = I e = (b + 1) I b _ gmVp
Rin =
Vi ( rp + 15
=
. k) 194
=
. + 15
. k
= 45 W
vs
~ 3.9 kW rp Vp
+
18 kW v2 = 0
Ie (b + 1) 76
B
gmVp i2 Vp
_ h21 = , i2 = + g m Vp
vi
~ rp Vp
+
i1 v2 = 0
r0
Vp V V Vp
i1 = - - p - p - g m Vp , can be neglected
39
. k rp ro ro
Fig. S 3.4.14 i2 - gm - g m rp 39
. k
h21 = = = = 0.91
Removing the RL , -Vp =
vi rp i1 1 1
+ + gm rp + 39
. k + g m rp 39
. k
270 + rp . k rp
39
vi rp(1 + g m ro)
vTH = -ro g m Vp - Vp =
270 + rp v1 v v - v2
17. (A) v1 = -Vp , + 1 + 1 = g m Vp
b 100 39
. k rp ro
rp = = = 50 kW
g m 2m ro
Fig. S 3.4.17
270 W
gmVp æ 1 1 1ö v
_ Isc v1 çç + + ÷÷ - 2 = - g m v1
vi
~ rp Vp
+
è 39
. k rp ro ø ro
1 1
v1 ro 800 k
= =
Fig. S 3.4.15 v2 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + gm + + + 3m
. k rp ro
39 39
. k 33.3k 800 k
Vp Vp
I sc = g m Vp + = 2mVp + = 2.004 mVp = 3.8 ´ 10 -4
ro 250 k
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Amplifiers GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.4
RS = 4 kW, v gs = 0.84 vi , v gs = vi ,
vo
= Av = - g m (7k)
vo = - g m v gs ( ro ||RD) vi
= -(1.41m)(0.84 vi )(100 k || 5 k) g m = 2 K n ( VGS - VTN )
vo = 2 (1m)(151
. - 0.8) = 1.42 mS
Þ = Av = - 5.6
vi Av = -(1.42m) (7 k) = - 9.9
28. (A) Ro = RD ||ro || 100k =4.76 kW 32. (A) The small-signal equivalent circuit is shown in
fig. S.3.4.34
29. (A) As shown in fig. S3.4.27, Ri = R1 || R2 = 20.6 kW gmvgs
S D
vo
_
30. (C) From the DC analysis:
vgs
VGSQ = 15
. V, I DQ = 0.5 mA vi
~ 10 kW RS
+
5 kW RD RL 4 kW
g m = 2 K n ( VGS - VTN ) = 2(1m) (15
. - 0.8) = 1.4 mA V G
-1
ro = [ lI DQ ] =¥
Fig. S3.4.32
The resulting small-signal equivalent circuit is shown
in fig. S5.4.30
G
vo = - g m v gs ( RD || RL ), vi = -v gs
D
vo v
+ Av = o = g m ( RD || RL ) = (2m)(5 k ||4 k) = 4.44
vi
vi
~ RTH vgs gmvgs RD 7 kW
_
33. (A) The small-signal equivalent circuit is shown in
S
fig. S3.4.33
RS 0.5 kW
G D
+
~
Fig. S 3.4.30 vi ro
500 kW vgs gmvgs
vo = - g m v gs RD, vi = v gs + g m v gs RS _
vo - g m RD (7 k)
Þ = = - (1.4m) = -5.76 S vo
vi 1 + g m RS 1 + (1.4m) (0.5 k)
4 kW
_ S
1
34. (B) Ro = ||ro
gm
Fig. S3.4.31
= æç ö÷ ||(100) » 0.498 kW
1
vo = - g m v gs (7k) è2ø
********************
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
3.5
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
1. Av =
vo
=? (A) -2 sin wt m A (B) -7 sin wt m A
vi 400 kW
(C) -5 sin wt m A (D) 0
40 kW
vi
vo
4. In circuit shown in fig. P3.5.4, the input voltage vi is
0.2 V. The output voltage vo is
50 kW
R
150 kW
10 kW
vi
25 kW
Fig. P3.5.1 vo
(A) -10 (B) 10
(C) -11 (D) 11
Fig. P3.5.4
vo
2. Av = =?
vi 400 kW (A) 6 V (B) -6 V
40 kW (C) 8 V (D) -8 V
vi
vo
60 kW 5. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.5 gain is
Av = vo vi = -10. The value of R is
R 100 kW
Fig. P3.5.2
(A) -10 (B) 10
100 kW
(C) 13.46 (D) -13.46 100 kW
vi
Fig. P3.5.3
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Operational Amplifiers GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.5
6. For the op-amp circuit shown in fig. P3.5.6 the 10. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.10 the output voltage vo is
voltage gain Av = vo vi is 20 kW 20 kW
+0.5 V
R R R
40 kW
-1 V
R R 60 kW vo
R +2 V
vi
vo
Fig. P3.5.10
Fig. P3.5.11
Fig. P3.5.7
(A) -1.996 (B) -1.998 (A) -0.4(1 + sin wt) mV (B) 0.4(1 + sin wt) mV
(C) -2.004 (D) -2.006 (C) 0.4(1 + 2 sin wt) mV (D) -0.4(1 + 2 sin wt) mV
8. The op-amp of fig. P3.5.8 has a very poor open-loop 12. For the circuit in fig. P3.5.12 the output voltage is
voltage gain of 45 but is otherwise ideal. The closed-loop vo = 2.5 V in response to input voltage vi = 5 V. The finite
gain of amplifier is open-loop differential gain of the op-amp is
100 kW
500 kW
2 kW vi
vo
vo 1 kW
vi
Fig. P3.5.8
Fig. P3.5.12
(A) 20 (B) 4.5
(C) 4 (D) 5 (A) 5 ´ 10 4 (B) 250.5
(C) 2 ´ 10 4
(D) 501
9. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.9 the input voltage
vi is 1.5 V. The current io is 13. vo = ?
10 kW 100 kW
6 kW 100 kW
vi
8 kW io
vo vo
20 kW
+18 V
5 kW 40 kW
+15 V
Fig. P3.5.13
Fig. P3.5.9
(A) -1.5 mA (B) 1.5 mA (A) 34 V (B) -17 V
28. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.28 the input 31. io = ?
resistance is
6 kW
io 2 kW
6A vo
2 kW
4 kW
is
Fig. S3.5.31
2 kW
10 kW (A) -18 A (B) 18 A
3 kW D1
29. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.29 the op-amp slew rate is
SR = 0.5 V ms. If the amplitude of input signal is 0.02 V, 6 kW D2
10 kW
vi
vo
Fig. P3.5.32–33
(C) 3 V (D) -3 V
(C) -3 V (D) 3 V
30. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.30 the input offset voltage
and input offset current are Vio = 4 mV and I io = 150 nA.
34. vo( t) = ?
The total output offset voltage is
500 kW
5 kW 8 mF vo
vi
vo
5u(t) mA 250 W 1 kW 50 W
5 kW
Fig. P3.5.34
Fig. P3.5.30 t t
- -
(A) e 10
u( t) V (B) -e 10
u( t) V
(A) 479 mV (B) 234 mV -
t
-
t
(C) e 1 .6
u( t) V (D) -e 1 .6
u( t) V
(C) 168 mV (D) 116 mV
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Operational Amplifiers GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.5
35. The circuit shown in fig. P3.5.35 is at steady state (A) vs vss (B) -vs vss
before the switch opens at t = 0. The vC ( t) for t > 0 is v vs
t=0 (C) - s (D)
vss vss
20 kW
39. If the input to the ideal comparator shown in fig.
20 kW P3.5.39 is a sinusoidal signal of 8 V (peak to peak)
20 kW
without any DC component, then the output of the
+ comparator has a duty cycle of
4 mF vC
5V
-
Input
Output
Fig. P3.5.35 Vref = 2 V
(A) 10 - 5 e -12 .5t V (B) 5 + 5 e -12 .5t V
-
t
-
t Fig. P3.5.39
(C) 5 + 5 e 12 .5
V (D) 10 - 5 e 12 .5
V
1 1
(A) (B)
36. The LED in the circuit of fig. P3.5.36 will be on if vi 2 3
is 1 1
10 kW (C) (D)
+10 V 6 12
470W
10 kW vi
40. In the op-amp circuit given in fig. P3.5.40 the load
current iL is
Fig. P3.5.36
(A) > 10 V (B) < 10 V R1
100 kW RL
R R
1 kW
Fig. P3.5.40
1 kW vo
R
R
vs vs
(A) - (B)
100 kW R2 R2
vs vs
(C) - (D)
RL RL
Fig. P3.5.37
(A) 1 mV (B) 100 mV
41. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.41 output voltage is |vo| = 1
(C) 200 mV (D) 2 mV
V for a certain set of w, R, an C. The |vo| will be 2 V if
R1
38. The analog multiplier X of fig. P.3.5.38 has the
R1
characteristics vp = v1 v2 . The output of this circuit is
vss vi = sin wt V vo
10 kW
X
R
R C
vs
vo
Fig. P3.5.41
(A) w is doubled (B) w is halved
Fig. P3.5.38 (C) R is doubled (D) None of the above
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
3 kW vo
vi
vo
RF R1 R2
100 pF 100 pF 100 pF v1 v2
R
vo
R R
333 kW
20 kW
Fig. P3.5.43
20 kW vo
(A) 148 kW (B) 236 kW
(C) 438 kW (D) 814 kW 333 kW
1 kW 2.1 kW æv R ö æv R ö
(A) 2 log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷ (B) log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷
è v1 R2 ø è v1 R2 ø
æv R ö æv R ö
(C) 2.303 log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷ (D) 4.605 log10 çç 2 1 ÷÷
C
è v1 R2 ø è v1 R2 ø
1 kW
47. In the op-amp series regulator circuit of fig. P8.3.47
Vz = 6.2 V, VBE = 0.7 V and b = 60. The output voltage vo is
1 kW C vo
+36 V
1 kW
Fig. P3.5.44
1 30 kW
(A) mF (B) 2p mF
2p
1
(C) mF (D) 2 p 6 mF
2p 6
10 kW
*******
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Operational Amplifiers GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 3.5
26. (C) v2 + = v2 - = 0 V, current through 6 V source 33. (D) If vi < 0, then vo > 0, D2 blocks and D1 conduct
6 3k
i= = 2 mA, vo = -2m( 3k + 2 k) = -10 V Av = - . , vo = ( -2)( -15
= -15 . )=3 V
3k 2k
35. (A) vc (0 - ) = 5 V = vc (0 + ) = 5 V
28. (B) Since op-amp is ideal
For t > 0 the equivalent circuit is shown in fig. S3.5.35
20 kW
i1 +
10 V 4 mF vC
4 kW –
is is
i2
2 kW
Fig. S3.5.35
10 kW
t = 20 k ´ 4m = 0.08 s
t
-
Fig. S3.5.28 vc = 10 + (5 - 10) e 0 .08
= 10 - 5 e -12 .5t V for t > 0
v- = v+ , 2 kis = 4 ki1 Þ is = 2 i1
(10)(10 k)
vs = 2 kis + 10 ki2 36. (C) v- = =5 V
10 k + 10 k
is
i2 = is + i1 , vs = 2 kis + 10 k( is + i1 ), i1 = When v+ > 5 V, output will be positive and LED will be
2
æ i ö vs on. Hence (C) is correct.
vs = 2 kis + 10 kç is + s ÷ Þ = 17k = Rin
è 2ø is
R R
37. (B) v+ = (2) = 1 V, v- = (2) = 1 V, vd = 0
2R 2R
½R ½ 240 k
29. (C) Closed loop gain A =½ F½ = = 24 v + v- R VCM
½ R1½ 10 k VCM = + = 1, vo = F
2 1 CMRR
The maximum output voltage vom = 24 ´ 0.02 = 0.48 V 100 1
CMRR = 60 dB = 10 3 , vo = = 100 mV
SR 0.5 / m 1 10 3
w £ = = 11
. ´ 106 rad/s
vom 0.48
38. (C) v+ = 0 = v- ,
æ R ö Let output of analog multiplier be vp .
30. (A) The offset due to Vio is vo = çç 1 + 1 ÷÷Vio
è R1 ø vs vp
=- Þ vs = -vp , vp = vss vo
æ 500 ö R R
= ç1 + ÷ 4m = 404 mV
è 5 ø v
vs = -vss vo , vo = - s
vss
Due to I io, vo = RF I io = (500 k)(150n) = 75 mV
Total offset voltage vo = 404 + 75 = 479 mV
39. (B) When vi > 2 V, output is positive. When vi < 2 V,
-vo v output is negative.
31. (A) 6 = , io = - 6 + o
6k 3k V
-6( 6 k)
io = - 6 + = -18 A. 4V
3k
2V
2p
32. (B) If vi > 0, then vo < 0, D1 blocks and D2 conducts p 5p
t
6 6
6k
Av = - = -2 Þ vo = ( -2)(2) = -4 V
3k
Fig. S3.5.39
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UNIT 3 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Analog Electronics
vs - v- v- - vo oscillation
40.(A) = Þ 2 v1 = vs + vo R2
R1 R1
R1
v+ v v - vo æ R ö
+ + + + =0 Þ vo = çç 2 + 2 ÷÷ v+
R2 RL R2 è RL ø
æ R ö
2 v- = vs + çç 2 + 2 ÷÷ v+ , v- = v+
è RL ø R C
R C
R
Þ 0 = vs + 2 v+
RL
RL v+ vs
v+ = - vs , iL = , iL = - Fig. S3.5.44
R2 RL R2
1 1
Frequency = Þ 1 ´ 10 3 =
2pRC 2 p(1k) C
41. (D) This is a all pass circuit
1
vo 1 - jwRC 1 + ( wR 2 C) 2 C= mF
= H ( jw) = , | H( jw)| = =1 2p
vi 1 + jwRC 1 + ( wRC) 2
Thus when w and R is changed, the transfer function is 45. (C) v+ = 5 V = v- = vE ,
1
Þ R= = 8.12 kW 10 vo v
( 80 k)(2 p 6 )(100 p) 47. (B) v+ = v- , vZ = = o
10 + 30 4
RF vo = 4 vz = 6.2 ´ 4 = 24.8 V
= 29 Þ RF = ( 8.12 k)(29) = 236 kW
R
************
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
4.1
NUMBER SYSTEMS & BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
1. The 100110 2 is numerically equivalent to 5. A computer has the following negative numbers
stored in binary form as shown. The wrongly stored
1. 2616 2. 3610 3. 468 4. 212 4
number is
The correct answer are (A) -37 as 1101 1011 (B) -89 as 1010 0111
(A) 1, 2, and 3 (B) 2, 3, and 4
(C) -48 as 1110 1000 (D) -32 as 1110 0000
(C) 1, 2, and 4 (D) 1, 3, and 4
2. If (211) x = (152)8 , then the value of base x is 6. Consider the signed binary number A = 01010110
and B = 1110 1100 where B is the 1’s complement and
(A) 6 (B) 5
MSB is the sign bit. In list-I operation is given, and in
(C) 7 (D) 9
list-II resultant binary number is given.
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
A A
28. The simplified form of a logic function B B
Y = A( B + C( AB + AC)) is C
Z
C
Z
(A) A B (B) AB D D
A A
29. The reduced form of the Boolean expression of
B B
Y = ( AB ) × ( AB) is Z Z
C C
(A) A + B (B) A + B D D
(A) X + Y (B) X + Y
Fig. P4.1.34
(C) XY (D) X Y
(A) A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 (B) A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
The logic circuit would be 37. To implement y = ABCD using only two-input
A A NAND gates, minimum number of requirement of gate
B X B X
is
C C
(A) 3 (B) 4
(A) (B)
(C) 5 (D) 6
A A
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Number Systems & Boolean Algebra GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.1
41. In fig. P4.1.41 the LED emits light when If the input Vi makes an abrupt change from logic
0 to 1 at t = t0 then the output waveform Vo is
VCC = 5 V
[t1 = t0 + 10 ns, t2 = t1 + 10 ns, t3 = t2 + 10 ns]
1 kW 1 kW 1 kW (A) (B)
t0 t1 t2 t3 t0 t1 t2 t3
1 kW
(C) (D)
t0 t1 t2 t3 t0 t1 t2 t3
Fig. P4.1.41
(A) both switch are closed
45. In the network of fig. P4.1.45 f can be written as
(B) both switch are open X0
1
(C) only one switch is closed X1 2
3
(D) LED does not emit light irrespective of the switch X2 n-1
X3 n F
positions Xn-1
Xn
42. If the input to the digital circuit shown in fig. Fig. P4.1.45
1
(C) X 0 X1 X 3 X 5 .... X n + X 2 X 3 X 5 K X n + .... + X n -1 X n
(D) X 0 X1 X 3 X 5... X n -1 + X 2 X 3 X 5 K X n +..+ X n -1 X n - 2 + X n
Y
Fig. P4.1.42
(A) X (B) X *******
(C) 0 (D) 1
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
A - B = A + B,
SOLUTIONS
A 010 10110
B + 00010011
0110 1001
1. (D) 100110 2 = 2 5 + 2 2 + 21 = 3810
- A - B = A + B, A 1010 1001
2616 = 2 ´ 16 + 6 = 3810
B + 00010011
468 = 4 ´ 8 + 6 = 3810
10111100
212 4 = 2 ´ 4 2 + 41 = 3810
So 3610 is not equivalent. 7. (B) Here A , B are 2’s complement
A + B, A 0100 0110
2. (C) 2 x 2 + x + 1 = 64 + 5 ´ 8 + 2 Þ x =7 B + 1101 0011
1 0001 1001
3. (C) All are 2’s complement of 7
11001 Þ 00110 Discard the carry 1
+ 1
A - B = A + B, A 010 0 0110
00111 = 710 B + 0010 1101
1001 Þ 0110
0111 0011
+ 1
0111 = 710 B - A, B 1101 0011
000111 = 710
Discard the carry 1
1.6 1 0.6
6. (D) Here A , B are 1’s complement
A + B, A 01010110 Repeat from the second line 0.310 = 0.01001 2
B + 1110 1100
10100 0010 , 9. (C)
+ 1 b4 b3 b2 p3 b1 p2 p1
A 0 0 1 0 0
B
Z 0 1 0 0 0
C+D
E 0 1 1 1 1
Fig. S4.1.11
1 0 0 1 1
Now Z = AB + ( C + D) E 1 0 1 1 1
Fig. S 4.1.23
12. (D) You can see that input to last XNOR gate is
same. So output will be HIGH. 24. (B) X = ABC + ABC + ABC = BC + ABC
= ( AB + AB) + C = A B + AB + C
29. (C) ( AB ) × ( AB) = AB + AB = AB + AB
31. (A) X Å Y = X Y + XY = ( XY + XY ) = ( XY ) = X + Y
21. (A) Z = ( A + B ) × BC = ( AB) × BC = ABC
f ( x3 , x2 , x1 ) = Sm( 3, 4, 5)
Fig. P4.2.1
g( x4 , x3 , x2 ) = Sm(1, 6, 7)
(A) ( AB + AB ) C (B) ( AB + AB ) C
h( x4 , x3 , x2 , x1 ) = fg
(C) ABC (D) A Å B Å C
Then h( x4 , x3 , x2 , x1 ) is
11. The Boolean Expression Y = ( A + B)( A + C) is equal (A) Sm(3, 12, 13) (B) Sm(3, 6)
to (C) Sm(3, 12) (D) 0
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Combinational Logic Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.2
Statement for Q.16–17: 21. For a binary half subtractor having two input A and
A switching function of four variable, f ( w, x y, z) is B, the correct set of logical expressions for the outputs
to equal the product of two other function f1 and f2 , of D = ( A - B) and X (borrow) are
the same variable f = f1 f2 . The function f and f1 are as (A) D = AB + AB , X = AB
follows : (B) D = AB + AB , X = AB
f = Sm( 4, 7, 15) (C) D = AB + AB , X = AB
f1 = Sm(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15) (D) D = AB + AB , X = AB
22. f1 f2 = ?
16. The number of full specified function, that will
D0
satisfy the given condition, is 3-to-8
f1
x0 I0 Decoder D1
(A) 32 (B) 16 D2
D3
(C) 4 (D) 1 x1 I1
D4
D5
x2 I2
17. The simplest function for f2 is D6 f2
D7
(A) x (B) x
(C) y (D) y Fig. P4.2.22
(A) x0 x1 x2 (B) x0 Å x1 Å x2
18. A four-variable switching function has minterms m6
(C) 1 (D) 0
and m9. If the literals in these minterms are
complemented, the corresponding minterm numbers are 23. The logic circuit shown in fig. P4.2.23 implements
(A) m3 and m0 (B) m9 and m6
(C) m2 and m0 (D) m6 and m9 D0
3-to-8
D
Decoder 1
A I0
D2
19. The minimum function that can detect a “divisible D3
B I1 Z
by 3’’ 8421 BCD code digit (representation D8 D4 D2 D1 ) is D4
D5
given by C I2 D6
(A) D8 D1 + D4 D2 + D8 D2 D1 EN D7
(B) D8 D1 + D4 D2 D1 + D4 D2 D1 + D8 D4 D2 D1 D
(C) D4 D1 + D4 D2 + D8 D1 D2 D1
Fig. P4.2.23
(D) D4 D2 D1 + D4 D2 D1 + D8 D4 D2 D1
(A) D( A u C + AC ) (B) D( B Å C + AC )
x1
D3 f active high output decoder.
I1
D4
D5 D0
x2 3-to-8
I2 X
D6 A I0 Decoder D1
D7 D2
D3
Fig. P4.2.21 B I1
D4
D5
C I2 D6
(A) P(1, 2, 4, 5, 7) (B) S(1, 2, 4, 5, 7) Y
D7
(C) S(0, 3, 6) (D) None of Above
Fig. P4.2.24-25
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
26. A logic circuit consist of two 2 ´ 4 decoder as shown 30. The network shown in fig. P4.2.30 implements
in fig. P4.2.26.
A 1 MUX
D0 f
x A0
D1 1 0 S0
D2 D0
y A1 A1 f
D3 D1 B 1 MUX
D2
z A0 0 0
D3 S0
Fig. P4.2.26 C
Fig. P4.2.30
The output of decoder are as follow
(A) NOR gate (B) NAND gate
D0 = 1 when A0 = 0, A1 = 0
(C) XOR gate (D) XNOR gate
D1 = 1 when A0 = 1, A1 = 0
D2 = 1 when A0 = 0, A1 = 1 31. The MUX shown in fig. P4.2.31 is 4 ´ 1 multiplexer.
The output Z is
D3 = 1 when A0 = 1, A1 = 1
C I3
The value of f ( x, y, z) is
I2
(A) 0 (B) z MUX Z
I1
(C) z (D) 1 I0
S 1 S0
Fig. P4.2.31
A MUX network is shown in fig. P4.2.27-29.
(A) ABC B) A Å B Å C
c 1
MUX (C) A u B uC (D) A + B + C
Z1
c 0 S0 32. The output of the 4 ´ 1 multiplexer shown in fig.
P4.2.32 is
a 1
MUX
Z0
a 0 S0
Y I3
I2
b S0 +5 V MUX Z
c 1 I1
MUX
Z2 X I0
S 1 S0
b 0
Y
Fig. P4.2.27-29 Fig. P4.2.32
33. The MUX shown in fig. P4.2.33 is a 4 ´ 1 36. The 4–to–1 multiplexer shown in fig. P4.2.36
multiplexer. The output Z is implements the Boolean expression
I3 I3
C
I2 z I2
MUX Z MUX f
I1 I1
C
I0 0 I0
S1 S0 S1 S0
A B w x
35. For the logic circuit shown in fig. P4.2.35 the output Statement for Q.38-40:
Y is A PLA realization is shown in fig. P4.2.38–40
x0
1
0 x1
I 0 I1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7
x2
EN
S2 MUX
C
B S1
A S0
Y X X X f1
Fig. P4.2.35
X X X f2
(A) A Å B (B) A Å B
(C) A Å B Å C (D) A Å B Å C X X f3
Fig. P.4.2.38-40
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
39. f2 ( x2 , x1 , x0 ) = ?
43. The circuit shown in fig. P.4.2.43 has 4 boxes each
(A) Sm(1, 2, 5, 6) (B) Sm(1, 2, 6, 7)
described by input P, Q, R and output Y , Z with
(C) Sm(2, 3, 4) (D) None of the above
Y = P Å Q Å R and Z = RQ + PR + QP .
Q
40. f3( x2 , x1 , x0 ) = ?
(A) P M(0, 4, 6, 7) (B) P M(2, 4, 5,7)
(C) P M(1, 2, 3, 5) (D) P M(2, 3, 4, 7) P
P Q P Q P Q P Q
X3 X2 X1 X0 Output
Fig. P4.2.43
MSB
Fig. P4.2.41
f1 = ab c + abc + bc MSB
Fig. P4.2.44
f2 = ab c + ab + abc,
f3 = ab c + abc + ac
(A) BCD to binary code
by using an OR gate array as shown in fig. P4.2.42
(B) Binary to excess
where P1 and P5 are the product terms in one or more
(C) Excess–3 to Gray Code
of the variable a, a , b, b , c and c.
(D) Gray to Binary code
P1 X
P2 X X
P3 X *******
P4 X
P5 X
F1 F2 F3
Fig. P4.2.42
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Combinational Logic Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.2
RS
18. (B) m6 = ABCD , m9 = ABCD
00 01 11 10
After complementing literal
00 1 1 1
m6¢ = ABCD = m9 , m¢9 = ABCD = m6
01 1 1 1 1
PQ
11 1 1 1 19. (B) 0, 3, 6 and 9 are divisible by 3
10 1 1 1 D2 D1
00 01 11 10
Fig. S 4.2.13d 00 1 1
D8 D4 01 1
= R + S + PQ 11 ´ ´ ´ ´
We can see that W = Z , X = Z 10 1 ´ ´
22. (D) f1 = Sm(0, 2, 4, 6), 29. (A) The equation of Z1 is the equation of sum of A
f2 = Sm(1, 3, 5, 7), f1 f2 = 0 and B with carry and equation of 2 is the resultant
carry. Thus, it is a full adder.
23. (D) Z = D( ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC)
= D( AB ( C + C) + BC( A + A) + ABC ) 30. (B) f1 = CD + CB = CB , S = F1
= D( BA + BC + BC) = D( B u C + AB ) = C + B + A = ABC
D3 = A1 A0
Fig. S4.2.35
For first decoder A0 = x , A1 = y, D2 = yx , D3 = xy
For second decoder A1 = D2 D3 = yxxy = 0, A0 = z
Therefore Y = A Å B Å C
f = D0 + D1 = A1 A0 + A1 A0 = A1 = 1
36. (B) I1 = y + z , I3 = y z
27. (D) The output of first MUX is
Z o = ab + ab = ( a Å b) yz
This is input to select S0 of both second-level MUX 00 01 11 10
Z1 = CS0 + CS0 = C Å S0 = a Å b Å c 00 0 0 0 0 I0 = 0
S1 S0
01 1 1 1 0 I1 = y + z
28. (A) Z 2 = bS0 + cS0 bb
wx 11 1 0 1 0 I 3 = yz + yz = y u z
= b( ab + ab ) + c( ab + ab ) = ab + ab c + abc
10 1 0 0 1 I2 = z
= a( b + b c) + abc = ab + ac + abc
= ab + ac + bc
Fig. S 4.2.36
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Combinational Logic Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.2
= x2 x1 x0 + x2 x1 x0 + x2 x1 x0 + x2 x1 x0 So (B) is correct.
f2 ( x2 , x1 , x0 ) = Sm(1, 2, 6, 7)
Pn Qn Rn Zn Yn
40. (C) f3 = x0 x1 + x1 x2 n =1 1 0 0 0 1
= x2 x1 x0 + x2 x1 x0 + x2 x1 x0 + x2 x1 x0 n =2 0 1 0 1 1
f3( x2 , x1 , x0 ) = Sm(0, 4, 6, 7) n=3 0 0 1 1 1
f3( x2 , x1 , x0 ) = PM(1, 2, 3, 5)
n=4 1 1 1 1 1
41. (A) 1
Let X 3 X 2 X1 X 0 be 1001 then Y3Y2 Y1 Y0 will be 1111. Fig. S4.2.43a
bc
00 01 11 10 *******
00 1 1 1
a
01 1
Fig. S4.2.42b
(B) C J B J A J
X
Q1 Q2
1 D1 Q1 D2 Q2 Y
A
(C) B
X C
Q1 Q2 Fig.P4.3.13
(A) 0 0 0 to 1 1 1 (B) 1 1 1 to 0 0 0
1 D1 Q1 1 D2 Q2 Y (C) 1 0 0 to 0 0 0 (D) 0 0 0 to 1 0 0
(D) X
14. The mod-number of the asynchronous counter
Q1 Q2
shown in fig. P4.2.13 is
J Q0 J Q1 J Q2 J Q3 J Q4
11. The circuit shown in fig. P4.3.11 is
T Q T Q
All J.K. input are HIGH
CLK A CLK B
Q Q
Fig.P4.3.14
Fig.P4.3.11
(A) 24 (B) 48
(A) a MOD–2 counter
(C) 25 (D) 36
(B) a MOD–3 counter
(C) generate sequence 00, 10, 01, 00..... 15. The frequency of the pulse at z in the network
shown in fig. P4.3.15. is
(D) generate sequence 00, 10, 00, 10, 00 ......
10-Bit w 4-Bit Parallel x Mod-25 y 4-Bit Johnson z
Ring Counter Counter Ripple Counter Counter
160 kHZ
12. The counter shown in fig. P4.3.12 is a
Fig.P4.3.15
J2 Q2 J1 Q1 J0 Q0
(A) MOD–8 up counter
CLK
(D) MOD–6 down counter
Fig.P4.3.16
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
(A)
fc
(B)
fc 21. In the circuit shown in fig. P4.3.21 is PIPO 4-bit
8 6 register, which loads at the rising edge of the clock. The
f f input lines are connected to a 4 bit bus. Its output acts
(C) c (D) c
3 2
as the input to a 16 ´ 4 ROM whose output is floating
when the enable input E is 0. A partial table of the
17. The counter shown in the fig. P4.3.17 has initially
contents of the ROM is as follows
Q2Q1Q0 = 000. The status of Q2Q1Q0 after the first pulse
is
Address 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Data 0011 1111 0100 1010 1011 1000 0010
CLK
Fig.P4.3.17
(C) 1 0 0 (D) 1 0 1
Fig.P4.3.20
(A) 0 0 0 0 (B) 0 1 0 1 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
D
(C) 1 1 1 1 (D) 1 0 1 0
Fig.P4.3.22
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Sequential Logic Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.3
(A) 3rd pulse (B) 7th pulse 28. To count from 0 to 1024 the number of required
(C) 6th pulse (D) 4th pulse flip-flop is
(A) 10 (B) 11
Statement for Q.23–24:
(C) 12 (D) 13
The 8-bit left shift register and D-flip-flop shown
in fig. P4.3.22–23 is synchronized with same clock. The 29. Four memory chips of 16 ´ 4 size have their address
buses connected together. This system will be of size
b7 b 6 b 5 b4 b 3 b 2 b 1 b0
(A) 64 ´ 4 (B) 32 ´ 8
(C) 16 ´ 16 (D) 256 ´ 1
D Q
D flip-flop is initially cleared. 31. For the circuit of Fig. P4.3.31 consider the
statement:
23. The circuit act as Assertion (A) : The circuit is sequential
(A) Binary to 2’s complement converter
Reason (R) : There is a loop in circuit
(B) Binary to Gray code converter
d z1
(C) Binary to 1’s complement converter a
b
(D) Binary to Excess–3 code converter
c
24. If initially register contains byte B7, then after 4 b
z0 e
clock pulse contents of register will be
(A) 73 (B) 72
Fig.P4.3.131
(C) 7E (D) 74
Choose correct option
Statement for Q.25–26: (A) Both A and R true and R is the correct
explanation of A
A Mealy system produces a 1 output if the input
has been 0 for at least two consecutive clocks followed (B) Both A and R true but R is not a correct
explanation on of A
immediately by two or more consecutive 1’s.
(C) A is true but R is false
25. The minimum state for this system is (D) A is false
(A) 4 (B) 5
*****************
(C) 8 (D) 9
6. (D) Q + = LM + LMQ
SOLUTIONS = L( M + MQ )
= L M + LQ
1. (C) Given FF is a negative edge triggered T flip-flop.
So at the negative edge of clock Vi FF will invert the
L M Q+
output if there is 1 at input.
0 0 0
2. (A) At first rising edge of clock, D is HIGH. So Q will 0 1 0
be high till 2nd rising edge of clock. At 2nd rising edge, 1 0 1
D is low so Q will be LOW till 3rd rising edge of clock. 1 1 Q1
At 3rd rising edge, D is HIGH, so Q will be HIGH till
Fig. S4.3.6
4th rising edge. At 4th rising edge D is HIGH so Q will
be HIGH till 5th rising. edge. At 5th rising edge, D is
LOW, so Q will be LOW till 6th rising edge. 7. (D)
J K Q Q Qn + 1 Qn +1
3. (C) Initially
1 0 1
x Q S R Q+ Clock 1st 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 2nd 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 3rd 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 4th 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 5th 1 1 0 1 1 0
Q4+ = x4 Å x3 Å x2 Å x1 1 0 0 1
So this generate the even parity and check odd parity. X and Y are fixed at 0 and 1.
5. (C)
9. (D) Z = XQ + YQ
A B S R Q Q+
X Y Z
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 Q
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 Q1
1 0 0 0 0 0
Fig. S4.3.9
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 ´ Comparing from the truth table of J–K FF
1 1 1 1 1 ´ Y = J, X = K
Fig. S4.3.5
Q + = AB + AQ = AB + BQ
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Sequential Logic Circuits GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.3
10. (C) 14. (A) It is a 5 bit ripple counter. At 11000 the output
of NAND gate is LOW. This will clear all FF. So it is a
t0 t1 t2 t3 Mod–24 counter. Note that when 11000 occur, the
CLR input is activated and all FF are immediately
Q1
0 cleared. So it is a MOD 24 counter not MOD 25.
1
D2=Q1
15. (D) 10-bit ring counter is a MOD–10, so it divides
the 160 kHz input by 10. therefore, w = 16 kHz. The
Q2
four-bit parallel counter is a MOD–16. Thus, the
t0 t1 frequency at x = 1 kHz. The MOD–25 ripple counter
Fig.S4.3.10 produces a frequency at y = 40 Hz. (1 kHz/25 = 40 Hz).
11. (B) The four-bit Johnson Counter is a MOD-8. This, the
frequency at z = 5 Hz.
Present State FF Input Next State
Q A QB TA TB Q +A QB+ 16. (D)
0 0 0 1 0 1
Q0 Q0 Q2 Q2 Q1 Q1
0 1 1 1 1 0
J2 K2 J1 K 1 J0 K0 Q2+ Q1+ Q0+
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Fig. S4.3.11
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
From table it is clear that it is a MOD–3 counter.
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
12. (B) It is a down counter because 0 state of previous 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
FFs change the state of next FF. You may trace the Fig. S4.3.16
following sequence, let initial state be 0 0 0 We see that 1 0 1 repeat after every two cycles, hence
frequency will be fc / 2 .
FF C FF B FF A
JK C JK B JK A C+ B+ A+ 17. (C) At first cycle
CHAPTER
4.4
DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES
Statement for Q.1–2: 4. In the circuit shown in fig. P.4.4.4. the output Z is
+5 V +5 V
Consider the DL circuit of fig. P4.4.1–2.
+5 V
+5 V
A Z
B
+
C
+ Fig. P4.4.4
V1
+
V2 Vo
- - - (A) AB + C (B) ABC
(C) ABC (D) ABC
Fig. P4.4.1-2
+5 V
Fig. P4.4.5-7
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Digital Logic Families GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.4
8. The ideal inverter in fig. P4.4.8 has a reference (A) AND (B) OR
voltage of 2.5 V. The forward voltage of the diode is 0.75 (C) NAND (D) NOR
V. The maximum number of diode logic circuit, that
11. For negative logic the gate is
may be cascaded ahead of the inverter without
(A) AND (B) OR
producing logic error, is
(C) NAND (D) NOR
+5 V +5 V +5 V
B
C RC
D Vo1 Vo2
9. Consider the TTL circuit in fig. P4.4.9. The value of 12. If Vo1 is taken as the output, then circuit is a
Statement Q.10–11: R1 R2
P4.4.10-11. V1
V2 Q1 Q2
Vo1
Fig. P4.4.14-15
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Digital Logic Families GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.4
22. The circuit shown in fig. P4.4.22 is 25. The circuit shown in fig. P4.4.25. implements the
function
+VDD +VDD
C A
Y
A M2
B
B M1
D
Y
Fig. P4.4.22 A B D
C
(A) NAND (B) NOR
C A
Fig. P4.4.23
B
Y
(A) NAND (B) NOR
C
(C) AND (D) OR
A B
24. The circuit shown in fig. P4.4.24 implements the
function
Fig. P4.4.26
+VDD
(A) ( A + C) B (B) ( A + B) C
A B C +VDD (C) AB + C (D) AB + C
A B
C C
C D
Fig. P4.4.24
E
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
Thus output Vo2 is the logic complement of Vo1 . M 3 OFF, M 4 ON, M 2 OFF hence Vo = -VDD. Finally if
17. (A) The Q3 stage is simple an inverter. Hence AND transistor M1 and M 2 are OFF, hence the output is
V (1) = VDD . If either one or both of the inputs are at
logic.
V (1) = VDD , the corresponding FET will be ON and the
18. (C) For each successive gate, that has a transistor in output will be V (0) = 0 V. Hence it is a NOR gate.
saturation, the current required is
I C ( sat ) VCC - VCE ( sat ) 5 - 0. 2
I B ( sat ) = = = = 0.15 mA
b bRC 50( 640)
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Digital Logic Families GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.4
24. (B) If all inputs A, B and C are HIGH, then input to 30. (A) When an output is LOW, it may be as high as
invertor is LOW and output Y is HIGH. If all inputs are VOL ( max ) = 0.4 V. The maximum voltage that an input will
LOW, then input to inverter is also LOW and output Y respond to as a LOW is V IL ( max ) = 0.8 V. A positive noise
is HIGH. In all other case the input to inverter is HIGH spike can drive the actual voltage above the 0.8 V level
and output Y is LOW. if its amplitude is greater than
Hence Y = ABC + ABC = ABC + ( A + B + C) V NL = V IL ( max ) - VOL ( max ) = 0.8 - 0.4 = 0.4 V
0110 ON OFF OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF LOW 32. (B) V IH ( min ) = VOH ( min ) - V NH = - 0.8 - 0.5 = - 1.3 V
1010 OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF LOW V IL ( max ) = VOL ( max ) + V NL = 0.5 + ( -2) = -15
. V
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
4.6
MICROPROCESSOR
HLT
1. After an arithmetic operation, the flag register of
DSPLY : XRA A
8085 mP has the following contents OUT PORT1
HLT
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
The output at PORT1 is
1 0 ´ 1 ´ 0 ´ 1 (A) 00 (B) FEH
(C) 01H (D) 11H
The contents of accumulator after operation may be
(A) 75 (B) 6C 5. Consider the following 8085 assembly program
(C) DB (D) B6 MVI A, DATA1
MOV B, A
2. In an 8085 microprocessor, the instruction CMP B SUI 51H
JC DLT
has been executed while the contents of accumulator is MOV A, B
less than that of register B. As a result carry flag and SUI 82H
JC DSPLY
zero flag will be respectively DLT : XRA A
(A) set, reset (B) reset, set OUT PORT1
HLT
(C) reset, reset (D) set, set DSPLY : MOV A, B
OUT PORT2
3. Consider the following 8085 instruction HLT
(b) MOV A, C
(C) 8529H are complemented and stored at location
MVI B, F0H
ANA B 529H
MOV C, A
(D) 5829H are complemented and stored at location
HLT
85892H
(c) MOV A, C
MVI B, 0FH
10. Consider the sequence of 8085 instruction
ANA B
MOV C, A MVI A, 5EH
HLT ADI A2H
MOV C, A
(d) MOV A, C
HLT
ANI 0FH
MOV C, A
The initial contents of resistor and flag are as
HLT
follows
The instruction set, which execute the desired
operation are A C S Z CY
´´ ´´ 0 0 0
(A) a and b (B) c and d
(C) only a (D) only d After execution of the instructions the contents of
register and flags are
7. Consider the following 8085 instruction
XRA A A C S Z CY
MVI B, 4AH (A) 10H 10H 0 0 1
SUI 4FH
(B) 10H 10H 1 0 0
ANA B
HLT (C) 00H 00H 1 1 0
(D) 00H 00H 0 1 1
The contents of register A and B are respectively
(A) 05, 4A (B) 4F, 00
11. It is desired to multiply the number 0AH by 0BH
(C) B1, 4A (D) None of the above and store the result in the accumulator. The numbers
are available in register B and C respectively. A part of
8. Consider the following 8085 assembly program :
the 8085 program for this purpose is given below :
MVI B, 89H
MOV A, B MVI A, 00H
MOV C, A LOOP : ---------------
MVI D, 37H ---------------
OUT PORT1 ---------------
HLT ---------------
---------------
The output at PORT1 is HLT
END
(A) 89 (B) 37
(C) 00 (D) None of the above The sequence of instruction to complete the
program would be
9. Consider the sequence of 8085 instruction given
(A) JNZ LOOP
below ADD B
DCR C
LXI H, 9258H
MOV A, M (B) ADD B
CMA JNZ LOOP
MOV M, A DCR C
12. Consider the following assembly language program: (A) A7H (B) 98H
MVI B, 87H (C) 47H (D) None of the above
MOV A, B
START : JMP NEXT
15. The memory requirement for this program is
MVI B, 00H
XRA B (A) 20 Byte (B) 21 Byte
OUT PORT1
HLT (C) 23 Byte (D) 18 Byte
NEXT : XRA B
JP START1 16. The instruction, that does not clear the accumulator
OUT PORT2
HLT of 8085, is
(A) XRA A (B) ANI 00H
The execution of the above program in an 8085
(C) MVI A, 00H (D) None of the above
will result in
(A) an output of 87H at PORT1
17. The contents of some memory location of an 8085 mP
(B) an output of 87H at PORT2 based system are shown
(C) infinite looping of the program execution with
accumulator data remaining at 00H Address Hex. Contents (Hex.)
(D) infinite looping of the program execution with 3000 02
accumulator data alternating between 00H and 87H.
3001 30
19. Consider the following loop 24. Consider the following program
LXI H, 000AH MVI A, BYTE1
LOOP : DCX B RRC
MOV A, B RRC
ORA C
JNZ LOOP If BYTE1 = 32H, the contents of A after the
execution of program will be
This loop will be executed
(A) 08H (B) 8CH
(A) 1 time (B) 10 times
(C) 12H (D) None of the above
(C) 11 times (D) infinite times
25. Consider the following program
MVI A, B7H
DATA (H) 58 64 73 B4 C8 FA
ORA A
RAL
then sequence of output will be
(A) 6EH (B) 6FH
(A) 00, 00, 73, B4, 00, FA
(C) EEH (D) EFH
(B) 58, 64, 00, 00, C8, FA
22. The contents of the accumulator after the execution (C) 58, 00, 00, 00, C8, FA
of the following program will be (D) 00, 64, 73, B4, 00, FA
MVI A, C5H
ORA A 26. Consider the following instruction to be executed by
RAL a 8085 mp. The input port has an address of 01H and
(A) 45H (B) C5H has a data 05H to input:
(C) C4H (D) None of the above IN 01H
ANI 80H
23. Consider the following set of instruction After execution of the two instruction the contents
MVI A, BYTE1 of flag register are
RLC
MOV B, A (A) 1 0 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ 0
RLC
RLC
ADD B (B) 0 1 ´ 0 ´ 1 ´ 0
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Microprocessor GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 4.6
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UNIT 4 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Digital Electronics
********************
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Signal & System
ì e2 t, t < 0 5 3 1 13 -4 t
30. y( t) = u( t) * h( t) , where h( t) = í -3t (A) sin t + cos t + e - t - e , t ³ 0
34 34 6 61
îe , t >0
1 5 1 5 3 13 -4 t 1 - t
(A) e -2 t u( - t - 1) + - e -3t u( -t) (B) sin t + cos t - e + e , t ³ 0
2 6 3 34 34 51 6
1 2t 5 1 3 5 13 -4 t 1 - t
(B) e u( -t - 1) + - e-3t u( -t) (C) sin t + cos t - e + e , t ³ 0
2 6 3 34 34 51 6
1 2t 1 3 5 1 13 -4 t
(C) e + [5 - 3e 2 t - 2 e -3t ]u( t) (D) sin t + cos t + e -4 t - e , t ³ 0
2 6 34 34 6 51
1 2t 1
(D) e + [5 - 3e 2 t - 2 e -3t ]u( -t) d 2 y ( t) dy ( t)
2 6 37. +6 + 8 y( t) = 2 x( t),
dt 2 dt
Statement for Q.31-34: dy( t)
y (0 - ) = -1, = 1, x( t) = e - t u( t)
dt 0 -
The impulse response of LTI system is given.
2 - t 5 -2 t 5 -4 t
Determine the step response. (A) e - e + e , t ³0
3 2 6
31. h( t) = e - |t | (B)
2 5 -2 t 5 -4 t
+ e + e , t ³ 0
3 2 6
(A) 2 + e t - e - t (B) e t u( -t + 1) + 2 - e - t
(C) 4 + 5( 3e -2 t + e -4 t ) , t ³ 0
(C) e t u( -t + 1) + [2 - e - t ]u( t) (D) e t + [2 - e - t - e t ]u( t)
(D) 4 - 5( 3e -2 t + e -4 t ), t ³ 0
32. h( t) = d( 2 ) ( t)
d 2 y( t) 3dx( t)
(A) 1 (B) u( t) 38. + y( t) = ,
dt 2 dt
(C) d( 3) ( t) (D) d( t) dy( t)
y (0 - ) = -1, = 1, x( t) = 2 te- t u( t)
dt 0 -
33. h( t) = u( t) - u( t - 4)
(A) sin t + 4 cos t - 3te -3t + t, t ³ 0
(A) tu( t) + (1 - t) u( t - 4) (B) tu( t) + (1 - t) u( t - 4)
(B) 4 sin t - cos t - 3te - t , t ³ 0
(C) 1 + t (D) (1 + t) u( t)
(C) sin t - 4 cos t + 3te -3t + t, t ³ 0
34. h( t) = y( t) (D) 4 sin t + cos t - 3te - t , t ³ 0
(A) u( t) (B) t
39. The raised cosine pulse x( t) is defined as
(C) 1 (D) tu( t)
ì 1 p p
Statement for Q.35-38: ï (cos wt + 1) , - £t£
x ( t) = í 2 w w
ïî 0, otherwise
The system described by the differential equations
has been specified with initial condition. Determine the The total energy of x ( t) is
output of the system and choose correct option. 3p 3p
(A) (B)
4w 8w
dy( t)
35. + 10 y( t) = 2 x( t), y(0 - ) = 1, x( t) = u( t) 3p 3p
dx (C) (D)
w 2w
(A) 15 (1 + 4 e -10 t ) u( t) (B) 15 (1 + 4 e -10 t )
(C) - 15 (1 + 4 e -10 t ) u( t) (D) - 15 (1 + 4 e -10 t ) 40. The sinusoidal signal x( t) = 4 cos (200 t + p 6) is
passed through a square law device defined by the
d 2 y( t) dy( t) dx( t)
36. 2
+5 + 4 y( t) = , input output relation y ( t) = x 2 ( t). The DC component in
dt dt dt
the signal is
dy( t)
y (0 - ) = 0, = 1, x( t) = sin t u( t) (A) 3.46 (B) 4
dt 0 -
(C) 2.83 (D) 8
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Continuous-Time Systems GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.1
(A) (B)
42. Fig. P5.1.40 show the input x( t) to a LTI system and
y(t) y(t)
impulse response h( t) of the system.
x(t) h(t)
a t a t
1+a 1+a 1-a 1
2
t t
1 5 3 (C) (D)
Fig P5.1.42
47. If dy( t) dt contains only three discontinuities, the
The output of the system is zero every where
value of a is
except for the
(A) 1 (B) 2
(A) 0 < t < 5 (B) 0 < t < 8
(C) 1 < t < 5 (D) 1 < t < 8 (C) 3 (D) 0
43. Consider the impulse response of two LTI system 48. Consider the signal x( t) = d( t + 2) - d( t - 2).The value
t
S1 : h1 ( t) = e - (1 - 2 j ) t u( t) of E¥ for the signal y( t) = ò x( t) dt is
-¥
-t
S2 : h2 ( t) = e cos 2 t u( t)
(A) 4 (B) 2
The stable system is
(C) 1 (D) ¥
(A) S1 (B) S2
(C) Both S1 and S2 (D) None 49. The response of a system S to a complex input
x( t) = e j 5t is specified as y( t) = te j 5t . The system
44. The non-invertible system is
t
(A) is definitely LTI
(A) y( t) = x( t - 4) (B) y( t) = ò
-¥
x( t) dt (B) is definitely not LTI
dx( t) (C) may be LTI
(C) y( t) = (D) None of the above
dt
(D) information is insufficient
11. (C)
SOLUTIONS x(10t) x(10t-5)
1
1
2p p t t
1. (A) = 60 p Þ T= -0.5 -0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.9 1
T 30 Fig S5.1.11
3. (D) Not periodic because of t. 13. (A) Division by 5 will bring expansion on time scale.
æ 20 ö
It may be checked by y( t) = xç ÷ = x( 4).
4. (D) Not periodic because least common multiple is è 5 ø
infinite.
ì 1, for - 5 < t < - 4
ï
5. (C) y( t) is not periodic although sin t and 6 cos 2 pt are 14. (C) y( t) = í -1, for 4 < t <5
ï 0, otherwise
independently periodic. The fundamental frequency î
-4 5
can’t be determined.
E = ò (1) 2 dt + ò ( -1) 2 dt = 2
-5 4
6. (C) This is energy signal because
¥ ¥ ¥ 5 4 5
1 15. (D) E = 2 ò x 2 ( t) dt = 2 ò (1)1 dt + 2 ò (5 - t) 2 dt
ò | x ( t)|dt < ¥ ò e u( t) dt = ò e dt =
-4 t -4 t
E¥ = =
-¥ -¥ 0 4 0 0 4
2 26
¥ =8+ =
3 3
7. (A) | x( t)| = 1, E¥ = ò | x( t)| dt
2
=¥
-¥
So this is a power signal not a energy. 16. (B) Let x1 ( t) = v( t) then y1 ( t) = u{v( t)}
1
T
Let x2 ( t) = kv( t) then y2 ( t) = u{kv( t)} ¹ ky1 ( t)
ò | x( t)| dt
2
P¥ = lim =1
T® ¥ 2T
-T (Not homogeneous not linear)
y1 ( t) = u{v( t)},
8. (D) v( t) is sum of 3 unit step signal starting from, 1, 2,
y2 ( t) = u{v( t - to)} = y1 ( t - to) (Time invariant)
and 3, all signal ends at 4. The response at any time depends only on the
excitation at time t = to and not on any future value.
9. (A) The function 1 does not describe the given pulse.
(Causal)
It can be shown as follows :
At time, t = 0, y(0) = x( -5) - x( 3). Therefore the 21. (C) All option are linear. So it is not required
response at time, t = 0 depends on the excitation at a to check linearity.
later time t = 3. (Not causal) d
Let x1 ( t) = v( t) then t y1 ( t) - 8 y1 ( t) = v( t)
If x( t) is bounded then x( t - 5) and x( 3 - t) are bounded dt
and so is y( t). (Stable) d
Let x2 ( t) = v( t - to) then t y2 ( t) - 8 y2 ( t) = v( t - to)
dt
ætö ætö The first equation can be written as
18. (D) y1 ( t) = vç ÷ , y2 ( t) = kvç ÷ = ky1 ( t)
è2 ø è2 ø d
( t - to) y( t - to) - 8 y( t - to) = v( t - to)
(Homogeneous) dt
t+ 3 t - to + 3
11. x[ n + 2 ] y[ n - 2 ] æ pn ö æ pn ö æ pn p ö
14. x[ n] = cos ç ÷ - sin ç ÷ + 3 cos ç + ÷
x[n] è 2 ø è 8 ø è 4 3ø
3
(A) periodic with period 16
2
(A) (B) periodic with period 4
1
n (C) periodic with period 2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(D) Not periodic
x[n]
3 æn ö
j çç - p÷÷
15. x[ n] = 2 e è6 ø
2
(B)
1
(A) periodic with 12p (B) periodic with 12
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 (C) periodic with 11p (D) Not periodic
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Discrete-Time Systems GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.2
21. x[ n] = {1, -2, 3}, h [ n] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1} 25. x[ n] = {1, 4, -3, 6, 4}, h[ n] = {2, -4, 3}
ì 1, n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 3 +
(C) í x[n] y[n]
î 0, n = 4 m, 4 m + 2 +
ì 0, n = 4 m + 1, 4 m + 3
(D) í Fig. P5.2.38
î 1, n = 4 m, 4 m + 2
(A) P, Q, R, S (B) P, Q, R
Statement for Q.32–38: (C) P, Q (D) Q, R, S
Let P be linearity, Q be time invariance, R be
Statement for Q.39–41:
causality and S be stability. In question discrete time
input x[ n] and output y[ n] relationship has been given. In Two discrete time systems S1 and S2 are
the option properties of system has been given. Choose connected in cascade to form a new system as shown in
the option which match the properties for system. fig. P5.2.39–41.
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Discrete-Time Systems GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.2
x2 [ n] = {0, 0, 3} ¬¾® S
y2 [ n] = {0, 1, 0, 2} (D) unstable and not causal
46. The impulse response of a LTI system is given as
x3[ n] = {0, 0, 0, 1} ¬¾® S
y3[ n] = {1, 2, 1}
n
æ 1ö
h[ n] = ç - ÷ u[ n].
è 2ø
The conclusion regarding the linearity of the
The step response is
system is
n +1
1 æç ö 1 æç ö
n
(A) System is linear æ 1ö ÷u[ n] æ 1ö ÷u[ n]
(A) 2 -ç- ÷ (B) 2 -ç- ÷
3è ç è 2ø ÷ 3è ç è 2ø ÷
(B) System is not linear ø ø
n +1
1 æç ö 1 æç ö
n
(C) One more observation is required. æ 1ö ÷u[ n] æ 1ö ÷u[ n]
(C) 2 + ç- ÷ (D) 2 + ç- ÷
(D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation. 3 çè è 2ø ÷
ø 3 çè è 2ø ÷
ø
43. The following input output pair have been observed 47. The difference equation representation for a system
during the operation of a linear system: is
x1 [ n] = { -1, 2, 1} ¬¾®S
y1 [ n] = {1, 2, - 1, 0, 1} 1
y[ n] - y[ n - 1] = 2 x[ n], y [ -1] = 3
2
x2 [ n] = {1, - 1, - 1} ¬¾
S
® y2 [ n] = { - 1, 1, 0, 2} The natural response of system is
3æ 1ö
n
2æ 1ö
n
(A) ç - ÷ u[ n] (B) ç - ÷ u[ n]
x3[ n] = {0, 1, 1} ¬¾
S
® y3[ n] = {1, 2, 1} 2è 2ø 3è 2 ø
3æ 1ö
n
2æ1ö
n
(C) ç ÷ u[ n] (D) ç ÷ u[ n]
The conclusion regarding the time invariance of 2 è2 ø 3è2 ø
the system is
48. The difference equation representation for a system is
(A) System is time-invariant
(B) System is time variant y[ n] - 2 y[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ] = x[ n] - x[ n - 1]
(C) One more observation is required If y[ n] = 0 for n < 0 and x[ n] = d[ n], then y[2 ] will
be
(D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation
(A) 2 (B) -2
44. The stable system is (C) -1 (D) 0
(A) y[ n] = x[ n] + 11
. y[ n - 1]
1 49. Consider a discrete-time system S whose response
(B) y[ n] = x[ n] - ( y[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ])
2 to a complex exponential input e jpn 2
is specified as
(C) y[ n] = x[ n] - (15
. y[ n - 1] + 0.4 y[ n - 2 ]) S : e jpn 2
Þ e jp3n 2
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æ 4 1 æ 1 ön ö
1 2 0 2 1
Þ y[ n] = ç - ÷u[ n + 2 ]
ç 3 12 çè 4 ÷ø ÷
1 1 2 0 2 1 è ø
2 2 4 0 4 2 n -2
3n
29. (D) For n - 2 £ 3 or n £ 5 , y[ n] = å 3k =
k=¥ 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
3
81
2 2 4 0 4 2
for n - 2 ³ 4 or n ³ 6, y[ n] = å3
k = -¥
k
=
2
,
ì 3n
1 1 2 0 2 1
ïï , n £5
Þ y[ n] = í 6
Fig. S5.2.24
ï 81 , n³6
ïî 2
25. (A) y[ n] = {2, 4, -19, 36, -25, 2, 12}
30. (A) For n - 3 < - 3 or n < 0, y[ n] = 0
n -3
1 4 -3 6 4
for n - 3 ³ - 3 or n > 0, y[ n] = å 1 = n + 1,
k = -3
2 2 8 -6 12 8 y[ n] = ( n + 1) u[ n]
n +1
If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.
y3[ n] = å ( v[ n] + w[ m ])
m = -¥
(Stable).
n +1 n +1
= å v[ m ] + å w[ n] = y [ n] + y [ n]
m = -¥ m = -¥
1 2 (Additive) 38. (B) y[ n] = x[ n] + y[ n - 1], y[ n - 1] = x[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ]
y[ n] = x[ n] + x[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ], Then by induction
Since the system is homogeneous and additive it is also ¥
linear y[ n] = x[ n - 1] + x[ n - 2 ] + K x[ n - k] + K = å x[ n - k]
k=0
n +1 n +1
y1 [ n] = å v[ n] , y2 [ n] =
m = -¥
å v[ m - no ]
m = -¥
Let m = n - k then y[ n] =
-¥
å x[ m ] = å x[ m ]
n
m =n m = -¥
n -no +1 n +1
y1 [ n - no ] = å v[ m ] =
m = -¥
å v[ q - no ] = y2 [ n]
q = -¥
y1 [ n] =
n
å v[ m ] , y2 [ n ] =
n
å kv[ m ] = ky [ n] 1
m = -¥ m = -¥
(Time Invariant)
y1 [ n - no ] = v[ n - no ] = y2 [ n] (Time Invariant)
At any discrete time n = no the response depends only
At any discrete time n = no , the response depends only
on the excitation at that discrete time and previous
on the excitation at that time (Causal)
discrete time. (Causal)
If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.
If the excitation is constant, the response increase
(Stable).
without bound. (Unstable)
36. (B) y[ n] = 2 x [ n] 2
CHAPTER
5.3
THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
e -2 s -e - 2 s
(C) (D)
s s 8. x( t) = tu( t) * cos 2pt u( t)
1 2p
(A) (B)
3. x( t) = e -2 t u( t + 1) s( s 2 + 4 p2 ) s 2 ( s 2 + 4 p2 )
1 e- s
(A) (B) 1 s3
s+2 s+2 (C) (D)
s ( s + 4 p2 )
2 2
s + 4 p2
2
e- ( s + 2 ) -e - s
(C) (D)
s+2 s+2
9. x( t) = t 3u( t)
4. x( t) = e 2 t u( -t + 2) 3 -3
(A) (B)
2 (s - 2 ) -2 s s4 s4
e -1 e
(A) (B)
s -2 s+2 6 6
(C) (D) -
1-e -2 ( s - 2 )
e -2 s s4 s4
(C) (D)
s -2 s -2
10. x( t) = u( t - 1) * e -2 t u( t - 1)
5. x( t) = sin 5 t
e -2 ( s + 1 ) e -2 ( s + 1 )
5 s (A) (B)
(A) 2 (B) 2 2s + 1 s+1
s +5 s +5
5 s e- ( s + 2 ) e -2 ( s + 1 )
(C) 2 (D) 2 (C) (D)
s + 25 s + 25 s+2 s+2
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t
s2 - 3
11. x( t) = ò e -3t cos 2 t dt 17. X ( s) =
0
( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 1)
-( s + 3) ( s + 3) (A) ( e -2 t - 2 te - t ) u( t) (B) ( e -2 t + 2 te - t ) u( t)
(A) (B)
s(( s + 3) 2 + 4) s(( s + 3) 2 + 4) (C) ( e - t - 2 te -2 t ) u( t) (D) ( e - t + 2 te -2 t ) u( t)
s( s + 3) -s( s + 3)
(C) (D) 3s + 2
( s + 3) 2 + 4 ( s + 3) 2 + 4 18. X ( s) =
s + 2 s + 10
2
æ -t 1 ö
d -t (A) ç 3e cos 3t - e- t sin 3t ÷u( t)
12. x( t) = t { e cos t u( t)} è 3 ø
dt
æ 1 ö
-( s 2 + 4 s + 2) ( s 2 + 4 s + 2) (B) ç 3e- t sin 3t - e- t cos 3t ÷u( t)
(A) 2 (B) 2 è 3 ø
( s + 2 s + 2) 2 ( s + 2 s + 2) 2
(C) ( 3e - t cos 3t - e - t sin 3t) u( t)
( s + 2 s + 2)
2
-( s + 2 s + 2)
2
(C) (D) (D) ( 3e - t sin 3t + 3e- t cos 3t) u( t)
( s 2 + 4 s + 2) 2 ( s 2 + 4 s + 2) 2
4 s 2 + 8 s + 10
19. X ( s) =
Statement for Q.13–24: ( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 5)
(A) (2 e -2 t + e - t ) u( t) (B) (2 e - t - e -2 t ) u( t) 3s 2 + 10 s + 10
20. X ( s) =
( s + 2)( s 2 + 6 s + 10)
(C) (2 e -2 t - e - t ) u( t) (D) (2 e - t + e -2 t ) u( t)
(A) ( e -2 t + 2 e -3t cos t + 2 e -3t sin t) u( t)
2 s 2 + 10 s + 11 (B) ( e -2 t + 2 e -3t cos t - 6 e -3t sin t) u( t)
14. X ( s) =
s2 + 5 s + 6 (C) ( e -2 t + 2 e -3t cos t - 2 e -3t sin t) u( t)
(A) 2 d( t) + ( e -3t - e-2 t ) u( t) (D) (9 e -2 t - 6 e -3t cos t + 3e -3t sin t) u( t)
(B) 2 d( t) + ( e -2 t - e-3t ) u( t)
2 s 2 + 11s + 16 + e -2 s
-2 t -3t 21. X ( s) =
(C) 2 d( t) + ( e + e ) u( t) ( s2 + 5 s + 6)
-2 t
(D) 2 d( t) - ( e + e -3t ) u( t) (A) 2 d( t) + ( 3e -2 t - 2 e-3t ) u( t - 2)
(B) 2 d( t) + (2 e -2 t - e -3t + e -2 ( t - 2 ) + e -3( t - 2 ) ) u( t)
2s - 1
15. X ( s) = (C) 2 d( t) + (2 e -2 t - e -3t ) u( t) + ( e -2 t - e -3t ) u( t - 2)
s2 + 2 s + 1
(D) 2 d( t) + (2 e -2 t - e -3t ) u( t) + ( e -2 ( t - 2 ) - e -3( t - 2 ) ) u( t - 2)
-t -t
(A) ( 3e - 2 te ) u( t)
(B) ( 3e- t + 2 te- t ) u( t) d2 æ 1 ö 1
22. X ( s) = s çç 2 ÷÷ +
ds 2 è s + 9 ø s + 3
(C) (2 e- t - 3te- t ) u( t)
(D) (2 e- t + 3te- t ) u( t) æ 2t t2 ö
(A) çç e -3t + sin 3t + cos 3t ÷÷u( t)
è 3 9 ø
5s + 4
16. X ( s) = (B) ( e -3t + 2 t sin 3t + t 2 cos 3t) u( t)
s 3 + 3s 2 + 2 s
æ 2t ö
(C) ç e -3t + sin 3t + t 2 cos 3t ÷u( t)
(A) (2 + e - t + 3e -2 t ) u( t) è 3 ø
(B) (2 + e - t - 3e -2 t ) u( t) (D) ( e -3t + t 2 sin 3t + 2 t cos 3t) u( t)
(C) ( 3 + e - t - 3e -2 t ) u( t)
(D) ( 3 + e - t + 3e -2 t ) u( t)
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270
The Laplace Transform GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.3
23. X ( s) =
1 Statement for Q.30–33:
(2 s + 1) 2 + 4
Given the transform pair
-0 .5t 1
(A) e sin t u( t) (B) e - t sin t u( t) 2s
2 x( t) u( t) ¬¾
L
® .
s2 + 2
1 -0 .5t
(C) e sin t u( t) (D) e - t sin t u( t)
4 Determine the Laplace transform Y ( s) of the given
time signal in question and choose correct option.
-2 s d æ 1 ö
24. X ( s) = e ç ÷÷
ds çè ( s + 1) 2 ø 30. y( t) = x( t - 2)
(A) - te - t u(1 - t) (B) -te - t u( t - 1) 2 se -2 s 2 se 2 s
(A) (B)
(C) -( t - 2) 2 e - ( t - 2 ) u( t - 2) (D) te - t u( t - 1) s2 + 2 s2 + 2
2( s - 2) 2( s + 2)
Statement for Q.25–29: (C) (D)
( s - 2) 2 + 1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1
Given the transform pair below. Determine the
dx( t)
time signal y( t) and choose correct option. 31. y( t) = x( t) *
dt
cos 2t u( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s). 4 s3 4
(A) (B)
( s 2 + 2) 2 ( s 2 + 2) 2
25. Y ( s) = ( s + 1) X ( s)
-4 s 3 4
æ sin 2 t ö (C) (D)
(A) [cos 2 t - 2 sin 2 t ]u( t) (B) ç cos 2 t + ÷u( t) ( s + 2) 2
2
( s 2 + 2) 2
è 2 ø
æ sin 2 t ö 32. y( t) = e - t x( t)
(C) [cos 2 t + 2 sin 2 t ]u( t) (D) ç cos 2 t - ÷u( t)
è 2 ø 2( s + 1) 2( s + 1)
(A) (B)
( s + 1) 2 + 2 s2 + 2 s + 2
26. Y ( s) = X ( 3s)
2( s + 1) 2( s + 1)
(C) (D)
æ2 ö 1 æ2 ö s2 + 2 s + 4 s2 + 2 s
(A) cos ç t ÷u( t) (B) cos ç t ÷u( t)
è3 ø 3 è3 ø
1 33. y( t) = 2 tx( t)
(C) cos 6t u( t) (D) cos 6 t u( t)
3 8 - 4 s2 4 s2 - 8
(A) (B)
( s 2 + 2) 2 ( s 2 + 2) 2
27. Y ( s) = X ( s + 2)
4 s2 s2
(A) cos 2( t - 2) u( t) (B) e2 t cos 2 t u( t) (C) (D)
s2 + 1 s +1
2
35. x( t) = u( -t + 3) e 3s
(A) , Re ( s) > 3
1 - e -3s s-3
(A) , Re ( s) > 0
s e 3s
(B) , Re ( s) < 3
-e -3s s-3
(B) , Re ( s) < 0
s e 3( s -1 )
(C) , Re ( s) > 3
1-e -3s
s-3
(C) , Re ( s) < 0
s e 3( s -1 )
(D) , Re ( s) < 3
-e -3s s-3
(D) , Re ( s) > 0
s
41. x( t) = cos 3t u( -t) * e - t u( t)
36. y( t) = d( t + 1) -s
(A) , Re ( s) > 0
( s + 1)( s2 + 9)
(A) e , Re( s) > 0
s
(B) e , Re ( s) < 0
s
-s
s
(C) e , all s (D) None of above (B) , -1 < Re ( s) < 0
( s + 1)( s2 + 9)
s
37. x( t) = sin t u( t) (C) , -1 < Re ( s) < 0
( s + 1)( s 2 + 9)
1
(A) , Re ( s) < 0
(1 + s 2 ) s
(D) , Re ( s) > 0
( s + 1)( s 2 + 9)
1
(B) , Re ( s) > 0
(1 + s 2 )
42. x( t) = e t sin (2 t + 4) u( t + 2)
-1
(C) , Re ( s) < 0 e 2 ( s -1 )
(1 + s 2 ) (A) , Re ( s) > 1
( s - 1) 2 + 4
-1
(D) , Re ( s) > 0 e 2 ( s -1 )
(1 + s 2 ) (B) , Re ( s) < 1
( s - 1) 2 + 4
t e( s - 2 )
-
-t (C) , Re ( s) > 1
38. x( t) = e u( t) + e u( t) + e u( -t)
2 t
( s - 1) 2 + 4
6 s2 + 2 s - 2 e( s - 2 )
(A) , Re ( s) < - 0.5 (D) , Re ( s) < 1
(2 s + 1)( s 2 - 1) ( s - 1) 2 + 4
6 s2 + 2 s - 2
(B) , -1 > Re ( s) > 1
(2 s + 1)( s 2 - 1) d -2 t
43. x( t) = e t [ e u( -t)]
dt
1 1 1
(C) + + , -1 < Re ( s) < 1 1-s
s + 0.5 s + 1 s - 1 (A) , Re ( s) < - 1
s+1
1 1 1
(D) + - , -0.5 < Re ( s) < 1 1-s
s + 0.5 s + 1 s - 1 (B) , Re ( s) > -1
s+1
t
s -1
39. x( t) = e t cos 2 t u( -t) + e - t u( t) + e 2 u( t) (C) , Re ( s) < - 1
s+1
(1 - s) 1 1
(A) + + , 0.5 < Re ( s) < 1 s -1
( s - 1) + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5
2 (D) , Re ( s) > -1
s+1
(1 - s) 1 1
(B) + + , -1 < Re ( s) < 1
( s - 1) 2 + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5 Statement for Q.44–49:
( s - 1) 1 1 Determine the corresponding time signal for given
(C) + + , 0.5 < Re ( s) < 1
( s - 1) 2 + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5
bilateral Laplace transform.
( s - 1) 1 1
(D) + + , -1 < Re ( s) < 1
( s - 1) 2 + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5 e 5s
44. X ( s) = with ROC: Re ( s) < -2
s+2
40. x( t) = e ( 3t + 6 ) u( t + 3) (A) e -2 ( t + 5) u( t + 5)
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Signal & System
(A)
1 -t
e sin t u( t) (B) 2e- t cos t u( t) 62. A stable system has input x( t) and output
2 y( t) = e -2 t cos t u( t). The impulse response of the system
1 -t is
(C) 2 e - t cos t u( t) + e sin t u( t)
2
(A) d( t) - ( e -2 t cos t + e -2 t sin t) u( t)
1 -t
(D) e cos t u( t - 1) + 2 e - t sin t u( t - 1) (B) d( t) - ( e -2 t cos t + e -2 t sin t) u( t - 2)
2
(C) d( t) - ( e 2 t cos t + e 2 t sin t) u( t)
d 3 y( t) d 2 y( t) dy( t) (D) d( t) - ( e 2 t cos t + e 2 t sin t) u( t + 2)
58. 3
+ 4 2
+3 = x( t)
dt dt dt
All initial condition are zero, x( t) = 10 e -2 t 63. The relation ship between the input x( t) and output
é5 5 ù y( t) of a causal system is described by the differential
(A) ê + 5 e - t - 5 e -2 t + e -3t ú u( t)
ë3 3 û equation
é5 5 ù dy( t)
+ 10 y( t) = 10 x( t)
(B) ê - 5 e - t + 5 e -2 t + e -3t ú u( t)
ë3 3 û dt
5 5 The impulse response of the system is
(C) u( t) - 5 u( t - 1) + 5 u( t - 2) + u( t - 3)
3 3 (A) -10 e -10 t u( -t + 10) (B) 10 e -10 t u( t)
5 5 (C) 10 e -10 t u( -t + 10) (D) -10 e -10 t u( t)
(D) u( t) + 5 u( t - 1) - 5 u( t - 2) + u( t - 3)
3 3
64. The relationship between the input x( t) and output
59. The transform function H ( s) of a causal system is
y( t) of a causal system is defined as
2 s2 + 2 s - 2
H ( s) = d 2 y( t) dy( t) dx( t)
s2 - 1 2
- - 2 y( t) = -4 x( t) + 5 .
dt dt dt
The impulse response is
The impulse response of system is
(A) 2d( t) - ( e- t + et ) u( -t)
(A) 3e - t u( t) + 2 e 2 t u( -t)
-t
(B) 2d( t) - ( e + e ) u( t)
t
(B) ( 3e - t + 2 e 2 t ) u( t)
-t
(C) 2d( t) + e u( t) - e u( -t) t
(C) 3e - t u( t) - 2 e 2 t u( -t)
(D) 2d( t) + ( e- t + et ) u( t)
(D) ( 3e - t - 2 e 2 t ) u( -t)
1
SOLUTIONS r ( t) = e -2 t u( t) ¬¾ ® R( s) =
L
s+2
e- ( s + 2 )
¥ ¥
v( t) = e -2 t u( t - 1) ¬¾
L
® V ( s) =
e -2 s s2
1. (B) X ( s) = ò x( t) e - st dt = ò e - st dt =
0 2
s x( t) = q( t) * v( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s) = Q( s) V ( s)
-2 ( s + 1 )
e
¥ ¥ ¥ Þ X ( s) =
1 s+2
2. (A) X ( s) = ò x( t) e -3t dt = ò u( t + 2) -3t dt = ò e -3t dt =
0 0 0 s
s+3
11. (B) p( t) = e -3t cos 2 t u( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) =
¥ ( s + 3) 2 + 4
1
3. (A) X ( s) = ò e -2 t e - st dt = t 0
s+2 1 P ( s)
ò p( t) dt ¬¾ ® ò p( t) dt +
0 L
-¥ s -¥ s
¥ ¥
( s + 3)
4. (C) X ( s) = ò x( t) e - st dt = ò e 2 t u( -t + 2) e - st dt Þ X ( s) =
0 0
s[( s + 3) 2 + 4 ]
2 (2 - s )
- 1 1 - e -2 ( 2 - s )
2
e
= ò e t ( 2 - s ) dt = = s+1
2-s s -2 12. (A) p( t) = e - t cos t u( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) =
0
( s + 1) 2 + 1
d s( s + 1)
¥
( e j 5t - e - j 5t ) - st 5 q( t) = p( t) ¬¾
L
® Q( s) =
5. (C) X ( s) = ò e dt = 2 dt ( s + 1) 2 + 1
0 2 j s + 25
d
x( t) = tq( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s) = - Q( s)
ds
1 - e -2 s
2
6. (B) X ( s) = ò e - st dt = -( s 2 + 4 s + 2)
s Þ X ( s) =
0
( s 2 + 2 s + 2) 2
1
7. (B) p( t) = te - t u( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) = s+3 A B
( s + 1) 2 13. (B) X ( s) = = +
( s + 3s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
2
d s
x( t) = p( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s) = s+3 s+3
dt ( s + 1) 2 A= = 2, B = = -1
s + 2 s = -1 s + 1 s = -2
1 x( t) = [2 e - t - e -2 t ]u( t)
8. (A) p( t) = tu( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) =
s2
1 1 1
s 14. (A) X ( s) = 2 - =2 - +
q( t) = cos 2 pt u( t) ¬¾
L
® Q( s) = ( s + 2) ( s + 3) ( s + 2) ( s + 3)
s + 4 p2
2
x( t) = p( t) * q( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s) = P ( s)Q( s) x( t) = 2 d( t) + ( e-3t - e-3t ) u( t)
1
Þ X ( s) = 2s - 1 A B
s( s + 4 p2 )
2 15. (C) X ( s) = = +
s 2 + 2 s + 1 ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2
1 B = (2 s - 2) s = -1 = -3, A = 2
9. (C) p( t) = tu( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) =
s2 x( t) = x( t) = [2 e - t - 3te - t ]u( t)
d -2
q( t) = - tp( t) ¬¾
L
® Q( s) = P ( s) = 3 5s + 4 A B C
ds s 16. (B) X ( s) = = + +
s + 3s + 2 s s s + 1 s + 2
3 2
d 6
x( t) = - tq( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s) = Q( s) = 4 A = sX ( s) s = 0 = 2, B = ( s + 1) X ( s) s = -1 = 1,
ds s
n! C = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = -3
t n u( t) ¬¾
L
®
sn + 1 x( t) = [2 + e - t - 3e -2 t ]u( t)
1 s2 - 3
10. (D) p( t) = u( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) = 17. (C) X ( s) =
s ( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 1)
e- s =
A
+
B
+
C
q( t) = u( t - 1) ¬¾
L
® Q( s) =
s2 ( s + 2) ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Signal & System
A = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = 1, C = ( s + 1) 2 X ( s) = -2 æsö
s = -1 23. (C) P ç ÷ ¬¾ L
® ap( at)
A + B =1 Þ B =0 èaø
x( t) = [ e -2 t -t
- te ]u( t) 1 1 -t
¬¾
L
® e sin 2 t u( t)
( s + 1) 2 + 4 2
3s + 2 3( s + 1) 1 1 -0 .5t
18. (A) X ( s) = = - x( t) ¬¾
L
® e sin t u( t)
s + 2 s + 10 ( s + 1) + 3
2 2 2
( s + 1) 2 + 32 4
é 1 ù
x( t) = ê3e - t cos 3t - e - t sin 3t ú u( t) 1
ë 3 û 24. (C) P ( s) = ¬¾
L
® p( t) = te - t u( t)
( s + 1) 2
4 s 2 + 8 s + 10 d
19. (C) X ( s) = Q( s) = P ( s) ¬¾
L
® q( t) = -tp( t) = -t 2 e - t u( t)
( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 5) ds
A B( s + 1) C X ( s) = e -2 sQ( s) ¬¾
L
® x( t) = q( t - 2)
= + +
( s + 2) ( s + 1) + 2
2 2
( s + 1) 2 + 2 2 Þ x( t) = - ( t - 2) e ( t - 2 ) u( t - 2)
A = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = 2
dx( t)
A + B=4 Þ B =2 25. (A) sX ( s) + X ( s) ¬¾
L
® + x( t)
dt
5 A + 2 B + 2 C = 10 Þ C = -2 Þ y( t) = ( -2 sin 2 t + cos 2 t ) u( t)
x( t) = [2 e -2 t + 2 e - t cos 2 t - e - t sin 2 t ]u( t)
æsö
26. (B) X ç ÷ ¬¾
L
® ax( at)
3s 2 + 10 s + 10 èaø
20. (B) X ( s) =
( s + 2)( s 2 + 6 s + 10) 1 æ2 ö
X ( 3s) ¬¾
L
® cos ç t ÷ u( t)
A B( s + 3) C 3 è3 ø
= + +
( s + 2) ( s + 3) 2 + 1 ( s + 3) 2 + 1
A = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = 1, A + B = 3 Þ B =2 27. (D) X ( s + 2) ¬¾
L
® e-2 t x( t)
10 A + 6 B + 2 C = 10 Þ C = -6
t
x( t) = [ e -2 t
+ 2e -3t
cos t - 6 e -3t X ( s)
sin t ]u( t) 28. (B) P ( s) = ¬¾ ® ò x( t) dt
L
s -¥
2 s 2 + 11s + 16 + e -2 s t
sin 2 t
21. (D) X ( s) = ¬¾ ® ò cos 2 t u( t) dt =
L
( s2 + 5 s + 6) 2
-¥
A B e -2 s e -2 s t
sin 2 t 1 - cos 2 t
=2 + + + - P ( s)
¬¾ ® ò dt =
L
( s + 2) ( s + 3) ( s + 2) ( s + 3) u( t),
s 0 2 4
( s + 2)(2 s 2 + 11s + 16)
A= =2
( s2 + 5 s + 6) s = -2 29. (C) P ( s) = e -3s X ( s) ¬¾
L
® p( t) = x( t - 3)
( s + 3)(2 s + 11s + 16)
2
= cos 2( t - 3) u( t - 3)
B= = -1
( s2 + 5 s + 6) d
s = -3
Q( s) = P ( s) ¬¾ L
® q( t) = - p( t)
x( t) = 2 d( t) + [2 e -2 t - e-3t ]u( t) + [ e -2 ( t - 2 ) - e -3( t - 2 ) ]u( t - 2) ds
= -t cos 2( t - 3) u( t - 3).
1 1
22. (C) P ( s) = ¬¾
L
® p( t) = sin 3t u( t)
s2 + 9 3 2 se -2 s
30. (A) x( t - 2) ¬¾
L
® e -2 s X ( s), Y ( s) =
s2 + 2
d2 t2
Q( s) = P ( s) ¬¾
L
® q( t) = ( -1) 2 t 2 p( t) = sin 3t u( t)
ds 2 3
d
d 31. (A) p( t) = x( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s) = sX ( s)
R( s) = sQ( s) ¬¾
L
® r ( t) = q( t) - q(0 - ) dt
dt
2t y( t) = x( t) * p( t) ¬¾
L
® Y ( s) = P ( s) X ( s) = s( X ( s)) 2
= sin 3t u( t) + t 2 cos 3t u( t)
3
2( s + 1)
1 32. (A) e - t x ( t) ¬¾
L
® X ( s + 1) =
V ( s) = ¬¾ L
® v( t) = e -3t u( t) ( s + 1) 2 + 2
s+3
é2 t ù
x( t) = v( t) + r ( t) = ê sin 3t u( t) + t 2 cos 3t u( t) + e -3t ú u( t)
ë3 û
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The Laplace Transform GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.3
=
1
+
1
-
1 d2
X ( s) = P ( s) ¬¾
L
® x( t) = t 2 e 3t u( t)
s + 0.5 s + 1 s - 1 ds 2
Re ( s) > -0.5, Re ( s) > -1, Re ( s) < 1
Þ -0.5 < Re ( s) < 1 46. (D) Left-sided
x( t) = -u( -t) + u ( -t + 1) + d( t + 2)
- jt ¥ ¥ t
( e - e ) - st
0 jt
-
39. (A) X ( s) = òe e dt + ò e - t e- st dt + ò e e - st dt
t 2
1
-¥ 2j 0 0 47. (C) Right-sided, P ( s) = ¬¾
L
® p( t) = u( t)
s
Re ( s) < 1, Re ( s) > -1, Re ( s) > 0.5 Q( s) = e-3s P ( s) ¬¾
L
® q( t) = p( t - 3) = u( t - 3)
d
Therefore 0.5 < Re ( s) < 1 R( s) = Q( s) ¬¾
L
® r ( t) = -tq( t) = -tu( t - 3)
ds
s -1 1 1 1
t
X ( s) = - + + V ( s) = ¬¾ ® v( t) = ò r( t) dt
L
R( s)
( s - 1) 2 + 4 ( s + 1) s - 0.5 s -¥
t
1 2
40. (C) x( t) = e -3e -3( t + 3) u( t + 3) Þ v( t) = -ò tdt = - ( t - 9)
3 2
1
p( t) = e u( t)
3t
¬¾® L
P ( s) = 1 1
t
s-3 X ( s) = ¬¾ ® x( t) = - ò ( t - 9)
L 2
v( s)
s 2 -¥
e 3s
q( t) = p( t + 3) ¬¾
L
® Q( s) = e 3s P ( s) = é -1 9 ù
s-3 Þ x( t) = ê ( t 3 - 27) + ( t - 3) ú u( t - 3)
ë 6 2 û
e 3( s -1 )
X ( s) = , Re ( s) > 3
s-3
-s - 4 -3 2
48. (B) X ( s) = = +
s 2 + 3s + 2 ( s + 1) s + 2
41. (B) p( t) * q( t) ¬¾
L
® P ( s)Q( s)
Left-sided, x( t) = 3e - t u( -t) - 2 e -2 t u( -t)
-s æ 1 ö
X ( s) = 2 ç ÷
s + 9 è s + 1ø 5 1
49. (A) X ( s) = -
Re ( s) > -1, Re ( s) < 0 ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2
Þ -1 < Re ( s) < 0 Left-sided, x( t) = -5 u( -t) + te - t u( -t)
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-1 2( s - 1) 3
61. (A) H ( s) = + +
s2 + 2 s ( s + 1) ( s - 1) 2 + 32 ( s - 1) 2 + 32
51. (A) x(0 + ) = lim sX ( s) = 2 =1
s ®¥ s + 2s - 3 System is stable
h( t) = - e - t u( t) + (2 e t cos 3t + et sin 3t) u( -t)
-2 s
e (6s + s )
3 2
52. (D) x(0 + ) = lim sX ( s) = =0
s ®¥ s2 + 2 s - 2 1 ( s + 2)
62. (A) X ( s) = , Y ( s) =
s+1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1
2 s3 + 3s Y ( s) ( s + 1)( s + 2)
53. (A) x( ¥) = lim sX ( s) = =0 H ( s) = =
s ®0 s2 + 5 s + 1 X ( s) ( s + 2) 2 + 1
( s + 2) 1
s+2 =1 - -
54. (C) x( ¥) = lim sX ( s) = 2 =2 ( s + 2) 2 + 1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1
s ®0 s + 3s + 1
h( t) = d( t) - ( e-2 t cos t + e-2 t sin t) u( t)
e -3s (2 s2 + 1) 1
55. (B) x( ¥) = lim sX ( s) = = 63. (B) sY ( s) + 10 Y ( s) = 10 X ( s)
s ®0 s2 + 5 s + 4 4
Y ( s) 10
H ( s) = =
-
56. (C) sY ( s) - y(0 ) + 10 Y ( s) = 10( s) X ( s) s + 10
- 1 Þ h( t) = 10 e-10 t u( t)
y(0 ) = 1, X ( s) =
s
10 1 1 64. (B) Y ( s)( s 2 - s - 2) = X ( s)(5 s - 4)
Y ( s) = + =
s( s + 1) ( s + 1) s Y ( s) 5s - 4 3 2
H ( s) = = = +
X ( s) s 2 - s - 2 s + 1 s - 2
Þ y( t) = u( t)
h( t) = 3e - t u( t) + 2 e 2 t u( t).
57. (C) s Y ( s) - 2 s + 2 sY ( s) - 2 + 5 Y ( s) = 1
2
( s 2 + 2 s + 5) Y ( s) = 3 + 2 s
2s + 3 2( s + 1) 1
Y ( s) = 2 = +
s + 2 s + 5 ( s + 1) 2 + 2 2 ( s + 1) 2 + 2 2 ***********
1 -t
Þ y( t) = 2 e - t cos t u( t) + e sin t u( t)
2
10
58. (B) s 3Y ( s) + 4 s 2 Y ( s) + 3sY ( s) =
( s + 2)
10 A B C D
Y ( s) = = + + +
s( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3) s ( s + 1) ( s + 2) s + 3
5
A = sY ( s) s = 0 = , B = ( s + 1) Y ( s) s = -1 = -5,
3
5
C = ( s + 2) Y ( s) s = -2 = 5, D = ( s + 3) Y ( s) s = 0 =
3
é5 5 ù
Þ y( t) = ê - 5 e - t + 5 e -2 t + e -3t ú u( t)
ë 3 3 û
2 3
60. (D) H ( s) = - , System is stable
s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
5.4
THE Z-TRANSFORM
Statement forQ.1-12:
-5 z 2 3
3. x[ n] = u[ n] (B) , <|z|<
(2 z - 3)( 3z - 2) 3 2
1 1
(A) , |z|> 1 (B) , |z|< 1
1 - z -1 1 - z -1 5z 2 2
(C) , <|z |<
z z (2 z - 3) ( 3z - 2) 3 3
(C) , |z|< 1 (D) , |z|> 1
1 - z -1 1 - z -1 5z 3 2
(D) , - <z <-
(2 z - 3)( 3z - 2) 2 3
n
æ1ö
4. x[ n] = ç ÷ ( u[ n] - u[ n - 5 ])
è4ø n n
æ1ö æ1ö
z - 0.25
5 5
z - 0.25
5 5 8. x[ n] = ç ÷ u[ n] + ç ÷ u[ -n - 1]
(A) , z > 0.25 (B) , z >0 è2 ø è4ø
z 4 ( z - 0.25) z 4 ( z - 0.25)
1 1 1 1
z 5 - 0.25 5 z 5 - 0.25 5 (A) - , <|z|<
(C) , z < 0.25 (D) , all z 1 -1
1- z
1 -1
1- z 4 2
z 3( z - 0.25) z 4 ( z - 0.25) 2 4
1 1 1 1
4 (B) + , <|z|<
æ1ö 1 -1 1 -1 4 2
5. x[ n] = ç ÷ u[ -n] 1- z 1- z
è4ø 2 4
4z 1 4z 1 1 1 1
(A) , |z|> (B) , |z|< (C) - , |z|>
4z - 1 4 4z - 1 4 1 -1
1- z
1 -1
1- z 2
2 4
1 1 1 1
(C) , |z|> (D) , |z|<
1 - 4z 4 1 - 4z 4 (D) None of the above
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33. X ( z) =
1
, |z|<
1 37. Consider three different signal
-2
1 - 4z 4
é æ1ö ù
n
¥ x1 [ n] = ê2 n - ç ÷ ú u[ n]
(A) - å 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ -n - 2( k + 1)] êë è 2 ø úû
k=0
¥ 1
(B) - å 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ -n + 2( k + 1)] x2 [ n] = -2 n u[ -n - 1] + u[ -n - 1]
k=0
2n
¥ 1
(C) - å 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ n + 2( k + 1)] x3[ n] = - 2 n u[ -n - 1] - u[ n]
k=0
2n
¥
(D) - å 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ n - 2( k + 1)] Fig. P.5.4.37 shows the three different region.
k=0
Choose the correct option for the ROC of signal
34. X ( z) = ln (1 + z -1 ) , |z|> 0 Im
R1
k -1 k -1
( -1) ( -1) z - plane
(A) d[ n - 1] (B) d[ n + 1] R2
k k
R3 2
( -1) k ( -1) k Re
(C) d[ n - 1] (D) d[ n + 1] 1
k k 2
1 é 1 æ -1 ö ù
n
x1 [ n] = ê2 n - ç ÷ ú u[ n] é -1 æ -1 ö n
ù
êë è 3 ø úû 1
(b) |z|< , x[ n] = ê n -1 + ç ÷ ú u[ -n + 1]
3 êë2 è 3 ø úû
1
x2 [ n] = - 2 n u[ n - 1] - u[ n] n
3n 1 1 1 æ -1 ö
(c) <|z |< , x[ n] = - n -1 u[ -n - 1] - ç ÷ u[ n]
1 3 2 2 è 3 ø
x3[ n] = - 2 n u[ n - 1] + n u[ -n - 1]
3
Correct solution is Correct solutions are
(A) x1 [ n] (B) x2 [ n] (A) (a) and (b) (B) (a) and (c)
(C) x3[ n] (D) All three (C) (b) and (c) (D) (a), (b), (c)
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39. X ( z) has poles at z = 1 2 and z = -1. If x [1] = 1 44. The transfer function of a causal system is given as
x [ -1] = 1, and the ROC includes the point z = 3 4. The 5z2
H ( z) =
time signal x[ n] is z2 - z - 6
1
(A) u[ n] - ( -1) n u[ -n - 1] The impulse response is
2 n -1
(A) ( 3n + ( -1) n 2 n + 1 ) u[ n]
1
(B) n u[ n] - ( -1) n u[ -n - 1]
2 (B) ( 3n + 1 + 2 ( -2) n ) u[ n]
1 (C) ( 3n -1 + ( -1) n 2 n + 1 ) u[ n]
(C) u[ n] + u[ -n + 1]
2 n -1 (D) ( 3n -1 - ( -2) n + 1 ) u[ n]
1
(D) u[ n] + u[ -n + 1]
2n 45. A causal system has input
1 1
40. x[ n] is right-sided, X ( z) has a signal pole, and x[ n] = d[ n] + d[ n - 1] - d[ n - 2 ] and output
4 8
x[0 ] = 2, x[2 ] = 1 2. x[ n] is
3
u[ -n] u[ n] y[ n] = d[ n] - d[ n - 1] .
(A) n -1 (B) n -1 4
2 2
The impulse response of this system is
u[ -n] u[ -n]
(C) (D)
1 é æ -1 ö æ1ö ù
n n
2n +1 2n +1 -
(A) ê ç
5 ÷ 2ç ÷ ú u[ n]
3 êë è 2 ø è 4 ø úû
41. The z-transform function of a stable system is given
1 é æ1ö ù
n n
æ -1 ö
as (B) ê5ç ÷ + 2ç ÷ ú u[ n]
3 êë è 2 ø è 4 ø úû
3 -1
2- z
2 1 é æ 1 ön æ -1 ö ù
n
H ( z) = (C) ê 5ç ÷ - 2ç ÷ ú u[ n]
1 -1
(1 - 2 z -1 ) (1 + z ) 3 êë è 2 ø è 4 ø úû
2
1 é æ1ö ù
n n
æ1ö
The impuse response h[ n] is (D) ê5ç ÷ + 2ç ÷ ú u[ n]
n
3 êë è 2 ø è4ø úû
æ1ö
(A) 2 n u[ -n + 1] - ç ÷ u[ n]
è2 ø
46. A causal system has input x[ n] = ( -3) n u[ n] and
n
æ -1 ö output
(B) 2 n u[ -n - 1] + ç ÷ u[ n]
è 2 ø
é æ1ö ù
n
n y[ n] = ê4(2) n - ç ÷ ú u[ n].
æ -1 ö êë è 2 ø úû
(C) -2 n u[ -n - 1] + ç ÷ u[ n]
è 2 ø
n The impulse response of this system is
æ1ö
(D) 2 n u[ n] - ç ÷ u[ n] é æ 1 ön æ1ö ù
n
é æ1ö ù
n
48. A system is described by the difference equation 53. The z-transform of a signal x[ n] is given by
1 3
y[ n] - y[ n - 1] = 2 x[ n - 1] X ( z) =
2 10 -1
1- z + z -2
3
The impulse response of the system is
-1 1 If X ( z) converges on the unit circle, x[ n] is
(A) n - 2 u[ n - 1] (B) n - 2 u[ n + 1]
2 2 1 3n + 3
(A) - u[ n] - u[ -n - 1]
1 -1 3n -1 8 8
(C) n -2
u[ n - 2 ] (D) u[ n - 2 ]
2 2n -2 1 3n + 3
(B) u[ n] - u[ -n - 1]
3n -1 8 8
49. A system is described by the difference equation
1 3n + 3
y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - 2 ] + x[ n - 4 ] - x[ n - 6 ] (C) u[ n] - u[ -n]
3n -1 8 8
The impulse response of system is
1 3n + 3
(A) d[ n] - 2 d[ n + 2 ] + 4 d[ n + 4 ] - 6 d[ n + 6 ] (D) - n -1
u[ n] - u[ -n]
3 8 8
(B) d[ n] + 2 d[ n - 2 ] - 4 d[ n - 4 ] + 6 d[ n - 6 ]
54. The transfer function of a system is given as
(C) d[ n] - d[ n - 2 ] + d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n - 6 ]
(D) d[ n] - d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n + 6 ] 4 z -1 1
H ( z) = 2
, |z|>
æ 1 -1 ö 4
50. The impulse response of a system is given by ç1 - z ÷
è 4 ø
3
h[ n] = u[ n - 1]. The h[ n] is
4n
(A) Stable (B) Causal
The difference equation representation for this
(C) Stable and Causal (D) None of the above
system is
(A) 4 y[ n] - y[ n - 1] = 3 x[ n - 1] 55. The transfer function of a system is given as
(B) 4 y[ n] - y[ n + 1] = 3 x[ n + 1] æ 1ö
2ç z + ÷
(C) 4 y[ n] + y[ n - 1] = - 3 x[ n - 1] H ( z) = è 2ø
.
æ 1 öæ 1ö
(D) 4 y[ n] + y[ n + 1] = 3 x[ n + 1] ç z - ÷ç z - ÷
è 2 øè 3ø
51. The impulse response of a system is given by Consider the two statements
The difference equation representation for this Statement(ii) : Inverse system is causal and stable.
52. The transfer function of a system is given by (C) Both (i) and (ii) are true
(B) Causal, Stable and minimum phase For this system two statement are
(C) Minimum phase Statement (i): System is causal and stable
(D) None of the above Statement (ii): Inverse system is causal and stable.
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The correct option is 62. The impulse response of the system shown in fig.
(A) (i) is true (B) (ii) is true P5.4.62 is
X(z) Y(z)
(C) Both are true (D) Both are false + z-1 z-1
is stable if æn ö
çç - 2 ÷÷
1
(A) c < 112
. (B) c > 112
. (A) 2 è 2 ø
(1 + ( -1) n ) u[ n] + d[ n]
2
(C) |c|< 112
. (D) |c|> 112
.
2n 1
(B) (1 + ( -1) n ) u[ n] + d[ n]
2 2
58. Consider the following three systems æn ö
çç - 2 ÷÷
1
(C) 2 è 2 ø
(1 + ( -1) n ) u[ n] - d[ n]
y1 [ n] = 0.2 y[ n - 1] + x[ n] - 0.3 x[ n - 1] + 0.02 x[ n - 2 ] 2
y2 [ n] = x[ n] - 0.1 x[ n - 1] 2n 1
(D) [1 + ( -1) n ] u [ n] - d [ n]
2 2
y3[ n] = 0.5 y[ n - 1] + 0.4 x[ n] - 0.3 x[ n - 1]
63. The system diagram for the transfer function
The equivalent system are
z
(A) y1 [ n] and y2 [ n] (B) y2 [ n] and y3[ n] H ( z) =
z2 + z + 1
(C) y3[ n] and y1 [ n] (D) all
is shown in fig. P5.4.63. This system diagram is a
X(z) Y(z)
59. The z-transform of a causal system is given as +
. z -1
2 - 15
X ( z) =
. z + 0.5 z -2
1 - 15 -1
+
+ z-1
The x[0 ] is
z-1
(A) -15
. (B) 2
Fig. P5.4.63
(C) 1.5 (D) 0
(A) Correct solution
60. The z-transform of a anti causal system is (B) Not correct solution
The limit of x[ ¥ ] is
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) ¥ (D) 0
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z 2 - 3z 1 - 3z -1 ìæ 1 ö 2
n
X ( z) = 4 = 32 + 32
1 - 16 z -1 1 + 4 z -1 1 - 4 z -1 ¥
( -1) k -1
é 49 47 n ù 34. (A) ln (1 + a) = å k
( a) k
Þ x[ n] = ê ( -4) n + 4 ú u[ n] k =1
ë 32 32 û ¥
( -1) k -1
X ( z) = å ( z -1 ) k
k =1 k
26. (C) x[ n] is right sided ¥
( -1) k -1
æ 1 -1 ö 2 Þ x [ n] = å d[ n - 1]
X ( z) = ç 2 + -1
+ ÷z k =1 k
è 1+ z 1 - z -1 ø
Þ x[ n] = 2 d[ n + 2 ] + (( -1) n - 1) u[ n + 2 ] ¥
( -1) k 2 k
35. (B) cos a = å a
k = 0 (2 k) !
27. (A) d[ n] + 2 d[ n - 6 ] + 4 d[ n - 8 ] ¥
( -1) k -3k 2 k
X ( z) = å (z )
k = 0 (2 k) !
10
1
28. (B) x[ n] is right sided, x[ n] = å k d[ n - k] ¥
( -1) k
k=5 Þ x [ n] = å (2 k) ! d [ n - 6 k]
k=0
1 é -2 æ -1 ön ù
|z|< (Left-sided) Þ x[ n] = ê n + ç ÷ ú u[ -n - 1]
3 êë 2 è 3 ø úû
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1 1 2 æ -1 ö
n
-2 5
<|z|< (Two-sided) x[ n] = - n u[ -n - 1] - ç ÷ u[ n] Y ( z)
3 2 2 è 3 ø H ( z) = = 3 + 3 ,
X ( z ) 1 - 1 z -1 1 + 1 z -1
So (b) is wrong. 4 2
1 é æ -1 ö æ1ö ù
n n
3 Þ h[ n] = ê5ç ÷ - 2ç ÷ ú u[ n]
39. (A) Since the ROC includes the z = , ROC is 3 êë è 2 ø
4 è 4 ø úû
1
<|z|< 1,
2 1
46. (D) X ( z) =
A B 1 + 3z -1
X ( z) = +
1 -1 1 + z -1 4 1 3
1- z Y ( z) = - =
-1
2 1 - 2z 1
1 - z -1 æ 1 ö
(1 - 2 z -1 )ç 1 - z -1 ÷
A 2 è 2 ø
Þ x[ n] = n u[ n] × B ( -1) n u[ -n - 1]
2 Y ( z) 10 -7
A H ( z) = = +
1= Þ A =2 , X ( z ) 1 - 2 z -1 1 - 1 z -1
2 2
x[ -1] = 1 = ( -1) B( -1) Þ B = 1 é æ1ö ù
n
1 Þ h[ n] = ê10(2) n - 7ç ÷ ú u( n)
Þ x[ n] = n -1 u[ n] - ( -1) n u[ -n - 1] êë è 2 ø úû
2
¥ Y ( z)
42. (A) X + ( z) = å x[ n]z -n
= d[ n - 2 ]z - n = z -2 49. (C) H ( z) = = (1 - z -2 + z -4 - z -6 )
n =0
X ( z)
Þ h[ n] = d[ n] - d[ n - 2 ] + d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n - 6 ]
¥ ¥
1
43. (D) X ( z) = +
å x[ n]z
n =0
-n
= åz
n =0
-n
=
1 - z -1 n -1
3æ1ö
50. (A) h[ n] = ç ÷ u[ n - 1]
4è4ø
3 2
44. (B) H ( z) = -1
+
1 - 3z 1 + 2 z -1 3 -1
z
Y ( z) 4
h[ n] is causal so ROC is |z|> 3, H ( z) = =
X ( z ) 1 - 1 z -1
Þ h[ n] = [ 3n + 1 + 2 ( -2) n ]u[ n] 4
1 3
z -1 z -2 3z -1 Y ( z ) - z -1 Y ( z) = z -1 X ( z)
45. (A) X ( z) = 1 + - , Y ( z) = 1 - 4 4
4 8 4
1 3
Þ y[ n] - y[ n - 1] = x[ n - 1]
4 4
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10 9
56. (A) H ( z) = -
1 -1 1
1+ z 1 + z -1
2 4
1 - 2 z -1
=
æ 1 -1 öæ 1 -1 ö
ç 1 + z ÷ç 1 + z ÷
è 2 øè 4 ø
Pole of this system are inside |z|= 1. So the system is
stable and causal.
For the inverse system not all pole are inside |z|= 1. So
inverse system is not stable and causal.
CHAPTER
5.6
THE DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
-n
Statement for Q.1–9: æ1ö
5. x[ n] = ç ÷ u[ -n - 1]
Determine the discrete-time Fourier Transform for è2 ø
the given signal and choose correct option. e jW 2 e jW
(A) (B)
2 - e - jW 2 - e - jW
ì 1, |n|£ 2 e jW 2 e jW
1. x[ n] = í (C) (D)
î 0, otherwise 2 - e jW 2 - e jW
sin 5W sin 4W
(A) (B)
sin W sin W 6. x[ n] = 2 d[ 4 - 2 n]
n 7. x[ n] = u[ n]
æ 3ö
2. x[ n] = ç ÷ u[ n - 4 ] 1 1
è4ø (A) pd(W) - (B)
1 + e - jW 1 - e - jW
(A)
( 3
4
e - jW ) 4
(B)
( 3
4
e jW ) 4
1 1
1 - 43 e - jW 1 - 43 e jW (C) pd(W) + (D)
1 - e - jW 1 + e - jW
(C)
( 3
4
e - jW ) 4
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Determine the signal having the Fourier (A) 4 pd[ n + 4 ] - 4 pd[ n - 4 ] - 2 pd[ n]
transform given in question. (B) 2 d[ n + 4 ] - 2 d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n]
(C) d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n]
1
10. X ( e jW) = , |a|< 1 (D) None of the above
(1 - ae - jW) 2
(A) ( n - 1) a n u[ n] (B) ( n + 1) a n u[ n] 2
17. X ( e jW) = - j2 W
n
(C) na u[ n] (D) None of the above -e + e - jW + 6
n +1
æ ö
(A)
5 ç 1 + æç -2 ö÷ ÷u[ n]
11. X ( e jW) = 8 cos 2 w 2-n ç è 3 ø ÷ø
è
(A) (d[ n + 2 ] + 2 d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ]) n +1
æ æ -2 ö ö
(B) 2(d[ n + 2 ] + 2 d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ]) (B) 2 - n ç 1 - ç ÷ ÷u[ n]
ç è 3 ø ÷
è ø
(C) -4(d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ])
n +1
2-n æ ö
(D) 1
(d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ]) (C) ç ( -1) n + æç 2 ö÷ ÷u[ n]
2
5 ç è 3 ø ÷ø
è
ì 2 j, 0 <W £ p (D) None of the above
12. X ( e jW) = í
î - 2 j, - p < W £ 0
2+ 1
e - jW
4 æ pn ö 4 æ pn ö 18. X ( e jW) = 4
(A) - sin 2 ç ÷ (B) sin 2 ç ÷ - 18 e - j 2 W + 14 e - jW + 1
pn è 2 ø pn è 2 ø
(A) 2 - n + 1 [1 + ( -2) - n ]u[ n]
8 æ pn ö 8 æ pn ö
(C) sin 2 ç ÷ (D) - sin 2 ç ÷
pn è 2 ø pn è 2 ø (B) 2 - n [1 + ( -2) - n ]u[ n]
(C) 2 - n + 1 [( -1) n + 2 - n ]u[ n]
ì p 3p (D) 2 - n [( -1) n + 2 - n ]u[ n]
ï 1, £|W|<
jW
13. X ( e ) = í 4 4
ï 0, p 3p 2 e - jW
0 £|W|< , £|W|£ p 19. X ( e jW) =
î 4 4 1 - 14 e - j 2 W
2æ æ 3pn ö æ pn ö ö
(A) ç sin ç ÷ - sin ç ÷÷ (A) 2 n -1 [1 + ( -1) n ]u[ n]
nè è 4 ø è 4 øø
(B) 21 - n [1 + ( -1) n ]u[ n]
1 æ æ 3pn ö æ pn ö ö
(B) ç sin ç ÷ - sin ç ÷÷ (C) 21 - n [1 - ( -1) n ]u[ n]
pn è è 4 ø è 4 øø
(D) 2 n -1 [1 - ( -1) n ]u[ n]
2æ æ 3pn ö æ pn ö ö
(C) ç cos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷÷
nè è 4 ø è 4 øø 1 - 13 e - jW
20. X ( e jW) =
1 æ æ 3pn ö æ pn ö ö 1 - 14 e - jW - 18 e -2 jW
(D) ç cos ç ÷ + cos ç ÷÷
pn è è 4 ø è 4 øø
æ2 æ1ö
n
7 æ 1ö
n
ö
(A) ç ç ÷ + ç- ÷ ÷u[ n]
jW ç9 è ø
2 9 è 4ø ÷
- è ø
14. X ( e jW) = e 2
for -p £ W £ p
(A) pd[ n - 1 2 ] (B) 2pd[ n - 1 2 ] æ 2 æ 1 ön 7 æ 1 ön ö
(B) ç ç - ÷ + ç ÷ ÷u[ n]
( -1) n + 1 ç9 è 2 ø 9 è 4 ø ÷ø
(C) (D) None of the above è
p(n - 12 )
æ 2 æ 1 ön 7 æ 1 ön ö
(C) ç ç - ÷ - ç ÷ ÷u[ n]
ç9 è 2 ø 9 è 4 ø ÷ø
15. X ( e jW) = cos 2W + j sin 2W è
n n ¥
æ 1ö æ1ö
x[ n] = ç - ÷ u[ n] + ç ÷ u[ n] = 2 - n [( -1) n + 2 - n ]u[ n] 27. (D) X ( e j 0 ) = å x[ n] , This condition is satisfied only
è 2 ø è4ø n = -¥
n n
31. (A) X ( e jp) = å ( -1) n
x[ n] = 2
2æ1ö 7æ 1ö n = -¥
x[ n] = ç ÷ u[ n] + ç - ÷ u[ n]
9 è2 ø 9è 4ø
32. (C) Ev{x[ n]} ¬ ¾¾
DTFT
® Re{X ( e jW)}
ò | X ( e )| = 2 p å | x[ n]| = 28 p
jW 2 2
22. (D) The signal must be read and odd. Only signal ( h) 33. (D)
-p n = -¥
is real and odd.
d X ( e jW)
23. (A) The signal must be real and even. Only signal (c) 34. (C) nx[ n] ¬ ¾¾
DTFT
® j
dW
and (e) are real and even. p
½dX ( e jW)½ ¥
ò- p½ dW ½½ = 2 pnå
½ 2
|n|2 x[ n] = 316 p
24. (A) Y ( e jW) = e jaW X ( e jW), y[ n] = x[ n + a ] = -¥
jW
If Y ( e ) is real, then y[ n] is real and even (if x[ n] is
35. (A) Y ( e jW) = e - j 4 W X ( e jW)
real.). Therefore x [ n + a ] is even and x [ n] has to be |n - 4|
symmetric about a.This is true for signal (a), (c), (e), (f) æ 3ö
y[ n] = x[ n - 4 ] = ( n - 4) ç ÷
è4ø
and (g).
ï - jn ç ÷ , n even
y[ n] = í è4ø
ï0 , otherwise
î
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The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.6
ò Y (e òe
jW
h[ n] = ) e jWn dW = - jW
e jWn dW
2p -p 2p -p
d
39. (C) Y ( e jW) = X ( e jW) p
dW 1 sin p( n - 1)
2 p -òp
= e jW ( n -1 ) dW =
|n| p( n - 1)
æ 3ö
Þ y[ n] = - jnx[ n] = - jn2 ç ÷
è4ø
45. (B) H ( e jW) = H1 ( e jW) + H 2 ( e jW)
å | x[ n]| = ( x [0 ]) + 2
2
3= 2
2 - jW
n = -¥ e
Y ( e jW )
jW 3
x[0 ] = ± 1, But x[0 ] = 0, Hence x[0 ] = 1 47. (B) H ( e ) = =
X ( e jW) 1 - 2 e - jW
x[ n] = d[ n] + d[ n + 1] - d[ n + 2 ] 3
æ 2 ö 2
n n Þ ç 1 - e - jW ÷ Y ( e jW) = e- jW X ( e jW)
æ1ö 1 æ1ö è 3 ø 3
42. (C) ç ÷ u[ n] ¬ ¾¾
DTFT
® ç ÷
è4ø 1 - jW è 4 ø
1- e Þ y[ n] -
2 2
y[ n - 1] = x[ n - 1]
4 3 3
æ ö 1 - jW
Þ 3 y[ n] - 2 y[ n - 1] = 2 x[ n - 1] .
d ç ÷
n e
æ1ö 1 4
nç ÷ u[ n] ¬ ¾¾® j
DTFT
ç ÷=
è2 ø dW ç 1 - 1 e - jW ÷ æ 2
ç ÷ ç 1 - 1 e - jW ö÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø
¥ n ¥
å næçè 2 ö÷ø
1 4
å x[ n] = X ( e
*********
= j0
)=
n =0 n = -¥ 9
CHAPTER
5.7
THE CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER SERIES
x(t)
Statement for Q.1-5:
A
Determine the Fourier series coefficient for given
periodic signal x( t).
t
-2p
0 -4p 2p 4p
3 3
1. x( t) as shown in fig. P5.7.1
Fig. P5.7.3
A æç - j ççè 3 ÷÷ø ö A æç - j ççè ö
æ 4 pk ö æ 4 pk ö
÷÷
x(t) (A) e - 1÷ (B) j e 3 ø
- 1÷
2 pk ç ÷ 2 pk ç ÷
10 è ø è ø
A æç - j ççè ö - A æç - j ççè ö
æ 4 pk ö æ 4 pk ö
÷÷ ÷÷
t (C) - j e 3 ø
- 1÷ (D) e 3 ø
- 1÷
-10 -5 0 5 10 2 pk ç ÷ 2 pk ç ÷
è ø è ø
Fig. P5.7.1
-A
2. x( t) as shown in fig. P5.7.2
Fig. P5.7.4
x(t)
A A
A (A) (1 - ( - 1 ) k ) (B) (1 + ( - 1 ) k )
kp kp
A A
(C) (1 - ( - 1 ) k ) (D) (1 + ( - 1 ) k )
t jkp jkp
-T 0 T T T
4 2
A æp ö A æp ö 1 1 1
(C) sin ç k ÷ (D) cos ç k ÷ (B) - d [ k - 2 ] + d[ k] - d[ k + 2 ]
pk pk 4 2 4
è2 ø è2 ø
1 1
(C) - d[ k - 1] + d[ k] - d[ k + 1]
3. x( t) as shown in fig. P5.7.3 2 2
1 1
(D) - d[ k - 2 ] + d[ k] - d[ k + 2 ]
2 2
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The Continuous-Time Fourier Series GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.7
|k| 2
æ -1 ö
8. X [ k] = ç ÷ , wo = 1 1
4è
3 ø
5 k
(A) (B) -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 + 3 sin t 4 + 3 sin t
Fig. P5.7.11
5 4
(C) (D) (A) 3 cos 3pt + 2 cos 2 pt + cos pt
4 + 3 cos t 5 + 3 cos t
(B) 3 sin 3pt + 2 sin 2 pt + sin pt
9. X [ k] as shown in fig. P5.7.9 , wo = p
|{X [k]}| (C) 6 sin 3pt + 4 sin 2 pt + 2 sin pt
2
(D) 6 cos 3pt + 4 cos 2 pt + 2 cos pt
1
k
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Statement for Q.12-16:
Ð{X [k]}
p
4 Consider a continuous time periodic signal x( t)
k
with fundamental period T and Fourier series
-p
4 coefficients X [ k]. Determine the Fourier series
Fig. P5.7.9 coefficient of the signal y( t) given in question and
æ pö æ pö choose correct option.
(A) 6 cos ç 2 pt + ÷ - 3 cos ç 3pt - ÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø
æ pö æ pö 12. y( t) = x( t - to ) + x ( t - to )
(B) 4 cos ç 4 pt - ÷ - 2 cos ç 3pt + ÷
è 4ø è 4ø
æ pö æ pö æ 2p ö æ 2p ö
(C) 2 cos ç 2 pt + ÷ - 2 cos ç 3pt - ÷ (A) 2 cos ç kto ÷ X [ k] (B) 2 sin ç kto ÷ X [ k]
è 4ø è 4ø è T ø è T ø
æ pö æ pö
(D) 4 cos ç 4 pt + ÷ + 2 cos ç 3pt - ÷ (C) e - to
X [ k] + e to X [ -k] (D) e - to
X [ -k] + e to X [ k]
è 4 ø è 4 ø
8p
6p 14. y( t) =Re{x( t)}
4p
2p
X [ k] + X [ - k] X [ k] - X [ - k]
k (A) (B)
-2p 2 2
-4p
-6p X [ k] + X *[ - k] X [ k] + X *[ - k]
-8p (C) (D)
2 2
Fig. P5.7.10
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Signal & System
25. Suppose we have given the following information The signal will be
about a signal x( t) : æp ö æp ö
(A) 4 cos ç t ÷ - 2 sin ç t ÷
1. x( t) is real and odd. è4 ø è4 ø
2. x( t) is periodic with T = 2 æp ö æp ö
(B) 2 cos ç t ÷ + 4 sin ç t ÷
3. Fourier coefficients X [ k] = 0 for |k|> 1 è4 ø è4 ø
2 æp ö æp ö
1 (C) 2 cos ç t ÷ + 2 sin ç t ÷
ò
2
4. x( t) dt = 1
20 è4 ø è4 ø
(D) None of the above
The signal, that satisfy these condition, is
(A) 2 sin pt and unique Statement for Q.29-31:
(B) 2 sin pt but not unique
Consider the following three continuous-time
(C) 2 sin pt and unique signals with a fundamental period of T = 1
(D) 2 sin pt but not unique
x( t) = cos 2pt , y( t) = sin 2pt , z( t) = x( t) y( t)
26. Consider a continuous-time LTI system whose 29. The Fourier series coefficient X [ k] of x( t) are
frequency response is (A) 1
( d[ k + 1] + d[ k - 1])
2
¥
sin 4 w (B) 1
( d[ k + 1] - d[ k - 1])
ò h( t) e
- jwt
H ( jw) = dt = 2
-¥ w (C) 1
( d[ k - 1] - d[ k + 1])
2
The input to this system is a periodic signal (D) None of the above
ì 2, 0 £ t £ 4
x( t) = í 30. The Fourier series coefficient of y( t), Y [ k] will be
î -2, 4 £ t £ 8
( d[ k + 1] + d[ k + 1])
j
(A) 2
A 2A 1 1
33. (C) + (cos t - cos 3t + cos 5 t....)
x(t)
2 p 3 5
1
A 2A 1 1
(D) + (sin t + cos t + sin 3t + cos 3t ....)
-p
2 p 3 3
p t
36.
-1
x(t)
Fig. P5.7.33 2
2 1 1 1
(A) (cos t + cos 2 t + cos 3t + cos 4 t +....)
p 2 3 4
-1 1 t
2 1 1 1
(B) (sin t - sin 2 t + sin 3t - sin 4 t +....) -1
p 2 3 4
Fig. P5.7.36
2 1 1 1
(C) (sin t + cos t - sin 2 t - cos 2 t + sin 3t +....)
p 2 2 3 1 12 1 1
(A) + (cos pt + cos 3pt + cos 5 pt +....)
2 1 1 1 2 p2 9 25
(D) (sin t + cos t + sin 3t + cos 3t + sin 5 t + ....)
p 3 3 5 12 1 1
(B) 3 + (cos pt + cos 3pt + cos 5 pt +....)
p2 9 25
34. 1 12 1 1
(C) + (sin pt - sin 3pt + sin 5 pt -....)
x(t) 2 p2 9 25
A 12 1 1
(D) 3 + (sin pt - sin 3pt + sin 5 pt -....)
p 2
9 25
-p
p t
-A *****
Fig. P5.7.34
A 4A æ 1 1 ö
(A) + ç sin t + sin 2 t + sin 3t +.... ÷
2 p è 2 3 ø
A 4A æ 1 1 ö
(B) + ç cos t + cos 3t + cos 5 t +.... ÷
2 p è 3 5 ø
4A æ 1 1 ö
(C) ç sin t + sin 3t + sin 5 t + .... ÷
p è 3 5 ø
4A æ 1 1 ö
(D) ç cos t + cos 2 t + cos 3t +.... ÷
p è 2 3 ø
35.
x(t)
A
-p -p p p t
2 2
Fig. P5.7.35
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The Continuous-Time Fourier Series GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.7
p p jp p
- j j - j
= 2e 4
e j ( -4 ) pt + e 4 e j ( -3) pt + e 4
e j ( 3) pt + 2 e 4 e j (4 )pt
1
T 2
A = 2( e - j ( 4 pt + p 4 ) + e j ( 4 pt + p 4 ) ) + ( e - j ( 3pt - p 4 ) + e j ( 3pt - p 4 ) )
ò Ad( t) e o dt =
- jkw t
1. (D) X [ k] = ,
T -T 2 T = 4 cos ( 4 pt + p 4) + 2 cos( 3pt - p 4)
A = 10 , T = 5, X [ k] = 2
10. (A) X [ k] = e - j 2 pk , -4 £ k £ 4
4 4
sin 9 pt
1
T 2
1
T 4
x( t) = åe - j 2 pk
e jpkt = åe - j 2 pk ( t -1 )
=
ò x( t) e ò Ae
- jkw ot - jkw ot
2. (C) X [ k] = dt = dt k = -4 k = -4 sin pt
T -T 2 T -T 4
T
11. (D) X [ k] =|k|, - 3 £ k £ 3
A é e - jkw o t ù 4 A æ pk ö
= ê - jkw ú - T = pk sinç 2 ÷ ¥
T ë o û
4
è ø x( t) = å X [ k]e
k = -¥
jpkt
= 3e j ( -3) pt + 2 e j ( -2 ) pt + e j ( -1 ) pt + e j (1 ) pt + 2 e j ( 2 ) pt + 3e j ( 3) pt
ì 4p
ï A, 0<t< = 6 cos 3pt + 4 cos 2 pt + 2 cos pt
2p 3
3. (B) T = 2p , wo = = 1, x( t) = í
2p ï0, 4p
< t < 2p 12. (A) x( t - to ) is also periodic with T. The Fourier
î 3
series coefficients X1 [ k] of x( t - to ) are
jA é - ù
2p 4p 3 æ 4 pk ö
1 1 j çç ÷÷
ò x( t) e dt = ò
- jkt
X [ k] = Ae- jkt dt = êe è 3 ø
- 1ú 1 e- j kw o to
ò x( t - t ) e ò x( t) e
- jkw ot - jkw ot
2p 2p 2 pk ê úû X1 [ k] = dt = dt
0 0 ë T
o
T
T T
= e - jkw oto X [ k]
2p ì - A, - 1 < t < 0
4. (C) T = 2, wo = = p, x( t) = í Similarly, the FS coefficients of x( t + to ) are
2 î A, 0< t<1
X 2 [ k] = e jkw oto X [ k]
1æ ö
1 0 1
1
X [ k] = ò x( t) e - jkt dt = çç ò - Ae - jkpt dt + ò0 Ae dt ÷÷
- jkpt
The FS coefficients of x( t - to ) + x( t + to ) are
2 -1 2 è -1 ø
Y [ k] = X1 [ k] + X 2 [ k] = e - jkw oto X [ k] + e jkw oto X [ k]
A æ 1 - e jkp e - jkp -1 ö A
= çç + ÷÷ = (1 - ( -1) k ) = 2 cos ( wo kto ) X [ k]
2 è jkp - jkp ø jkp
x( t) + x( - t)
2 13. (A) Ev{ x( t)} = ,
æ e jt - e - jt ö -1 2 jt 2
5. (A) sin 2 t = çç ÷÷ = ( e - 2 + e -2 jt )
è 2j ø 4 The FS coefficients of x( t) are
2p 1 1
The fundamental period of sin 2 ( t) is p and wo = =2 , X1 [ k] = ò x( -t) e - jkw ot dt = ò x( t) e jkw ot dt = X [ -k]
p TT T T
-1 1 1 Therefore, the FS coefficients of Ev{ x( t)} are
X [ k] = d[ k - 1] + d[ k] - d[ k + 1]
4 2 4 X [ k] + X [ -k]
Y [ k] =
¥
2
7. (C) x( t) = å X [ k]e j 2 pkt
= je j 2 p t - je - j 2 pt
+ e j6 pt + e - j6 pt
k = -¥
x ( t) + x *( t)
14. (C) Re{ x( t)} = ,
= - 2 sin 2 pt + 2 cos 6 pt 2
-k k
The FS coefficient of x *( t) is
¥ -1
æ -1 ö jkt ¥
æ -1 ö jkt
8. (D) x( t) = å X [ k]e
k = -¥
jkt
= åç
k = -¥ è 3 ø
÷ e + å ç
k=0 è 3 ø
÷ e 1
X1 [ k] = ò x *( t) e - jkw ot dt = X1*[ -k]
TT
-1 - jt
e 1
ò x( t) e
jkw ot
= 3 +
1
=
4 X1*[ k] = dt = X [ -k]
T
1 + e - jt 1 + e j t 5 + 3cos t
1 1 T
3 3 X1 [ k] = X *[ -k]
X [ k] + X *[ - k]
Y [ k] =
2
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313
UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Signal & System
Consider a periodic signal x[ n] with period N and 21. The fundamental period of y[ n] is
FS coefficients X [ k]. Determine the FS coefficients Y [ k] (A) 9 (B) 10
of the signal y[ n] given in question. (C) 11 (D) None of the above
15. y[ n] = x[ n - no ]
22. The FS coefficients of y[ n] are
æ 2 pö æ 2 pö
j çç ÷÷ n ok - j çç ÷÷ n ok
è Nø è Nø
1 æç j çç ÷÷ k ö
1 æç - j çç ÷÷ k ö
(A) e X [ k] (B) e X [ k] æ 8 pö æ 8 pö
16. y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - 2 ] 1 æ jç ÷k ö
æ 4 pö
1 æ ÷k ö
æ 4 pö
- jç
(C) ç 1 - e çè 5 ÷ø ÷ (D) ç 1 - e çè 5 ÷ø ÷
æ 4p ö æ 4p ö 10 ç ÷ 10 ç ÷
(A) sin ç k ÷ X [ k] (B) cos ç k ÷ X [ k] è ø è ø
è N ø è N ø
æ ÷÷ k ö
æ 4 pö
- j çç æ ÷÷ k ö
æ 4 pö
j çç
(C) ç 1 - e è N ø ÷ X [ k] (D) ç 1 - e è N ø ÷ X [ k] 23. The FS coefficients of x[ n] are
ç ÷ ç ÷ æ pk ö
è ø è ø j - j ççè 10 ÷÷ø æ pk ö
(A) - e cosec ç ÷ Y [ k], k ¹ 0
2 è 10 ø
17. y[ n] = x[ n] + x[ n + N 2 ] , (assume that N is even)
æ pk ö
æN ö j - j ççè 10 ÷÷ø æ pk ö
(A) 2 X [2 k - 1], for 0 £ k £ ç - 1÷ (B) e cosec ç ÷ Y [ k], k ¹ 0
è 2 ø 2 è 10 ø
æ pk ö
N 1 - j ççè 10 ÷÷ø æ pk ö
(B) 2 X [2 k - 1], for 0 £ k £ (C) - e sec ç ÷ Y [ k]
2 2 è 10 ø
æN ö æ pk ö
(C) 2 X [2 k], for 0 £ k £ ç - 1÷ 1 - j ççè 10 ÷÷ø æ pk ö
è 2 ø (D) e sec ç ÷ Y [ k]
2 è 10 ø
N
(D) 2 X [2 k], for 0 £ k £
2
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The Discrete-Time Fourier Series GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 5.8
Statement for Q.24-27: 29. A real and odd periodic signal x[ n] has fundamental
Consider a discrete-time signal with Fourier period N = 7 and FS coefficients X [ k]. Given that
å X [ k]
2
4. = 50
æp ö æp ö 10 n =0
(C) 2 sin ç n ÷ x[ n] (D) 2 cos ç n ÷ x[ n]
è2 ø è2 ø The signal x[ n] is
æ p ö æ p ö
æ pk ö (A) 5 cos ç n÷ (B) 5 sin ç n÷
25. Y [ k] = cos ç ÷ X [ k] è 10 ø è 10 ø
è 5 ø
1 1 æp ö æp ö
(A) ( x[ n + 5 ] + x[ n + 5 ]) (B) ( x[ n + 2 ] + x[ n - 2 ]) (C) 10 cos ç n ÷ (D) 10 sin ç n ÷
2 2 è5 ø è5 ø
1
(C) ( x[ n + 10 ] + x[ n + 10 ]) (D) None of the above 31. Each of two sequence x[ n] and y[ n] has a period
2
N = 4. The FS coefficient are
26. Y [ k] = X [ k] * X [ k] 1 1
2
X [0 ] = X [ 3] = X [1] = X [2 ] = 1 and
( x[ n]) 2 2
(A) (B) j2 p( x[ n]) 2
2p
Y [0 ], Y [1], Y [2 ], Y [ 3] = 1
(C) ( x[ n]) 2 (D) 2 p( x[ n]) 2
The FS coefficient Z [ k] for the signal
27. Y [ k] = Re{ X [ k]} z[ n] = x[ n] y[ n] will be
x [ n] + x[ -n] x [ n] - x[ -n] (A) 6 (B) 6|k|
(A) (B)
2 2 p
j k
(C) 6|k| (D) e 2
x [ n] - x[ -n] x [ n] + x[ -n]
(C) (D)
2p 2p
32. Consider a discrete-time periodic signal
å ( x[ n] + x[ n + N 2 ]) e
- j çç
è Nø
÷÷ kn
N n =0
æ 2p ö
= 4 cos ç n÷ - 1 = 2 X [2 k] for 0 £ k £ ( N 2 - 1)
è 7 ø
æ pö
18. (B) y[ n] = x[ n] - x [ n - N 2 ]
p - j çç ÷÷ k
12. (C) N = 12, W o = , X [ k] = e è 6 ø æ ÷÷ k ö
æ 2 pö N
- j çç
6 Y [ k] = ç 1 - e è N ø 2 ÷ X [ k] = (1 - e - jpk ) X [ k]
æ pö æ pö æ pö ç ÷
6 - j çç ÷÷ k j çç ÷÷ kn 6 j çç ÷÷ k ( n -1 ) è ø
x[ n] = åe
k = -6
è6 ø
e è6 ø
= åe
k = -6
è6 ø
ì 0, k even
=í
p
æ 9p
ö î 2 X [ k], k odd
÷ sin æç 3p ( n - 1) ö÷
j ( -4 ) ( n -1 ) j ( n -1 )
e 6 ç 1-e 6
ç ÷
= è ø = è 4 ø
æ p
j ( n -1 ) ö æ p ö 19. (C) y[ n] = x *[ -n]
ç 1-e 6 ÷ sin ç ( n - 1) ÷
ç ÷ è 12 ø 1 N -1
æ 2 pö
- j çç ÷÷ kn
è ø Y [ k] =
N
å x [ -n]e
n =0
* è Nø
= X *[ k]
2p
13. (A) N = 19, W o =
19 20. (A) With N even
æ 2 pö N
æ 10 p ö æ 10 p ö j çç ÷÷
X [ k] = cos ç k ÷ + 2 j sin ç k÷ y[ n] = ( -1) n x[ n] = e jpn x[ n] = e è Nø 2
x[ n]
è 19 ø è 19 ø
æ 2 pö N æ 2 pö
N -1 j çç ÷÷ - j çç ÷÷ kn
2p
1 æ - j ( -5) 19 k
2p
kö
2p
æ - j ( -2 ) 19 2p
kö 1
= çe + e
- j ( 5)
19 ÷
+ çe
k
+ e
- j(2 )
19 ÷ Y [ k] = åe è Nø 2
x[ n]e è Nø
2 çè ÷ ç
ø è
÷
ø
N n =0
æ 2 pö æ Nö
N -1 - j çç ÷÷ n çç k - ÷÷
1
By inspection =
N
å x[ n]e
n =0
è Nø è 2 ø
= X [k - N 2]
19
x[ n] = ( d[ n + 5 ] + d[ n - 5 ]) + 19 ( d[ n + 2 ] - d [ n - 2 ]),
2
21. (B) y[ n] is shown is fig. S5.8.21. It has fundamental
Where |n|£ 9
y[n]
2p
14. (A) N = 21, W o = 1
21 9 n
2p 2p
æ 8 p ö 1 æç ö
÷
- j ( -4 ) k - j(4 ) k 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11
X [ k] = cos ç k÷ = ç e +e ÷
21 21 -1
è 21 ø 2 è ø Fig. S5.8.21
1
Since X [ k] = å x[ n]e- jkWon , By inspection
N n=N period of 10.
ì 21
ï , n = ±4 æ 2 pö
x[ n] = í 2 1 9 - j çç ÷÷ kn
1 æç ö 1 æ ö
æ 2 pö æ 8 pö
- j çç ÷÷ k8 - j çç ÷÷ k
æ 2 pö = 1-e è 10 ø ÷= ç1 - e è 5ø ÷
1 N -1 - j çç ÷÷ kn
10 ç ÷ 10 ç ÷
15. (B) Y [ k] =
N
å x[ n - n ]e
n =0
o
è Nø
è ø è ø
æ 2 pö æ 2 pö æ 2 pö
N -1
1 - j ççè N ÷÷ø kn o - j çç ÷÷ kn - j çç ÷÷ kn o
=
N
e å x[ n]e
n =0
è Nø
=e è Nø
X [ k] 23. (A) y [ n] = x [ n] - x [ n - 1]
æ 2 pö
- j çç ÷÷ k
Y [ k]
Y [ k] = X [ k] - e è 10 ø
X [ k] Þ X [ k] = æ pö
- j çç ÷÷ k
æ 2 pö
- j çç ÷÷ 2 k æ æ 4 pö
- j çç ÷÷ k ö
16. (C) Y [ k] = X [ k] - e è Nø
X [ k] = ç 1 - e è Nø ÷ X [ k] 1-e è 5ø
ç ÷
è ø
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Signal & System
æ pö æ pö
j çç ÷÷ k
è 10 ø
j çç ÷÷ k
è 10 ø
29. (D) Since the FS coefficient repeat every N. Thus
e Y [ k] e Y [ k]
Þ X [ k] = = X [1] = X [15 ], X [2 ] = X [16 ], X [ 3] = X [17 ]
æ pö
j çç ÷÷ k
æ pö
- j çç ÷÷ k æ pk ö
e è 10 ø
-e è 10 ø 2 j sin ç ÷ The signal real and odd, the FS coefficient X [ k] will be
è 10 ø
æ p ö purely imaginary and odd. Therefore X[0 ] = 0
-j - j çç k ÷÷
æ p ö
= e è 10 ø
cosec ç k ÷ Y [ k] X [ -1] = - X [1], X [ -2 ] = - X [2 ], X [ -3] = - X [ 3]
2 è 10 ø
Therefore (D) is correct option.
p
24. (D) W o = , Y [ k] = X [ k - 5 ] + X [ k + 5 ] 30. (C) Since N = 10, X [11] = X [1] = 5
10
æ j ( 5) p n p
j ( -5) n ö æp ö Since x[ n] is real and even X [ k] is also real and even.
Þ y[ n] = çç e 10 + e 10 ÷÷ x[ n] = 2 cos ç n ÷ x[ n]
è ø è2 ø Therefore X [1] = X [ -1] = 5.
8
å X [ k] å X [ k]
2 2
Using Parseval’s relation = 50 =
p p
æ j k -j k ö N k = -1
æp ö çe 5
+e 5 ÷ 8
25. (B) Y [ k] = cos ç k ÷ X [ k] = ç ÷ X [ k] å X [ k]
2 2 2 2
X [ -1] + X [1] + X [0 ] + = 50
è5 ø ç 2 ÷ k=2
è ø
8
å X [ k]
p p 2 2
1 æ j(2 ) k j ( -2 ) kö X [0 ] + =0
= çç e 10 + e 10 ÷
÷ X [ k] k=2
2è ø
Therefore X [ k] = 0 for k = 0, 2, 3, ..... 8.
1
Þ y[ n] = ( x[ n - 2 ] + x[ n + 2 ]) æ 2 pö
j çç ÷÷ kn 8
æ 2 pö
j çç ÷÷ kn
2 x[ n] = å X [ k]e è Nø
= å X [ k]e è 10 ø
N k = -1
6 Þ Z [ k] = å X [ l ]Y [ k - l ]
l= 0
5
From fact 2, å x[ n] = 2
n =0
Þ Z[ k ] = X [ 0 ] Y [ k ] + X [ 1 ] Y [ k - 1 ] + X [ 2 ] Y [ k - 2 ] + X [ 3 ] Y [ k - 3 ]
æ 2 pö
= Y [ k] + 2 Y [ k - 1] + 2 Y [ k - 2 ] + Y [ k - 3]
5 j çç ÷÷ ( 0 ) k
1 1 1
Þ
6
åe
n =0
è 6 ø
x[ n] =
3
Þ X [0 ] = ,
3
Since Y [ k] is 1 for all values of k.
Thus Z [ k] = 6, for all k.
7
From fact 3, å ( -1) n x[ n] = 1
n =2 32. (A) N = 20 We know that
æ 2 pö
j çç ÷÷ ( 3) k
æ 11p ö
5
1 1 1
Þ
6
åe è 6 ø
x[ n] = , X [ 3] =
6 6 ì 1, |n|£ 5 p sin ç k÷
n =0
¬ ¾ ¾¾®
DTFS ;
è 20 ø
í
10
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
6.1
TRANSFER FUNCTION
( s + 3)
(B) s( s + 2)( s + 3)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5) (B)
s + 5 s2 + 4 s - 3
3
-( s 3 + 10 s 2 + 34 s + 37)
(C) ( s + 1)( s + 4)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5) (C)
s + 7 s 2 + 12 s + 3
3
-( s + 3)
(D) ( s + 1)( s + 4)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5) (D)
s + 5 s2 + 4 s - 3
3
s+1 s+3 G2 G3
G( s) = and H ( s) = (D)
s( s + 2) s+4 G1 (1 + H1 G2 G3)
N(s)
R(s) 1 C(s)
G +
s+1 +
R(s) + C(s)
+ +
G1 G2
Fig. P.6.1.9
H2
R2 C2
7. A system is shown in fig. P6.1.7. The transfer + 10
function for this system is
H1
Fig. P.6.1.10
R(s) + C(s)
G1 + G2 (A) 10% and 1% (B) 2% and 10%
G1 G2 Fig. P.6.1.11
(C)
1 - G1 H1 - G2 H 2 + G1 G2 H1 H 2
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Transfer Function GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.1
(A)
G1 H 2
(B)
G1 G2 H 2 15. A closed-loop system is shown in fig. P.6.1.15. The
H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 ) H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 ) noise transfer function Cn ( s) N ( s) is approximately
G2 G1 G1 G2
(C) (D) R(s) 1 G1 C(s)
1 + H1 H 2 G1 G2 H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 )
-H2 H1
1
(D) For |G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)| << 1
13. For the SFG shown in fig. P.6.1.14 the graph G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)
determinant D is
-c
16. The overall transfer function C
R
of the system shown
b in fig. P.6.1.16 will be
a d -H1 -H2
1 1
R 1 G
i h C
e j
f Fig. P.6.1.16
G
-g (A) G (B)
1 + H2
Fig. P.6.1.13
G G
(A) 1 - bc - fg - bcfg + cigj (C) (D)
(1 + H1 )(1 + H 2 ) 1 + H1 + H 2
(B) 1 - bc - fg - cigj + bcfg
(C) 1 + bc + fg + cig j - bcfg 17. Consider the signal flow graphs shown in fig.
1 1
f e d 2 2
1 1 1
Fig. P.6.1.14
1 1
2 2
(A) af + be + cd + abef + bcde
Fig. P.6.1.17
(B) af + be + cd
(A) a (B) b
(C) af + be + cd + abef + abcdef
(C) b and c (D) a, b and c
(D) af + be + cd + cbef + bcde + abcdef
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control Systems
-H1H2
xi a b xo -H3 -H2
P. 1. a + b R(s) 1 C(s)
1 1 2 4 1
xi a xo (B) 3
G1 G2
Q. 2. ab
b -H2
-H2
xi 1 1 a xo
a R(s) 1 1 1 2 3 4 1 C(s)
S. 3. (C) G1 G2
b
(1 - ab)
-H3
-H1H2
xi 1 a 1 xo a
R. 4. H3
1-b R(s) 1 1 1 2 3 G2 4 1 C(s)
b (D) G1
The correct match is H2
P Q R S -H1
(A) 2 1 3 4
(B) 2 1 4 3
(C) 1 2 4 3 21. The block diagram of a system is shown in fig.
(D) 1 2 3 4 P.6.1.21. The closed loop transfer function of this system
is
19. For the signal flow graph shown in fig. P6.1.19 an
H1
equivalent graph is
ta R(s) C(s)
+ G1 + G2 G3
tc td
e1 tb e2 e3 e4
H2
Fig. P.6.1.19
Fig. P.6.1.21
ta + tb tctd tatb tc+ td
G1 G2 G3
e1 e3 e4 e1 e3 e4 (A)
1 + G1 G2 G3 H1
(A) (B) G1 G2 G3
(B)
1 + G1 G2 G3 H1 H 2
ta + tb tctd tatb tc+ td
e1 e2 e4 e1 e2 e4 G1 G2 G3
(C)
1 + G1 G2 H1 + G2 G3 H 2
(C) (D)
G1 G2 G3
(D)
20. Consider the block diagram shown in figure 1 + G1 G2 H1 + G1 G3 H 2 + G2 G3 H1
P.6.1.20
22. For the system shown in fig. P6.1.22 transfer
1 2 3 4
R(s) C(s)
+ + G2 + G2 function C( s) R( s) is
G3
H1 H2
R(s) + C(s)
+ + +
G1 G2
H3
H1
Fig. P.6.1.20
Fig. P.6.1.22
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Transfer Function GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.1
(A)
G3 26. The transfer function of the system shown in fig.
1 - H1 G2 - H 2 G3 - G1 G2 H 2 P.6.1.26 is
G3 + G1 G2 R(s) + C(s)
(B) + G1 + G2
1 + H1 G2 + H 2 G3 + G1 G2 H 2
G3 H1 H2
(C)
1 + H1 G2 + H 2 G3 + G1 G2 H 2
Fig. P.6.1.26
G3
(D) G1 G2 G1 G2
1 - H1 G2 - H 2 G3 - G1 G2 H 2 (A) (B)
1 - G1 G2 H1 - G1 G2 H 2 1 - G2 H 2 - G1 G2 H1
G4 G5 G6
24. In the signal flow graph shown in fig. P6.1.24 the
+ +
gain C R is + G7 +
-1 -1 -1
R 1 1 C Fig. P.6.1.27
2 3 4
G1 G2
(A)
5 1 + G1 G2 + G1 G7G3 + G1 G2 G8 G6 + G1 G2 G3G7G5
Fig. P.6.1.24
G1 G2
44 29 (B)
(A) (B) 1 + G1 G4 + G1 G2 G8 + G1 G2 G5G7 + G1 G2 G3G6 G7
23 19
44 29 G1 + G2
(C) (D) (C)
19 11 1 + G1 G4 + G1 G2 G8 + G1 G2 G5G7 + G1 G2 G3G6 G7
G1 + G2
25. The gain C( s) R( s) of the signal flow graph shown in (D)
1 + G1 G2 + G3G6 G7 + G1 G3G4 G5 + G1 G2 G3G6 G7G8
fig. P.6.1.25 is
G4 28. For the block diagram shown in fig. P.6.1.28 the
G3
R(s) 1 1 C(s)
numerator of transfer function is
G1 G2
G1
-H1
R(s) C(s)
Fig. P.6.1.25 + G2 + G5 + G6
+ +
G1 G2 + G2 G3
(A)
1 + G1 G2 H1 + G2 G3 H1 + G4 G3
G1 G2 + G2 G3 +
+
(B) G4
1 + G1 G3 H1 + G2 G3 H1 - G4
G1 G3 + G2 G3
(C)
1 + G1 G3 H1 + G2 G3 H1 - G4 Fig. P.6.1.28
G1 G3 + G2 G3
(D) (A) G6 [ G4 + G3 + G5( G3 + G2 )]
1 + G1 G3 H1 + G2 G3 H1 + G4
(B) G6 [ G2 + G3 + G5( G3 + G4 )]
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control Systems
(C) G6 [ G1 + G2 + G3( G4 + G5)] 33. The closed loop transfer function of the system
(D) None of the above G1
Fig. P.6.1.30
Fig. P.6.1.33
G1 + G2 + G3 G1 G2 G3 + G2 G3G4 + G1 G4
(A) (A)
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 1 + G1 G3G4 H1 H 2 H 3 + G2 H 4 H1 H 2 + G4 H1
G1 + G2 + G3 G2 G4 + G1 G2 G3
(B) (B)
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3 1 + G1 G3 H1 H 2 H 3 + G4 H1 + G3G4 H1 H 2
G1 G2 G3 G1 G3G4 + G2 G4
(C) (C)
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 1 + G3G4 H1 H 2 + G4 H1 + G1 G3 H 3 H 2
G1 G2 G3 G1 G3G4 + G2 G3G4 + G2 G4
(D) (D)
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3 1 + G1 G3G4 H1 H 2 H 3 + G3G4 H1 H 2 + G4 H1
-H3
shown in fig. P6.1.34-37
R 1 G1 G2 G3 1 C
Fig. P.6.1.31
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Transfer Function GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.1
G2 G2
(C) (D)
1 - 2G2 1 - G2 2
C2 Fig. P.6.1.40-41
36. The transfer function is
R1 R2 = 0 2 s(2 s + 1) 2 s(2 s + 1)
(A) (B)
G (1 + G) G2 2 s 2 + 3s + 5 2 s 2 + 13s + 5
(A) (B)
1 - 2G2 1 - 2G2 2 s(2 s + 1) 2 s(2 s + 1)
(C) (D)
G 2
G 4 s 2 + 13s + 5 4 s 2 + 3s + 5
(C) (D)
1 - G2 1 - G2
41. The pole of this system are
C (A) -0.75 ± j1.39 (B) -0.41, - 6.09
37. The transfer function 2 is
R2 R1 = 0 (C) -0.5, - 1.67 (D) -0.25 ± j0.88
G(1 + G) G
(A) (B)
1 - 2G2 1 - 2G2
G G ********
(C) (D)
1+ G 1 - G2
G4
Y1 1 Y2 G1 Y3 G2 Y4 G3 Y5 1 Y5
-H1 -H2
-H3
Fig. P.6.1.38-39
Y2
38. The transfer function is
Y1
1 1 + G2 H 2
(A) (B)
D D
G1 G2 G3
(C) (D) None of the above
D
Y5
39. The transfer function is
Y2
G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3
(A) (B) G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3
D
G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3 G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3
(C) (D)
G1 G2 G3 1 + G2 H 2
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control Systems
10 10 9 9
SOLUTIONS C2 = =
10 + 1 11
, C¢2 = = , C2 is reduced by 1%.
9 + 1 10
1. (A) Ge ( s) = G1 ( s) + G2 ( s) + G3( s) 11. (A) Apply the feedback formula and then multiply
1
1 1 s+3 by ,
= + + H1
( s + 1) ( s + 4) ( s + 5)
s 2 + 9s + 20 + s 2 + 6s + 5 + s 3 + 5s 2 + 4s + 3s 2 + 15s + 12 æ 1 ö
= ( H 2 G1 ) çç ÷÷
(s + 1)(s + 4)(s + 5) C
= è H1 ø = H 2 G1
s 3 + 10 s 2 + 34 s + 37 R 1 + H 2 G1 G2 H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 )
=
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5)
12. (A) There cannot be common subscript because
( s + 1) subscript refers to node number. If subscript is common,
2. (B) Ge ( s) = G1 ( s) G2 ( s) G3( s) =
( s + 2)( s + 5)( s + 3) that means that node is in both loop.
20. (A) Option (A) is correct. Best method is to check the 28. (A) SFG:
signal flow graph. In block diagram there is feedback G3
21. (C) Consider the block diagram as SFG. There are -G1
-1
two feedback loop -G1 G2 H1 and -G2 G3 H 2 and one
Fig. S6.1.28
forward path G1 G2 G3 . So (D) is correct option.
P1 = G2 G5G6 , P2 = G3G5G6 , P3 = G3G6 , P4 = G4 G6
22. (B) Consider the block diagram as a SFG. Two
If any path is deleted, there would not be any loop.
forward path G1 G2 and G3 and three loops
Hence D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = 1
-G1 G2 H 2 , - G2 H1 , - G3 H 2 .
C G4 G6 + G3G6 + G3G5G6 + G2 G5G6
There are no nontouching loop. So (B) is correct. =
R D
D1 = 1, D2 = 1 - ( -3) = 4,
1 50 50
C 24 + 5 ´ 4 44 P1 = × ×s=
= = s2 ( s + 1) s( s + 1)
R 24 23
1 50 -100
P2 = × × ( -2) = 2
s2 s + 1 s ( s + 1)
25. (B) P1 = G1 G2 , P2 = G3G2
50 -2 -100
L1 = -G3G2 H1 , L2 = -G1 G2 H1 , L3 = G4 , D1 = D2 = 1 L1 = × =
s+1 s s( s + 1)
There are no nontouching loop.
1 50 -50
L2 = × × s × ( -1) =
P1 D1 + P2 D2 G1 G2 + G2 G3 s2 s + 1 s( s + 1)
T( s) = =
1 - ( L1 + L2 + L3) 1 + G1 G2 H1 + G2 G3 H1 - G4 1 50 100
L3 = × × ( -2) × ( -1) = 2
s2 s + 1 s ( s + 1)
26. (C) P1 = G1 G2 , L1 = -G1 G2 H1 H 2 , L2 = G2 H 2 100 50 100
D =1 + + -
C( s) G1 G2 s( s + 1) s( s + 1) s 2 ( s + 1)
=
R( s) 1 + G1 G2 H1 H 2 - G2 H 2 D1 = D2 = 1
C P1 + P2 50( s - 2)
= = 3
27. (B) There is one forward path G1 G2 . R D s + s2 + 150 s - 100
Four loops -G1 G4 , - G1 G2 G8 , - G1 G2 G5G7
and -G1 G2 G3G6 G7 . 30. (D) P1 = G1 G2 G3
L1 = - G1 H1 , L2 = - G2 H 2 , L3 = - G3 H 3
R(s) 1 G1 G2 1 C(s) L1 L3 = G1 G3 H1 H 3
1 D = 1 - ( - G1 H1 - G2 H 2 - G3 H 3 ) + G1 G3 H1 H 3
-H1 H2 D = 1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3
Fig. S6.1.27 D1 = 1
C G1 G2 G3
There is no nontouching loop. So (B) is correct. =
R 1 + G1 H! + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
6.2
STABILITY
1. Consider the system shown in fig. P6.2.1. The range The range of K to ensure stability is
of K for the stable system is 6 3
(A) K > (B) K < - 1 or K >
R(s) E(s) C(s) 8 4
+ K(s2 - 2s + 2)
3
(C) K < - 1 (D) -1 < K <
4
1
s2 + 2s + 1
5. Consider a ufb system with forward-path transfer
Fig. P6.2.1
function
1 1 K ( s + 3)
(A) -1 < K < - (B) - < K <1 G( s) =
2 2 s 4 ( s + 2)
(C) -1 < K < 1 (D) Unstable
The system is stable for the range of K
2. The forward transfer function of a ufb system is (A) K > 0 (B) K < 0
(C) K > 1 (D) Always unstable
K ( s 2 + 1)
G( s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2)
6. The open-loop transfer function of a ufb control
The system is stable for system is
(A) K < - 1 (B) K > -1 K ( s + 2)
G( s) =
(C) K < - 2 (D) K > -2 ( s + 1)( s - 7)
3. The open-loop transfer function with ufb are given For K > 6, the stability characteristic of the
below for different systems. The unstable system is open-loop and closed-loop configurations of the system
2 2 are respectively
(A) (B)
s+2 s 2 ( s + 2) (A) stable and unstable
For the system to be stable the range of K is 13. The open-loop transfer function of a ufb system is
3
(A) K > -1 (B) K <
4 R(s) 1 C(s)
+ K
s(s + 1)(s + 5)
3
(C) -1 < K < (D) marginal stable
4
K ( s + 6) K ( s + 10)( s + 20)
G( s) = G( s) =
s( s + 1)( s + 3) s 2 ( s + 2)
The system is stable for The closed loop system will be stable if the value of
(A) K < 6 (B) -6 < K < 0 K is
(C) 0 < K < 6 (D) K > 6 (A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5
9. The feedback control system shown in the fig. P6.2.8.
function
14. The closed loop transfer function for this system is
K s 5 + s 4 + 2 s 3 + ( K + 2) s 2 + ( K + 2) s + K
G( s) = (A)
( s + 15)( s + 27)( s + 38) s3 + s2 + 2 s + K
The system will oscillate for the value of K equal to 2 s 4 + ( K + 2) s 3 + Ks 2
(B)
(A) 23690 (B) 2369 s3 + s2 + 2 s + K
(C) 144690 (D) 14469 s3 + s2 + 2 s + K
(C)
s 5 + s 4 + 2 s 3 + ( K + 2) s 2 + ( K + 2) s + K
11. The forward-path transfer function of a ufb system is
s3 + s2 + 2 s + K
(D)
K ( s - 2)( s + 4)( s + 5) 2 s + ( K + 2) s 3 + Ks 2
4
G( s) =
( s 2 + 3)
15. The poles location for this system is shown in fig.
For system to be stable, the range of K is
1 3 P6.2.15. The value of K is
(A) K > (B) K <
54 40 jw
1 3
(C) <K < (D) Unstable
54 40 s
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
(A) stable (B) unstable 32. The closed loop transfer function of a system is
(C) marginally stable ( s + 8)( s + 6)
T( s) =
(D) More information is required. s 5 - s 4 + 4 s 3 - 4 s 2 + 3s - 2
The number of poles in RHP and in LHP are
27. The forward path transfer of ufb system is (A) 4, 1 (B) 1, 4
1 (C) 3, 2 (D) 2, 3
G( s) = 2 2
4 s ( s + 1)
33. The closed loop transfer function of a system is
The system is
(A) stable (B) unstable s 3 + 3s 2 + 7 s + 24
T( s) =
s - 2 s 4 + 3s 3 - 6 s 2 + 2 s - 4
5
s7 1 2
30. The open-loop transfer function of a ufb control
system is given by s5 1 2
K s5 3 4
G( s) =
s( sT1 + 1)( sT2 + 1)
s4 1 -1
For the system to be stable the range of K is Fig. P6.2.35
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö (A) 1, 2, 4 (B) 1, 6, 0
(A) 0 < K < çç + ÷÷ (B) K > çç + ÷÷
è T1 T2 ø è T1 T2 ø (C) 1, 0, 6 (D) None of the above
(C) 0 < K < T1 T2 (D) K > T1 T2
36. For the open loop system of fig. P6.2.35 location of
31. The closed loop transfer function of a system is poles on RHP, LHP, and an jw-axis are
s + 4 s + 8 s + 16
3 2
R(s) -8 C(s)
T( s) =
s + 3s 4 + 5 s 2 + s + 3
5
s6 + s5 - 6s4 + s2 + s - 6
11. (C) T( s) =
G( s) K 2 æK 2ö
+ . Then apply feedback formula with ç 2 + ÷ and
1 + G( s) s 2
s ès sø
K ( s - 2)( s + 4)( s + 5) 1
= , and then multiply with s 2 .
Ks + (7 K + 1) s 2 + 2 Ks + ( 3 - 40 K )
3
( s + 1)
Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.211 æK 2ö
s2 ç 2 + ÷
ès sø 2 s 4 + ( K + 2) s 3 + Ks 2
T( s) = =
s3 K 2K 1 æK 2ö s3 + s2 + 2 s + K
1+ ç 2 + ÷
s + 1è s sø
s2 7K + 1 3 - 40 K
2
54 K - K
s1 7K + 1 15. (C) Denominator = s 3 + s 2 + 2 s + K
s0 3 - 40 K Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.15
Fig. S.6.2.11
s3 1 5
K > 0,
1ü s2 1 K
7K + 1 > 0 Þ K >- ï
7
ï s1 2-K
54 K 2 - K 1 ï 1 3
>0 Þ K > ý Þ <K <
7K + 1 54 ï 54 40 s0 K
3 ï
3 - 40 K > 0 Þ K < Fig. S.6.2.15
40 ïþ
Row of zeros when K = 2,
1 s 2 + 2 = 0, Þ s = -1, j 2 , - j 2
12. (A) T( s) =
s + 6s + 5s + K
3 2
Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.212 16. (D) Applying the feedback formula on the inner loop
and multiplying by K yield
s3 1 5 K
Ge ( s) = ,
s( s 2 + 5 s + 7)
s2 6 K
K
s1 30 - K T( s) =
s + 5s + 7s + K
3 2
s0 K
17. (B) Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.17
Fig. S.6.2.12
s3 1 7
K ( s + 10)( s + 20)
13. (D) T( s) = 3
s + ( K + 2) s 2 + 30 Ks + 200 K s2 5 K
Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.13 s1 35- K
5
s3 1 30K s0 K
Fig. S.6.2.17
s2 K +2 200K
35 - K
s1 30 K 2 - 140 K K >0 , >0 Þ K < 35
5
s0 200K
18. (C) At K = 35 system will oscillate.
Fig. S.6.2.13
Auxiliary equation 5 s 2 + 35 = 0, Þ s=± j 7
200 K > 0 ® K > 0, 30 K 2 - 140 K > 0
14
Þ K > , 5 satisfy this condition. 19. (B) For inner loop
3
K K K
Gi ( s) = = , Ti ( s) =
K 2 ( s - a)( s + 3a)( s + 4 a) P ( s) P ( s) + K
14. (B) First combine the parallel loop 2
and giving
s s K
For outer loop, Go( s) = Ti ( s) = ,
P ( s) + K
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Stability GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.2
K 2K - 1 1 ü
To( s) = , >0 Þ K >
P ( s) + 2 K 2 2 ï Þ K >
109
ý
18 K - 109 109 ï 18
Therefore if inner loop is stable for X < K < Y , then >0 Þ K >
2K - 1 18 þ
outer loop will be stable for X < 2 K < Y
X Y
Þ <K < .
2 2 23. (B) Characteristic equation
s4 + 9 s3 + 20 s2 + Ks + K = 0
K ( s + 2)
20. (D) T( s) = Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.23
s 4 + 3s 3 - 3s 2 + ( K + 3) s + (2 K - 4)
Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.20 s4 1 20 K
s3 9 K
s4 1 -3 2K - 4
180 - K
s2 K
s3 3 K +3 9
K ( K - 99)
s1
s2 - ( K +312 ) 2K - 4 K -180
K ( K + 33) s0 K
s1 K + 12
Fig. S.6.2.23
s0 2K - 4
For stability 0 < K < 99
Fig. S.6.2.20
-( K + 12) K ( s + 2)
> 0 Þ K < - 12, 2 K - 4 > 0 24. (C) T( s) =
3 s + 3s - 3s + ( K + 3) s + (2 K - 4)
4 2 2
s4 1 -3 2K - 4
21. (D) Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.21
s3 3 K +3
4
s 1 1 1 s2 - K + 12
2K - 4
3
3
s K 1 s1 K ( K + 33)
K + 12
K -1
s2 K
1 s0 2K - 4
1 K -1 - K 2
s K -1 Fig. S.6.2.24
s 0
1 For K < - 33, 1 sign change
For -33 < K < - 12, 1 sign change
Fig. S.6.2.21
K -1 - K2 For -12 < K < 0, 1 sign change
K > 0, K - 1 > 0 Þ K >1 , > 0,
K -1 For 0 < K < 2, 3 sign change
But for K > 1 third term is always -ive. Thus the three For K > 2, 2 sign change
condition cannot be fulfilled simultaneously. Therefore K > 2 yield two RHP pole.
22. (D) Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.22 25. (B) Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.25
s4 1 4+K 25 s4 1 8 15
s3 2 9 s3 4 20
s2 2 K -1
2
25 s2 3 15
s1 18 K -109
2 K -1
s1 6 ROZ
s0 25 s0 15
s1 46 ROZ s3 T1 T2 1
s0 1 s2 T1 + T2 K
( T1 + T2 ) - T1 T2K
Fig. S.6.2.27 s1 T1 + T2
dp( s) s0
P ( s) = 4 s 4 + 4 s + 1, = 16 s 3 + 3s K
ds
There is no sign change. So all pole are on jw–axis. So Fig. S.6.2.30
T( s) =
G( s)
= 4
1 31. (B) Routh table is as shown in fig. S.6.2.31
1 + G( s) 2 s + 5 s + s 2 + 2 s + 1
3
s4 3 4 3
s4 2 1 1
s3 3.67 0
s3 5 2
s2 4 3
s2 1
5
1
s1 -2.75
s1 -23
s0 3
s0 1
s1 2e2 +1-4e have been entered. From s6 to row down to the s 0 row,
+ + 1-4e
s4 3 30 57
s3 12 60 ROZ
s2 15 507
s1 -345.6
s0 507
Fig. S.6.2.33
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Time Response GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.3
( s + 5)
R(s) 10 C(s) e. T( s) =
1
s
( s + 10) 2
(s + 10)
11. For a second-order system overshoot = 12 % and The step, ramp, and parabolic error constants are
settling time = 0.6 s. The location of poles are
(A) 0, 1000, 0 (B) 1000, 0, 0
(A) -9.88 ± j6.67 (B) -6.67 ± j9.88
(C) 0, 0, 0 (D) 0, 0, 1000
(C) -4.38 ± j6.46 (D) -6.46 ± j4.38
Statement for Q.12–13: 16. The open-loop transfer function of a ufb control
system is
A system has a damping ratio of 1.25, a natural
K (1 + 2 s)(1 + 4 s)
frequency of 200 rad/s and DC gain of 1. G( s) =
s 2 ( s 2 + 2 s + 8)
12. The response of the system to a unit step input is The position, velocity and acceleration error
5 -50 t 2 -150 t 4 -100 t 1 -400 t constants are respectively
(A) 1 + e - e (B) 1 - e + e
3 3 3 3 K
(A) 0, 0, 4K (B) ¥ , , 0
1 -100 t 4 -400 t 2 -50 t 5 -150 t 8
(C) 1 + e - e (D) 1 + e - e
3 3 3 3 K
(C) 0, 4 K , ¥ (D) ¥, ¥,
8
13. The system is
(A) overdamped (B) under damped 17. The open-loop transfer function of a unit feedback
(C) critically damped (D) None of the above system is
50
14. Consider the following system G( s) =
(1 + 0.1s)(1 + 2 s)
5
a. T( s) = The position, velocity and acceleration error
( s + 3)( s + 6)
constants are respectively
10( s + 7)
b. T( s) = (A) 0, 0, 250 (B) 50, 0, 0
( s + 10)( s + 20)
(C) 0, 250, ¥ (D) ¥, 50, 0
20
c. T( s) = 2
s + 6 s + 144
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control Systems
Fig. P6.3.22
The system has 10% overshoot and velocity error
49 49
constant K v = 100. (A) - (B)
11 11
27. The forward path transfer function of a unity If the system is subjected to an input
feedback system is r ( t) = 1 + t + 1
2
t 2 , t > 0 the steady state error of the
1000 system will be
G( s) =
( s + 20)( s 2 + 4 s + 10) (A) 0 (B) 0.1
Fig. P6.3.32
31. A ufb control system has a forward path transfer The type and order of the system are respectively
function (A) 7 and 5 (B) 4 and 5
10(1 + 4 s) (C) 4 and 7 (D) 7 and 4
G( s) =
s 2 (1 + s)
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Time Response GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.3
10 1 1
SOLUTIONS 8. (A) C( s) = = -
s( s + 10) s s + 10
Þ c( t) = 1 - e -10 t
1. (D) Characteristic equation is s + 9 s + 18. 2
2.2 2.2
a = 10, Rise time Tr = = = 0.22s
w = 18, 2 xwn = 9
2
n
a 10
Therefore x = 106
. , wn = 4.24 rad/s 4
Settling time Ts = = 0.4s
a
1 0.6
2. (A) T( s) = 4 p
6 ( s + 0.8) 2 + (0.6) 2 9. (D) xwn = = 0.571, wn 1 - x2 = = 1047
.
Ts Tp
wn 1 - x2 = 0.6 , xwn = 0.8
Poles = - 0.571 ± j1.047
Hence wn = 1, x = 0.8
xp
-
1 - x2
3. (A) Characteristic equation is 10. (A) 0.1 = e Þ x = 0.59
Ds = { s - ( -3 + j 4)}{ s - ( -3 - j 4)} = ( s + 3) + 4 . 2 2
p
wn = 1 - x2 = 0.779,
= s + 6 s + 25, w = 25
2 2
Þ wn = 5 rad/s Tp
n
1 K
T( s) = = 2 w2n 40000
1 + G( s) s + 2 s + K 12. (B) T( s) = = 2
s + 2 xwn s + wn
2
s + 500 s + 40000
1
2 xwn = 2, wn = = 1.45 40000
0.69 =
( s + 100)( s + 400)
Peak time,
p p p 40000 1 4 1
Tp = = = = 3 sec R( s) = = - +
wd wn - x2 s( s + 100)( s + 400) s 3( s + 100) 3( s + 400)
1.45 (1 - 0.69 2 )
4 -100 t 1 -400 t
But the peak time Tp given is 1 sec. Hence these two r ( t) = 1 - e + e
3 3
specification cannot be met.
13. (A) System has two different poles on negative real
K1
6. (C) T( s) = 2 , axis. So response is over damped.
s + ( K 2 + s) + K 1
w2n = K 1 , 2 xwn = 1 + K 2 14. (A) 1. Overdamped response (a, b)
wd = 0.10, x = 0.6, wd = wn 1 - 0.6 2 = 10 Poles : Two real and different on negative real axis.
2. Underdamped response (c)
wn = 12.5 Þ K 1 = 156.25,
Poles : Two complex in left half plane
2 wn 3 = K 2 + 1
3.Undamped response (d)
2 ´ 12.5 ´ 0.6 = K 2 + 1 Þ K 2 = 14
Poles : Two imaginary.
xp 4.Critically damped (e)
-
1 - x2
7. (A) M p = e , At x = 0, M p = 1 = 100% Poles : Two real and same on negative real axis.
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UNIT 5 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control Systems
G( s) K 1 100
T( s) = = 2 where G1 ( s) = and G2 ( s) =
1 + G ( s) s + as + K s+5 s+2
1
2 xwn = a , w2n = K Þ 2 ´ 0.6 K = a R( s) = D( s) =
s
K
´ 0.6 K = 100 Þ K = 14400 100
2 1-
2 -49
ess = =
1 100 11
K 1+ ´
19. (D) = 100, K = 14400, 5 2
a
14400
= 100 Þ a = 144 23. (A) Using Routh-Hurwitz Criterion, system is stable
a
for 0 < K < 2000
20. (C) If R ( s) = 0 2000
maximum K v = lim sG( s) = = 6. 25
s ®0 4 ´ 8 ´ 10
K2
s( s + 4) 1 1
TD( s) = minimum possible error = = 0.16
K 1 K 2 ( s + 2) K v 6.25
1+
s( s + 4)( s + 3)
6 R( s)
K 2 ( s + 3) 24. (A) R( s) = , E( s) =
= s4 1 + G ( s)
s( s + 3)( s + 4) + K 1 K 2 ( s + 2)
ess = lim sE( s)
Error in output due to disturbance s ®0
6s
E( s) = TD( s) D ( s), s4
= lim
1 s ®0 1000 ( s + 4 s + 20) ( s 2 + 20 s + 15)
2
If D( s) = , 1+
s s 3( s + 2) ( s + 10)
1 3 6
essD = lim sE( s) = lim s × × TD( s) = lim TD( s) = = lim
s ®0 s ®0 s s ®0 2 K1 s ®0 1000 ( s 2 + 4 s + 20) ( s 2 + 20 s + 15)
s +
3
3 ( s + 2) ( s + 10)
= 0.000012 Þ K 1 = 125 ´ 10 3
2 K1 6
= = 4 ´ 10 -4
Error due to ramp input 0+ 1000 ´20 ´15
2 ´10
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Time Response GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.3
37 2 x wn = 2(1 + K t )
ess = = 0.0607 Kt
Kv x =1 + = 0.7 ... (i)
2K a
30. (C) The system is type 2. Thus to step and ramp sR( s) 1
ess = lim , R ( s) = 2
input error will be zero.
s ®0 1 + Ge ( s) s
G( s) R( s) R( s) 1 1 + Kt
E( s) = R( s) - C( s) = R( s) - = ess = lim =
1 + G ( s) 1 + G( s) s ®0 æ Ka ö Ka
s çç 1 + ÷÷
1 2 s+2 è s(0.5 s + 1 + K t ) ø
R( s) = + =
s s2 s2 1 + Kt
ess = = 0. 2 ...(ii)
s+2 Ka
E( s) =
10( s + 1)
s2 + Solving (i) and (ii)
( s + 2)
K a = 24.5 , K t = 39
.
ess ( t) = lim sE( s) = 0
s ®0
35. (C) The s has power of 4 and denominator has order
31. (C) System is type 2. Therefore error due to 1 + t of 7. So Type 4 and Order 7.
t2 1
would be zero and due to would be .
2 Ka 8
36. (D) For 8u( t), ess = = 2.
1 1 + Kp
K a = lim s 2 G( s) = 10, ess ( t) = = 0.1
s ®0 10 For 8tu( t), ess = ¥, since the system is type 0.
Note that you may calculate error from the formula
37. (A) For equivalent unit feedback system the forward
sR( s)
ess ( t) = lim sE( s) = transfer function is
s ®0 1 + G( s)
10 ( s + 10 )
G( s) s (s + 2 )
Ge = = 10 ( s + 10 )( s + 3)
1 + G( s) H ( s) - G( s) 1 +
32. (D) K p = lim G( s) = K s (s + 2 )
s ®0
10( s + 10)
1 1 =
ess ( t) = = = 0.1 Þ K = 9. 11s + 132 s + 300
2
1 + Kp 1 + K
The system is of Type 0. Hence step input will produce a
constant error constant.
sR( s)
33. (B) ess = lim e( t) = lim sE( s) = lim
t ®¥ s ®0 s ®0 1 + G( s) H ( s)
When K t = 0 and K a = 5
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
6.5
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
P6.5.1–2. 20 dB
10 dB
|T( jw )|
-270o -225o -135
o
-90o -45o
2.5
-20 dB
-30 dB
1.0
wn w
Fig. P6.5.4
Fig. P6.5.1-2
(A) D, C, B, A (B) A, B, C, D
1. The system gain K is (C) B, C, A, D (D) A, D, B, C
(A) 1 (B) 2
1 5. The open-loop frequency response of a unity
(C) 2 (D) feedback system is shown in following table
2
w |G ( jw)| ÐG ( jw)
2. The damping factor x is approximately
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.2 2 8.5 -119°
1 5 2.56 -156°
G( s) H ( s) =
s( s + 1)( s + 0.5)
6 1.4 -164°
the phase cross-over frequency is
8 1.00 -172°
(A) 0.5 rad/sec (B) 0.707 rad/sec
10 0.63 -180°
(C) 1.732 rad/sec (D) 2 rad/sec
Fig. P6.5.5
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Frequency-Domain Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.5
The gain margin and phase margin of the system 10. The gain margin of the ufb system
are 2
G( s) = is
(A) 2 dB, 8° (B) 2 dB, -172 ° ( s + 1)( s + 2)
(A) 1.76 dB (B) 3.5 dB
(C) 4 dB, 8° (D) 4 dB, -172 °
(C) -3.5 dB (D) -1.76 dB
Statement for Q.6–7:
11. The open-loop transfer function of a system is
Consider the gain-phase plot shown in fig.
K
P6.5.6–7. G( s) H ( s) =
dB s(1 + 2 s)(1 + 3s)
2 dB w=2
The phase crossover frequency is
(A) 6 rad/sec (B) 2.46 rad/sec
(C) 0.41 rad/sec (D) 3.23 rad/sec
0 ÐG( jw)
w = 10
12. The open-loop transfer function of a ufb system is
-2 dB w = 100 1+ s
G( s) =
-270 o
-180
o
-140
o
-90
o s(1 + 0.5 s)
Fig. P6.5.6-7 The corner frequencies are
6. The gain margin and phase margin are (A) 0 and 2 (B) 0 and 1
(A) -2 dB, 40° (B) 2 dB, 40° (C) 0 and -1 (D) 1 and 2
(C) 2 dB, 140° (D) -2 dB, 140°
13. In the Bode-plot of a unity feedback control system,
7. The gain crossover and phase crossover frequency are the value of magnitude of G( jw) at the phase crossover
1
respectively frequency is 2
. The gain margin is
(A) 10 rad/sec, 100 rad/sec 1
(A) 2 (B)
2
(B) 100 rad/sec, 10 rad/sec
1
(C) 10 rad/sec, 2 rad/sec (C) (D) 3
3
(D) 100 rad/sec, 2 rad/sec
14. In the Bode-plot of a ufb control system, the value of
8. The phase margin of a system with the open loop phase of G( jw) at the gain crossover frequency is -120 °.
transfer function The phase margin of the system is
(1 - s) (A) -120 ° (B) 60°
G( s) H ( s) = is
(1 + s)( 3 + s)
(C) -60 ° (D) 120°
(A) 68.3° (B) 90°
(C) 0 (D) ¥ 15. The transfer function of a system is given by
K 1
G( s) = ; K <
9. Consider a ufb system having an open-loop transfer s( sT + 1) T
function
The Bode plot of this function is
K
G( s) = dB dB
s(0.2 s + 1)(0.05 s + 1)
-20 dB/dec -40 dB/dec
For K = 1, the gain margin is 28 dB. When gain
-40 dB/dec
margin is 20 dB, K will be equal to 0 dB w 0 dB w
0.1 1 0.1 1
(A) 2 (B) 4 T T T T
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
dB dB
100 10
(A) (B)
-20 dB/dec s + 10 s + 10
-20 dB/dec
1
0 dB 0 dB
(C) (D) None of the above
0.1 1 w 0.1 1 w s + 10
T T T T
-40 dB/dec
-40 dB/dec
Fig. P6.5.19
-60 dB/dec 8 s( s + 2) 4( s + 5)
(A) (B)
( s + 5)( s + 10) ( s + 2)( s + 10)
0.1 2 5 25 w 4( s + 2) 8 s( s + 5)
(C) (D)
Fig. P6.5.16
s( s + 5)( s + 10) ( s + 2)( s + 10)
50( s + 5) 20( s + 5)
(A) 2 (B)
s ( s + 2)( s + 25) s 2 ( s + 2)( s + 25) 20. The Bode plot shown in fig. P6.5.20 represent
10 s 2 ( s + 5) 20( s + 5) dB
(C) (D)
( s + 2)( s + 25) s( s + 2)( s + 25)
100 dB
17. For the Bode plot shown in fig. P6.5.17 the transfer -60 dB/dec
function is 40 dB/dec
dB
4 10 w w = 10 w
0 dB
-4
Fig. P6.5.20
c
de
0d
/
dB
B/
100 s 2 1000 s 2
de
0
-2
(A) (B)
c
(1 + 0.1s) 3 (1 + 0.1s) 3
Fig. P6.5.17
100 s 100( s + 4) 100 s 2 1000 s 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
( s + 4)( s + 10) 2 s( s + 10) 2 (1 + 0.1s) 5 (1 + 0.1s) 5
100 100
(C) (D)
( s + 4)( s + 10) s ( s + 4)( s + 10)
2
Statement for Q.21–22:
The Bode plot of the transfer function K (1 + sT) is
18. Bode plot of a stable system is shown in the fig.
given in the fig. P6.5.21–22.
P6.3.18. The open-loop transfer function of the ufb
dB Phase
system is
dB
-20 dB/dec
20 dB 0.1 10
-20 dB/dec T T
1 w w
T -45
°/d
w ec
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
dB
Fig. P6.5.29-30
Re w=¥
Re
w= 0 w=¥ w= 0
31. The Nyquist plot of a open-loop transfer function The Nyquist plot for this system is
Im Im
G( jw) H ( jw) of a system encloses the ( -1, j0) point. The
gain margin of the system is
(A) less than zero (B) greater than zero
(C) zero (D) infinity w=¥
Re Re
w=¥ w= 0
34. The transfer function of an open-loop system is 36. The open loop transfer function of a system is
s+2 K (1 + s) 2
G( s) H ( s) = G( s) H ( s) =
( s + 1)( s - 1) s3
The Nyquist plot will be of the form The Nyquist plot for this system is
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Frequency-Domain Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.5
Im Im
Im
w= 0 w= 0
w=¥ Re
Re 10.64
w=¥
w=¥
Re
w= 0
(A) (B)
Im
Im
Fig. P6.5.38
Im Im w= 0 w= 0
w=¥ w=¥
Re Re
w=¥
Re Re
w=¥ w= 0
w= 0
(A) (B)
(A) (B) Im Im
Im Im
w=¥ Re w=¥ Re
w=¥
Re w=¥
Re
w= 0
w= 0 w= 0
w= 0
(C) (D)
(C) (D)
38. The Nyquist plot of a system is shown in fig. 40. Regarding the system consider the statements
P6.5.38. The open-loop transfer function is 1. Open-loop system is stable
4s + 1 2. Closed-loop system is unstable
G( s) H ( s) =
s ( s + 1)(2 s + 1)
2
3. One closed-loop poles is lying on the RHP
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
42. The Nyquist plot of this system is (C) 0.707 rad/sec, 0.57 rad/sec
Im Im (D) 0.707 rad/sec, 1.38 rad/sec
w= 0 w=¥
Re
w= 0 w=¥
Re (A) -3.52 dB, -168.5 ° (B) -3.52 dB, 11.6 °
(C) 3.52 dB, -168.5 ° (D) 3.52 dB, 11.6 °
(A) (B)
****************
Im Im
Re Re
w= 0 w=¥ w= 0 w=¥
(C) (D)
Re Re
2 3
w=¥ w= 0
3 2
(A) (B)
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Frequency-Domain Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.5
( w - w ) + 4 x2 w2n w2
2 2 2 1
n 20 log = 28 Þ a = 0.04
a
From the fig. P6.5.1–2, |T( j0)| = 1
For 20 dB gain Nyquist plot should intersect at b,
K 2 wn4
|T( j0)|
2
= = K2 =1 Þ K =1 1
wn4 20 log = 20 Þ b = 0.1.
b
This is achieved if the system gain is increased by factor
2. (B) The peak value of T( jw) occurs when the
0.1
= 2.5. Thus K = 2.5.
denominator of function |T( jw)| is minimum i.e. when
2
0.04
w2n - w2 = 0 Þ w = wn
1
K w K2 2 4
K 10. (B) Here K = 2, T1 = 1, T2 =
|T( jwn )| = 2 = 2 |T( jwn )| = = 2.5
2 n
Þ 2
4x w 4x 4
n 2x -1 -1
é KT1 T2 ù é(2)(0.5) ù
K Gain Margin = ê ú = ê 1 + 0.5 ú = 15
. = 35
. dB
x= = 0.2 T
ë 1 + T 2û ë û
5
5. (C) At 180° gain is 0.63. Hence gain margin is w = 2. These are the corner frequencies.
1
= 20 log = 4 dB 1 1
0.63 13. (A) G.M. = = =2
GH ( jwp) 1 2
At unity gain phase is -172 °,
Phase margin = 180 °-172 ° = 8 ° 14. (B) P.M. = 180 ° + ÐGH ( jw1 ) = 180 °-120 ° = 60 °
0 dB
0.1 0.5 1.4 4 w K (1 + jw) 2
36. (B) GH ( jw) =
( jw) 3
Fig.S6.5.29 K (1 + w2 )
|GH( jw)| =
1 1 w3
K v = 4, eramp ( ¥) = = = 0.25
Kv 4 ÐGH ( jw) = -270 °+ 2 tan -1 w
For w = 0, GH ( jw) = ¥Ð - 270 °
w 0.5 For w = 1 , ÐGH ( jw) = -180 °
30. (B) From fig. S6.5.29 x = 2 = = 0.179
2 w3 2(1.4) For w = ¥, GH ( jw) = 0 Ð - 90 °
As w increases from 0 to ¥, phase goes -270 ° to -90 °.
31. (A) If Nyquist plot encloses the point ( -1, j0), the
Due to s 3 term there will be 3 infinite semicircle.
system is unstable and gain margin is negative.
K
37. (A) |GH ( jw)| = ,
K 1 + w2 1 + 4 w2 1 + 9 w2
32.(A) GH ( jw) =
jw(1 + jwT1 )(1 + jwT2 ) (1 + jwT2 )
ÐGH ( jw) = -90 °- tan -1 w - tan -1 2 w - tan -1 3w ,
K K
lim GH ( jw) = lim = lim Ð - 90 ° For w = 0, GH ( jw) = ¥Ð - 90 °,
w ®0 w ®0 jw w ®0 w
For w = ¥, GH ( jw) = 0 Ð - 360 °,
Hence, the asymptote of the Nyquist plot tends to an
Hence (A) is correct option.
angle of -90 ° as w ® 0.
38. (C) The open-loop poles in RHP are P = 0. Nyquist
1
33. (C) 20 log = 20 path enclosed 2 times the point ( -1 + j0). Taking
GH ( jw)
clockwise encirclements as negative N = -2.
1
= 10 Þ GH ( jw) = 0.1 N = P - Z, -2 = 0 - Z , Z = 2 which implies that two
GH ( jw)
poles of closed-loop system are on RHP.
Since system is stable, it will cross at s = -0.1.
-1
s+2 39. (B) G( s) H ( s) = ,
34. (B) GH ( s) = 2 2 s(1 - 20 s)
( s - 1)
1
jw + 2 GH ( jw) =
GH ( jw) = 2 w 1 + 400 w2
( -1 - w2 )
-20 w
At w = 0 , GH ( jw) = 2 Ð - 180 ° ÐGH ( jw) = 180 °-90 ° - tan -1 ,
1
At w = ¥, GH ( jw) = 0 Ð - 270 °
At w = 0 GH ( jw) = ¥Ð90 °
Hence (B) is correct option.
At w = ¥ GH ( jw) = 0 Ð180 °
K At w = 0.1 GH ( jw) = 2.24 Ð153.43°
35. (C) GH ( jw) =
jw( -w + 2 jw + 2)
2
At w = 0.01 GH ( jw) = 49 Ð9115
. °
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40. (C) One open-loop pole is lying on the RHP. Thus The frequency at which magnitude unity is
open-loop system is unstable and P = 1. There is one
Im
clockwise encirclement. Hence N = -1.
Z = P - N = 1 - ( -1) = 2,
-2
Hence there are 2 closed-loop poles on the RHP and 3
Re
-1 wp
system is unstable.
w1
41. (B) There is one infinite semicircle. Which represent Phase Margin
K 1 + w2
42. (D) |GH ( jw)| = =K
1 + w2 Fig.S6.5.44
-w w (1 + w ) (1 + 4 w ) = 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
ÐGH ( jw) = tan -1 w - tan -1 -
1 w2 = 0.326, w1 = 0.57 rad/sec
At w = 0 GH ( jw) = KÐ0 °,
1 2
At w = 1 GH ( jw) = KÐ90 °, 46. (D) G.M. = 20 log , |GH( jwp)| =
|GH( jwp)| 3
At w = 2 GH ( jw) = KÐ127 °,
3
At w = ¥ GH ( jw) = KÐ180 °, Gain Margin = 20 log = 352
. dB.
2
ÐGH ( jw) = -90 °- tan -1 w - tan -1 2 w ,
43. (A) RHP poles of open-loop system P = 1, Z = P - N .
At unit gain w1 = 0.57 rad/sec,
For closed loop system to be stable,
Phase at this frequency is
Z = 0, 0 = 1 - N Þ N =1 ÐGH ( jw1 ) = -90 °- tan -1 0.57 - tan -1 2(0.57) = -168.42 °
There must be one anticlockwise rotation of point Phase margin = -168.42 °+180 ° = 11.6 °
( -1 + j0). It is possible when K > 1. Note that system is stable. So gain margin and phase
45. (C) The Nyquist plot crosses the negative real axis
1
at w = rad/sec. Hence phase crossover frequency is
2
1
wp = = 0.707 rad/sec.
2
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CHAPTER
6.6
DESIGN OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
4. A lag compensation network 7. Consider the List–I (Transfer function) and List–II
(a) increases the gain of the original network without (Controller)
affecting stability. List I List II
(b) reduces the steady state error. P. 1. P–controller
(c) reduces the speed of response Q. 2. PI–controller
(d) permits the increase of gain of phase margin is K1s + K2
R. K 3s
3. PD–controller
acceptable. K1
S. K 2s
4. PID–controller
In the above statements, which are correct
The correct match is
(A) a and b (B) b and c
P Q R S
(C) b, c, and d (D) all
(A) 3 4 2 1
5. Derivative control (B) 4 3 1 2
(A) has the same effect as output rate control (C) 3 2 1 4
(B) reduces damping (D) 4 1 2 3
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control Systems
(C) jw (D) jw Ke - s TD
G( s) =
ts + 1
s s
(D) zero steady state error for step input for type 0 (b) stabilizes the system with low phase margin
system (c) enables moderate increase in gain without
affecting stability.
12. The transfer function of a phase compensator is
(d) increases resonant frequency
given by (1 + aTs) (1 + Ts) where a > 1 and T > 0. The
maximum phase shift provided by a such compensator In the above statements, correct are
is (A) (a) and (b) (B) (a) and (c)
**********
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CHAPTER
6.7
THE STATE-VARIABLE ANALYSIS
-3
é x& 1 ù é0 -1 0 ù é x1 ù é0 ù
(C) ê x& 2 ú = ê0 0 -1ú ê x2 ú + ê0 ú u
Fig. P6.7.3
ê ú ê úê ú ê ú
êë x& 3 úû êë3 2 1úû êë x3 ûú êë1 ûú é 1 0 -2 ù é-1 0 2 ù
(A) ê 0 -2 0ú (B) ê 0 2 0 ú
(D) None of the above ê ú ê ú
êë-3 0 0 úû êë 3 0 0 úû
Statement for Q.2–4: é-2 0 1ù é2 0 -1ù
Represent the given system in state-space (C) ê 0 -2 0 ú (D) ê0 2 0 ú
ê ú ê ú
equation x& = A ×x + B× u. Choose the correction option for êë 0 0 -3úû êë0 0 3úû
matrix A.
4.
2.
1 1 2
s x2 1 s x1 5
y
1 1 1 1
1 s x3 1 s x2 1 s x1 1
-2 u y
u -2
1
s x3 -3 -4
5
Fig. P6.7.4
-3
Fig. P6.7.2
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The State-Variable Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.7
é 0 1 -4 ù é 0 -1 4 ù 8. The F( t ) is
(A) ê 1 0 0ú (B) ê-1 0 0 ú é cos 2 t sin 2 t ù écos 2 t - sin 2 t ù
ê ú ê ú (A) ê (B) ê
êë-3 0 0 úû êë 3 0 0 úû ú cos 2 t úû
ë- sin 2 t cos 2 t û ësin 2 t
é- 4 1 0 ù é4 - 1 0 ù é sin 2 t cos 2 t ù ésin 2 t - cos 2 t ù
(C) ê (D) ê
(C) ê 0 0 1ú (D) ê0 0 -1ú ú
ë- cos 2 t sin 2 t û ëcos 2 t sin 2 t úû
ê ú ê ú
êë 0 0 -3úû êë0 0 3úû
9. The q( t ) is
é-1 0 ù é1ù y = [1 0 0 0 ]x
x& ( t) = ê ú x( t) + ê ú u( t), y( t) = [1 1]x( t)
ë 0 -2 û ë1û é 0 1 0 0 ù é 0 ù
ê 0 0 1 0 ú ê 0 ú
The transfer function of this system is (B) x& = ê úx + ê úr
ê 0 0 0 1 ú ê 0 ú
(A) ( s 2 + 3s + 2) -1 (B) ( s + 2) -1 ê-100 -7 -10 -20 ú ê ú
ë û ë100 û
(C) s( s 2 + 3s + 2) -1 (D) ( s + 1) -1 y = [1 0 0 0 ]x
é0 1 0 0 ù é0 ù
16. The state-space representation for a system is ê0 0 ú ê0 ú
1 0
(C) x& = ê úx + ê úr
é 0 1 0ù é10 ù ê0 0 0 1 ú ê0 ú
x& = ê 0 0 1ú x + ê 0 ú u, y = [1 0 0 ]x ê20 10 ú
7 100 û ê1 ú
ê ú ê ú ë ë û
êë-1 -2 -3úû êë 0 úû
y = [100 0 0 0 ]x
The transfer function Y ( s) U ( s) is é 0 1 0 0 ù é0 ù
ê 0 0 1 0 ú ê0 ú
10(2 s 2 + 3s + 1) 10(2 s 2 + 3s + 1) (D) x& = ê úx + ê úr
(A) (B)
s 3 + 3s 2 + 2 s + 1 s 3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 1 ê 0 0 0 1 ú ê0 ú
ê-20 -10 -7 -100 ú ê ú
ë û ë1 û
10(2 s 2 + 3s + 2) 10(2 s 2 + 3s + 2)
(C) (D)
s 3 + 3s 2 + 2 s + 1 s 3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 1 y = [100 0 0 0 ]x
C( s) 24 1
17. = 3 (C) - sin 2 t (D) 3 sin 2 t
R( s) s + 9 s 2 + 26 s + 24 2
é x& 1 ù é 0 1 0 ù é x1 ù é 0 ù
ê ú ê 20. For the transfer function
(A) x& 2 = 0 0 1 ú ê x2 ú + ê 0 ú r
ê ú ê úê ú ê ú
êë x& 3 úû êë-24 -26 -9 ûú êë x3 úû êë24 úû Y ( s) s+3
=
U ( s) ( s + 1)( s + 2)
é x& 1 ù é 0 1 0 ù é x1 ù é 0 ù
(B) ê x& 2 ú = ê 0 0 1 ú ê x2 ú + ê 0 ú r The state model is given by x& = A ×x + B× u,
ê ú ê úê ú ê ú
êë x& 3 úû êë24 26 9 úû êë x3 úû êë24 úû y = C × x. The A , B, C are
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é1 0 ù é 1 2ù
(C) ê ú (D) ê ú Statement for Q.37–38:
ë0 -1û ë-2 -4 û
A state flow graph is shown in fig. P6.7.37-38
32. The observability matrix is 4
é1 0 ù é 1 -2 ù 1 1
(A) ê ú (B) ê s x2 x1
4 úû
1 s 5
ë0 1 û ë-2 u y
-21
4
é1 0 ù é 1 2ù
(C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë0 -1û ë-2 -4 û
-5
Fig. P6.7.37-38
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The State-Variable Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.7
iR iC Fig. P6.7.41-43
év& ù é-0.25 1ù évC ù é 1 ù évC ù 42. If state variable are chosen as in previous question,
(A) ê & C ú = ê ú ê i ú + ê0.25 ú vs , iR = [0.5 0 ]ê i ú
i
ë Lû ë - 0.5 0 ûë Lû ë û ë Lû then the matrix A is
é 1 -1ù é 1 -3ù
év& ù é -0.5 1ù évC ù é0.25 ù évC ù (A) ê ú (B) ê ú
(B) ê & C ú = ê ú ê i ú + ê 1 ú vs , iR = [0.5 0 ]ê i ú ë-1 3û ë-1 1û
i
ë Lû ë - 0.25 0 ûë Lû ë û ë Lû
é-1 3ù é 3 -1ù
év& ù é1 0.25 ù évC ù é0.25 ù év ù (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
(C) ê & C ú = ê ú ê ú +ê ú vs , iR = [0.5 0 ]ê C ú ë 1 -1û ë-1 1û
ë iL û ë0 0.5 û ë iL û ë 0 û ë iL û
i1 1W i3 1W i5 1W
Fig. P6.7.40
i2 i4
+
iR ( t). The state space representation is vi 1H vo
1H 1F
-
év& ù é 1 -1ù év1 ù é1 ù év ù
(A) ê &1 ú = ê ú ê ú + ê ú vi , iR = [ 4 1]ê 1 ú
ë i3 û ë-3 1û ë i1 û ë0 û ë i3 û
Fig. P6.7.44-47
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
é 2 1 1ù é 1 1 2ù é x& 1 ù é-2 1 0 ù é x1 ù é0 ù
ê 3 - 3 - 3ú ê- 3 - 3 3ú
ê x& ú = ê 0 -2 0 ú ê x ú + ê0 ú u
ê 1 ê 2ú ê ú ê 2ú ê ú
2 2ú ê 2 2 1ú &
êë 3 úû êë -
(C) ê ú (D) ê- - ú x 0 0 3ûú êë x3 úû êë1 ûú
ê 3 3 3ú ê 3 3 3ú
ê- 1 - 2 1ú ê- 1 - 2 - 1 ú
êë 3 3 3 úû êë 3 3 3 úû 3. (C) x& 1 = - 2 x1 + x3 , x& 2 = - 2 x2 + u , x& 3 = -3 x3 + u
y = 5 x1 + 5 x2 + 5 x3
46. The matrix B is é x& 1 ù é-2 0 1ù é x1 ù é0 ù
é 2ù é2 ù ê x& ú = ê 0 -2 0 ú ê x ú + ê1 ú u
ê 3ú ê3ú ê 2ú ê ú ê 2ú ê ú
ê 1ú ê1 ú êë x& 3 úû êë 0 0 -3úû êë x3 úû êë1 úû
(A) ê- ú (B) ê ú
ê 3ú ê3ú
ê- 1 ú ê1 ú 4. (C) x& 1 = -4 x1 + x2 , x& 2 = x3 + 2 u , x& 3 = - 3 x3 + u
êë 3 úû êë 3 úû
é x& 1 ù é-4 1 1ù é x1 ù é0 ù
é 1ù é2 ù ê x& ú = ê 0 0 1ú ê x2 ú + ê2 ú u
ê- 3 ú ê3ú ê 2ú ê úê ú ê ú
ê 1ú ê1 ú êë x& 3 úû êë 0 0 -3úû êë x3 úû êë1 úû
(C) ê- ú (D) ê ú
ê 3ú ê3ú
5. (B) Ds = |sI - A| = s 2 + s + 2 = 0 Þ s = - 0.5 ± j1.323
ê 1ú ê2 ú
êë 3 úû êë 3 úû
és + 3 0 ù 1
6. (A) ( sI - A) = ê , |sI - A|=
47. If output is vo , then matrix C is ë 0 s+ 3úû ( s + 3) 2
(A) [-1 0 0] (B) [1 0 0] é 1 ù
ê 0 ú
(C) [0 0 -1] (D) [0 0 1] ( sI - A) -1
= ês + 3
1 ú
ê 0 ú
ë s + 3û
ée -3t 0 ù
F( t ) = L-1 {( sI - A )} == ê ú
ë0 e -3t û
************************
é s -2 ù
7. (A) ( sI - A) = ê ú, |sI - A|= s + 4
2
ë2 s û
é s 2 ù
-1 1 é s 2 ù ê s2 + 4 s2 + 4 ú
( sI - A) = 2 =
s + 4 êë-2 s úû ê -2 s ú
ê ú
ë s2 + 4 s + 4û
2
é cos 2 t sin 2 t ù
F( t ) = L-1 {( sI - A )} = ê ú
ë- sin 2 t cos 2 t û
é s -2 ù
8. (A) ( sI - A) = ê ú, Ds =|sI - A|= s + 4
2
ë2 s û
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The State-Variable Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 6.7
é s 2 ù é1ù é1 ù
1 é s 2 ù ê s2 + 4 15. (D) T( s) = ê ú( sI - A) -1 ê ú
( sI - A) -1
= 2 = s + 4ú
2
ë1û ë0 û
s + 4 êë-2 s úû ê -2 s ú
ê ú é 1 ù
ë s2 + 4 s + 4û
2
0 ú
ê
( sI - A) -1
= ês + 1
é cos 2 t sin 2 t ù
F( t ) = L-1 {( sI - A )} = ê 1 ú
ú ê 0 ú
ë- sin 2 t cos 2 t û ë s + 2û
é 1 ù
é1ù ê s + 1 0 ú é1 ù
9. (C) q( t) = L-1 {( sI - A) -1 BR( s)} 1
T( s) = ê ú ê =
ë1û ê 0 1 ú êë0 úû s + 1
ì 1 é s 2 ù é0 ù é1ù 1 ü -1 ì 1 é2 ù ü ú
= L-1 í 2 ê ú ê ú ê ú ý =L í 2 ê úý ë s + 2û
î s + 4 ë-2 s û ë1 û ë1û s þ î s( s + 4) ë s û þ
ì é 2 ù ü 16. (C) x& = A ×x + B× u, y = C × x + Du
ïï ê s( s 2 + 4) ú ïï é0.5(1 - cos 2 t) ù
= L-1 í ê ú ý= ê ú é 0 1 0ù é10 ù
1
ï ê 2 ú ï ë 0.5 sin 2 t û A =ê 0 0 1ú, B = ê 0 ú, C = [1 0 0 ], D = 0
ïî ë ( s + 4) û ïþ ê ú ê ú
êë-1 -2 -3úû êë 0 úû
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
é 0 1 0 0 ù é0 ù 1 és + 1 0 ùæ é1 ù é1ù 1 ö
ê 0 ú ê0 ú = ç ê0 ú + ê1ú s ÷÷
0 1 0 ( s + 1)( s + 2) êë -1 s + 2 úû çè ë û ë û ø
x& = ê ú x = ê ú r, y = [1 0 0 0 ]x
ê 0 0 0 1 ú ê0 ú é ( s + 1) ù
ê -a -a1 -a 2 ú
-a 3 û ê ú ê s( s + 2) ú
ë 0 ëb0 û
=ê ú
a0 = 100, a1 = 7, a2 = 10, a3 = 20 , b0 = 100 1
ê ú
ë s( s + 1)( s + 2) û
é 0 1ù 1 é s 1ù 1
19. (B) A = ê ú , ( sI - A) -1 = 2 Y ( s) = [0 1] X ( s) =
ë-2 0 û s + 2 êë-2 súû s( s + 1)( s + 2)
é sin 2 t ù 1 1
cos 2 t Þ y( t) = - e - t + e -2 t
F( t ) = L-1 {( sI - A)} = ê 2 ú
ú 2 2
ê
êë- 2 sin 2 t cos 2 t úû
25. (B) X ( s) = ( sI - A) -1 (x(0) + B × u)
é sin 2 t ù
ê cos 2 t + ú é ù
x( t) = F( t )x(0) = 2 1
ê ú -1 ê ú
êë- 2 sin 2 t + cos 2 t úû és + 2 -1 0 ù æ é0 ù é1 ù ö s( s + 2)
ç ê ú
ê
= 0 -1 ú ê0 ú + ê0 ú 1 ÷ =ê
1
ú
3 ê
s
ú ç ê ú ê ú s÷ ê s ( s + 2) ú
2
y = x1 - x2 = sin 2 t ç
2 êë 0 0 s + 1úû è êë0 úû êë0 úû ÷ø ê 1 ú
êë s 2 ( s + 1)( s + 2) úû
20. (C) Find the transfer function of option 1
Y ( s) 1 Y ( s) = [1 0 0 ], X ( s) =
For (A) , = , s( s + 2)
U ( s) s - 2
1 1 -2 t
Y ( s) 1 y( t) = - e
For (B) , = 2 2
U ( s) s - 2
Y ( s) 1 és + 2 0 ù é1ù 26. (D) For a unit step input estep ( ¥) = 1 + CA -1B
For (C), = [0 1]
U ( s) ( s + 1)( s + 2) êë 2 s + 1úû êë1úû
é- 5 1 0ù é-0.4 0.05 -0.05 ù
1 és + 2 ù s+3 ê
A= 0 -2 1ú, A -1
= ê -1 -0.25 -0.25 ú
= [0 1] = ê ú ê ú
( s + 1)( s + 2) êës + 3úû ( s + 1)( s + 3) êë20 -10 1úû êë -2 15
. -0.5 ûú
So (C) is correct option. é-0.4 0.05 -0.05 ù é0 ù
estep ( ¥) = 1 + [ -1 1 0 ]ê -1 0.25 -0.25 ú ê0 ú
é-2 -1ù ê úê ú
21. (C) A = ê ú, êë -2 15
. -0.5 úû êë1 úû
ë -3 -5 û
= 1 - 0.2 = 0.8
|sI - A| = s2 + 7 s + 7 Þ s = -5.79, - 121
.
é 1ù
és -2 -3 ù -2 - ú
27. (A) estep ( ¥) = 1 + CA -1B, A -1 = ê 3
22. (B) ( sI - A) = ê 0 s - 6 -5 ú êë 1 0 úû
ê ú
êë-1 -4 s - 2 úû
é 1ù
-2 - ú é0 ù 1 2
|sI - A| = s 3
- 8 s - 11s + 8
2
Þ s = 9.11, 0.53, - 1.64 estep ( ¥) = 1 + [1 1] ê 3 ê ú =1 - =
êë 1 0 úû ë1 û 3 3
( s + 5)( s + 9) êë s 3 - 7 s 2 + 12 s - 7 úû
2 2
32. (A) y = x1 , y = [1 0 ]x , 21
37. (B) x& 2 = - 5 x1 - x2 + u , x& 1 = x2 , y = 5 x1 + 4 x2
4
é C ù é1 0 ù
C = [1 0 ], CA = [1 0 ] , OM = ê ú =ê ú é x& 1 ù é 0 1ù é x ù é0 ù é x1 ù
ëCA û ë0 1 û
ê x& ú = ê-5 - 21 ú ê x ú + ê1 ú u, y = [5 4 ]ê x ú
1
ë 2 û êë 4 úû ë 2 û ë û ë 2û
33. (C) det CM = 0. Hence system is not controllable. det
é C ù é 5 4ù
O M = 1. Hence system is observable. 38. (B) O M = ê ú =ê ú
ëCA û ë-20 1 û
34. (B) x& 1 = - x1 + x2 , x& 2 = - x2 + u , x& 3 = - 2 x3 + u det O M = 0. Thus system is not observable
é-1 1 0 ù é0 ù é-1 1 0 ù é0 ù é0 1ù
CM = [B AB] = ê 21 ú
&x = ê 0 -1 0 ú x + ê1 ú u, A = ê 0 -1 0 ú , B = ê1 ú êë
1 -
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú 4 úû
êë 0 0 -2 úû êë1 úû êë 0 0 -2 úû êë1 úû
det CM = -1. Thus system is controllable.
é-1 1 0 ù é0 ù é 1ù
AB = ê 0 -1 0 ú ê1 ú = ê -1ú dvc di v
ê úê ú ê ú 39. (B) = ic , L = L = 0.25 vL
êë 0 0 -2 úû êë1 úû êë-2 úû dt dt 4
vC and iL are state variable.
é-1 1 0 ù é 1ù é-2 ù
A 2B = ê 0 -1 0 ú ê -1ú = ê 1ú
v
iL = iC + iR , iC = iL - iR = iL - C , vL = vs - vC
ê úê ú ê ú 2
êë 0 0 -2 úû êë-2 úû êë 4 úû
dvL v
Hence equations are = iL - C = - 0.5 vC + iL
é0 1 -2 ù dt 2
ê
Cm = [B AB A B] = 1 -1
2
1ú
ê ú diL
= 0.25( vs - vC ) = - 0.25 vC + 0.25 vs
êë1 -2 4 úû dt
év& C ù é -0.5 1ù évC ù é0.25 ù
35. (A) y = 10 x1 - 10 x2 + 10 x3 , y = [10 - 10 10 ]x ê i& ú = ê-0.25 0 ú ê i ú + ê 1 ú vs ,
ë Lû ë ûë Lû ë û
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UNIT 6 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Control & System
vC év ù 45. (A)
di2 di
= v2 , 4 = v4 ,
dvo
= i5
iR = = 0.5 vC , iR = [0.5 0 ] ê C ú
2 ë iL û dt dt dt
i1 1W v2 i3 1W v4 i5 1W
dv1 di i2 i4
40. (B) = i2 , 3 = vL
dt dt +
vi 1H 1H 1F vo
Hence v1 and i3 are state variable. -
i2 = i1 - i3 = ( vi - v1 ) - i3 , i2 = - v1 - i3 + vi
vL = v1 - v2 = v1 - iR , = v1 - ( i3 + 4 v1 ) = -3v1 - i3 Fig. S6.7.45
dv1 di
= - v1 - i3 + vi , 3 = - 3v1 - i3, y = iR = 4 v1 + i3
dt dt Now obtain v2 , v4 and i5 in terms of the state variable
év&1 ù é-1 -1ù év1 ù é1 ù év1 ù -vi + i1 + i3 + i5 + vo = 0
ê i& ú = ê-3 -1ú ê i ú + ê0 ú vi , iR = [ 4 1]ê i ú
ë 3û ë û ë 3û ë û ë 3û But i3 = i1 - i2 and i5 = i3 - i4
-vi + i1 + ( i1 - i2 ) + ( i3 - i4 ) + vo = 0
41. (C) Energy storage elements are capacitor and 2 1 1 1
i1 = i2 + i4 - vo + vi
inductor. vC and iL are available in differential form and 3 3 3 3
linearly independent. Hence vC and iL are suitable for 2 1 1 2
v2 = vi - i1 = - i2 - i4 + vo + vi
state-variable. 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
i3 = i1 - i2 = - i2 + i4 - vo + vi
1 dvC dvC 3 3 3 3
42. (B) = iC Þ = 2 iC
2 dt dt 1 2 1 1
i5 = i3 - i4 = - i2 - i4 - vo + vi
1 diL diL 3 3 3 3
= vL Þ = 2 vL
2 dt dt 1 2 2 1
+ vC - v4 = i5 + vo = - i2 - i4 + vo + vi
iC 3 3 3 3
iR1 iL 1 iR2 é 2 1 1ù é2 ù
2F - -
é i&2 ù ê 3
+
3 ú é i2 ù ê 3 ú
+
3
is 1W vL vR2 1W 4vL ê& ú ê 1 2 2 ú ê ú ê1 ú
ê i4 ú = ê- 3 - 3 ú i4 + ê ú vi
-
3úê ú ê3ú
-
êv& o ú ê 1 2 1 êëvo úû ê 1 ú
ë û ê- - - ú
Fig. S6.7.42 êë 3 3 3 úû êë 3 úû
é 2 1 1ù é2 ù
vL = vC + vR 2 = vC + iR2 , iC + 4 vL = iR 2 ê- 3 - 3 3ú ê3ú
vL = vC + iC + 4 vL , -3vL = vC + iC ...(i) ê 1 2 2ú ê1 ú
A = ê- - ú, 46. (B) B = ê ú
v
iC = is - iR1 - iL , iC = is - L - iL ...(ii) ê 3 3 3ú ê3ú
1 ê- 1 - 2 - 1 ú ê1 ú
êë 3 3 3 úû êë 3 úû
Solving equation (i) and (ii)
-3 ( is - iL - iC ) = vC + iC , 2 iC = vC - 3iL + 3is
47. (D) vo is state variable
-3vL = vC + is - vL - iL , 2vL = - vC + iL - is
é i2 ù
dvC di
= vC - 3iL + 3is , L = - vC + iL - is y = vo , y = [0 0 1] = ê i4 ú
dt dt ê ú
êëvo úû
év& C ù é 1 -3ù évC ù é 3 ù
ê i& ú = ê-1 1ú ê i ú + ê-1ú is
ë Lû ë ûë Lû ë û
********
é 3ù
43. (A) B = ê ú
ë-1û
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
10. If machine is not properly adjusted, the product Statement for Question 15-16:
resistance change to the case where ax = 1050 W. Now The life time of a system expressed in weeks is a
the rejected fraction is Rayleigh random variable X for which
(A) 5046% (B) 10.57%
ì x -x
2
æ 5 ö æ 5 ö
1 æ x -aö
(C) 1 + Qç (D) 1 - Qç (A) tan -1 ç ÷
÷ ÷ p è b ø
è 4.2 ø è 4.2 ø
1 æ x -aö
(B) cot-1 ç ÷
Statement for Question 13 -14 : p è b ø
1 1 æ x -aö
Assume that the time of arrival of bird at (C) + tan -1 ç ÷
2 p è b ø
Bharatpur sanctuary on a migratory route, as
measured in days from the first year (January 1 is the 1 1 æ x -aö
(D) + cot-1 ç ÷
first day), is approximated as a gaussian random 2 p è b ø
variable X with a X = 200 and sx = 20 days. Given that :
Statement for Question 18 - 19
F(0.5) = 0.6915, . ) = 0.8413.,
F(10 . ) = 0.8531,
F(15
. ) = 0.9394 and F(2.0) = 0.9773.
F(155 The number of cars arriving at ICICI bank
drive-in window during 10-min period is Poisson
13. What is the probability that birds arrive after 160 random variable X with b = 2.
th
days but on or before the 210 day ?
18. The probability that more than 3 cars will arrive
(A) 0.6687 (B) 0.8413
during any 10 min period is
(C) 0.8531 (D) 0.9773
(A) 0.249 (B) 0.143
14. What is the probability that bird will arrive after (C) 0.346 (D) 0.543
231st day ?
19. The probability that no car will arrive is
(A) 0.0432 (B) 0.1123
(A) 0.516 (B) 0.459
(C) 0.0606 (D) 0.0732 (C) 0.246 (D) 0.135
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Random Variables GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 7.1
20. The power reflected from an aircraft of complicated 26. The mean of random variable X is
shape that is received by a radar can be described by an (A) 1/4 (B) 1/6
exponential random variable W . The density of W is (C) 1/3 (D) 1/5
ì 1 - w W0 ü
ï e w > 0ï
fW ( w) = í W0 ý 27. The variance of random variable X is
ïî 0 w < 0 ïþ
(A) 1/10 (B) 3/80
where W0 is the average amount of received power. (C) 5/16 (D) 3/16
The probability that the received power is larger than
the power received on the average is 28. A Random variable X is uniformly distributed on
X
(A) e -2 (B) e -1 the interval (-5, 15). Another random variable Y = e
-
5
-1 -2
(C) 1 - e (D) 1 - e is formed. The value of E[ Y ] is
(A) 2 (B) 0.667
Statement for Question 21-23:
(C) 1.387 (D) 2.967
Delhi averages three murder per week and their
occurrences follow a poission distribution. 29. A random variable X has X = -3, x 2 = 11 and s2X = 2
2
For a new random variable Y = 2 x - 3, the Y , Y and s2Y
21. The probability that there will be five or more are
murder in a given week is (A) 0, 81, 8 (B) - 6, 8, 89
(A) 0.1847 (B) 0.2461
(C) - 9, 89, 8 (D) None of the above
(C) 0.3927 (D) 0.4167
23. How many weeds per year (average) can the Delhi
30. The probability of the event{ X £ 2.5, Y £ 6} is
expect the number of murders per week to equal or
(A) 0.45 (B) 0.50
exceed the average number per week ?
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 0.55 (D) 0.60
(C) 25 (D) 30
31. The probability of the event { X £ 3} is
24. A discrete random variable X has possible values (A) 0.45 (B) 0.50
xi = i , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 which occur with probabilities 0.4,
2
(C) 0.55 (D) 0.60
0.25, 0.15, 0.1,. The mean value X = E[ X ] of X is
(A) 6.85 (B) 4.35 Statement for Question 32-34 :
(C) 3.96 (D) 1.42
Random variable X and Y have the joint distribution
1 -
x ì 5 æ x + e- ( x + 1 ) y2 2 ö
f X ( x) = u( x) e 2 ï çç - e - y ÷u( y), 0 £ x £ 4
÷
2 ï4è x+1 ø
ï
The expected value of g( X ) = X 3 is FX , Y ( x, y) = í 0 x < 0 or y < 0
ï 1 -5 y 2 5 - y 2
(A) 48 (B) 192 ï1 + e - e , 4 £ x and any y ³ 0
ï 4 4
(C) 36 (D) 72 î
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
32. The marginal distribution function FX ( x) is 37. The marginal distribution function FX ( x) is
ì 0, x, > 0 ì 0, x <0
5 1
ïï 5 x ïï 5 x (A) [ 4( x) - 4( x - 4)]
(A) í , -4< x£4 (B) í , 0 £ x<4 4 ( x + 1) 2
ï 4( x + 1) ï 4( x + 1)
ïî 1, x £ -4 ïî 1, x³4 5 1
(B) [ 4( x) - 4( x - 4)]
2 ( x + 1) 2
ì 1, x >0 ì 1, x <0
ïï 5 x ïï 5 x 5 1
(C) í , - 4 < x £0 (D) í , 0 £ x<4 (C) [ 4( x) - 4( x - 4)]
4 ( x + 1)
ï 4( x + 1) ï 4( x + 1)
ïî 0, x £ -4 ïî 0, x³4
(D) None of the above
ï 1 + 4 e -5 y ,
2
y £0 (C) 5
2
[1 - e - y ]u( y) (D) None of the above
î 4 4
ì 0, y >0
ï
(B) í 1 -5 y 2 5 - y 2 39. The joint distribution function is
ïî 1 + 4 e - e , y £0
4
ì 5 é x + e- ( x + 1 ) y2 2ù
ì -5 - y 2 ï ê - e - y ú, 0 £ x £ 4 and y > 0
ï e , y <0 ï4 x+1
(A) í ë û
(C) í 4
ï 1 -5 y 2
ï 1 + 1 e -5 y - 5 e - y , y ³ 0
2
î 4 4
ì 0, y <0 ì 5 é x + e- ( x + 1 ) y2 2ù
ï - e - y ú, 0 £ x £ 4 and y > 0
(D) í 1 -5 y 2 5 - y 2 ï ê
ï 8 x+1
ïî 1 + 4 e - e , y ³0
4 (B) í ë û
ï 1 -5 y 2 2
ï ê - e - y ú, 0 £ x £ 4 and y > 0
(C) 0.003 (D) 0.004 ï 8 x+1
(C) í ë û
ï 1 -5 y 2 2
FX , Y ( x, y) =
10
[ u( x) - u( x - 4)]u( y) y 3e - ( x + 1 ) y
2
ï ê - e - y ú, 0 £ x £ 4 and y > 0
ï4 x+1
4 (D) í ë û
ï 1 -5 y 2 2
( x 2 + y2 )
random variables uniformly distributed in the ranges (
-
pXY ( x, y) = xye 2
u( x) u( y) -1, 1) and (-2, 1) respectively. Let Z = X + Y . Then the
probability that ( Z £ -2) is
42. The pX ( x) is (A) zero (B) 1/6
x2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/12
2 -
(A) 2 xe - x u( x) (B) xe 2
u( x)
2
x 2
49. The probability density function of two statistically
(C) xe - x u( x) (D) 2 xe 2 u( x)
independent random variable X and Y are
-
y2
1
-
y2
The density of the sum W = X + Y is
(C) ye 2
u( y) (D) ye 2
u( y)
2
(A) 10
6
[ e -2 w - e 5w ]u( w)
1 æ y - bö 1 æ y - bö ì 1
(C) f Xç ÷ (D) f Xç ÷ ï 0 < x < 6 and 0 < y < 4
a è a ø b è a ø f X , Y ( x, y) = í 24
ïî 0 else where
45. The function The expected value of the function g( x, y) = ( XY )
- ( x + y)
ì be 0 < x < a and 0 < y < ¥ is
f X , Y ( x, y) = í
î0 else where (A) 64 (B) 96
51. The density function of two random variable X and 56. The value of s2X , s2Y , R XY and r are respectively
Y is
11 27 1 æ 1 ö 33
æ x 2 + y2 ö (A) , .ç 2 + ÷, and -3
-ç
ç 2 s2 ÷
÷ 4 2 2 è 3ø 2
è ø
e
f X , Y ( x, y) = 11 11 1 æ 1 ö 33
2 ps2 (B) , ç2 + ÷, and -3
4 2 2è 3ø 2
with s2 a constant. The mean value of the function 9 11 1 æ 1 ö 1 2
(C) , ç2 - ÷, and -
g( X , Y ) = X 2 + Y 2 is 4 2 2è 3ø 3 33
(A) s2 (B) s 9 11 1 æ 1 ö 1 2
(D) , , ç2 - ÷, and -
4 2 2è 3ø 3 33
(C) 2s2 (D) 2s
(C) 97 (D) 0
(A) 4 (B) 45
(C) 49 (D) 54
ì xy
ï , 0 < x < 2 and 0 < y < 3
f X , Y ( x, y) = í 9
ïî 0 elsewhere
= FX (900) + [1 - FX (1100)]
SOLUTION æ 900 - ax
= F çç
ö æ 1100 - ax
÷÷ + 1 - F çç
ö
÷÷
è sx ø è sx ø
¥
1. (A) P { X > 1} = ò pX ( x) dx æ 900 - 1000 ö æ 11000 - 1000 ö
= Fç ÷ + 1 - Fç ÷
1
è 40 ø è 40 ø
¥ ¥
x -x 1 = F ( -2.5) + 1 - F (2.5) = 1 - F (2.5) + 1 - F (2.5) = 2 - 2 F(2.5)
=ò
2 ò1
e dx = x e - x dx = 0.368
1 2 = 2 - 2(0.9938) = 0.012 or 1.2 %
æ 900 - 1050 ö
0 2
1 x 1
2. (C) P { -1 < X £ 2} = ò - xe dx + ò xe - x dx 10. (B) P(resistor rejected) = F ç ÷+1
-1 2 0 2 è 40 ø
1 3 æ 1100 - 1050 ö
=1 - - = 0.429 - Fç ÷ = F ( -375
. ) + 1 - F (125
. )
e 2 e2 è 40 ø
= 1 - F ( 375
. ) + 1 - F (125
. )
3. (A) Test 1: f X ( x) ³ 0 is true = 2 - 0.9999 - 0.8944 = 0.1057 or 20.57 %
l 3x 1 é l 3b 1 ù
b
Test 2: area must be 1 i.e. ò dx = ê - ú =1
0
4 4ë 3 3û 11. (D) P { x > T + 95.6} = 0.0505
1 ( T + 95.6 - ax ) æ T + 95.6 - ax ö
Thus b = ln 13 =1 - F = F çç ÷÷ = 0.9495
3 sx è sx ø
T + 95.6 - ax
¥ This occurs when = 1.64 ...(i)
1 1 sx
4. (C) ò r( v) = 1 Þ 2
4k = 1 Þ k =
2
-¥ P { x £ T - 112. } = 0.1515
Thus r( v) =
kv v ( T - 112
. - ax ) ( T - 112
. - ax )
= =F =1 - F = 8485
4 8 sx sx
¥ 4
x T - 112
. - ax
Mean Square Value = ò x r( x) dx = ò x dx = 8
2 2
This occur when - = 103
. ...(ii)
-¥ 0 8 sx
Solving (i) and (ii) we get ax = T + 30 and sx = 40
1 -
x
é - ù
x x
5. (B) For x = 0, FX ( x) = ò e 2 dx = ê1 - e 2 ú u( x) 2
0 2 ë û x
12. (A) 0.25 exceeds when > 0.21 or x > 5 v
-
1
-
3 100
P ( A) = FX ( 3) - FX (1) = e 2
-e 2
= 0.3834 P(0.25 W exceeded) = P { x > 5}
2 .5
= P { x > 5} + P { x < -5} = 1 - P ( x £ 5) + P { x < -5}
-
6. (D) P ( B) = FX (2.5) = 1 - e 2
= 0.7135 æ5 -0 ö æ -5 - 0 ö æ 5 ö æ -5 ö
= 1 - Pç ÷ + Pç ÷ = 1 - Fç ÷ + Fç ÷
è 4.2 ø è 4.2 ø è 4.2 ø è 4.2 ø
7. (D) C = A Ç B = {1 < X < 2.5} æ 5 ö æ 5 ö æ æ 5 öö æ 5 ö
= 1 - Fç ÷ + 1 - Fç ÷ = 2ç 1 - F ç ÷ ÷ = 2Qç ÷
-
1
-
2 .5
è 4.2 ø è 4.2 ø è è 4.2 øø è 4.2 ø
P ( C) = FX (2.5) - FX (1) = e 2
-e 2
= 0.3200
= 10
. (0.4) + 4(0.25) + 9(0.15) + 16(0.1) = 4.35
16. (C) P { X ³ 52} = 1 - FX (52)
é 52 ù 2 2
1 3 -2 1 é 6 ù
52 ¥ x
- -
= 1 - ê1 - e 400 ú = 1 - e 400 = 0.00116 or 0.12 % 25. (A) E[ g( X )] = E[ X 3 ] = ò xe = ê ú = 48
êë úû 0 2 2 êë(1 2) 4 úû
( b p) du
x x x 1
1
17. (C) FX =
-¥
òf X ( u) du = òb
-¥
2
+ ( u - a) 2
26. (A) Mean of X = ò xf X ( x) dx = ò x 3(1 - x) dx =
2
4
-¥ 0
10
1 1 æ x -aö -¥ 0
= + tan -1 ç ÷ 2
2 p è b ø 1 æ1ö 3
s2x = -ç ÷ =
10 è 4 ø 80
¥
æ 3k ö
18. (B) Here f X ( x) = e -2 å çç ÷÷d( x - k) Hence B is correct option
k=0 è k! ø
X
P { x > 0} = 1 - P { x £ 3} -
28. (B) Here Y = g( X ) = e 3
= 1 - P ( x = 0) - P ( x = 1) - P ( x = 2) - P ( x = 3) ¥ 15 x
- 1
ì 2 0 21 2 2 2 3 ü
-2
=1 - e í + +
æ 19 ö
+ ý = 1 - e -2 ç ÷ = 0.1429
So E[ Y ] = E[ g( Y )] = ò g( X ) g
-¥
X ( x) dx = ò e
-5
5
15 - ( -5)
dx
î 0 ! 2 ! 2 ! 3 ! þ è 3 ø
15
1 é - ù
x
1 1 -3
0
= ê-5 e ú = [ e - e ] = 0.667
5
2 20 ë û -5 5
19. (D) P ( x = 0) = e -2 = 0.135
0!
29. (C) E[ Y ] = E[2 X - 3] = 2 X - 3 = 2( -3) - 3 = -9
20. (B) P {W > W0 } = 1 - P {W £ W0 } = 1 - FW (W0 )
E[ Y 2 ] = E[(2 X - 3) 2 ] = 4 X 2 - 12 X - 9
æ - ö
W0
é 32 ù 5x
-3
= 1 - e ê1 + 3 +
17 -3 lim ç - e - y ÷u( y) =
ú = 1 - 2 e = 0.5768 y ®¥ 4 ç x + 1 ÷ 4( x + 1)
ë 2 û è ø
Average number of weeks per year that number of æ 1 2 5 2 ö
limç 1 + e -5 y - e - y ÷ = 1
murder exceeds the average
y ®¥
è 4 4 ø
¥ w
Thus f X , Y ( x, y) = f X ( x) fY ( y) and X and Y are
= ò 5 e - ( w- y) u( w - y) u( y)2 e -2 ydy = 10 ò e -5w+ 3 ydy, w > 0
-¥ 0 statistically independent.
10
= u( w)[ e -2 w - e -5w ] 2
3 5 æ1ö 2 9
56. (C) s2X = X 2 - X = -ç ÷ =
2 è2 ø 4
¥ ¥
11 11
òòx
2
50. (A) E [( XY ) 2 ] = 2
y 2 f X , Y ( x, y) dx dy s2Y = Y 2 - Y = - (2) =
2
-¥ -¥ 2 2
4 6 2
x y 2 1 1 1æ 1 ö
R XY = XY = C XY + X Y = - + (2) = ç 2 -
= ò ò
y= 0 x = 0
24
dx dy = 64
2 3 2 2è
÷
3ø
C XY -1/2 3 -1 2
æ x 2 + y2 ö
r= = =
-ç
ç 2 ÷
÷ s X sY ( 914 )( 11/2 ) 3 33
¥ ¥ è 2s ø
e
51. (C) E[ g( X , Y ) ] = ò ò(x
2
+ y2 ) dx dy
-¥ -¥ 2 ps2 57. (B) W = ( X + 3Y ) 2 + 2 X + 3
x2 y2 - y2 -x 2
¥
-
2 s2 ¥
-
2 s2 ¥ 2 ¥ 2 = 3 + 2 X + X 2 + 6 XY + 9 Y 2
x2 e e y2 e 2 s e2s
= ò 2 ps2
dx ò
2 ps2
dy + ò 2 ps2
dy ò
2 ps2
dx æ1ö 5 æ 1 öæ
= 3 + 2ç ÷ + + 6ç ÷ç 2 -
1 ö æ 19 ö
÷ + 9ç
-¥ -¥ -¥ -¥ ÷ = 98 - 3
è2 ø 2 è 2 øè 3ø è 2 ø
Both double integral are of the same form. the second
factors equal 1 because they are area of a gaussian
density. The first factor equal s2 because they are
second moment of gaussian density with zero mean and
variance s2 .
Thus E[ g( x, y)]= E[( x 2 + y 2 )]2s2
2
54. (B) s2W = E[(W - W ) 2 ] = E[W 2 - 2W W + W ]
2
= W 2 - W = 49 - 4 = 45
¥ ¥ 3 2
x2 y2 8
55. (B) R XY = ò ò xy
-¥ -¥
f X , Y ( x, y) dxdy = ò ò
0 0
9
dx dy =
3
3 2 2
x y 4
E[ X ] = ò ò dx dy =
0 0
9 3
3 2
x2 y
E[ Y ] = ò ò dx dy = 2
0 0
9
8 æ4ö 8
Since R XY = = E[ X ] E[ Y ] = 2ç ÷ = , we have X and Y
3 è 3ø 3
uncorrelated form
3
xy x
From marginal densities f X ( x) = ò dy = , 0 < x < 2
0 9 2
2
xy 2y
fY ( y) = ò dy = , 0< y<3
0 9 9
xy
we have f X ( x) fY ( y) = , 0 < x < 2 and 0 < y < 3
9
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
7.2
RANDOM PROCESS
X (t)
4. The value of s2X is
t0 A é2 t0 ù t0 A 2 t0
(A) - (B) -
T êë 3 T úû T T
t0 A é2 t0 ù t0 A 2 é2 t0 ù
êë 3 + T úû êë 3 + T úû
0 t
(C) (D)
T T
Fig. P7.2.1-4
2
7. A random process is defined by X ( t) + A where A is The variance of random variable Y = ò X ( t) dt will be
0
continuous random variable uniformly distributed on (A) 1 (B) 2.31
(0,1). The auto correlation function and mean of the (C) 4.54 (D) 0
process is
(A) 1/2 & 1/3 (B) 1/3 & 1/2 13. A random process is defined by X ( t) = A cos( pt)
where A is a gaussian random variable with zero mean
(C) 1 & 1/2 (D) 1/2 & 1
and variance s 2p . The density function of X(0)
x2 x2
Statement for Question 8 - 9 : 1 - -
2 s 2A 2 s 2A
(A) e (B) 2 ps A e
A random process is defined by 2 ps A
Y ( t) = X ( t) cos( w0 t + q) where X ( t) is a wide sense (C) 0 (D) 1
stationary random process that amplitude modulates a
carrier of constant angular frequency w0 with a random Statement for Question 14-15 :
phase q independent of X ( t) and uniformly distributed The two-level semi-random binary process is
on ( -p / p). defined by
8. The E[ Y ( t)] is X ( t) = A or -A
(A) E[ X ( t)] (B) -E[ X ( t)] where ( n - 1) T < t < nt and the levels A and -A
(C) 1 (D) 0 occur with equal probability. T is a positive constant
and n = 0, ± 1, ± 2
9. The autocorrelation function of Y ( t) is
1 14. The mean value E[ X ( t)] is
(A) R XX ( t) cos( w0 t) (B) R XX ( t) cos( w0 t)
2
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4
(C) 2 R XX ( t) cos( w0 t) (D) None of the above
(C) 1 (D) 0
Statement for Question 10 - 11 :
15. The auto correlation R XX ( t1 = 0.5 T, t2 = 0.7 T) will be
Consider a low-pass random process with a
(A) 1 (B) 0
white-noise power spectral density S X ( w) = N/2 as 2
(C) A (D) A 2/2
shown in fig.P7.2.10-11.
16. A random process consists of three samples function
X ( t, s1 ) = 2, X ( t, s2 ) = 2 cos t1 and X ( t, s3) = 3 sin t- each
occurring with equal probability. The process is
(A) First order stationary
(B) Second order stationary
Fig.P7.2.10-11
(C) Wide-sense stationary
10. The auto correlation function R X ( t) is (D) Not stationary in any sense
(A) 2 NB sinc (2pbt) (B) pNB sinc (2pbt)
(C) NB sinc (2pbt) (D) None of the above Statement for Question 17 - 19 :
NB
(C) NB D) D 50
2p
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Random Process GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 7.2
23. Delhi airport has two check-out lanes that develop ìP w <W
r XX ( w) = í
waiting lines if more than two passengers arrives in î0 w >W
any one minute interval. Assume that a poission
where P and W are real positive constants. The
process describes the number of passengers that arrive
rms bandwidth of the power spectrum is
for check-out. The probability of a waiting line if the W W2
(A) (B)
average rate of passengers is 2 per minute, is 2 3
(A) 0.16 (B) 0.29 W W
(C) (D)
(C) 0.32 (D) 0.49 3 2
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30. For a random process R XX ( t) = P cos 4 ( w0 t) where P 37. A random process X ( t) has an autocorrelation
and w0 are constants. The power in process is function R XX ( t) = A 2 + Be -|t| Where A and B are
(A) P (B) 2P constants. A system have an input response
(C) 3P (D) 4P ì e - Wt 0 < t
h( t) = í
î 0 t <0
31. A random process has the power density spectrum
r XX ( w) = 6w2
. The average power in process is where W is a real positive constant, which X ( t) is
[1 + w 2 ] 3
its input. The mean value of the response is
(A) 1/4 (B) 3/8
A A
(C) 5/8 (D) 1/2 (A) (B)
W 2W
2A
32. A deterministic signal A cos( w0 t), where A and w0 (C) (D) 0
W
are real constants is added to a noise process N ( t) for
which r NN ( w) = W2
W2+ w2
and W > 0 is a constant. The ratio 38. In previous question if impulse response of system is
of average signal power to average noise power is
ì e - Wt sin( w0 t) 0 < t
A h( t) = í
(A) 1 (B) î 0 t <0
W
2A A2 where W and w0 are real positive constants, the
(C) (D)
W W
mean value of response is
Aw0 A æ 1 ö
33. The autocorrelation function of a random process (A) (B) çç 2 ÷÷
w + W2
2
0 2 w0è w0 + W2 ø
X ( t) is
2A æ 1 ö A æ 1 ö
(C) çç 2 ÷÷ (D) ç ÷
2 w0 çè w02 2 ÷
2
R XX ( t, t + t) = 12 e Yt cos 2 (24 t) w0 è w0 + W 2 ø +W ø
The R XX ( t) is
2 2 39. A stationary random process X ( t) is applied to the
(A) 6 e -4 t (B) 12 e -4 t
input of a system for which h( t) = 3u( t) t 2 e -8 t . If
-4 t 2
(C) 48 e (D) None of the above E[ X ( t)] = 2, the mean value of the system's response
Y ( t) is
34. If X ( t) and Y ( t) are real random process, the valid
1 1
(A) (B)
power density spectrum f XX ( w) is 128 64
3 1
6 4 e -3|t| (C) 128
(D) 32
(A) (B)
6 + 7 w3 1 + w2
Statement for Question 40-41 :
(C) 3 + jw2 (D) 18d( w)
A random process X ( t) is applied to a network with
35. The cross correlation of jointly wide sense impulse response h( t) = u( t) te - at where a > 0 is a
- Wt
stationary process X ( t) and Y ( t) is R XY ( t) = Au( t) e constant. The cross correlation of X ( t) with the output
where A > 0 and W > 0 are constants. The r XX ( w) is Y ( t) is known to have the same form R XY ( t) = u( t) te - at
A A
(A) (B) 40. The auto correlation of Y ( t) is
W - w2
2
W + w2
2
4 + at - a|t| 1 + at - a|t|
A A (A) e (B) e
(C) (D) 4a 3
3a 2
W + jw W - jw
4 + at - a|t| 1 + at - a|t|
(C) e (D) e
8a2 4 a3
36. A random process X ( t) is applied to a linear time
invariant system. A response Y ( t) = X ( t) - X ( t - t)
41. The average power in Y ( t) is
occurs when t is a real constant. The system's transfer 1 1
(A) (B) 3
function is 4a3 a
(A) 1 - e jwt (B) 2 je - jwt/ 2 sin wt
2 1
(C) 2 je - jwt/ 2 cos wt
(D) 1 + e - jwt (C) (D) None of the above
2 3a 2
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Random Process GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 7.2
4 w2 12 w2 æ T - 2 t0 ö 2t x
Thus FX ( x Î= e) = ç ÷u( x) + 0 , 0 £ x < A
(A) (B) è T ø AT
( 49 + w2 ) 3 ( 49 + w2 ) 4
= 1,A £ x
42 w3
(C) (D) None of the above = 0,x < 0
( 49 + w2 ) 2
By differentiation
44. White noise with power density N0/2 is applied to a æ T - 2 t0 ö 2t
f X ( x Î= e) = ç ÷d( x) + 0 , 0 £ x < A
lowpass network for which H(0) = 2. It has a noise è T ø AT
bandwidth of 2 MHz. If the average output noise power = 0 else where
is 0.1 W in a 1 - W resistor, the value of N0 is f X , e ( x, e) = f X ( x Î= e) fÎ( e)
(A) 12.5 nW/Hz (B) 12.5 mW/Hz æ T - 2 t0 ö 2 T0
=ç 2 ÷d( x) + ,0 £ x < A and 0 < e < T
è T ø AT 2
(C) 25 nW/Hz (D) 25 mW/Hz
¥
¥
æ T - 2t ö
A
46. White noise with power density N0/2 = 6 mW/Hz is 2t x t A
applied to an ideal filter of gain 1 and bandwidth W
= ò-¥ xçè T 0 ÷ød( x) dx + ò0 AT0 dx = 0T
rad/s. If the output's average noise power is 15 watts,
¥ A
2 t0 x 2 2 t0 A 2
the bandwidth W is 3. (C) E[ X 2 ( t)] = òx f X ( x) dx = ò =
2
AT 3T
(A) 2.5 ´ 10 -6 (B) 2.5 p ´ 10 -6 -¥ 0
(C) 5 ´ 10 -6 (D) p5 ´ 10 -6
4. (D) s2X = E[ X 2 ( t)] - { E[ X ( t)]} 2
2 2 t0 A 2 t02 A 2 t0 A 2 é2 t0 ù
47. A system have the transfer function H ( w) = 1 + ( w1/W ) 4 = - = êë 3 - T úû
3T T2 T
where W is a real positive constant. The noise
bandwidth of the system is
5. (A) We know that ( i) if X ( t) has a periodic component
(A) 1
3
pW 2 (B) 1
4
pW 2 then R XX ( t) will have a periodic component with the
(C) 1
pW 2 (D) None of the above -
6
same period. (ii) if E[ X ( t)] = X m 0 and X ( t) is ergodic
2
with no periodic components then lim R XX ( t) = X
|t|®¥
2
Thus we get X = 18 or X= ± 18
************
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
x2
6. (C) X = Constant and R XX ( t) is not a function of t, so 1 -
2
2 sA
13. (A) For t = 0,X(0)= A, So f X ( x) = e
X ( t) is a wide sense stationary. So 1 is false & 3 is true. 2 ps A
PXX = R XX (0) = 36 + 25 = 61.
Thus 2 is false if X ( t) has a periodic component, then A A
14. (D) E[ X ( t)] = AP ( A) + ( - A) P ( - A) = - =0
2 2
R XX( t) will have a periodic component with the same
period. Thus 4 is false.
15. (C) Here R XX ( t1 , t2 )= A 2
1
1 If both t1 and t2 are in the same interval
7. (B) R XX ( t, t + t) = E[ X ( t) X ( t + t)] = E[ A 2 ] = ò a 2 da =
0 3 ( n - 1) T < t, t2 < nT, n = 0, ±, ±2...
1
1 and R XX ( t1 , t2 ) = 0 otherwise
X= E[ X ( t)] = E[ A ] = ò a da =
0 2 Hence R XX (0.5 T, 0.7 T) = A 2
8. (D) E[ Y ( t)} = E[ X ( t) cos( w0 t + q)] 16. (D) Let x1 = 2, x2 = 2 cos t and x3 = 3 sin( t)
X
1 1 1 1
= E X [ X ( t)] ò cos( w0 t + q) dq = 0 Then f X ( x) = d( x - x1 ) + d( x - x2 ) + d( x - x3)
2p 2 3 3
-X
¥
where E X [×] represent expectation with respect to X and E[ X ( t)] =
-¥
ò xf X ( x) dx
only
¥
é1 1 1 ù
9. (B) RYY ( t, t + t)
= ò x êë 3 d( x - x ) + 3 d( x - x ) + 3 d( x - x ) úû
-¥
1 2 2
W æ w ö
sin(Wt)¬¾® rect ç ÷
p è 2W ø 18. (C) R XX (0) = E[ X 2 ( t)] = R XX (0) = 50 = X 2
Here W = 2pB
2
2 pB N 19. (D) s2X = X 2 - X = 50 - 20 = 30
Hence R X ( t) = sin (2pBt) = NB sinc (2pBt)
p 2
20. Here X = 0, Y = 0, R XX (0) = 5, sY2 = RYY (0) = 10
11. (C) PX = X = R X (0) = NB since sinc (0) = 1
2
¥ ¥
A So W = 2.5 p ´ 106
E[ Y ( t)] = A ò h( x)dx = A ò e - Wt dt =
-¥ 0 W
¥
ò H( w)
2
dw
38. (A) X = A 47. (B) Noise bandwidth Wn = 0
2
¥ ¥
Aw H (0)
E[ Y ( t)] = Y = X ò h( t) dt = A ò e - Wt
sin( w0 t) dt = 2 0 2
-¥ w0 + W ¥ ¥
dw pW
Wn = ò H ( w) dwsince H(0) = 1 = ò
0 2
=
0 0 1 + ( w /W ) 4
2 2
¥ ¥
3
39. (C)Y = X ò h( t) dt = 2 ò 3t e dt = 2 -8 t
-¥ 0 128
¥
*********
40. (D) RYY ( t)= òR
-¥
XY ( t + x)h( x) dx
¥
= e - at ò u( x)u( x + t)( tx + x ) e
-2 ax
2
dx
-¥
1
41. (B) Power in y( t) = RYY (0) =
4a3
¥ ¥
1 3 dw 3
42. (D) PXX = ò r XX ( w) dw = 2 p -¥ò 49 + w2 = 14
2p -¥
2
43. (B)h2 = 49 t) t 2 e -7t ¬¾
F
® = H 2 ( w)
(7 + jw) 3
2 12 w2
sYY ( w) = s XX ( w) = H1 ( w) H 2 ( w) =
( 49 + w2 ) 4
2
N0 H (0) Wn
44. (A) PYY = = 0.1
2p
2 p(0.1) 2 p(0.1)
So N0 = =
H (0) Wn
2
(2) 2 2 p ´ 2 ´ 106
¥
1
ò
2
45. (A) PYY = r XX ( w) H ( w) dw
2 p -¥
w2
-
4 w2 4 2 (u)
1 50 - 8 (8 ) dw 200 e
= ò
2p 4 8p
e =
p ò
4 2 p( 4)
200 200
= [ F (2) - F ( -2)] = [2 F (2) - 1)] = 60.8
p p
¥
1
ò r XX ( w) H( w) dw
2
46. (B) PYY =
2 p -¥
6 ´ 10 -6 W 6 ´ 10 -6 W
W
1
2 p -òW
-6
= 6 ´ 10 d w = = = 15
p p
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
7.3
NOISE
1. The power spectral density of a bandpass white noise 5. A mixer stage has a noise figure of 20 dB. This mixer
n( t) is N / 2 as shown in fig.P.7.3.1. the value of n is
2
stage is preceded by an amplifier which has a noise
figure of 9 dB and an available power gain of 15 dB.
The overall noise figure referred to the input is
(A) 11.07 B) 18.23
(C) 56.48 (D) 97.38
Fig. P7.3.1
6. A system has three stage cascaded amplifier each
(A) NB (B 2 NB stage having a power gain of 10 dB and noise figure of 6
NB dB. the overall noise figure is
(C) 2pNB (D)
p (A) 1.38 (B) 6.8
(C) 4.33 (D) 10.43
2. In a receiver the input signal is 100 mV, while the
internal noise at the input is 10 mV. With amplification 7. A signal process m( t) is mixed with a channel noise
the output signal is 2 V, while the output noise is 0.4 V. n( t). The power spectral density are as follows
The noise figure of receiver is
6
(A) 2 (B) 0.5 Sm ( w) = , Sn ( w) = 6
9 + w2
(C) 0.2 (D) None of the above
The optimum Wiener-Hopf filter is
w2 + 9 1
3. A receiver is operated at a temperature of 300 K. The (A) 2 (B)
w + 10 w + 10
2
transistor used in the receiver have an average output
w2 + 10
resistance of 1 kW. The Johnson noise voltage for a (C) (D) None of the above
w2 + 9
receiver with a bandwidth of 200 kHz is
(A) 1.8 mV (B) 8.4 mV Statement for Question 8-9
(C) 4.3 mV (D) 12.6 mV
A sonar echo system on a sub marine transmits a
random noise n( t) to determine the distance to another
4. A resistor R = 1 kW is maintained at 17 o C. The rms
targeted submarine. Distance R is given by vt R / 2
noise voltage generated in a bandwidth of 10 kHz is
where v is the speed of the sound wave in water and t R
(A) 16 ´ 10 -14 V (B) 0.4 m V
is the time it takes the reflected version of n( t) to
(C) 4 m V (D) 16 ´ 10 -18 V
return. Assume that n( t) is a sample function of an
ergodic random process N ( t) and T is very large.
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
(C) R NN ( t R - t T ) (D) 1
R NN ( t R - t T ) (C) 7 dB (D) 9 dB
2
9. What value of the delay t T will cause v to be 15. If a matched attenuator with a loss of 3.2 dB is
10. Two resistor with resistance R1 and R2 are (A) 9 dB (B) 10.4 dB
connected in parallel and have Physical temperatures (C) 11.3 dB (D) 13.3 dB
T1 and T2 respectively. The effective noise temperature
16. In previous question what is the standard spot noise
Ts of an equivalent resistor is
figure of the cascade ?
T1 R1 + T2 R2 T1 R1 + T2 R1
(A) (B)
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 (A) 10.3 dB (B) 12.2 dB
(C) 14.9 dB (D) 17.6 dB
T1 T2 ( R1 + R2 ) 2 ( T1 + T2 ) R1 R2
(C) (D)
( T1 + T2 ) R1 R2 T1 + T2 ( R1 + R2 ) 2 17. Omega Electronics sells a microwave receiver (A)
having an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when
Statement for Question 11-12 : driven by a source with effective noise temperature 130
An amplifier has a standard spot noise figure K Digilink (B) sells a receiver with a standard spot
F0 = 6.31 (8.0 dB). The amplifier, that is used to amplify noise figure of 6 dB. Microtronics (C) sells a receiver
the output of an antenna have antenna temperature of with standard spot noise figure of 8 dB when driven by
13. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 200 K 18. The available power gain of the second stage is
(first stage), Te 2 = 450 K, and Te 3 = 1000K (last stage). If (A) 12 (B) 14
the available power gain of the second stage is 5, what (C) 16 (D) 18
gain must the first stage have to guarantee an effective
input noise temperature of 250 K ? 19. The cascade's standard spot noise figure is
Statement for Question 14-16 20. What is the cascade's operating spot noise figure
An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of when used with a source of noise temperature Ts = 50 K
10 dB when driven by a source of effective noise (A) 1.34 dB (B) 3.96 dB
temperature 225 K. (C) 6.81 dB (D) None of the above.
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Noise GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 7.3
21. Three network are cascaded. Available power gains elements that can be modeled as an impedance
are G1 = 8, G2 = 6 and G3 = 20. Respective input effective matched attenuator with an overall loss of 2.4 dB and a
spot noise temperature are Te1 = 40 K, Te 2 = 100 K and physical temperatures of 275 K. The overall system
Te 3 = 180 K. noise temperature of the receiver T sys = 820 K.
(A) 58.33 K (B) 69.41 K
26. The average effective input noise temperature of the
(C) 83.90 K (D) 98.39 K
receiver is
22. Three identical amplifier, each having a spot (A) 420.5 K (B) 320.5 K
effective input noise temperature of 125 K and available (C) 220.5 K (D) 10.5 K
power G are cascaded. The overall spot effective input
noise temperature of the cascade is 155 K. The G is 27. The average operating noise figure of the
(A) 3 (B) 5 attenuator-receiver cascade is
(C) 7 (D) 9 (A) 13.67 d (B) 11.4 dB
(C) 1.4 dB (D) 1.367 dB
23. Three amplifier that may be connected in any order
in a cascade are defined as follows: 28. If receiver has an available power gain of 110 dB
and a noise bandwidth of 10 MHz, the available output
Effective Input Noise Available Power
Amplifier noise power of receiver is
Temperature Gain
(A) 6.5 mW (B) 8.9 mW
A 110 K 4
(C) 10.3 mV (D) 11.4 mV
B 120 K 6
29. If antenna attenuator cascade is considered as a
C 150 K 12
noise source, its average effective noise temperature is
(A) 63 K (B) 149 K
The sequence of connection that will give the
(C) 263 K (D) 249 K
lowest overall effective input noise temperature for the
cascade is
Statement for question 30-32 :
(A) ABC (B) CBA
An amplifier when used with a source of average
(C) ACB (D) BAC
noise temperature 60 K, has an average operating noise
24. What is the maximum average effective input noise figure of 5.
temperature that an amplifier can have if its average
30. The T e is
standard noise figure is to not exceed 1.7 ?
(A) 70 K (B) 110 K
(A) 203 K (B) 215 K
(C) 235 K (D) 255 K (C) 149 K (D) 240 K
25. An amplifier has an average standard noise figure 31. If the amplifier is sold to engineering public, the
of 2.0 dB and an average operating noise figure of 6.5 noise figure that would be quoted in a catalog is
dB when used with a source of average effective source (A) 0.46 (B) 0.94
temperature Ts . The Ts is (C) 1.83 (D) 2.93
(A) 156.32 K (B) 100.81 K
32. What average operating noise figure results when
(C) 48.93 K (D) None of the above
the amplifier is used with an antenna of temperature
Statement for Question 30 K ?
38. A system have an impulse response 43. White noise with power density N0/2 is applied to a
ìe - Wt
e<t low pass network for which H(0) = 2. It has a noise
h=í
î 0 t <0 bandwidth of 2 MHz. If the average output noise power
is 8.1 W in a 1 W resistor, the N0 is
where W is a real positive constant. White noise
with power density 5w/Hz is applied to this system. The (A) 6.25 ´ 108 W/Hz (B) 6.25 ´ 10 -8 W/Hz
mean-squared value of response is . ´ 108 W/Hz
(C) 125 . ´ 10 -8 W/Hz
(D) 125
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Noise GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 7.3
44. The amplifier's input effective noise temperature Te 3. (A) vn2 = 4kTBR
is = 4 ´ 1.38 ´ 10 -23 ´ 300 ´ 200 ´ 10 3 ´ 10 3 = 3.3 ´ 10 -12
(A) 812 K (B) 600 K vnrms = 1.8m V
(C) 421 K (D) 321 K
4. (B) vn2 = 4kTBR, T = (273 + 17) K = 290 K,
45. Its operating spot noise figure Fop is
R = 1000W, B = 10 Hz, k = 1.38 ´ 10 -23 J/K
4
6
Sm ( w) 1
7. (B) H op ( w) = = 9+ w 2
=
Sm ( w) + Sm ( w) 6
9+ w 2
+6 10 + w2
T
1
8. (C) V =
2T -T
ò n( t - t T )n( t - t R ) dt
Since N ( t) is ergodic, V » R NN ( t R - t T )
For B: Fo = 398
. (or 6 dB) when Ts = 290 K
Te T sys - Ta 820 - 60
TeB = 290( 398
. - 1) = 364.2 K 27. (B) F op = 1 + =1 + =1 +
Ts Ts 60
For C: Fo = 6.3(or 8 dB) when Ts = 190 K
= 13.67 or 11.4 dB
TeC = 190( 6.3 - 1) = 1007 K, (B) is better as TeB is less.
28. (A) Here GR ( w0 ) = 1011 (or 110 dB)
Te1 Te 3
18. (A) Te = Te1 + + and WPV = 2 p(10 7) Hz
G1 G1 G2
kT sys GR ( w)Wn 1.38(10 -23)( 820)(1011 )(10 7)
Te 3 600 N clo = =
G2 = = = 12 2 pL 1738
.
G1 ( Te - Te1 - ) 10(190 - 150 -
Te 2 350
) -5
G1 10
= 651110
. or 6.51 mW
19. (B) F0 = 1 +
Te
=1 +
190
= 1.655 or 2.19 dB dw dw
29. (C) dN ao = k[ Ta + TL ( L - 1)] = kTs
T0 290 2p 2p
Thus Ts = Ta + TL ( L - 1)
T 190
20. (C) Fop = 1 + e = 1 + = 4.8 or 6.81 dB = 60 + 275(1738
. - 1) = 263 K
Ts 50
CHAPTER
7.4
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
12. In a DSB-SC system with 100% modulation, the Which of the following frequencies will NOT be present
power saving is in the modulated signal?
(A) 50% (B) 66% (A) 990 KHz (B) 1010 KHz
(C) 75% (D) 100% (C) 1020 KHz (D) 1030 KHz
13. A 10 kW carrier is sinusoidally modulated by two 20. For an AM signal, the bandwidth is 10 kHz and the
carriers corresponding to a modulation index of 30% highest frequency component present is 705 kHz. The
and 40% respectively. The total radiated power(is carrier frequency used for this AM signal is
(A) 695 kHz (B) 700 kHz
(A) 11.25 kW (B) 12.5 kW
(C) 705 kHz (D) 710 kHz
(C) 15 kW (D) 17 kW
21. A message signal m( t) = sinc t + sinc 2 ( t) modulates
14. In amplitude modulation, the modulation envelope
the carrier signal ( t) = A cos 2pfc t. The bandwidth of the
has a peak value which is double the unmodulated carrier
modulated signal is
value. What is the value of the modulation index ? 1
(A) 2 fc (B) 2
fc
(A) 25% (B) 50% 1
(C) 2 (D)
(C) 75% (D) 100% 4
17. An AM signal is detected using an envelop detector. shown in figure. It is to be transmitted from a source to
The carrier frequency and modulating signal frequency destination. It is known that the signal is normalized,
are 1 MHz and 2 kHz respectively. An appropriate value meaning that -1 £ m( t) £ 1
for the time constant of the envelope detector is. M( f)
25. If an AM modulation scheme with a = 0.8 is used, x(t) Square- Law y(t)
m(t) S Filter AM Signal
the bandwidth of the modulated signal is. Device
Fig.P7.4.32
(C) 0.5 (D) 3.0
(A) 51 % (B) 11.8 %
(C) 5.1 % (D) None of the above
29. A non-linear device with a transfer characteristic
given by i = (10 + 2 vi + 0.2 vi2 ) mA is supplied with a Statement for Question 33-36
carrier of 1 V amplitude and a sinusoidal signal of 0.5 V
The figure 6.54-57 shows the positive portion of
amplitude in series. If at the output the frequency
component of AM signal is considered, the depth of the envelope of the output of an AM modulator. The
modulation is message signal is a waveform having zero DC value.
m(t)
(A) 18 % (B) 10 %
45
(C) 20 % (D) 33.33 %
30
15
Statement for Question 30-31
t
Consider the system shown in figP7.4.30-31. The Fig.P7.4.33-36
modulating signal m( t) has zero mean and its maximum
33. The modulation index is
(absolute) value is Am = max m( t) . It has bandwidth Wm .
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.6
The nonlinear device has a input-output characteristic
(C) 0.4 (D) 0.8
y( t) = ax( t) + bx 2 ( t).
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Amplitude Modulation GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 7.4
34. The modulation efficiency is 41. The lower sideband of the SSB AM signal is
(A) 8.3 % (B) 14.28 % (A) -100 cos(2 p( fc - 1000) t) + 200 sin(2 p( fc - 1000) t)
(C) 7.69 % (D) None of the above
(B) -100 cos(2 p( fc - 1000) t) - 200 sin(2 p( fc - 1000) t)
35. The carrier power is (C) 100 cos(2 p( fc - 1000) t) - 200 sin(2 p( fc - 1000) t)
(A) 60 W (B) 450 W
(D) 100 cos(2 p( fc - 1000) t) + 200 sin(2 p( fc - 1000) t)
(C) 30 W (D) 900 W
Statement for Question 42-43
36. The power in sidebands is
(A) 85 W (B) 42.5 W Consider the system shown in figure 6.69-70. The
average value of m( t) is zero and maximum value of
(C) 56 W (D) 37.5 W
m( t) is M. The square-law device is defined by
37. In a broadcast transmitter, the RF output is y( t) = 4 x( t) + 10 x( t).
represented as
x(t) Square- Law y(t)
e( t) = 50[1 + 0.89 cos 5000 t + 0.30 sin 9000 t ]cos( 6 ´ 106 t)V m(t) S Filter AM Signal
Device
The carrier power is 100 W and the efficiency is 44. A super heterodyne receiver is designed to receive
40%. The value of A and B are transmitted signals between 5 and 10 MHz. High-side
tuning is to be used. The tuning range of the local
(A) 14.14, 8.16 (B) 50, 10
oscillator for IF frequency 500 kHz would be
(C) 22.36, 13.46 (D) None of the above
(A) 4.5 MHz - 9.5 MHz
Statement for Question 40-41
(B) 5.5 MHz - 10.5 MHz
A single side band signal is generated by
modulating signal of 900-kHz carrier by the signal (C) 4.5 MHz - 10.5 MHz
m( t) = cos 200 pt + 2 sin 2000 pt. The amplitude of the (D) None of the above
carrier is Ac = 100.
45. A super heterodyne receiver uses an IF frequency of
$ ( t) is
40. The signal m
455 kHz. The receiver is tuned to a transmitter having
(A) - sin(2 p1000 t) - 2 cos(2000 pt)
a carrier frequency of 2400 kHz. High-side tuning is to
(B) - sin(2 p1000 t) + 2 cos(2000 pt) be used. The image frequency will be
(C) sin(2 p1000 t) + 2 cos(1000 t) (A) 2855 kHz (B) 3310 kHz
(D) sin(2 p1000 t) - 2 cos(2 p1000 t) (C) 1845 kHz (D) 1490 kHz
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
1 5
Fig.P7.4.49
3 4
The output y( t) will be
sin 2pt
(A)
t
2 6
sin 2 pt sin pt
Fig.P7.4.46 (B) + cos 3pt
t t
(A) 400 Hz, 1.0 MHz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz sin 2 pt sin 0.5 pt
(C) + . pt
cos 15
(B) 400 Hz, 1000.4 kHz, 999.6 kHz t t
(C) R = 3, I = 1600 (D) R = 9.0, I = 1150 51. Let x( t) be a signal band-limited to 1 kHz.
Amplitude modulation is performed to produce signal
48. Consider a system shown in Figure . Let X ( f ) and
g( t) = x( t) sin 2000pt. A proposed demodulation
Y ( f ) denote the Fourier transforms of x( t) and y( t)
technique is illustrated in figure 6.83. The ideal low
respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff frequency 10
pass filter has cutoff frequency 1 kHz and pass band
kHz. The positive frequencies where Y ( f ) has spectral
gain 2. The y( t) would be
peaks are
(A) 2 y( t) (B) y( t)
Balanced HPF Balanced
x(t) y(t) 1
Modulator 10 kHz Modulator (C) 2
y( t) (D) 0
x AM ( t) = 10(1 + 0.5 sin 2 pfm t) cos 2 pfc t. 3. (A) Psb = Pt - Pc = 204 - 200 = 4 W
55. The AM signal gets added to a noise with Power This is the form of a conventional AM signal with
Spectra Density Sn ( f ) given in the figure below. The message signal
ration of average sideband power to mean noise power 1 1
m( t) = cos(2 p1500 t) + cos(2 p3000 t)
would be 10 2
25 25 1 1
(A) (B) = cos 2 (2 p1500 t) + cos(2 p1500 t) -
8 N0 B 4 N0 B 10 2
1 1
25 25 The minimum of g( z) = z 2 + z- is achieved for
(C) (D) 10 2
2 N0 B N0 B
1 201 1
z =- and it is min( g( z)) = - . Since z = - is in
20 400 20
Statement for Question 56-57
the range of cos (2 p1500 t), we conclude that the
A certain communication channel is characterized 201
minimum value of m( t) is - . Hence, the modulation
by 80 dB attenuation and noise power-spectral density 400
of 10 -10 W/Hz. The transmitter power is 40 kW and the 201
index is a = -
message signal has a bandwidth of 10 kHz. 400
56. In the case of conventional AM modulation, the 5. (B) x( t) = 20 cos(2 pfc t) + cos(2 p( fc - 1500) t)
predetecion SNR is + cos(2 p( fc - 1500) t)
(A) 108 (B) 2 ´ 108 = 5 cos(2 p( fc 3000) t) + 5 cos(2 p( fc + 3000) t)
(C) 10 2 (D) 2 ´ 10 2 The power in the sidebands is
1 1 25 25
57. In case of SSB, the predetecion SNR is Psidebands = + + + = 26
2 2 2 2
(A) 2 ´ 10 2 (B) 4 ´ 10 2
The total power is Ptotal = Pcarrier + Psidebands = 200 + 26 = 226
(C) 2 ´ 10 3 (D) 4 ´ 10 3 The ratio of the sidebands power to the total power is
Psidebands 26
=
Ptotal 226
************* æ a2 ö æ 0.9 2 ö
6. (B) Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷÷ = 2000çç 1 + ÷ = 2810 W
è 2 ø è 2 ÷ø
æ a2 ö æ 0.8 2 ö
7. (A) Pt = Pc çç 1 + ÷ or 50 ´ 10 3 = Pc çç 1 + ÷
è 2 ÷ø è 2 ÷ø
Ac2 é a 2 m( t) ù
1 1 2
æ a 2 ö2 æ a 2 ö2 18. (A) Pt = ê1 + ú
8. (A) I t = I c çç 1 + ÷÷ or 20 = 18çç 1 + ÷ or a = 0.68
è 2 ø è 2 ÷ø 2 ê
ë
2 úû
16. (A) fm = 10 kHz, R = 1000 W, C = 10000 pF = 100 cos(2 p1000 t) cos(2 pfc t) + 200 cos(2 p2000 t) cos(2 pfc t)
100
Hence 2pfm RC = 2 p ´ 10 4 ´ 10 3 ´ 10 -8 = 0.628 = [cos(2 p( fc + 1000) t) + cos(2 p( fc - 1000) t)]
1
2
-
a max = (1 + (0.628) 2 ) 2
= 0.847 200
+ [cos(2 p( fc + 2000) t) + cos(2 p( fc - 2000) t)]
2
1 1 Thus, the upper sideband (USB) signal is
17. (B) £ RC £ , Here fc = 1 MHz
fc BWm
xu ( t) = 50 cos[2 p( fc + 1000) t ] + 100(2 p( fc + 2000) t)
Signal Bandwidth BWm = 2 fm = 2 ´ 2 ´ 10 3 = 4 kHz
1 1 23. (B) When USSB is employed the bandwidth of the
Thus £ RC £ or 10 -6 £ RC £ 250 ms
106 4 ´ 10 3 modulated signal is the same with the bandwidth of the
Thus appropriate value is 20 m sec message signal. Hence WUSSB = W = 10 4 Hz
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
37. (B) Sidebands are ( 6 ´ 106 ± 5000) and 43. (C) The filter characteristic is shown in fig.S7.4.43
( 6 ´ 10 ± 9000)
6
H(f )
=
1
[sin( 402 pt) + sin(2 pt) - {sin( 398 pt) - sin(2 pt)} 55. (D) Noise power = Area rendered by the spectrum
2 = N0 B
+ sin( 399pt) - sin( pt)] Ratio of average sideband power to mean noise
After filtering 6.25 25
Power = =
N0 B 4 N0 B
sin(2 pt) + sin(2 pt) - sin( pt)
y( t) =
2t
56. (C) Since the channel attenuation is 80 db, then
sin(2 pt) + 2 sin(0.5 t) cos(15
. pt)
= P
2t 10 log T = 80
PR
sin 2 pt sin 0.5 pt
= + cos 15. pt
2t t or PR = 10 -8 PT = 10 -8 ´ 40 ´ 10 3 = 4 ´ 10 -4 Watts
If the noise limiting filter has bandwidth B, then the
50. (D) The total signal bandwidth = 5 ´ 12 = 60 kHz pre-detection noise power is
There would be 11 guard band between 12 signal. So fc +
B
2
N0
guard band width = 11 kHz Pn = 2 ò B 2
df = N 0 B = 2 ´ 10 -10 B Watts
Total band width = 60 + 11 = 71 kHz fc -
2
CHAPTER
7.6
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
X( jw) Y( jw)
t
-2´10-3 -10-3 10-3 2´10-3
w w Fig.P7.6.6-7
Fig.P7.6.1-5 6. x( t) would be recovered form the product. x( t) c( t) by
1. x( t) using an ideal LPF if X ( jw) = 0 for
(A) 100 kHz (B) 200 kHz (A) w > 2000 p (B) w > 1000 p
(C) w < 1000 p (D) w < 2000 p
(C) 300 kHz (D) 50 kHz
5. x( t) y( t)
(A) 250 kHz (B) 500 kHz t
-2T -T 0 T 2T
(A) 5 ´ 10 -3 sec (B) 5 ´ 10 -4 sec 15. A CD record audio signals digitally using PCM. The
-5
(C) 5 ´ 10 sec -6
(D) 5 ´ 10 sec audio signal bandwidth is 15 kHz. The Nyquist samples
are quantized into 32678 levels and then binary coded.
9. A compact disc recording system samples a signals The minimum number of binary digits required to
with a 16-bit analog-to-digital convertor at 44.1 kbits/s. encode the audio signal
The CD can record an hours worth of music. The (A) 450 k bits/sec (B) 900 k bits/sec
approximate capacity of CD is (C) 980 340 k bits/sec (D) 490 170, k bits/sec
(A) 705.6 M Bytes (B) 317.5 M Bytes
(C) 2.54 M Bytes (D) 5.43 M Bytes 16. The American Standard Code for Information
Interchange has 128 characters, which are binary
10. An analog signal is sampled at 36 kHz and coded. If a certain computer generates 1,000,000
quantized into 256 levels. The time duration of a bit of character per second, the minimum bandwidth required
the binary coded signal is to transmit this signal will be
(A) 5.78 ms (B) 3.47 ms (A) 1.4 M bits/sec (B) 14 M bits/sec
(C) 6.43 ms (D) 7.86 ms (C) 7 M bits/sec (D) 0.7 M bits/sec
11. An analog signal is quantized and transmitted using 17. A binary channel with capacity 36 k bits/sec is
a PCM system. The tolerable error in sample amplitude available for PCM voic transmission. If signal is band
is 0.5% of the peak-to-peak full scale value. The limited to 3.2 kHz, then the appropriate values of
minimum binary digits required to encode a sample is quantizing level L and the sampling frequency will be
(A) 5 (B) 6 (A) 32, 3.6 kHz (B) 64, 7.2 kHz
(C) 7 (D) 8 (C) 64, 3.6 kHz (D) 32, 7.2 kHz
Statement for Question 12-13. 18. Fig.P7.4.18 shows a PCM signals in which
amplitude level of + 1 volt and - 1 volt are used to
Ten telemetry signals, each of bandwidth 2kHz,
represent binary symbol 1 and 0 respectively. The code
are to be transmitted simultaneously by binary PCM.
word used consists of three bits. The sampled version of
The maximum tolerable error in sample amplitudes is
analog signal from which this PCM signal is derived is
0.2% of the peak signal amplitude. The signals must be
sampled at least 20% above the Nyquist rate. Framing
and synchronizing requires an additional 1% extra bits.
Fig.P7.4.18
12. The minimum possible data rate must be
(A) 272.64 k bits/sec (B) 436.32 k bits/sec (A) 4 5 1 2 1 3 (B) 8 4 3 1 2
(C) 936.32 k bits/sec (D) None of the above (C) 6 4 3 1 7 (D) 1 2 3 4 5
13. The minimum transmission bandwidth is 19. A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by
(A) 218.16 kHz (B) 468.32 kHz a 8-bit encoder. The bit rate of the system is equal to 108
(C) 136.32 kHz (D) None of the above bits/s. The maximum message bandwidth for which the
system operates satisfactorily is
14. A Television signal is sampled at a rate of 20% (A) 25 MHz (B) 6.25 MHz
above the Nyquist rate. The signal has a bandwidth of 6
(C) 12.5 MHz (D) 50 MHz
MHz. The samples are quantized into 1024 levels. The
minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal 20. Twenty-four voice signals are sampled uniformly at
would be a rate of 8 kHz and then time-division multiplexed. The
(A) 72 M bits/sec (B) 144 M bits/sec sampling process uses flat-top samples with 1 ms
(C) 72 k bits/sec (D) 144 k bits/sec duration. The multiplexing operating includes provision
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UNIT 7 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Communication System
for synchronization by adding and extra pulse of 1 ms quantized into 256 level using a m-low quantizer with
duration. The spacing between successive pulses of the m = 225.
multiplexed signal is
26. The signal-to-quantization-noise ratio is
(A) 4 ms (B) 6 ms
(A) 34.91 dB (B) 38.06 dB
(C) 7.2 ms (D) 8.4 ms
(C) 42.05 dB (D) 48.76 dB
21. A linear delta modulator is designed to operate on
27. It was found that a sampling rate 20% above the
speech signals limited to 3.4 kHz. The sampling rate is
rate wou7ld be adequate. So the maximum SNR, that
10 time the Nyquist rate of the speech signal. The step
can be realized without increasing the transmission
size d is 100 m V. The modulator is tested with a this
bandwidth, would be
test signal required to avoid slope overload is
(A) 60.4 dB (B) 70.3 dB
(A) 2.04 V (B) 1.08 V
(C) 50.1 dB (D) None of the above
(C) 4.08 V (D) 2.16 V
28. For a PCM signal the compression parameter
Statement fo Question 22-23 :
m = 100 and the minimum signal to quantization-noise
Consider a linear DM system designed to ratio is 50 dB. The number of bits per sample would be.
accommodate analog message signals limited to bandwidth (A) 8 (B) 10
of 3.5 kHz. A sinusoidal test signals of amplitude Amax = 1
(C) 12 (D) 14
V and frequency fm = 800 Hz is applied to system. The
sampling rate of the system is 64 kHz. 29. A sinusoid massage signal m( t) is transmitted by
binary PCM without compression. If the signal
22. The minimum value of the step size to avoid to-quantization-noise ratio is required to be at least 48
overload is dB, the minimum number of bits per sample will be
(A) 240 mV (B) 120 mV (A) 8 (B) 10
(C) 670 mV (D) 78.5 mV (C) 12 (D) 14
23. The granular-noise power would be 30. A speech signal has a total duration of 20 sec. It is
(A) 1.68 ´ 10 -3 W (B) 2.86 ´ 10 -4 W sampled at the rate of 8 kHz and then PCM encoded.
-3 -4
(C) 2.48 ´ 10 W . ´ 10
(D) 112 W The signal-to-quantization noise ratio is required to be
40 dB. The minimum storage capacity needed to
24. The SNR will be accommodate this signal is
(A) 298 (B) 1.75´10 -3 (A) 1.12 KBytes (B) 140 KBytes
(C) 4.46 ´ 10 3
(D) 201 (C) 168 KBytes (D) None of the above
25. The output signal-to-quantization-noise ratio of a 10-bit 31. The input to a linear delta modulator having fa
PCM was found to be 30 dB. The desired SNR is 42 dB. It step-size D = 0.628 is a sine wave with frequency fm and
can be increased by increasing the number of quantization peak amplitude Em . If the sampling frequency fs = 40
level.In this way the fractional increase in the transmission kHz, the combination of the sinc-wave frequency and
bandwidth would be (assume log 2 10 = 0.3) the peak amplitude, where slope overload will take
(A) 20% (B) 30% piace is
(C) 40% (D) 50% Em fm
(A) 0.3 V 8 kHz
Statement for Question 26-27. (B) 1.5 V 4 kHz
32. A sinusoidal signal with peak-to-peak amplitude of 38. Four signals g1 ( t), g 2 ( t), g s ( t) and g 4 ( t) are to be
1.536 V is quantized into 128 levels using a mid-rise multiplexed and transmitted. g1 ( t) and g 4 ( t) have a
uniform quantizer. The quantization-noise power is bandwidth of 4 kHz, and the remaining two signals
-6 have bandwidth of 8 kHz,. Each sample requires 8 bit
(A) 0.768 V (B) 48 ´ 10 V 2
sampled at the Nyquist rate, time division multiplexed 50. A speech signal occupying the bandwidth of 300 Hz
and transmitted. The transmitted sample rate, in Hz, to 3 kHz is converted into PCM format for use in digital
is given by communication. If the sampling frequency is8 kHz and
(A) 200 (B) 400 each sample is quantized into 256 levels, then the
(C) 800 (D) 1600 output bit the rate will be
(A) 3 kb/s (B) 8 kb/s
44. The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal (C) 64 kb/s (D) 256 kb/s
g( t) = 10 cos(50 pt) cos 2 (150 pt). Where ' t ' is in seconds, is
(A) 150 samples per second 51. If the number of bits in a PCM system is increased
(B) 200 samples per second from n to n + 1, the signal-to-quantization noise ratio
45. A TDM link has 20 signal channels and each (C) 2 (D) 4
channel is sampled 8000 times/sec. Each sample is
52. In PCM system, if the quantization levels are
represented by seven binary bits and contains an
increased form 2 to 8, the relative bandwidth
additional bit for synchronization. The total bit rate for
requirement will.
the TDM link is
(A) remain same (B) be doubled
(A) 1180 K bits/sec (B) 1280 K bits/sec
(C) be tripled (D) become four times
(C) 1180 M bits/sec (D) 1280 M bits/sec
53. Assuming that the signal is quantized to satisfy the
46. In a CD player, the sampling rate is 44.1 kHz and
condition of previous question and assuming the
the samples are quantized using a 16-bit/sample
approximate bandwidth of the signal is W. The
quantizer. The resulting number of bits for a piece of
minimum required bandwidth for transmission of a
music with a duration of 50 minutes is
binary PCM signal based on this quantization scheme
(A) 1.39 ´ 10 9 (B) 4.23 ´ 10 9
will be.
(C) 8.46 ´ 10 9 (D) 12.23 ´ 10 9
(A) 5 W (B) 10 W
47. Four voice signals. each limited to 4 kHz and (C) 20 W (D) None of the above
sampled at Nyquist rate are converted into binary PCM
signal using 256 quantization levels. The bit
transmission rate for the time-division multiplexed
signal will be ************
(A) 8 kbps (B) 64 kbps
(C) 256 kbps (D) 512 kbps
So 0.5 2 mp 1536
.
24. (C) = = 4.46 ´ 10 3 32. (C) Step size d= = = 0.012 V
. ´ 10 -4
N o 112 L 128
quantization noise power
S æ S ö d2 (0.012) 2
25. (A) o µ L2 , L = 2 n çç o ÷÷ = 10 log( C2 2 n ) = = = 12 ´ 10 -6 V 2
No è N o ødB 12 12
= log C + 20 n log 2 = a + 6 n dB. This equation shows
33. (B) Bit Rate = 8 k ´ 8 = 64 kbps
that increasing n by one bits increase the by 6 dB.
(SNR) q = 176
. + 6.02 n dB = 176
. + 6.02 ´ 8 = 49.8 dB
Hence an increase in the SNR by 12 dB can be
accomplished by increasing 9is form 10 to 12, the 1800
34. (B) fs = 1800 samples/sec, fm = = 900 Hz
transmission bandwidth would be increased by 20% 2
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Since the sampling rate is 1800 samples/sec the highest æ 1 + cos 300 pt ö
44. (D) g( t) = 10 cos 50 ptç ÷
frequency that can be recovered is 900 Hz. è 2 ø
= 5 cos 50 pt + 5 cos 50 pt cos 300 pt
35. (C) x( t) = sinc 700t + sinc 500t The maximum frequency component will be
1
= [sin 700 pt + sin 500 pt ] 150 + 25 = 175 Hz.
pt
Thus fs = 2 ´ 175 = 350
. sample per second.
x( t) is band limited with fm = 350 Hz, Thus Nyquist
1
rate is 2 fm = 700 Hz, Sampling interval = sec 45. (B) Total sample = 8000 ´ 20 = 160 k sample/sec
700
Bit for each sample = 7 + 1 = 8
1 1 Bit Rate = 160 k ´ 8 = 1280 ´ 10 3 bits/sec
36. (D) fs = = = 20 kHz, fc = 12 kHz
T 50 ´ 10 -6
46. (B) The sampling rate is fs = 44100 meaning that we
The frequency passed through LPF are fc , fs - fm or 12
take 44100 samples per second. Each sample is
kHz, 8 kHz
quantized using 16 bits so the total number of bits per
( SNR)1 2 2n 2
second is 44100´16. For a music piece of duration 50
37. (C) P = = , Here n = code word length,
(SNR)2 2 2 n 1 min = 3000- sec the resulting number of bits per
216
channel (left and right) is 44100 ´ 16 ´ 3000
n1 = 61 n2 = 8, Thus rate = = 16
212 = 2.1168 ´ 10 9
and the overall number of bits is
2.1168 ´ 10 ´ 2 = 4.2336 ´ 10 9
9
43. (D) Signal will be sampled 200, 200, 400 and 800
sample/sec thus 1600 sample per second, ***********
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CHAPTER
7.8
SPREAD SPECTRUM
12. In previous question if processing gain is changed to 19. A DS/BPSK spread spectrum signal has a
500, then number of users will be processing gain of 500. If the desired error probability is
(A) 27 users (B) 38 users 10 -5 and ( e b / J 0 ) required to obtain an error probability
(C) 42 users (D) 45 users of 10 -5 for binary PSK is 9.5 dB, then the Jamming
margin against a containers tone jammer is
Statement for Question 13-15 : (A) 23.6 dB (B) 17.5 dB
A DS spread spectrum system transmit at a rate of (C) 117.4 dB (D) 109.0 dB
1 kbps in the presets of a tone jammer. The jammer
power is 20 dB greater then the desired signal, and the Statement for Question 20-21 :
required Îb / J 0 to achieve satisfactory performance is An m = 10 ML shift register is used to generate the
10 dB. pre hdarandlm sequence in a DS spread spectrum
system. The chip duration is Tc = l ms and the bit
13. The spreading bandwidth required to meet the
duration is Tb = NTc , where N is the length (period of
specifications is
the m sequence).
(A) 10 7 Hz (B) 10 3 Hz
(C) 10 5 Hz (D) 106 Hz 20. The processing gain of the system is
(A) 10 dB (B) 20 dB
14. If the jammer is a pulse jammer, then pulse duty
cycle that results in worst case jamming is (C) 30 dB (D) 40 dB
Statement for Question 22-23 : (A) 0.4 GHz (B) 0.6 GHz
An FH binary orthogonal FSK system employs an (C) 0.7 GHz (D) 0.9 GHz
m = 15 stage liner feedback shift register that generates
28. The probability of error for the worst-case partial
an ML sequence. Each state of the shift register selects
band jammer is
one of L non over lapping frequency bands in the
(A) 0.2996 (B) 0.1496
hopping pattern. The bit rate is 100 bits/s. The
(C) 0.0368 (D) 0.0298
demodulator employ non coherent detection.
W/R W/R Î
SOLUTION = = b
J av/Pav N u - 1 J 0
æÎ ö
W/R = çç b ÷÷( N u - 1)
1. (C) The PN sequence length is
è J0 ø
N= 2 m - 1 = 2 4 - 1 = 15
æÎ ö
W = Rçç b ÷÷( N u - 1)
2. (B) The chip duration is è J0 ø
1 where R = 10 4 bps, N u = 30 and Îb / J 0 = 10
TC = 7 s = 0.1 ms
10 Therefore, W = 2.9 ´ 106 Hz
The minimum chip rate is 1 / Tc = W = 2.9 ´ 106 chips/sec
3. (A) The period of the PN sequence is
T= NTC = 15 ´ 0.1 = 15
. ms 11. (D) To achieve an error probability of 10 -6 , we
æÎ ö
4. (C) m= 19 required çç b ÷÷ = 10.5 dB
è J0 ødB
n= 2 m - 1 = 219 - 1 = 219
Then, the number of users of the CDMA system is
The processing gain is 10 log10 N= 10 log10 219
W/R 1000
= 190 ´ 0.3 or 57 dB Nu = +1= + 1 = 89 users
Îb /J 0 11.3
æ Eb ö
5. (A) Antijam margin = (Processing gain) - 10 log10 çç ÷÷ 12. (D) If the processing gain is reduced to W/R = 500,
è N0 ø
then
The probability of error is 500
N u= + 1 = 45 users
1 æ Eb ö 11.3
Pe = erfc ç ÷
2 ç N0 ÷
è ø
13. (D) We have a system where ( J av/Pav) dB = 20 dB,
With Pe = 10 -5, we have Eb / N 0 = 9.
R = 1000 bps and (Îb /J 0 ) dB = 10 dB
Hence, Antijam margin = 57 - 10 log10 9 = 57 - 9.5
æW ö æJ ö æÎ ö
or =47.5 dB Hence, we obtain ç ÷ = çç av ÷÷ + çç b ÷÷ = 30 dB
è R ødB è Pav ødB è J 0 ødB
6. (D) The precessing gain (PG) is W
= 1000
FH Bandwidth W c R
PG = = = 5 ´ 4 = 20
Symbol Rate Rs W = 1000 R = 106 Hz
Hence, expressed in decibels, PG= 10 log10 20 = 26 db
14. (C) The duty cycle of a pulse jammer of worst-case
7. (D) The processing gain is 0.71 0.7
jamming is a = = = 0.07
PG = 4 ´ 4 = 16 Îb /J 0 10
Hence, in decibels,
15. (D) The corresponding probability of error for this
PG = 10 log10 16 = 12 dB
worst-case jamming is
1 0.083 0.083
8. (A) The coding gain is Rcd min = ´ 10 = 5 or 7 dB P2 = = = 8.3 ´ 10 -3
2 e b/J 0 10
ec
18. (B) With N u = 30 and e b/J 0 = 7.14, the processing 1 -
P= e 2 N 0
gain should be increased to 2
W/R= (7.14)(29) = 207 where e c / N 0 = 20 / 3. The probability of a bit error is
W= 207 ´ 104 = 2.07 MHz Pb = 1 - (1 - p) 2 = 1 - (1 - 2 p + p2 ) = 2 p - p2
ec ec
-
Hence the bandwidth must be increased to 2.07 MHz 1 - 2 N0
=e 2 N0
- e = 0.0013
2
19. (B) The processing gain is given as
W 25. (C) In the case of one hop per bit, the SNR per bit is
= 500 or 27 dB ec
R 1 - 2 N 0 1 -10
20, Hence, Pb = e = e = 2.27 ´ 10 -5
The ( e b/J 0 ) required to obtain an error probability of 2 2
10 -5 for binary PSK is 9.5 dB. Hence, the jamming
margin is 26. (D) We are given a hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz and
æ J av ö æW ö æe ö a bit rate of 10 kbs.
çç ÷÷ = ç ÷ - çç b ÷÷ = 27.95 or 17.5 dB
P
è av ødB è R ø è J 0 ødB W 2 ´ 10 9
dB Hence, = = 2 ´ 10 5or 53 dB
R 10 4
20. (C) The period of the maximum length shift register
27. (A) The bandwidth of the worst partial-band
sequence is
jammer is a* W, where
N = 210 - 1 = 1023
a* W = 2/( e b/J 0 ) = 0.2
Since Tb = NTc then the processing gain is
Hence a* W = 0.4 GHz
T
N b = 1023 or 30 dB
Tc
28. (C) The probability of error with worst-case
e -1 e -1
21. (B) A Jamming margin is partial-band jamming is P2 = = = 3.68 ´ 10 -2
( e b/J 0 ) 10
æ J av ö æW ö æe ö
çç ÷÷ = çç ÷÷ - çç b ÷÷ = 30 - 10 = 20 dB
è av ødB è Rb
P ødB è J 0 ødB 29. (D) d= 5 miles = 8050 meters
where J av = J 0W » J 0/Tc = J 0 ´ 10 6
Dd= 2 ´ 8050 = 16100
Dd
Dd= x ´ t or t =
22. (A) The length of the shift-register sequence is t
L = 2 m - 1215 - 1 = 32767 bits Dd 16100
Þ t= = = 5.367 ´ 10 5
For binary FSK modulation, the minimum frequency x 3 ´ 108
1 1
separation is 2/T, where 1/T is the symbol (bit) rate. f= = = 18.63 kHz
t 5.367 ´ 10 -5
The hop rate is 100 hops/sec. Since the shift register
has L = 32767 states and each state utilizes a
bandwidth of 2/T = 200 Hz, then the total bandwidth
***********
for the FH signal is 6.5534 MHz.
The field at point (-2, 3, 4) is The unit vector in the direction of G at P(3, 4, -2)
G = 12 xyu x + 6( x 2 + 2) u y + 18 z 2 u z 18. Two vector extending from the origin are given as
The equation of the surface M on which |G | = 60 is R1 = 4 u x + 3u y - 2 u z and R 2 = 3u x - 4 u y - 6 u z . The
area of the triangle defined by R1 and R 2 is
(A) 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 4 + 9 z 4 + 2 x 2 = 96
(A) 12.47 (B) 20.15
(B) 2 x 2 y 2 + x 4 + 9 z 4 + 2 x 2 = 96
(C) 10.87 (D) 15.46
(C) 2 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 4 + 9 z 4 + 2 x 2 = 96
(D) 4 x 2 y 2 + x 4 + 9 z 4 + 2 x 2 = 96 19. The four vertices of a regular tetrahedron are
located at O (0, 0, 0), A(0, 1, 0), B(0.5 3, 0.5, 0) and C
13. A vector field is given by ( 0 .5
, 0.5, 2
). The unit vector perpendicular (outward) to
3 3
E = 4 zy u z + 2 y sin 2 x u y + y sin 2 x u z
2 2 the face ABC is
(A) 0.41u x + 0.71u y + 0.29 u z
The surface on which E y = 0 is
(A) Plane y = 0 (B) Plane x = 0 (B) 0.47 u x + 0.82 u y + 0.33u z
3p (C) -0.47 u x - 0.82 u y - 0.33u z
(C) Plane x = (D) all
2 (D) -0.41u x - 0.71u y - 0.29 u z
14. The vector field E is given by 20. The two vector are R AM = 20 u x + 18 u y - 18 u z and
R AN = - 10 u x + 8 u y + 15 u z . The unit vector in the plane
E = 6 zy 2 cos 2 x u x + 4 xy sin 2 x u y + y 2 sin 2 x u z
of the triangle that bisects the interior angle at A is
The region in which E = 0 is
(A) 0.168 u x + 0.915 u y + 0.367 u z
(A) y = 0 (B) x = 0 (B) 0.729 u x + 0.134 u y - 0.672 u z
np (C) 0.729 u x + 0.134 u y + 0.672 u z
(C) z = 0 (D) x =
2
(D) 0.168 u x + 0.915 u y - 0.367 u z
15. Two vector fields are F = -10 u x + 20 x( y - 1) u y and 21. Two points in cylindrical coordinates are A( r = 5,
G = 2 x 2 yu x - 4 u y + 2 u z . At point A(2, 3, -4) a unit f = 70 ° , z = -3) and B(r = 2, f = 30 ° , z = 1). A unit vector
vector in the direction of F - G is at A towards B is
(A) 0.18 u x + 0.98 u y - 0.05 u z (A) 0.03u x - 0.82 u y + 0.57 u z
(B) -0.18 u x - 0.98 u y + 0.05 u z (B) 0.03u x + 0.82 u y + 0.57 u z
(C) -0.37 u x + 0.92 u y + 0.02 u z (C) -0.82 u x + 0.003u y + 0.57 u z
(D) 0.37 u x - 0.92 u y - 0.02 u z (D) 0.003u x - 0.82 u y + 0.57 u z
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(A) 0 .043u q + 100 u f 40. The gradient of the functionG = r 3 sin 2 q sin 2 f sin q
(B) -0 .043u q - 100 u f at point P ( 12 , 1
2
, 1
2
) is
(C) 110 u q + 0.043u f (A) 1.41u r + 3u z (B) u x + u y + u z
36. The circulation of F = x 2 u x - xzu y - y 2 u z around the 41. The directional derivative of function
37. The circulation of A = r cos f u r + z sin f u z around 43. The angle between the normal to the surface
the edge L of the wedge shown in Fig. P8.1.37 is x2 y + z = 3 and x ln z - y 2 = -4 at the point of
y intersection (-1, 2, 1) is
(A) 73.4° (B) 36.3°
(C) 16.6° (D) 53.7°
L
44. The divergence of vector A = yzu x + 4 xyu y + yu z at
60
o point P(1, -2, 3) is
x
0 2 (A) 2 (B) -2
Fig. P8.1.37
(C) 0 (D) 4
(A) 1 (B) -1
(C) 0 (D) 3 45. The divergence of the vector
A = 2 r cos q cos f u r + r u f at point P(1, 30°, 60°) is
1 2
47. The flux of D = r 2 cos 2 f u r + 3 sin f u f over the 54. If V = x 2 y 2 z 2 , the laplacian of the field V is
closed surface of the cylinder 0 £ z < 3, r = 3 is (A) 2( xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 2 )
(A) 324 (B) 81p
(B) 2( x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 )
(C) 81 (D) 64p
(C) ( x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 )
is
55. The value of Ñ 2 V at point P(3, 60°, -2) is if
(A) y e xyu x + x cos xy u y - 2 x sin 2 xz u z
V = r 2 z(cos f + sin f)
(B) z sin 2 xy u y + ( y cos xy - xe xy) u z
(A) -8.2 (B) 12.3
(C) z sin 2 xy u y + ( x cos xy - xe xy) u z
(C) -12.3 (D) 0
(D) xy e xyu x + xy cos xy u y - 2 xz sin 2 xz u z
0 £ x £ 1, 0 £ y £ 1, 0 £ z £ 1
5. (C) R = 3u x + 4 M - N
(A) 0.5 (B) 3
= 3u x + 4(2 u x + 3u y - 4 u z ) -( -4 u x + 4 u y + 3u z )
(C) 0 (D) 1.5
= 15 u x + 8 u y - 19 u z
64. If D = 2rzu r + 3z sin f u r - 4r cos f u z and S is the |R| = 15 2 + 8 2 + 19 2 = 25.5 = 25.5
surface of the wedge 0 < r < 2, q < f < 45 °, 0 < z < 5, then
the surface integral of D is 6. (B) R = - M + 2N
(A) 24.89 (B) 131.57 = - ( 8 u x + 4 u y - 8 u z ) + 2( 8 u x + 6 u y - 2 u z )
(C) 63.26 (D) 0 = 8u x + 8u y + 4u z
8u x + 8u y + 4u z
uR =
65. If the vector field 82 + 82 + 42
F = ( axy + bz 3) u x + ( 3 x 2 - gz) u y + ( 3 xz 2 - y) u z 2 2 1 æ2 2 1ö
= ux + u y + uz = ç , , ÷
is irrotational, the value of a , b and g is 3 3 3 è 3 3 3ø
(A) a = b = g = 1 (B) a = b = 1, g = 0 -M + 2N = -( 8, 4, - 8) + 2( 8, 6, - 2) = (8, 8, 4)
(C) a = 0, b = g =1 (D) a = b = g = 0 æ2 2 1ö
( 8, 8, 4)
uR = =ç , , ÷
8 +8 +4
2 2
è 3 3 3ø
2
************** 2 2 1
uR = ux + u y + uz
3 3 3
æ 1 + 7 -6 - 2 4 + 0 ö
7. (C) Mid point is ç , , ÷ = (4, -4, 2)
è 2` 2 2 ø
( 4, - 4, 2) æ2 2 1ö
uR = =ç , - , ÷
4 + 4 +2
2 2 2
è 3 3 3ø
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Vector Analysis GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 8.1
=
2 2 1
ux - u y + uz = -34 u x + 84 u y - 2 u z
3 3 3 -34 u x + 84 u y - u z
uR =
34 2 + 84 2 + 2 2
8. (A) G = 24(1)(2) u x + 12(1 + 2) u y + 18( -1) 2 u z
= - 0.37 u x + 0.92 u y - 0.02 u z
= 48 u x + 36 u y + 18 u z
16. (A) At P(3, 4, -2)
æ2 2 1ö
9. (A) A = ( 6, - 2, - 4), B = k ç , - , ÷ 25
è3 3 3ø G= 2 ( 3u x + 4 u y) = 3u x + 4 u y
3 + 42
|B - A |= 10 3u x + 4 u y
2 2 2 uG = = 0.6 u x + 0.8 u y
æ 2 ö æ 2 ö æ 1 ö 32 + 4 2
ç 6 - k ÷ + ç -2 + k ÷ + ç -4 - k ÷ = 100
è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø
k2 - 8 k - 44 = 0 Þ k = 1175
. , 17. (B) F × u y = Fy = yz
æ2 2 1ö
B = 1175
. ç ,- , ÷ 4 2 4
æ2 ö 4
15. (C) R = F - G 20. (A) The non-unit vector in the required direction is
1
= ( -10 u x + 20 x( y - 1) u y) - (2 x 2 yu x - 4 u y + 2 u z ) = ( u AN + u AM )
2
At P(2, 3, - 4) , ( -10, 8, 15)
u AN = = ( -0.507, 0.406, 0.761)
R = F - G = ( -10 u x + 80 u y) - (24 u x - 4 u y + 2 u z ) 100 + 64 + 225
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
At P (-2, 6, 3)
22. (A) x = r cos f , y = r sin f
æ 6 ö
r cos f u x + r sin f u y 1 A = 6 u x + u y , f = tan -1 ç ÷ = 108.43°
D= 2 = (cos f u x + sin f u y) è -2 ø
r cos 2 f + r 2 sin 2 f r
cos f = - 0.316, sin f = 0.948
1
Dr = D × u r = [cos f ( u x × u r) + sin f ( u y × u r)] é Ar ù é-0.316 0.948 0 ù é6 ù
r ê A ú = ê -0.948 -0.316 0 ú ê1 ú
1 1 ê fú ê úê ú
= [cos 2 f + sin 2 f] = êë Az úû êë 0 0 1 úû êë0 úû
r r
Ar = 6 ( -0.316) + 0.948 = -0.949,
1
Df = D × u f = [cos f ( u x × u f) + sin f ( u y × uf)]
r Af = 6( -0.948) - 0.316 = -6.008, Az = 0
1 Hence (A) is correct option.
= [cos f ( - sin f) + sin f (cos f)] = 0
r
29.(B) At P (-3, 4, 0)
1
Therefore D = ur
r r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 32 + 4 2 + 0 2 = 5
x2 + y2 p
23. (B) A( 4 cos 40 ° , 4 sin 40 ° , - 2) = A( 306
. , 2.57, - 2) q = tan -1 =
z 2
B (5 cos ( -110 ° ), 5 sin ( -110 ° ), 2) = B ( -171
. , - 4.7, 2) y 4
f = tan -1 = tan -1 = 126.87 °
R AB = R B - R A = ( -171
. , - 4.7, 2) - ( 306
. , 2.57, - 2) x -3
= ( -4.77, - 7.3, 4) B = 2u r + u f
éBx ù ésin q cos f cos q cos f - sin q ù éBr ù
4 .5 130 ° 5
êB ú = êsin q sin f cos q cos f cos f ú êB ú
24. (D) Vol = ò ò ò rdrdfdz = 6.28 ê yú ê ú ê qú
3 100 ° 3 êë Bz úû êë cos q - sin q 1 úû êëBf úû
2
r2 ¶ Ax ¶ A y ¶ Az
Along 3, C3 = ò r cos f dr = = -1 44. (D) Ñ × A = + + =0 + 4x + 0
0
2 ¶x ¶y ¶z
f=60 °
45. (A)
¶f ¶f ¶f 1 ¶(r 2 Ar ) 1 ¶(sin q Aq) 1 ¶(sin q Af)
38. (A) Ñf = u x + uy + uz Ñ× A = + +
¶x ¶y ¶z r2 ¶r r sin q ¶q r sin q ¶f
= y( y + z) u x + x(2 y + z) u y + xyu z 1
= ( 6 r 2 cos q cos f) + 0 + 0
r2
¶f 1 ¶f ¶f At P (1, 30°, 60°), Ñ × A = 6(1)(cos 30 ° )(cos 60 ° ) = 2.6
39. (C) Ñf = u r + uf + uz
¶x r ¶y ¶z
= 2 r 2 z cos 2 f u r - 2rz sin 2 f u f + r 2 cos 2 f u z 1 ¶(rAr) 1 ¶( Af) ¶( Az )
46. (C) Ñ × A = + +
At P (1, 45°, 2), Ñf = - 4u f r ¶r r ¶q ¶z
1 ¶(rrz 2 cos f) ¶( z sin 2 f)
= + = 2 z 2 cos f + sin 2 f
40. (B) r sin q cos f = x , r sin q sin f = y , r cos q = z r ¶r ¶z
éu r ru q r sin qu f ù 56.(B)
1 ê¶ ¶ ¶ ú 1 ¶ æ 2 ¶V ö 1 ¶ æ ¶V ö 1 ¶2 V
50. (C) Ñ ´ A = 2 ê ú Ñ2 V = çr ÷+ 2 ç sin q ÷+ 2
r sin q ê ¶r ¶q ¶f ú r ¶r è
2
¶r ø r sin q ¶q è ¶q ø r sin q ¶f2
2
êë Ar rAq r sin q Af úû
2 sin q cos q sin f
= 6(1 + cos q sin f) - cos q sin f -
é ur ru q r sin q u f ù sin q sin 2 q
1 ê ¶ ¶ ¶ ú
= 2 ê ú = 6 + 4 cos q sin f - cot q cosec q sin f
r sin q ê ¶r ¶q ¶f ú
ëêr cos q - sin q 2 r sin q úû
3 2
57. (A) r = x 2 + y 2
1 1 1
= u r ( 2r 3 sin q - 0) - u q ( 6r 2 sin 2 q - 0) + u f ( 0 + r sin q) ¶ ln r ¶ ln r ¶ ln r x y
r 2 sin q r sin q r Ñ ln r = u x + uy + uz = 2 ux + 2 u y
¶x ¶y ¶z r r
= 4 r cos q u r - 6 r sin q u q + sin q u f
é ù
ux uy uz ù êu x uy uz ú
é
ê¶ ¶ ¶ ú
ê ¶ ¶ ¶ ú Ñ ´ f u z = Ñ ´ tan -1
y
uz = ê
51. (A) Ñ ´ A = ê ú
ú
¶x ¶y ¶z ú x ê ¶x ¶y ¶z ú
ê
ê yú
êë( 3 y - 2 z) ( -2 x z) ( x + 2 y) úû tan -1
2 2
0 0
êë x úû
= u x (2 + 2 x 2 ) - u y(1 - ( -2)) + u z ( -4 xz - 6 y) x y x y
= ux + 2 u y = ux + u y
é ux uy uz ù x +y
2 2
x +y 2
r r
ê ¶ ¶ ¶ ú
Ñ ´Ñ ´ A =ê ú
ê ¶x ¶y ¶z ú æ ¶ ¶ ¶ ö 2
êë(2 + 2 x2 ) 3 -( 4 xz + 6 y) úû 58. (A) ( r × Ñ ) r 2 = çç x +y +z ÷÷( x + y 2 + z 2 )
è ¶ x ¶ y ¶ z ø
= u x ( -6) - u y( -4 z) + u z (0) = -6 u x + 4 zu y
= x(2 x) + y(2 y) + z(2 z) = 2( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 2 r 2
At P(-2, 3, -1),
Ñ ´ Ñ ´ A = -6 u x - 4 u y = -( 6 u x + 4 u y) ¶( xr n ) ¶( yr n ) ¶( zr n )
59. (B) Ñ × r n r = + +
¶x ¶y ¶z
é ux uy uz ù n
ê ¶ ¶ ¶ ú where r n = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
52. (D) Ñ ´ A = ê ú
ê ¶x ¶y ¶z ú
æ nö -1
n
ëê x y
2
y2 z -2 xz úû Ñ × r n r = 2 x 2 ç ÷( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
è2 ø
= - y 2 u x + 2 zu y - x 2 u z n n
æ nö -1 æ nö -1
+ 2 y 2 ç ÷( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 + 2 z 2 ç ÷( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
Ñ (Ñ ´ A) = 0 è2 ø è2 ø
¶V ¶V ¶V + rn + rn + rn
53. (D) ÑV = u x + uy + uz n
¶x ¶y ¶z = n( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
-1
+ 3r n
= ( z - 2 xy) u x + (2 yz - x ) u y + ( x - 2 y z) u z
2 2 2
= nr n + 3r n = ( n + 3) r n
¶( z - 2 xy) ¶(2 yz - x ) ¶( x - 2 y z) 2 2 2
Ñ × (ÑV ) = + +
¶x ¶y ¶z 60. (C) By Stokes theorem ò F × dL =
L
ò (Ñ ´ F) × dS
S
= -2 y + 2 z - 2 y = 2( z - y - y)
2 2 2 2
Ñ ´ F = -x uz 2
= 2( y z + x z + x y ) = 2( x y + y z + z x )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S
1 x 2 -x + 2 1 2
= ò ò x dydx + ò ò x dydx = ò x dx + ò x (2 - x) dx
2 2 3 2
¶ æ ¶V ö 1 ¶2V ¶2V
55. (A) Ñ V = 2
çç r ÷÷ + 2 +
0 0 1 0 0 1
¶r è ¶r ø r ¶f
2
¶z 2 1 2
é x4 ù é2 1 ù
= ê ú + ê x3 - x4 ú
= 4 z(cos f + sin f) - z(cos f + sin f) + 0 = 3z(cos f + sin f) 4
ë û0 ë 3 4 û1
æ1 3ö 1 é16 ù é2 1 ù 1 14 1 7
At P(3, 60°, -2), Ñ 2 V = 3( -2)çç + ÷= -8.2 = + - 4ú - ê - ú = + -4+ =
è2 2 ÷ø 4 êë 3 û ë3 4 û 4 3 4 6
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
æ 4 öæ 25 öæ p ö æ 25 öæ 1 ö
= 4ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ + 3(2)ç ÷ç ÷ = 13157
.
c a
è 2 øè 2 øè 4 ø è 2 øè 2 ø
d b
x
-2 -1 1 2
Fig. S8.1.61 é ux uy uz ù
ê ¶ ¶ ¶ ú
65. (A) Ñ ´ F = ê ú
Along ab, df = 0, f = 0, ê ¶ x ¶y ¶z ú
b êë ax + bz 2 3 x 2 - gz 3 xz 2 - y úû
A × dL = 0, ò A × dL
a
=0
= ( -1 + g) u x + ( 3bz 2 - 3z 2 ) u y + ( 6 x - ax) u z
Along bc, dr = 0, A × dL = r 3df If F is irrotational, Ñ ´ F = 0
c p i.e. a = 1 = b = g.
ò A × dL = ò r df = (2) 3 p = 8 p
3
b 0
Along cd, df = 0, f = p, A × dL = 0,
d
ò A × dL =0 *******
c
ò A × dL
d
= r 3 ò df = (1) 3( -p) = - p
p
ò A × dL = 0 + 8 p + 0 - p = 7 p
62. (B) Using divergence theorem
ò F × dS = ò
v
Ñ × Fdv
1 ¶
Ñ ×F = (2r 2 z 2 ) = 4 z 2 = 4 z 2
r ¶r
1 5 2p
v -1 2 0
ò A × dS = ò ò ò
S 0 0 0
( y + z + x) dxdydz
æ1 1 1
ö æ1ö
= 3çç ò xdx ò0 ò0 dz ÷÷ = 3çè 2 ÷ø = 15.
dy
è0 ø
1 ¶(rDr) 1 ¶( Df) ¶( Dz )
64. (B) Ñ × D = + +
r ¶r r ¶q ¶z
3
= 4z + z cos f
r
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
8.2
ELECTROSTATICS
1. Let Q1 = 4 mC be located at P1 (3, 11, 8) while 6. A 2 mC point charge is located at A (4, 3, 5) in free
Q2 = -5 mC is at P2 (6, 15, 8). The force F2 on Q2 will be space. The electric field at P(8, 12, 2) is
(A) -( 4.32 u x + 5.76 u y) N (B) 4.32 u x + 5.76 u y N (A) 131.1u r + 159.7 u f - 49.4 u z
(C) -( 4.32 u x + 5.76 u y) mN (D) 4.32 u x + 5.76 u y mN (B) 159.7 u r + 27.4 u f - 49.4 u z
. u r + 27.4 u f - 49.4 u z
(C) 1311
2. Four 5 nC positive charge are located in the z = 0
plane at the corners of a square 8 mm on a side. A fifth (D) 159.7 u r + 137.1u f - 49.4 u z
3. Four 40 nC are located at A(1, 0, 0), B(-1, 0, 0), C(0, 8. Charges of 20 nC and -20nC are located at (3, 0, 0)
1, 0) and D(0, -1, 0) in free space. The total force on the and (-3, 0, 0) and (-3, 0, 0), respectively. The magnitude
charge at A is of E at y axis is
(A) 24.6u x mN (B) -24.6u x mN 1080 1080
(C) -13.6u x mN (D) 13.76u x mN (A) (B)
(9 + y 2 ) 3 2 (9 + y 2 ) 3
11. A uniform volume charge density of 0.2 mC m 2 is 18. Two identical uniform charges with r l = 80 nC m are
present throughout the spherical shell extending from located in free space at x = 0, y = ± 3 m. The force per
r = 3 cm to r = 5 cm. If r = 0 elsewhere, the total charge unit length acting on the line at positive y arising from
present throughout the shell will be the charge at negative y is
(A) 41.05 pC (B) 257.92 pC (A) 9.375u y mN (B) 37.5u y mN
(C) 82.1 pC (D) 129.0 pC (C) 19.17u y mN (D) 75u y mN
12. If r v = 1
z 2 + 10
5 e -0 .1 r( p-|f|) mC m 3 in the region 19. A uniform surface charge density of 10 nC m 2 is
0 £ r £ 10, -p < f < p and all z, and r v = 0 elsewhere, present in the region x = 0, - 2 < y < 2 and all z if e = e o
the total charge present is , the electric field at P(3, 0, 0) has
(A) 1.29 mC (B) 2.58 mC (A) x component only
(C) 0.645 mC (D) 0
(B) y component only
13. The region in which 4 < r < 5, 0 < q < 25 °, and (C) x and y component
0.9 p < f < 11
. p contains the volume charge density of (D) x, y and z component
f
r v = 10 ( r - 4) ( r - 5) sin q sin . Outside the region,
2
r v = 0. The charge within the region is 20. The surface charge density is r s = 5 nC m 2 , in the
(A) 0.57 C (B) 0.68 C region r < 0.2 , z = 0, and is zero elsewhere. The electric
field E at A(r = 0, z = 0.5) is
(C) 0.46 C (D) 0.23 C
(A) 5.4 V m (B) 10.1 V m
14. A uniform line charge of 5 nC m is located along the (C) 10.5 V m (D) 20.2 V m
line defined by y = -2, z = 5. The electric field E at P(1,
2, 3) is 21. Three infinite charge sheet are positioned as
(A) -9 u y + 4.5 u z (B) 9 u y - 4.5 u z follows: 10 nC m 2 at x = -3, - 40 nC m 2 at y = 4 and 50
(C) -18 u y + 9 u z (D) 18 u y - 9 u z nC m 2 at z = 2. The E at (4, 3, -2) is
(A) 0.56 u x + 2.23u y - 2.8 u z kV m
15. A uniform line charge of 6.25 nC m is located along
(B) 0.56 u x - 2.23u y + 2.8 u z kV m
the line defined by y = -2, z = 5. The E at that point in
(C) 0.56 u x + 2.23u y + 2.8 u z kV m
the z = 0 plane where the direction of E is given by
( 1
3
u y - 23 u z ), is (D) -0.56 u x - 2.23u y + 2.8 u z kV m
(A) 4.5 u y + 9 u z (B) 4.5 u y - 9 u z
22. Let E = 5 x 3u x - 15 x 2 yu y . The equation of the
(C) 9 u y - 18 u z (D) 18 u y - 36 u z
stream line that passes through P(4, 2, 1) is
128 128
16. Uniform line charge of 20 nC m and -20 nC m are (A) y = (B) x =
x3 y3
located in the x = 0 plane at y = 3 and y = -3 m
respectively. The E at P(6, 0, 6) will be 64 64
(C) y = (D) x =
x2 y2
(A) -24u y V m (B) 48u y V m
(C) -48u y V m (D) 24u y V m
23. A point charge 10 nC is located at origin. Four
17. Uniform line charges of 100 nC m lie along the uniform line charge are located in the x = 0 plane as
entire extent of the three coordinate axes. The E at follows : 40 nC m at y = 1 and -5 m, -60 nC m at
P(-3, 2, -1) is y = -2 and - 4 m. The D at P(0, -3, 4) is
(A) -192
. u x + 2 u y - 108
. u z kV m (A) -19.1u y + 25.5 u z pC m 2
24. A point charge 20 nC is located at origin. Four 31. A spherical surface of radius of 3 mm is centered at
uniform line charge are located as follows 40 nC m at P(4, 1, 5) in free space. If D = xu x C m 2 the net electric
y = ± 1 and 50 nC m at y = ± 2. The electric flux that flux leaving the spherical surface is
leaves the surface of a sphere, 4 m in radius, centered
(A) 113.1 mC (B) 339.3 nC
at origin is
(C) 113.1 nC (D) 452.4 nC
(A) 1.33 nC (B) 1.89 mC
(C) 1.33 mC (D) 1.89 mC
32. The electric flux density is
27. Volume charge density is located in free space as 34. If E = 4 u x - 3u y + 5 u z in the neighborhood of point
rv = 2e -1000 r
nC m 3
for 0 < r < 1 mm and rv = 0 P(6, 2, -3). The incremental work done in moving 5 C
elsewhere. The value of Dr on the surface r = 1 mm is charge a distance of 2 m in the direction u x + u y + u z is
(A) 1.28 pC m 2 (B) 0.28 pC m 2 (A) -60 J (B) 34.64 J
(C) 0.78 pC m 2 (D) 0.32 pC m 2 (C) -34.64 J (D) 60 JJ
28. Spherical surfaces at r = 2 and 4 carry uniform 35. If E = 100 u r V m , the incremental amount of work
charge densities of 20 nC m and -4 nC m . The Dr at
2 2
done in moving a 60 mC charge a distance of 2 mm from
2 < r < 4 is P(1, 2, 3) toward Q(2, 1, 4) is
(A) -
16
nC m 2 (B)
16
nC m 2 (A) -5.4 mJ (B) 3.1 mJ
r2 r2
(C) -31
. mJ (D) 0
80 80
(C) 2 nC m 2 (D) - 2 nC m 2
r r 36. A 10 C charge is moved from the origin to P(3, 1, -1)
in the field E = 2 xu x - 3 y 2 u y + 4 u z V m along the
29. Given the electric flux density, D = 2 xyu x + x 2 u y
straight line path x = -3 y, y = x + 2 z. The amount of
+ 6 z 3u z C m 2 . The total charge enclosed in the volume
energy required is
0 < x, y , z < a is
(A) -40 J (B) 20 J
5 4
(A) 6 a 5 + a (B) a 5 + 6 a 4
3 (C) -20 J (D) 40 J
5 5
(C) 6 a 5 + a 4 (D) a + 6a4 37. A uniform surface charge density of 30 nC m 2 is
3
present on the spherical surface r = 6 mm in free space.
30. Let D = 5 x y z u y . The flux enclosed by volume
4 4 4
The V AB between A ( r = 2 cm, q = 35 ° , f = 55 ° ) and B
x = 3 and 3.1, y = 1 and 1.1, and z = 2 and 2.1 is ( r = 3 cm, q = 40 ° , f = 90 ° ) is
(A) 49.6 (B) 24.8 (A) 2.03 V (B) 10.17 V
(C) 35.4 (D) 36.4 (C) 4.07 mV (D) -10.17 V
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
38. A point charge is located at the origin in free space. (A) -4.94 nC (B) -4.86 nC
The work done in carrying a charge 10 C from point A (C) -5.56 nC (D) -3.68 nC
( r = 4, q = p 6 , f = p 4) to B( r = 4, q = p 3 , p 6) is
(A) 0.45 mJ (B) 0.32 mJ 46. A dipole having
(C) -0.45 mJ (D) 0 Qd
= 100 V × m 2
4 pe o
39. Let a uniform surface charge density of 5 nC m 2 be
is located at the origin in free space and aligned so
present at the z = 0 plane, a uniform line charge density
that its moment is in the u z direction. The E at point
of 8 nC m be located at x = 0, z = 4 and a point charge
( r = 1, 45 ° , f = 0) is
of 2 mC be present at P(2, 0, 0). If V = 0 at A(0, 0, 5),
the V at B(1, 2, 3) is (A) 158.11 V m (B) 194.21 V m
(A) 10.46 kV (B) 1.98 kV (C) 146.21 V m (D) 167.37 V m
(C) 0.96 kV (D) 3.78 kV
47. A dipole located at the origin in free space has a
40. A non uniform linear charge density, r L = 6 ( z + 1) 2
moment p = 2 ´ 10 -9 u z C.m. The points at which | E|q = 1
nC m lies along the z axis. The potential at P(r = 1, 0, 0) mV m on line y = z, x = 0 are
in free space is ( V¥ = 0) (A) y = z = ± 23.35 (B) y = z = ± 16.5, x = 0
(A) 0 V (B) 216 V (C) y = z = 16.5 (D) y = 0, z = 23.35, x = 0
(C) 144 V (D) 108 V
48. A dipole having a moment p = 3u x - 5 u y + 10 u z
41. The annular surface, 1 cm < r < 3 cm carries the nC.m is located at P(1, 2, -4) in free space. The V at Q
nonuniform surface charge density r s = 5r nC m . The V 2
(2, 3, 4) is
at P(0, 0, 2 cm) is
(A) 1.31 V (B) 1.26 V
(A) 81 mV (B) 90 mV
(C) 2.62 V (D) 2.52 V
(C) 63 mV (D) 76 mV
(A) 1.79 nC m 3 (B) -1.79 nC m 3 the corners of a square 4 cm on a side. The total
potential energy stored is
(C) 1.22 nC m 3 (D) -1.22 nC m 3
(A) 1.75 mJ (B) 2 mJ
44. The potential field V = 80 r 2 cos q V. The volume (C) 3.5 mJ (D) 0
charge density at point P(2.5, q = 30 °, f = 60 °) in free
space is 51. Given the current density
(A) -2.45 nC m 3 (B) 1.42 nC m 3
J = 10 5[sin (2 x) e -2 yu x + cos (2 x) e -2 yu y ] kA m 2
(C) -1.42 nC m 3
(D) 2.45 nC m 3
64. In a certain region where the relative permitivity is 69. A potential field exists in a region where e = f ( x). If
2.4, D = 2 u x - 4 u y + 5 u z nC m 2 . The polarization is r v = 0, the Ñ 2 V is
(A) 2.8 u x - 5.6 u y + 7 u z nC m 2 1 dF ¶V df ¶V
(A) - (B) f ( x)
f ( x) dx ¶x dx ¶x
(B) 3.4 u x - 6.9 u y + 8.6 u z nC m 2
1 df ¶V df ¶V
(C) 1.2 u x - 2.3u y + 2.9 u z nC m 2 (C) (D) -f ( x)
f ( x) dx ¶x dx ¶x
(D) 3.89 u x - 6.43u y + 8.96 u z nC m 2
70. If V ( x, y) = 4 e 2 x + f ( x) - 3 y 2 in a region of free space
65. Medium 1 has the electrical permitivity e1 = 15
. eo where r v = 0. It is know that both Ex and V are zero at
and occupies the region to the left of x = 0 plane. the origin. The V ( x, y) is
Medium 2 has the electrical permitivity e 2 = 2.5 e o and (A) 3( x 2 - y 2 ) (B) 3( y 2 - x 2 )
occupies the region to the right of x = 0 plane. If E1 in
(C) 4 x 2 - 3 y 2 (D) 4 y 2 - 3 x 2
medium 1 is E1 = (2 u x - 3u y + 1u z ) V m then E2 in
medium 2 is
(A) (2.0 u x - 1.8 u x + 0.6 u z ) V m
(B) (1.67 u x - 3u y + u z ) V m
(C) (1.2 u x - 3u y + u z ) V m
(D) (1.2 u x - 1.8 u y + 0.6 u z ) V m
*********
2 ´ 10 -6 é 4 u x + 9 u y - 3u z ù
SOLUTIONS =
4 pe o ê
ë (106) 3 / 2 ú
û
= 65.9 u x + 148.3u y - 49.4 u z
Q1Q2 R12
1. (C) F2 = Then at point P, r = 8 2 + 12 2 = 14.4,
4 pe o |R12|3
12
( 4 ´ 10 -6 )( -5 ´ 10 -6 ) ( 3u x + 4 u y) f = tan -1 = 56.3°, and z = 2
= ´ 8
4 pe o 53
Er = Ep × u p = 65.9( u x × u r) + 148.3 ( u y × u r)
= ( 4.32 u x + 5.76 u y) mN
= 65.9 cos 56.3° + 148.3 sin 56.3 = 159.7
Ef = E r × u f = 65.9( u x × u f) + 148.3 ( u y × u f)
2. (D) Arranging the charge in the xy plane at location
= -65.9 sin 56.3° + 148.3 cos 56.3° = 27.4 ,
(4, 4), (-4, 4), (4, -4), (-4, 4), the fifth charge will be on
Ez = -49.4
the z-axis at location z = 4 2. By symmetry, the force on
the fifth charge will be z directed, and will be four 2 ´ 10 -8 é R1 2R 2 ù
7. (C) Ep = ê- |R |3 + |R |3 ú
times the z component 4 pe o ë 1 2 û
. u x mN
= 1376 8. (A) Let a point on y axis be P(0, y, 0)
20 ´ 10 -8 é R1 R2 ù
10 -9 é 41R13 45R 23 ù Ep = ê-|R |3 - |R |3 ú
4. (C) E = ê + 4 pe o
4 pe o ë |R13|2
|R 23|2 úû ë 1 2 û
¥ ¥ ¥
é 6 u x - 3u y 6 u x + 3u y ù
Q = 8ò ò ò r oe - x - y- z dxdydz = 8ro EP = 20nC ´ 2 ´ 9 ´ 10 9 ê -
0 0 0 ë 36 + 9 36 + 9 úû
2p p 0 .05
= -48u y V m
11. (C) Q = ò ò ò 0.2 r sin q drd qdf
2
0 0 0 .03 rL é R xp R yp R zp ù
17. (B) EP = ê + + 3ú
é r3 ù
0 .05
2 pe o ë|R xp| |R yp| |R zp| û
3 3
= ê4 p(0.2) ú = 82.1 pC
ë 3 û 0 .03 R xp = ( -3, 0, - 1, ) - ( -3, 0, 0, ) = (0, 2, -1)
Similarly R yp = (-3, 0, -1), R zp = (-3, 2, 0)
-¥ p 10
5 e -0 .1 r( p-|f|)
12. (A) Q = òòò z 2 + 10
Ep = 100 ´ 10 -9 ´ 2 ´ 9 ´ 10 -9
¥ -p 0 é 2u y - u z -3u x - u z -3ux + 2u y ù
E p = 100 ´ 10 -9 ´ 2 ´ 9 ´ 10 -9 ´ ê + + ú
10 5 10 13
ée -0 .1 r
ù ¥ 2p ë û
( -0.1 - 1) ( p - f) dz
=5 ê
ë (0.1) 2
( -0.101) ú ´
û0
ò 2ò
-¥ 0 z
2
+ 10 = -0.96 u x + u y - 0.54 u z kV m
¥
p2 dz rL
Q = 5 ´ 26.4 ò 18. (C) At y = 4, E = uy ,
-¥ z + 10
2
2 pe o
¥
é 1 z ù dF = dqE = r L dzE
= 5 ´ 26.4 ´ p2 ê tan -1 = 129
. mC
ë 10 10 úû -¥ 1
r 2L dzu y
F= ò
0
2 pe o
( 6) = 18.75 u y mN
13. (A)
1 .1 p 25° 5
f r s dS R - R¢
f = 10 ò ò ò ( r - 4)( r - 5) sin q × sin 2 r sin q drdqdf 19. (A) E = ò ò
2
0 .9p 0 4
4 pe o |R - R¢|3
é r 5 9 r 4 20 r 3 ù é 1 1 ù
5
é fù
25° 1 .1 p
where R = 3u x and R¢ = yu y + zu z ,
= 10 ê - + ú ê2 q - 4 sin 2 q ú ´ ê-2 cos 2 ú
ë 5 4 3 û4 ë û ë û 0 .9p r
¥ 2
3u x - yu y - zuz
0 EPA = L ò ò dydz
4 pe o -¥ -2 (9 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
= 10 [ -3.39 ][0.0266 ][0.626 ] = 0.57 C
Due to odd function
r Rp rL
¥ 2
3u x dydz
14. (D) Ep = L , EPA = òò
2 pe o |R p|2 4 pe o -¥ -2
(9 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
R p = (1, 2, 3) - (1, -2, 5) = (0, 4, -2) So there is only x component.
|R |
2
p = 20,
20. (D) There will be z component of E only
5 ´ 10 -9 é4u y - 2u z ù
Ep = ê ú = 18 u y - 9 u z R = zu z , R¢ = ru r , R - R¢ = zu z - ru z
2 pe o ë 20 û 2 p 0 .2
rs zrdrdf
Ez , Pa =
4 pe o ò ò (z
0 0
2
+ r 2)3 2
15. (C) With z = 0, the general field is 0 .2
2pr s z é 1 ù rzé 1 1 ù
r L é( y + 2) u y - 5 u z ù = ê 2 ú = s ê 2 - ú
Ez = 0 = 4 pe o ê z + r ú eo ê z
2 pe o êë ( y + 2) 2 + 25 úû z + 0.04 úû
2 2
ë û0 ë
dy E y -15 x 2 y -3 y a a a a
22. (A) = = = 29. (C) Q = ò D × n dS = ò ò 2 aydydz + ò ò -2(0) dydz
dx Ex 5 x3 x S
1
0 0
4 24 3 1 0 0
44244 3
dy 3dx C1 Front Back
Þ =- Þ ln y = -3 ln x ln C y = , a a a a a a a a
y 3 x3 + ò ò -xdxdz + ò ò x 2 dxdz + ò ò -6(0) 3 dxdy + ò ò 6a 3dxdy
2
C1 128 1 4
0 0
42443 1 0 0
4243 1 0 0
442443 1 0 0
44244 3
At P, 2 = Þ C1 = 128 Þ y = Left Right Botoom Top
43 x3
4 4
a a
= a4 + 0 - + + 0 + 6a5 = a4 + 6a5
23. (A) This point lies in the center of a symmetric 3 3
arrangement of line charges, whose field will all cancel
¶D y
at that point. Thus D arises from the point charge alone 30. (C) Ñ × D = = 20 x 4 y 3z 4
¶y
10 ´ 10 -9 ( -3u y + 4 u z )
D= , Center of cube =(3.05 1.05 2.05) and Volume
4p ( 32 + 4 2 )1 .5
Ñ V = (0.1) 3 = 0.001
D = -19.1u y + 25.5 u z pC m 2
f = 20 ( 305
. ) 4 (105
. ) 3 (2.05) 3 (2.05) 4 0.001 =35.4
0 .05 90 °
é10 y æ 2 + 10 x 2 y öù
25. (D) Q = ò ò 5 e -20 z (0.08) dfdz nC 32. (B) r v = Ñ × D = ê + 0 + çç
z3
÷÷ú =8.96
0 .01 30 ë z è øû ( -2 , 3, 5)
0 .05
æp pö æ 1 ö -20 z
= ç - ÷(5)(0.08)ç - ÷e
è2 6 ø è 20 ø 1 d 2
0 .01 33. (C) Ñ × D = ( r ´ 2 r) = 6 ,
r 2 dr
= 9.45 ´ 10 -3 nC = 9.45 pC
ò Ñ × D dv = 6 ´ (0.4) = 0.38
3
V
26. (A) Out of the 6 surface only 2 will contribute to the
net outward flux. The y component of D will penetrate 34. (C) dW = - qE × dL
the surface y = 0 and y = z and net flux will be zero. At ( u x + u y + u z )(2)
= -5( 4 u x - 3u y + 5 u z ) ×
x = 0 plane Dx = 0 and at z = 0 plane Dz = 0. 3
This leaves the 2 remaining surfaces at x = 2 and z = 5. 10
=- ( 4 - 3 + 5) = -34.64 J
The net outward flux become 3
5 3 3 2
f = ò ò D x = 2 × u x dydz + ò òD × u z dzdy
0 0 0 0
x =2
35. (B) The vector in this direction is
3 3 (2, 1, 4) - (7, 2, 3) = (1, -1, 1)
= 5 ò 4(2) ydy + 2 ò 4(5) ydy = 360 C. ux - u y + uz
0 0 u PQ = , dW = - qE × dL
3
2p p
æ ( u x - u y + u z )(2 ´ 10 -3) ö
0 .001
ò ò ò 2e
-1000 r
27. (D) Q = r 2 sin q drdqdf = -( 60 ´ 10 -6 )ç 100 u r × ÷
ç 3 ÷
0 0 0 è ø
é -r e 2 -1000 r
0 .001
2 e -1000 r ( -1000 r - 1)
0 .001
ù 10 -6
Q = 8 pê + ú = - 12 ´ ( u r × u x - u r × u y)
êë 1000 0
1000(1000) 2 0 úû 3
æ2 ö
Q = 4 ´ 10 -9nC, At r , f = tan -1 ç ÷ = 63.4 °
è1ø
Q 4.0 ´ 10 -9
Dr = = = 0.32 C m 2 u r × u x = cos 63.4 ° = 0.447,
4 pr 2
4 p ´ (0.001) 2
u r × u y = sin 63.4 ° = 0.894
28. (C) 4 pr Dr = 4 p(2 ) 20 ´ 10
2 2 -9 2
Cm , dW = 31
. mJ
80
Dr = nC m 2 36. (A) W = - q ò E × dL
r2
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
r = 12 ` + 12 = 2 , z = 3, VB = 198
. kV = -(50 + 150 sin f) u r - (150 cos f) u f ,
D = e o E, r v = Ñ × D = e oÑ × E
¥
r L dz
¥
6 ´ 10 -9 dz é1 ¶ 1 ¶ ù
r v = eo ê (rEr) +
40. (D) Vr = ò 4 pe
-¥ oR
= ò
-¥ pe o z +
4 ( 2 1) 3 2
= 108 V
ër ¶r
Ef ú
r ¶f û
é (50 + 150 sin f) 150 sin f ù 50e o
r s dS = e o ê- + ú =- C m2
41. (A) Vr = òò , ë r r û r
4 pe o|R - R¢| 1 2p 2
50 e o
R = zu z , R¢ = ru r, dS = rdrdf, Q =ò òò rdrdfdz = - 2 p(50) e o 2 = -5.56 nC
0 0 0 r
2 p 0 .03
(5 ´ 10 -9)r 2 drdf
Vr = ò ò
0 0 .01 4 pe o r 2 + z 2
,
Qd cos q 100 cos q
46. (A) V = = ,
0 .03 4 pe o r 2 r2
5 ´ 10 -9 ér z2 ù
Vp = ê r 2
+ z 2
- ln (r + r 2 + z 2 ) ú
2 eo æ ¶V 1 ¶V ö
ë2 2 û 0 .01 E = -ÑV = -ç ur + uq ÷
è ¶ r r ¶q ø
At z = 0.02, Vp = 0.081 V
100
= (2 cos q u r + sin q u q),
r3
42. (C) E = -ÑV
5
é 6x ù |E| = 100( 4 cos 2 q + sin 2 q)1 2 = 100 ´ = 158.11 V m
= - ê2 y 2 z 2 + 2 2ú
ux 2
ë x + 2 y + 3z û
2
é 12 y ù 2 ´ 10 -9
- ê4 xyz 3 + 2 2 ú
uy 47. (A) E = [2 cos q u r + sin q u q ],
ë x + 2 y + 3z û
2
4 pe o r 3
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478
Electrostatics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 8.2
= 40 p log 17 = 356 A
P × (R - R¢)
48. (A) V =
4 pe o|R - R¢|3 J al J st sac
56. (B) So Eal = Est = = Þ J al = J st
sal sst sst
where R - R¢ = Q - P = (1, 1, 8)
( 3u x - 5 u y + 10 u z ) × ( u x + u y + 8 u z ) ´ 10 -9 I = p(2 ´ 10 -3) J st + p[( 4 ´ 10 -3) 2 - (2 ´ 10 -3) 2 ]J al = 80
So VP = Solving J st = 3.2 ´ 10 5 A m 2
4 pe o (1 + 1 + 8 2 )1 .5
=1.31 V 4
57. (B) J = u r A m2,
2prl
é 1 1 1 ù
49. (A) E = -ÑV = 40 ê 2 u x + uy + uzú J 4 12.73
x yz xy 2
z xyz 2 E= = = ur V m
ë û s 2 prls rl
eo
òòò E × Edv
3 5
We = 12.73 12.73 5 6.51
2 V = - ò E × dL = ò u r × u rdr = ln = V
5 3 r l l 3 l
2 2 2
é 1 1 1 ù
We = 800 e o ò ò ò ê x 4 y 2 z 2 + x 2 y 4 z 2 + x 2 y 2 z 4 ú dxdydz V 6.51 1.63
ë û R= = = W
1 1 1
I 4l r
= 1548 pJ
æ ¶V 1 ¶V ¶V ö
1 4 58. (D) E = -ÑV = -çç ur + uf + u z ÷÷
50. (A) W = å qn Vn è ¶r r ¶f ¶z ø
2 n =1
(r + 1) 2
q é 1 1 1 ù = -z 2 cos f u r + z sin f u f - 2(r + 1) z cos f u z
V1 = V21 + V31 + V41 = + + r
4 pe o ë0.04 0.04 0.04 2 úû
ê
E = -1.82 u f + 14.5 u f - 2.67 u z V m
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 E ×E
r s = eo E × n s = eo
1 2 ´ (1.2 ´ 10 -9) 2 é 1 ù |E|
W = ( 4) q1 V1 = êë2 + 2 úû = 175
. mJ
2 4 pe o (0.04) r s = e o 1.82 2 + 14.5 2 + 2.67 2 = 1315
. pC m 2
2 1
51. (B) I = òò J × n dS = ò ò J × u y dxdz p p
y =1 y =1 40 cos sin
S 0 0
59. (C) V = 3 2 = 2.5 V
2 1 23
= ò ò 10 cos (2 x) 2 -2 y dxdz = 12307 kA = 12.3 MA
5
So the equation of the surface is
0 0
40 cos q sin f
= 2.5, 16 cos q sin f = r 3
r2
52. (C) I = òò J × n dS
S
2 p 0 .3p 60. (A) E = -ÑV, D = eE = - e oÑV
800 sin q
= ò ò (0 .80) 2
+ 4
(0.80) 2 sin q dqdf =154.8 A
é ¶ x 200 x ù
0 0 .1 p = -e o ê200 z ux + 2 u z ú C m2
ë ¶ x ( x 2
+ 4) x + 4 û
53. (D) F = ma = qE, 200 e o x
D (z= 0 ) = - 2 u z C m2,
qE ( -1.602 ´ 10 -19)( -4 ´ 106 ) x +4
a= = u z = 7.0 ´ 1017 u z m s 2 ,
m 9.11 ´ 10 -3 - 200 e o x
r s = D × u z z= 0 = C m2,
x2 + 4
v = at = 7.0 ´ 10 tu z m s 17
2
- 200 e o x
0 2
1
¶r V 1 ¶ ¶J z
Q= ò ò x2 + 4
dxdy = -( 3)(200) e o ln[ x 2 + 4 ]
2
54. (D) = -Ñ × J = (rJ r) + -3 0 0
¶t r ¶r ¶z
= - 300 ln 2 = - 1.84 nC
1 ¶ ¶ æ -20 ö
= (25) + ç ÷ =0
r ¶r ¶z çè r 2 + 0.01 ÷ø
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
61. (B) E = -ÑV , -3 xy 2 z 3 satisfy this equation. Since E is normal to the surface
e 2 1000 400
En 2 = r1 En 1 = ´ ur = 2 ur V m
62. (D) The plane can be replaced by -60 nC at Q (2, 5, er 2 5 r2 r
-6).
R = (5, 3, 1) - (2, 4, 6) = (3, -1, -5) 68. (D) D n 1 = D n 2 and Et1 = Et 2 , D = eE
q q q é 1 1 ù
VP = - = ê - 69. (A) D = eE = - f ( x)ÑV ,
4 pe o R 4 pe o R¢ 4 pe o ë 35 59 úû
Ñ × D = r v = 0 = Ñ × ( - f ( x)ÑV )
-9 -9 é 1 1 ù
Vp = 60 ´ 10 ´ 9 ´ 10 êë 35 - 59 úû = 21 V 0 = Ñ × ( - f ( x)ÑV )
é dF ¶V ¶2V ¶2V ¶2V ù
=-ê + f ( x) 2 + f ( x) 2 + f ( x) 2 ú
63. (A) Using method of images ë dx ¶x ¶x ¶y ¶z û
. e o = 2.5 e o En 2
= 2 ´ 15 Þ En 2 = 12
. It follow that C1 = 0
In the fig. P8.3.12–14 The region 0 £ z £ 2 is filled (A) -4.4 u x + 1.3u y + 0.6 u z kV m
with an infinite slab of magnetic material (m r = 2.5). The (B) 4.4 u x - 1.3u y - 0.6 u z kV m
surface of the slab at z = 0 and z = 2, respectively, carry (C) -4.4 u x + 1.3u y + 0.6 u z kV m
surface current 30u x A m and -40u x as shown in fig.
(D) 4.4 u x - 1.3u y - 0.6 u z kV m
z
and -4u z A m at y = -1. Let F be the vector force per (C) 82 u x + 204 u y - 327 u z mT
meter length exerted on a current filament carrying 7 (D) 82 u x + 204 u y - 327 u z mA m
mA in the u L direction.
31. The magnetization M is
24. If the current filament is located at x = 0, y = 0.5 (A) 75 u x + 187.5 u y - 300 u z A m 2
and u L = u z , then F is (B) 75 u x + 187.5 u y - 300 u z A m 2
(A) 35 .2 u y nN m (B) -35 .2 u y nN m (C) 55 u x + 137.5 u y - 220 u z A m 2
(C) 105.6 u y nN m (D) 0 (D) 55 u x + 137.5 u y - 220 u z A m 2
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32. The magnetic energy density is If H increases from 0 to 210 A m, the energy
(A) 19 mJ m 2
(B) 9.5 mJ m 2
stored per unit volume in the alloy is
(C) 16.3 mJ m 2
(D) 32.6 mJ m 2 (A) 6.2 MJ m 3 (B) 1.3 MJ m 3
(C) 2.3 kJ m 3 (D) 2.9 kJ m 3
Statement for Q.33–34:
40. If magnetization is given by H = 6a ( - yu x + xu y) in a
For a given material magnetic susceptibility
cube of size a, the magnetization volume current
c m = 31
. and within which B = 0.4 yu z T.
density is
33. The magnetic field H is 12 6
(A) uz (B) ( x - y)
a a
(A) 986.8 yu z kA m (B) 151.6 yu z kA m
6 3
(C) 102.7 yu z kA m (D) 77.6 yu z kA m (C) uz (D) ( x - y)
a a
34. The magnetization M is 41. The point P(2, 3, 1) lies on the planner boundary
(A) 241yu z kA m (B) 318.2 yu z kA m separating region 1 from region 2. The unit vector
(C) 163yu z kA m (D) None of the above u N12 = 0.6 u x + 0.48 u y + 0.64 u z is directed from region 1
to region 2. If m r1 = 2, m r2 = 8 and
35. In a material the magnetic field intensity is H1 = 100 u x - 300 u y + 200 u z A m, then H 2 is
H = 1200 A m when B = 2 Wb m 2 . When H is reduced to (A) 40.3u x + 48.3u y - 178.9 u z A m
400 A m, B = 1.4 Wb m 2 . The change in the
(B) 80.2 u x - 315.8 u y + 178.9 u z A m
magnetization M is
(C) 40.3u x - 315.8 u y - 178.9 u z A m
(A) 164 kA m (B) 326 kA m
(D) 80.2 u x + 48.3u y + 178.9 u z A m
(C) 476 kA m (D) 238 kA m
42. The plane separates air ( z > 0, m r = 1) from iron
36. A particular material has 2.7 ´ 10 29 atoms m 3 and
( z £ 0, m r = 20). In air magnetic field intensity is
each atom has a dipole moment of 2.6 ´ 10 -30 u y A × m 2 .
H = 10 u x + 15 u y - 3u z A m. The magnetic flux density
The H in material is (m r = 4.2)
in iron is
(A) 2.94 u y A m (B) 0.22 u y A m
(A) 5.02 u x + 7.5 u y - 0.076 u z mWb m 2
(C) 0.17 u y A m (D) 2.24 u y A m
(B) 12.6 u x + 18.9 u y - 75.4 u z mWb m 2
37. In a material magnetic flux density is 0.02 Wb m 2 (C) 251u x + 377 u y - 377
. u z mWb m 2
and the magnetic susceptibility is 0.003. The magnitude (D) 251u x + 377 u y - 1508 u z mWb m 2
of the magnetization is
43. The plane 2 x + 3 y - 4 z = 1 separates two regions.
(A) 47.6 A m (B) 23.4 A m
Let m r1 = 2 in region 1 defined by 2 x + 3 y - 4 z > 1, while
(C) 16.3 A m (D) 8.4 A m
m r 2 = 5 in region 2 where 2 x + 3 y - 4 z < 1. In region
H1 = 50 u x - 30 u y + 20 u z A m. In region 2, H 2 will be
38. A uniform field H = - 600 u y A m exist in free space.
(A) 63.4 u x + 4318
. u y - 19.4 u z A m
The total energy stored in spherical region 1 cm in
radius centered at the origin in free space is (B) 52.9 u x - 25.66 u y + 14.2 u z A m
(A) 0.226 J m 3
(B) 1.452 J m 3 (C) 48.6 u x - 16.4 u y - 46.3u z A m
1
B= H + H 2 mWb m 2
3
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Magnetostatics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 8.3
-(1 + x) u x + 3u y + 2 u z
SOLUTIONS uR =
R
R = (1 + x) + 32 + 2 2 = x 2 + 2 x + 14
2
¥
IdL ´ u R ¥
4 dxu x ´ [ -(1 + x) u x + 3u y + 2 u z ]
1. (C) H = ò 4 pR 2 H= ò
-¥
-¥ 4 p ( x 2 + 2 x + 14) 3 2
I
¥
-u ydy[2 u x + ( 3 - y) u y ] ¥
(12 u z - 8 u y) dx 2(12 u z - 8 u y)
=
4p ò [2 + ( 3 - y) ]
2 2 32
= = ò 4 p( x =
0
-¥
2
+ 2 x + 14) 3/2
4 p13
¥
I 2 u z dy = 0.147 u z - 0.098 u y A m
= ò
4 p 0 [2 + ( 3 - y) 2 ]3 2
2
I
56 .31 °
2 u z dq I
a
rIdzu f
H=
4p ò 2 sec q
=
2 pr
uf - ò
-a 4 p(r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
-90 °
a
I a
rIdzu f rIu f z Iau f
= u z [sin q ] -5690.31° °= 145.8 u z mA m ò- a 4 p(r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 = 4 p r 2 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 =
4p -a
2 pr(r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2
Iz I æç a ö
÷u A m
2. (A) H = H y + H z , H z = uf = 1-
2pr 2 pr ç (r + a 2 )
2 ÷ f
è ø
r = ( -3) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 5 At r = 1, H =
I
- u z ´ ( -3u x + 4 u y)
3u y + 4 u x 2pr
uf = = a 1
5 5 Þ 1- =
24 ( 4 u x + 3u y) 1+ a 2 2
Hz = = 0.611u x + 0.458 u y mA m
2 p(5) 5 1
Þ a= = 0.577 m
Iy 3
Hy = u f , r = ( -3) + (5) = 34 2 2
2pr
IdL ´ u R
( -3u x + 5 u z ) 3u z - 5 u x 6. (A) H = ò
uf = u y ´ = 4 pR 2
34 34 2p
Idfu f ´ ( - ur ) I
Hy =
12 ( -5 u x + 3u z ) = ò
0
4 pa
=
2a
uz A m
2 p 34 34
I = 3 A, a = 0.5 m, H = 3u z A m
= - 0.281u x + 0.168 u z mA m
H = H y + H z = 0.331u x + 0.458 u y + 0.168 u z mA m K ´ u R dxdy
7. (D) H = òò
4 pR 2
I
4
Idzu z ´ (ru r - zu z ) 2 ¥
4 u x ´ ( - xu x - yu y - 3u z ) dx dy
3. (A) H =
2 pr
uf - ò 4 p(r 2 + z 2 ) 3 2 = ò ò
-4
-2 -¥ 4 p( x 2 + y 2 + 9) 3 2
rdz
4
I I 2 ¥
4 ( - yu z - 3u y) dx dy
2 pr
uf - ò
4 p -4 4 p(r + z 2 ) 3 2
2
uf = ò ò
-2 -¥ 4 p( x 2 + y 2 + 9) 3 2
I I 8 2 ¥
12 u ydx dy
= uf - uf
2 pr 4 p r (r 2 + 16) = ò ò 4 p( x
-2 -¥
2
+ y 2 + 9) 3 2
I æç ö 2
4 ÷u 3 2
=
2 pr ç
1- =- uy ò dy
(r 2 + 16) ÷ø
f
p y2 + 9
è -2
2
At r = - 3, f = 60 °, I = 3p, 6 1 æ yö
- u y tan -1 ç ÷ = -0.75 u y A/m
H = 0.1u f A m p 3 è 3 ø -2
IdL ´ u R
4. (B) H = ò , IdL = 4 dxu x
4 pR 2
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
IdL ´ u R éu x uy uzù
8. (D) H = ò
4 pR 2 ê1 2 3 ú ´ 10 5 ´ 10 -3
ê ú
¥
-Idzu z ´ ( -zu z + u y) ¥
Idxu x ´ ( - xu x + u y) êë 3 12 -4 úû
=ò + ò
4 p(1 + z ) 2 32
4 p(1 + x )
2 32
0 0
= [ u x ( -8 - 36) - u y( -4 - 9) + u z (12 - 6)] ´ 10 2 V m
¥ ¥
Idzu x Idxu z = -4.4 u x + 1.3u y + 0.6 u z kV m
=ò + ò
0 4 p(1 + z 2 ) 3 2 0 4 p(1 + x 2 ) 3 2
æ 0
ö 0
18. (D) v(0) ´ B = (2 u x - 3u y - 4 u z )10 5
I ç zu x xu z ÷
= +
4 p çç (1 + z 2 ) ÷
(1 + x 2 ) ¥ ÷ ´ ( -3u x + 2 u y - u z )10 -3
è ¥ ø
= 1100 u x + 1400 u y - 500 u z
I
= ( u x + u z ) = 0.8 ( u x + u z ) mA m F(0) = Q [E + v ´ B]
4p
= 2 ´ 10 -16 [1200 u x + 1200 u y - 200 u z ]
ò ( 6 ´ 10
-3
FAB = ) dxu x ´ uy
2 px
1 ¶ æ 3ö 1
16. (D) J = çr ÷ = 0
r ¶r çè r ÷ø =
45 ´ 10 -3
m o ln 3u z = 19.8 u z nN
p
-5m o u x
1 1 .5
22. (A) This will be the vector sum of the forces on the
four sides. By symmetry, the forces on sides AB and CD
28. (A) F = ò K ´ BdS =
area
ò ò 6u
0 0 .5
z ´
2 py
dy
ò -( 6 ´ 10
-3
FDA = ) dxu z ´ u y = 54 u x nN
1 2 p(1) 29. (A) c m + 1 = m r , c m + 1 = 6.5 , c m = 5.5
Ftotal = FDA + FBC = (54 - 18) u x = 36 u x nN
30. (A) B = mH = m om rH
23. (A) F = ò IdL ´ R = 4 p ´ 10 -7 ´ 6.5(10 u x + 25 u y - 40 u z )
2 2 3 1
= 82 u x + 204 u y - 327 u z mWb m 2
= I ò dxu x ´ B + I ò dyu y ´ B + I ò dxu x ´ B + I ò dyu y ´ B
1 1 1 2
24. (B) Within the region -1 < y < 1, the magnetic fields 33. (D) m r = c m + 1 = 31
. + 1 = 4.1, m = m om r = 4.1m o
from the two outer sheets (carrying -4u z A m) cancel, B 0.4 yu z
H= = = 77.6 yu z kA m
leaving only the field from the center sheet. Therefore m 4.1 ´ 4 p ´ 10 -7
H = -4 u x A m (0 < y < 1) and H = 4 u x A m ( -1 < y < 0).
Outside (y > 1 and y < - 1) the fields from all three sheet 34. (A) M = c m H = ( 31
. )(77.6) yu z = 241 yu z kA m
cancel, leaving H = 0 ( y > 1, y < - 1). So at x = 0, y = 0.5
F B1 2
= Iu z ´ B = (7 ´ 10 -3) u z ´ - 4m o u x = -35.2 u y nN m 35. (C) For case 1, m = =
m H 1200
m 1 1
m r1 = = ´ = 1326.3
F m o 600 4 p ´ 10 -7
25. (D) = Iu x ´ ( -4m o u x ) = 0
m
c m = m r - 1 = 1325.3
1 M1 = c m H1 = 1590
. ´ 106 A m
26. (A) F = ò IdL ´ B
0
B
For case 2, m = 2 =
1.4
H 2 400
1
-100 m o u y
= ò 100 dzu z ´ = 0.4 u x N m 1.4
0 2 p (5 ´ 10 -3) m r1 = = 2785.2
400 ´ 4 p ´ 10 -7
27. (B) The field from the current strip at the filament c m = 2784.2 2784.2
location M 2 = c m H 2 = 1114
. ´ 106 A m
1 .5
6m o u x 3m o æ 15
. ö DM = (1590
. - 1114
. ) ´ 106 = 476 kA m
B=
0 .5
ò 2 p y
dy =
p
ln ç ÷u x
è .5 ø
0
= 1.32 ´ 10 -6 u x Wb m 2 36. (B) M = Nm = (2.7 ´ 10 29)(2.6 ´ 10 -30 u y)
1
F = ò IdL ´ B = 0.7 u y A m
0
M 0.7 u y
1 H= = = 0.22 u y A m
= ò 5 dzu z ´ 1.32 ´ 10 -6 u x dz = 6.6 u y mN m m r - 1 4.2 - 1
0
-1
B æ 1 ö
37. (A) M = çç + 1 ÷÷
mo è cm ø
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UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics
-1
0.02 æ 1 ö The normal component of H1 is
= ç + 1 ÷ = 47.6 A m
4 p ´ 10 -7 è 0.003 ø H N1 = (H1 × u N 21 ) u N 21
H1 × u N 21 = (50 u x - 30 u y + 20 u z ) × (0.37 u x + 0.56 u y - 0.74u z )
1 1 = 18.5 - 16.8 - 14.8 = -131
.
38. (A) W = H × B = m o H 2
2 2 (H1 × u N 21 ) u N 21 = ( -131
. )(0.37 u x + 0.56 u y - 0.74 u z )
1 = -4.83u x - 7.24 u y + 9.66 u z A m
= ( 4 p ´ 10 -7)( 600) 2 = 0.226 J m 3
2
Tangential component of H1 at the boundary
Ho Ho
æ1 ö HT1 = H1 - H N1
39. (A) W = ò H. dB = ò Hçè 3 + 2 H ÷ødH
0 0
= (50 u x - 30 u y + 20 u z ) - ( -4.83u x - 7.24 u y + 9.66 u z )
H 2
2H 3 = 54.83u x - 22.76 u y + 10.34 u z A m
= +
o
= 6.2 MJ m 3
o
6 3 H T 2 = H T1
m 2
H N 2 = r1 H N1 = ( -4.83u x - 7.24 u y + 9.66 u z )
12 m r2 5
40. (A) J b = Ñ ´ M = uz
a = -193
. u x - 2.90 u y + 3.86 u z A m
H 2 = H T 2 + H N 2 = (54.83u x - 22.76 u y + 10.34 u z )
41. (B) B1 = 200m o u x - 600m o u y + 400m o u z
+ ( -193
. u x - 2.9 u y + 3.86 u z )
Its normal component at the boundary is = 52.9 u x - 25.66 u y + 14.2 u z
B1 N = (B1 × u N12 ) u N12
********
= (52.8 u x + 42.24 u y + 56.32 u z ) m o = B2 N
B
Þ H 2 N = 2 N = 6.60 u x + 5.28 u y + 7.04 u z
8m o
B1 N
H1 N = = 26.40 u x + 2112
. u y + 28.16 u z
12m o
H1 T = H1 - H1 N = (100 u x - 300 u y + 200 u z )
-(26.4 u x + 2112
. u y + 28.16 u z )
= 73.6 u x - 32112
. u y + 171.84 u z
H1 T = H 2 T
H 2 = H 2 N + H 2 T = 80.2 u x - 315.8 u y + 178.9 u z A m
42. (C) H N1 = - 3u z , H T1 = 10 u x + 15 u y
H T 2 = H T1 = 10 u x + 15 u y
m 1
H N 2 = 1 H N1 = ( -3u z ) = 0.15 u z
m2 20
H 2 = H N 2 + H T 2 = 10 u x + 15 u y - 0.15 u z
B2 = m 2H 2 = 20 ´ 4 p ´ 10 -7(10 u x + 15 u y - 0.15 u z )
= 251u x + 377 u y - 377
. u z mWb m 2
VM v
0.2 cm
I
v
x
b
Fig. P8.4.8–9.
8. The voltmeter reading at t = 0.5 s is 16 cm
(A) -21.6 V (B) 21.6 V Fig. P8.4–12–14
(C) -6.3 V (D) 6.3 V
12. If 6 W resistor is present across the left-end with the
9. The voltmeter reading at x = 0.6 m is right end open-circuited, then at t = 0.5 sec the current
(A) -1.68 V (B) 1.68 V I is
A perfectly conducting filament containing a 250W 13. If 6 W resistor is present across each end, then I at
0.5 cm B 250 W
The internal dimension of a coaxial capacitor is
a = 1.2 cm, b = 4 cm and c = 40 cm. The homogeneous
x material inside the capacitor has the parameter
Fig. P8.4.10–11 e = 10 -11 F m, m = 10 -5 H m and s = 10 -5 S m.The electric
field intensity is E = 10r cos (10 5 t) u p V m.
7
16. The following fields exist in charge free regions (B) -4 a sin (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) u z mA m
(C) 261 cos (1010 t) nA (D) 148 cos (1010 t) mA (C) 120 cos (1010 t + bx) nC m 2
(D) None of the above
18. In a coaxial transmission line ( e r = 1), the electric
field intensity is given by 23. The magnetic flux density B is
100 (A) 6.67 ´ 10 4 cos (1010 t + bx) T
E= cos (10 9 t - 6 z) u r V m.
r (B) 6.67 ´ 10 4 cos (1010 t - bx)
The displacement current density is (C) 6 ´ 10 -5 cos (1010 t + bx) T
100 (D) 6 ´ 10 -5 cos (1010 t - bx) T
(A) - sin (10 9 t - 6 z) u r A m 2
r
116 Statement for Q.24–25:
(B) sin (10 9 t - 6 z) u r A m 2
r A material has s = 0 and e r = 1. The magnetic field
(C) -
0.9
sin (10 9 t - 6 z) u r A m 2 intensity is H = 4 cos (106 t - 0.01z) u y A m.
r
216 24. The electric field intensity E is
(D) - cos (10 9 t - 6 z) u r A m 2
r (A) 4.52 sin (106 t - 0.01z) kV m
(B) 4.52 sin (106 t - 0.01z) V m
Statement for Q.19–21: (C) 4.52 cos (106 t - 0.01z) V m
Consider the region defined by |x|,|y| and |z|< 1. (D) 4.52 cos (106 t - 0.01z) kV m
Let e = 5 e o , m = 4m o , and s = 0 the displacement current
density J d = 20 cos (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) u y m A m 2 . Assume 25. The value of m r is
no DC fields are present. (A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 16
19. The electric field intensity E is
. ´ 108 t - ax) u y mV m
(A) 6 sin (15 26. The surface r = 3 and 10 mm, and z = 0 and 25 cm
. ´ 10 t - ax) u y mV m
(B) 6 cos (15 8 are perfect conductors. The region enclosed by these
. ´ 108 t - ax) u y mV m
(C) 3 cos (15 surface has m = 2.5 ´ 10 -6 H m, e = 4 ´ 10 -11 F m and
s = 0. If H = 2r cos 8 pz cos wt u f A m, then the value of w
. ´ 108 t - ax) u y mV m
(D) 3 sin (15
is
20. The magnetic field intensity is (A) 2 p ´ 106 rad s (B) 8 p ´ 106 rad s
(A) -4 a sin (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) u z m A m (C) 2 p ´ 108 rad s (D) 8 p ´ 108 rad s
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10. (A) F = òò B × dS = 6(0.5) cos (120 pt - 30 ° ) Wb I d = 2 prlJ d = - 2 pl(10) sin (10 5 t) = - 8 psin (10 5 t) A
2
area
Id 8
dF Quality factor = = 0.1
emf = - = 6(0.5) 2 (120 p) sin (120 pt - 30 ° ) Ic 80
dt
emf 6(0.5) 2 (120 p)
The current is = sin (120 pt - 30 ° ) A ¶Pz
R 250 16. (A) Ñ × P = 0, Ñ ´ P = - uy ¹ 0
¶x
= 2.26 sin (120 pt - 30 ° ) A
P is a possible EM field
1 ¶
0 .5
Ñ × Q = 0, Ñ ´ Q = [10 cos ( wt - 2r)]u z ¹ 0
11. (D) F = òò B × dS = (0.5)(2) ò cos( py - pct) dy
area 0
r ¶r
Q is a possible EM field
1é æ pö ù 1
= sinç pct - ÷ - sin pct ú = [ - cos pct - sin pct ] mWb 1 ¶ sin f
p êë è 2ø û p Ñ ×R = ( 3r 2 cot f) × ¹ 0, R is not an EM field.
r ¶r r
dF
emf = - = c [cos pct - sin pct ] mV 1 ¶(sin 2 f)
dt Ñ ×S = sin ( wt - 6 r) ¹ 0
r sin q
2
¶r
emf 3 ´ 108
I ( t) = = [cos pct - sin pct ] mA S is not an EM field. Hence (A) is correct.
R 250
= 12
. [cos pct - sin pct ] A
V dD e dV
17. (A) D = eE = e Þ Jd = =
d dt d dt
12. (A) The flux in the left-hand closed loop is
eS dV 2 e o 5 ´ 10 -4
Fl = B ´ area = (0.8)(0.2)(2 + 9t) Id = J × S = = 10 3 ´ 50 cos (10 3 t)
d dt 3 ´ 10 -3
dF L
emfl = - = - (0.16)(9) = -1.44 V
dt = 148 cos (1010 t) nA
While the bar in motion, the loop resistance is
18. (C)
increasing with time,
¶D ¶E 100
Rl = 6 + 2[2 (2 + 9 t)]W, At t = 0.5, Rl = 32 W Jd = =e = eo [ - sin (10 9 t - 6 z)] 10 9 u r A m 2
¶t ¶t r
1.44
Il = - = - 45 mA 0.9
32 =- sin (10 9 t - 6 z) u r A m 2
r
13. (C) In this case, there will be contribution to the
20 ´ 10 -6
current from the right loop, which is now closed. The 19. (D) D = ò J d dt + C1 = . ´ 108 - ax) u y
sin (15
. ´ 108
15
flux in the right loop, whose area decreases with time,
is Fr = (0.8)(0.2)(16 - 2 - 9 t) = 1.33 ´ 10 -13 sin (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) u y C m 3
dF R C1 is set to zero since no DC fields are present.
emfR = - = 1.44 V
dt D 1.33 ´ 10 -13
E= = . ´ 108 - ax) u y
sin (15
Rr = 6 + 2 (2 (14 - 9 t)), At 0.5 s, Rr = 44 W e 5 eo
The contribution to the current from the right loop = 3 ´ 10 -3 sin (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) V m
-144
Ir = = 032.7 mA
44 ¶E y ¶B
20. (D) Ñ ´ E = uz = -
The total current = -32.7 - 45 = -77.7 mA ¶x ¶t
¶B
= -a( 3 ´ 10 -3) cos (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) u z = -
100 ¶t
14. (C) J = s E = cos (10 5 t) u r A m 2
r a( 3 ´ 10 -3)
B= . ´ 108 t - ax) u z
sin (15
. ´ 108
15
15. (A) Total conduction current B 2 ´ 10 -11
100 H= = . ´ 108 t - ax) u z A m
sin (15
I C = òò J × dS = 2prlJ = 2 prl cos (10 5 t) u r A m 2 m 4 ´ 4 p ´ 10 -7
r
= 4 ´ 10 -6 a sin (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) u z mA m
= 80 pcos (10 5 t) A
¶D ¶eE 10 ¶H z
Jd = = =- sin (10 5 t) A m 2 21. (B) Ñ ´ H = - u y = Jd
¶t ¶t r ¶x
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= a 2 ( 4 ´ 10 -6 ) cos (15
. ´ 108 t - ax) = J D Jc sE s
27.(B) At high frequency = =
Comparing the result J d weE we
a 2 4 ´ 10 -6 = 20 ´ 10 -6 , a = 5 = 2.25 2 ´ 10 -3
= = 4.44 ´ 10 -4
2 p ´ 10 9 ´ 81 ´ e o
¶H z ¶D
22. (B) Ñ ´ H = - uy = Ic Ic
¶x ¶t 28. (C) J c = = sE Þ E=
S sS
¶D
= 2b sin (1010 t - bx) u y ¶E e ¶I c
¶t Þ Jd = e =
¶t sS ¶t
2b
D =- cos (1010 t - bx) u y C m 2 4.6 e o (10 9)
1010 Þ Jd = 2 cos (10 9 t) 10 -3
2.5 ´ 106 ´ 10 ´ 10 -4
w
b= = 1010 me = 1010 3 ´ 10 -5 ´ 12
. ´ 10 -10 = 600
v |J d | = 32.6 nA m 2
D = -120 cos (1010 t - bx) u y nC m 2
8r
29. (B) Ñ × J = (0 + 0 + 3z 2 ) sin (10 4 t) = -
¶t
23. (D) B = mH = 6 ´ 10 -5 cos (1010 t - bx) u z T
3z 2 cos (10 4 t)
rv = + C1
10 4
¶H y
24. (A) Ñ ´ H = - ux At z = 0, r v = 0, C1 = 0
¶z
r v = 0.3z 2 cos (10 4 t) mC m 3
¶E
Þ Ñ ´ H = 0.04 cos (10 t - 0.01z) u x = e o
6
¶t ¶H z
30. (D) J d = Ñ ´ H = ux
0.04 sin (106 t - 0.01z) u x ¶y
E=
106 e o
= 40 sin (10 9 t - 4 y) u y A m
= 4.52 sin (10 t - 0.01z) u x kV m
6
¶H z ¶E
31. (A) Ñ ´ H = - uz = e
¶Ex ¶H ¶y ¶t
25. (B) Ñ ´ E = uy = -m
¶z ¶t = 6b sin (bx) cos (108 t) u y
-0.04(0.01) ¶H 1
cos (106 t - 0.01z) u y = - m rm o E = ò 6b sin (bx) cos (108 t) u y dt
106 e o ¶t e
0.04(0.01) 6b
H= sin (106 t - 0.013) u y = sin (bx) sin (108 t) u y
(106 )(106 )m rm o e o e1010
0.04(0.01) (0.04)(0.01) w w 108
=4 Þ mr = ´ ( 3 ´ 108 ) 2 = 9 e = 6.25 e o , b = = er = 6.25 = 0.833
1012 m rm o e o 4(1012 ) v c 3 ´ 108
6(0.833)
E= sin (bx) sin (108 t) u y V m
¶H f 6.25 e o ´ 108
26. (D) Ñ ´ H = - ur
¶z = 903 sin (0.83 x) sin (108 t) u y V m
16 p ¶E
= sin ( 8 pz) cos ( wt) u r = e
r ¶t 32. (C) For nonmagnetic medium m r = 1
16 p w w
E= sin ( 8 pz) sin ( wt) u r b= = er , w = 10 9, b = 8,
rew v c
¶Er (16 p)( 8 p) ¶H 10 9
Ñ ´E= uf = cos ( 8 pz) sin ( wt) u f = -m 8= ´ 108 e r Þ e r = 5.76
¶z rew ¶t 3
128 p2
H= cos ( 8 pz) cos ( wt) u f
rew2
**********
This result must be equal to the given H field. Thus
128 p2 2 8p 8p
= Þ w= =
remw2 r me 4 ´ 10 -11
´ 2.5 ´ 10 -6
= 8 p ´ 108 rad s
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CHAPTER
8.5
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION
(A) 16 e
-j
3
x
uz m A m (B) -16 e
-j
3
x
uz m A m 5. The magnetic field phasor H s is
(A) ( -5.3u y - 8 u z ) e - jbx m A m
2p 2p
-j x -j x
(C) 16 e 3
ux m A m (D) -16 e 3
ux m A m (B) (5.3u y - 8 u z ) e - jbx m A m
(C) ( -5.3u y + 8 u z ) e - jbx m A m
2. The E-field of total wave in air is (D) (5.3u y + 8 u z ) e - jbx m A m
æ 2p ö
(A) j12 sin ç x ÷ u y mV m
è 3 ø 6. The average power density in the wave is
æ 2p ö (A) 34 mW m 2 (B) 17 mW m 2
(B) - j12 sin ç x ÷ u y mV m
è 3 ø (C) 22 mW m 2 (D) 44 mW m 2
æ 2p ö
(C) 12 cos ç x ÷ u y mV m
è 3 ø 7. The electric field of a uniform plane wave in free
space is given by Es = 12 p( u y + ju z ) e - j15x . The magnetic
æ 2p ö
(D) -12 cos ç x ÷ u y mV m field phasor H s is
è 3 ø
(A) 12
ho
( -u z + ju y) e - j15x (B) 12
ho
( u z + ju y) e - j15x
3. The location in air nearest to the conducting plane, (C) 12
( -u z - ju y) e - j15x (D) 12
( u z - ju y) e - j15x
ho ho
where total E-field is zero, is
(A) x = 15
. m (B) x = -15
. m Statement for Q.8–9:
wave operates at 10 MHz and the electric field leads the (A) 2 (B) 1
33. The region z < 0 is characterized by e r = m r = 1 and Region 2 (0 < z < 6 cm): m 2 = 2 mH m, e 2 = 25 pF m
s = 0. The total electric field here is given Region 3 (z > 6 cm): m 3 = 4 mH m, e 3 = 10 pF m
E s = 150 e - j10 z u x + 50 Ð20 ° e j10 z u x V m. The intrinsic
impedance of the region z > 0 is 39. The lowest frequency, at which a uniform plane
(A) 692 + j176 W (B) 193 - j 49 W wave incident from region 1 onto the boundary at z = 0
(C) 176 + j 692 W (D) 49 - j193 W will have no reflection, is
(A) 2.96 GHz (B) 4.38 GHz
Statement for Q.34–35: (C) 1.18 GHz (D) 590 MHz
Region 1, z < 0 and region 2, z > 0, are both perfect
40. If frequency is 50 MHz, the SWR in region 1 is
dielectrics. A uniform plane wave traveling in the u z
(A) 0.64 (B) 1.27
direction has a frequency of 3 ´ 1010 rad s. Its
wavelength in the two region are l1 = 5 cm and l2 = 3 (C) 2.38 (D) 4.16
cm.
41. A uniform plane wave in air is normally incident
34. On the boundary the reflected energy is onto a lossless dielectric plate of thickness l 8 , and of
(A) 6.25% (B) 12.5% intrinsic impedance h = 260 W. The SWR in front of the
plate is
(C) 25% (D) 50%
(A) 1.12 (B) 1.34
35. The SWR is (C) 1.70 (D) 1.93
(A) 1.67 (B) 0.6
42. The E-field of a uniform plane wave propagating in
(C) 2 (D) 1.16
a dielectric medium is given by
36. A uniform plane wave is incident from region 1 æ z ö æ 8 z ö
E = 2 cos ç 108 t - ÷ u x - sin ç 10 t - ÷ uy V m
(m r = 1, s = 0) to free space. If the amplitude of incident è 3ø è 3ø
wave is one-half that of reflected wave in region, then
The dielectric constant of medium is
the value of e r is
(A) 3 (B) 9
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D) 6
(C) 16 (D) 9
43. An electromagnetic wave from an under water
37. A 150 MHz uniform plane wave is normally incident
source with perpendicular polarization is incident on a
from air onto a material. Measurements yield a SWR of
water-air interface at angle 20° with normal to surface.
3 and the appearance of an electric field minimum at
For water assume e r = 81, m r = 1. The critical angle q c is
0.3l in front of the interface. The impedance of material
(A) 83.62° (B) 6.38°
is
(C) 42.6° (D) None of the above
(A) 502 - j 641 W (B) 641 - j502 W
(C) 641 + j502 W (D) 502 + j 641 W ***********
s
SOLUTIONS 8. (B) Loss tangent
we
=x
me é ù
2
æ s ö
1. (A) w = 2 p ´ 10 8
rad s b=w ê 1+ç ÷ + 1ú
2 ê è we ø úû
ë
w 2 p ´ 10 2p 8
b= = = rad m
c 3 ´ 108
2p
3 Þ 10 =
2 p ´ 5 ´ 106
3 ´ 108
5´2
2
[ 1+ x 2
+1]
-j x
Es = 6 e 3
u y mV m s
Þ x= = 1823
uE ´ u H = ux , u y ´ u H = ux , u H = uz we
2p 2p
6 -j x -j x
Hs = e 3
uz = 16 e 3
uz m A m
120 p a 1 + x2 - 1
9. (B) =
b 1 + x2 + 1
2. (B) For conducting plane G = -1,
a 1822
j
2p
x Þ =
Er = -6 e 3
u y mV m, b 1824
æ - j 2 px 2p
-j x ö a = 10 ´ 0.999 = 9.99
E = Ei + Er = çç 6 e 3 u y - 6 e 3 u y ÷÷ mV m
è ø
me é ù
2
æ 2p ö æ s ö
= - j12 sin ç x ÷ u y mV m 10. (D) a = w ê 1+ç ÷ - 1ú
è 3 ø 2 ê è we ø úû
ë
s 0.08
3. (B) The electric field vanish at the surface of the = =8
we 3.6 ´ 50 ´ 106 ´ 2 pe o
conducting plane at x = 0. In air the first null occur at
2 p ´ 50 ´ 106 (2.1)( 3.6)
l p 3 a= ( 65 - 1) = 5.41
x =- 1 =- =- m 3 ´ 108 2
2 b1 2
me é ù
2
æ s ö
b=w ê 1+ç ÷ + 1ú
w 2 p ´ 400 ´ 10 6
2 ê è we ø úû
4. (C) vp = = = 1.4 ´ 108 m s ë
b 18
2 p ´ 50 ´ 106 (2.1)( 3.6)
= ( 65 + 1) = 6.13
5. (C) The wave is propagating in forward x direction. 3 ´ 108 2
Therefore u E ´ u H = u x . g = a + jb = 5.41 + j 6.13 per meter.
For u E = u z , u z ´ u H = u x Þ uH = - uy
m 2.1
For u E = u y , u y ´ u H = u x Þ u H = u z 120 p
11. (A) |h| = e = 3.6 = 101.4
1
Hs = ( -2 u y + 3u z ) e - jbx = ( -5.3u y + 8 u z ) e - jbx mA m 1 1
120 p æ 2
ö
ç 1 + æç s ö÷
4
64 4
÷
ç è we ø ÷
è ø
1
6. (B) Pavg = Re {Es ´ H *s }
2
s
1 12. (C) = tan 2 q n = tan 60 ° = 1732
.
{(5.3) u x + 3( 8) u x } ´ 10 -3 = 17.3u x mW m 2 we
2
m
7. (D) Since Pointing vector is in the positive x
13. (D) |h| = e
direction, therefore u E ´ u H = u x . 1
æ ö
2 4
For u E = u y , u y ´ u H = u x Þ u H = uz ç 1 + æç s ö÷ ÷
ç è we ø ÷ø
For u E = u z , u z ´ u H = u x Þ u H = -u y , è
12 120p
Hs = ( u z - ju y) e - j 15x
ho er
Þ 360 = 1
Þ e r = 0.548
(1 + 1732
. 2 4
)
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1 1
15. (B) d = = = 5.05 m ho ho
a 0.198 23. (C) h1 = ho , h2 = = =
e er 2
3 ´ 108 Er 50 Ð20 ° e j 20
w= = 0.5 ´ 108 rad s. 33.(A) G = = =
12 ´ 3 Ei 150 3
h2 - h1
G= , h1 = ho ,
m r ho h2 + h1
26. (D) h1 = ho , h2 = ho = = 0.58ho
er 3
æ e j 20 ö
h - h1 0.58ho - ho ç1 + ÷
æ1 + G ö ÷ = 692 + j176 W
G= 2 = = -0. 266 h2 = ho çç ÷÷ = 377ç 3
h2 + h1 0.58h o + h o è1-G ø ç e j 20 ÷
ç1- ÷
t = 1 + G = 0.734, Eot = tEoi = 7.34 è 3 ø
Et = 7.34 cos ( wt - z) u y V m 2 2 2
æ 2 pc ö æ 2 pc ö e r1 æ l2 ö
34. (A) e r1 = çç ÷÷ , e r 2 = çç ÷÷ Þ =ç ÷÷
27. (B) ETotal = Ei + Er , Eor = GEoi = -2.66 è l1 w ø è l2 w ø e r 2 çè l1 ø
ETotal = 10 cos ( wt - z) u y - 2.66 cos ( wt + z) u y V m ho ho e r1 l2
- -1 -1
h2 - h1 er 2 e r1 er 2 l
G= = = = 1
28. (B) m o = m 1 = m 2 h2 + h1 ho ho e r1 l2
+ +1 +1
er 2 e r1 er 2 l1
eo 1
sin q t1 = sin q i Þ sin q t1 = sin 45 ° = 0.333
e1 4.5 l2 - l1 3 - 5 1
Þ G= = =-
Þ q t1 = 19.47 ° l2 + l1 3 + 5 4
The fraction of the incident energy that is reflected is
e 4.5 1
29. (B) sin q t 2 = 1 sin q t1 = (0.333) = 0.47 G2 = = 6.25%.
e2 2.25 16
Þ q t2 = sin -1 0.47 = 28 °
1
1 + |G| 1+
35. (A) s = = 4 = 5
30. (A) Since both media are non magnetic 1 - |G| 1 3
1-
e1 2.6 e o 4
tan q B = = = 2.6
e2 eo
h1 h mr h
But cos q t = cos q B = o cos 58.2 ° = 2.6 cos 58.2 ° 36. (D) h2 = ho , h1 = ho = o
h2 ho er er
2.6
Þ q t = 31.8 ° Ei 1 h2 - h1
G= = =
Er 2 h2 + h1
mr h ho
31. (A) h1 = ho , h2 = ho = o = 0.447ho ho -
er 5 er 1
Þ = Þ er = 9
h - h1 ho 2
G= 2 = - 0.38, t = 1 + G = 0.62 ho +
h2 + h1 er
Et = tEi = 92.7 cos ( wt - 8 y) u z V m
( f + p)
37. (C) At minimum = 0.3l ,
32. (B) |G| = 0.2 ,
2
G = ± 0.447 2b
2p
m r2 m r1 m r2 m r1 b= Þ f = 0.2 p
ho - ho - l
h2 - h1 er 2 e r1 m r32 m r31 m r1 - m r 2
G= = = = s -1 3 -1 1
h2 + h1 m r2 m r1 m r2 m r1 m r1 + m r 2 |G| = = =
ho + ho + s+1 3+1 2
er 2 e r1 m r32 m r31
h - ho
G = 0.5 e j 0 .2 p = 2
m r 2 1 + 0.447 h2 + ho
Þ = = 0.382, 2.62
m r1 1 ± 0.447
æ 1 + 0.5 e j 0 .2 p ö
3 Þ h2 = ho çç ÷ = 641 + j502 W
j 0 .2 p ÷
e r1 æ m r 2 ö è 1 - 0.5 e ø
Þ =ç ÷÷ = 0.056, 17.9
e r 2 çè m r1 ø
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mr ho 3 ´ 108 108
38. (A) h1 = ho , h2 = ho = Þ = Þ e r = 3.
er 3.45 er 1 3
ho
- ho
h - h1 3.45 er 2 1
G= 2 = = -0.3 43. (B) q c = sin -1 = sin -1 = 6.38 °
h2 + h1 ho e r1 81
+ ho
3.45 ********
b2 = w m 2 e2 = 2 p ´ 50 ´ 10 6 2 ´ 10 -6 ´ 25 ´ 10 -12 = 2. 2
b2 d = 2.22(0.06) = 0.133
m1 4 ´ 10 -6
h1 = = = 632 W
e1 10 -11
h3 = 632 W
m2 2 ´ 10 -6
h2 = = = 283 W
e2 25 ´ 10 -12
The input impedance at the first interface is
æ h + jh2 tan (b2 d) ö æ 632 + j283(0.134) ö
hin = h2 çç 3 ÷÷ = 283çç ÷÷
è h2 + jh3 tan (b2 d) ø è 283 + j 632(0.134) ø
= 590 - j138
h - h1 590 - j138 - 632
G = in = = 0.12 Ð - 100.5°
h in + h1 590 - j138 + 632
1 + |G| 1 + 0.12
s= = = 1.27
1 - |G| 1 - 0.12
2p l p p
41. (C) bd = × = , tan =1
l 8 4 4
h2 = 260, h1 = h3 = ho
æ h + jh2 tan (b2 d) ö æ 377 + j260 ö
hin = h2 çç 3 ÷÷ = 260çç ÷÷
h
è 2 + jh 3 tan (b 2 d ) ø è 260 + j 377 ø
= 243 - j92 W
h - ho 243 - j92 - 377
G = in = = 0.26 Ð - 137 °
hin + ho 243 - j92 + 377
1 + |G| 126
.
s= = = 170
.
1 - |G| 0.74
1 c w
42. (A) w = 108 rad s, b = rad m, v = =
3 er b
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CHAPTER
8.7
WAVEGUIDES
è a ø è b ø
4. In an an-filled rectangular wave guide, the cutoff
frequency of a TE10 mode is 5 GHz where as that of TE01 If the waveguide has cross-sectional dimension
mode is 12 GHz. The dimensions of the guide is a = 6 cm and b = 3 cm, then the intrinsic impedance of
(A) 3 cm by 1.25 cm (B) 1.25 cm by 3 cm this mode is
(C) 6 cm by 2.5 cm (D) 2.5 cm by 6 cm (A) 373.2 W (B) 378.9 W
guide, the time taken by the pulse to return the input In an air-filled waveguide, a TE mode operating at
end is 6 GHz has
(A) 920 ns (B) 460 ns æ 2 px ö æ py ö
E y = 15 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ sin ( wt - 12 z) V m
(C) 230 ns (D) 430 ns è a ø è b ø
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9. The cutoff frequency is 16. The cross section of a waveguide is shown in fig.
(A) 4.189 GHz (B) 5.973 GHz P8.7.16. It has dielectric discontinuity as shown in fig.
(C) 8.438 GHz (D) 7.946 GHz P8.7.16. If the guide operate at 8 GHz in the dominant
mode, the standing wave ratio is
y
10. The intrinsic impedance is
(A) 35.72 W (B) 3978 W
2.5 cm
(C) 1989 W (D) 71.44 W
mo, eo mo, 2.25eo
z
Statement for Q.11–12. x
5 cm
Fig. P8.7.17–19
Statement for Q.13–14:
Consider a air-filled waveguide operating in the 17. If a < b < c, the dominant mode is
TE12 mode at a frequency 20% higher than the cutoff (A) TE011 (B) TM110
frequency.
(C) TE101 (D) TM101
SOLUTIONS
frequency, the TM1 mode propagates through the guide
without suffering any reflective loss at the dielectric
interface. This frequency is
2 2
v æmö æ nö
1. (A) fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷
er1 = 4 Incident wave er2 = 2.1 1 cm
2 è aø è bø
2 2
3 ´ 108 æ1ö æ1ö
z = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 3.68 GHz
2 6 ´ 10 -2 è2 ø è 3ø
Fig. P8.7.34
(A) 8.6 GHz (B) 12.8 GHz
2 2
(C) 4.3 GHz (D) 7.5 GHz æf ö w æf ö
2. (C) bp = b 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 1 - çç c ÷÷
f
è ø v è f ø
Statement for Q.35–36: 2
2 p ´ 20 ´ 10 9 6 æ 3.68 ö
Þ bp = 1 -ç ÷ = 1009 rad m
A 6 cm ´ 4 cm rectangular wave guide is filled with 3 ´ 108 è 20 ø
dielectric of refractive index 1.25.
w 2 p ´ 20 ´ 10 9
35. The range of frequencies over which single mode 3. (A) vp = = = 1.24 ´ 108 m s
bp 1009
operation will occur is
(A) 2.24 GHz < f < 3.33 GHz v
4. (A) For TE10 mode fc = ,
(B) 2 GHz < f < 3 GHz 2a
v 3 ´ 108
(C) 4.48 GHz < f <7.70 GHz a= = = 3 cm
2 fc 2 ´ 5 ´ 10 9
(D) 4 GHz < f < 6 GHz
v
For TE01 mode fc = ,
2b
36. The range of frequencies, over which guide support
v 3 ´ 108
both TE10 and TE01 modes and no other, is b= = = 1.25 cm
2 fc 2 ´ 12 ´ 10 9
(A) 3.35 GHz < f < GHz
. ´ 10 9 =
12 ç ÷ +ç ÷ Þ a = 1.32 cm
frequency range, the maximum allowable value of e r is 2 èaø . ´ 10 -2 ø
è 375
(A) 4 (B) 2
Since a < b, the dominant mode is TE01 .
(C) 1 (D) 6
v 3 ´ 108
7. (B) fc 01 = = = 4 GHz
38. A parallel-plate guide operates in the TEM mode . ´ 10 -2
2 b 2 ´ 375
only over the frequency range 0 < f < 3 GHz. The
dielectric between the plates is teflon ( e r = 2.1). The 8. (C) Ez ¹ 0, this must be TM 23 mode ( m = 2, n = 3)
maximum allowable plate separation b is 2 2
3 ´ 108 æ2 ö æ 3ö
(A) 3.4 cm (B) 6.8 cm fc = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 15.81 GHz
2 ´ 10 -2 è6ø è 3ø
(C) 4.3 cm (D) 8.6 cm w 1012
f = = = 159.2 GHz
************* 2p 2p
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2 2 ho 377
æf ö æ 15.81 ö h1 = = = 406.7 W
hTM = 377 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 377 1 - ç ÷ = 375.1 W 2 2
f
è ø è 159.2 ø æf ö æ 3ö
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è8ø
9. (B) m = 2, n = 1, bp = 12, f = 6 GHz In dielectric medium
2 2 c 3 ´ 108
w æf ö 2 p ´ 6 ´ 10 9 æf ö fc = = = 2 GHz
bp = 1 - çç c ÷÷ Þ 12 = 1 -ç c ÷ 2 a er 2 ´ 0.05 2.25
v è f ø 3 ´ 10 8
è6ø
ho 377 251.33
Þ fc = 5.973 GHz h= = = 251.33 W, h2 = = 259.23 W
er 2.25 æ2 ö
2
1 -ç ÷
377 377 è8ø
10. (B) hTE = = = 3978 W
2 2
æf ö æ 5.973 ö h2 - h1 259.23 - 406.7
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷ G= = = -0.22
è f ø è 6 ø h2 + h1 259.23 + 406.7
1 + |G| 1 + 0.22
s= = = 1564
.
11. (B) m = 2, n = 3, 1 -|G| 1 - 0.22
2 2 2 2
c æmö æ nö 3 ´ 108 æ 2 ö æ 3 ö
fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷ = çç ÷÷ + ç ÷ v æmö æ nö æ pö
2 2 2
2 è aø è bø 2 ´ 10 -2 è 2. 286 ø è 1016
. ø 17. (A) fr = ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 è aø è ø
b ècø
= 46.2 GHz
where for TM mode to z
10 p ´ 1010
f = = 50 GHz m = 1, 2, 3...... ,
2p
2 2 n = 1, 2, 3...... ,
w æf ö 2 p ´ 50 ´ 10 9 æ 46.2 ö
bp = 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 1 -ç ÷ p = 0, 1, 2 ......
v è f ø 3 ´ 108 è 50 ø
For TE mode to z
= 400.7 m -1 , g = jbp = j 400.7
m = 1, 2, 3.....,
377 377 n = 1, 2, 3.....
12. (C) hTE = = = 986 W
æf ö
2
æ 46.2 ö
2
p = 1, 2, 3...... ,
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 50 ø 1 1 1
if a < b < c, then > >
a b c
13. (A) v = c, f = 1.2 fc The lowest TM mode is TM110 with
2 2
v æ1ö æ1ö
8 fr1 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
v 3 ´ 10 2 èaø è bø
vp = = = 5. 42 ´ 108 m s
2 2
æf ö æ f ö The lowest TE mode is TE011 with
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 - çç c ÷÷
è f ø è 1.2 f c ø 2 2
v æ1ö æ1ö
fr 2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 2
2 è bø è cø
æf ö æ f ö
14. (A) v g = v 1 - çç c ÷÷ = c 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 1.66 ´ 108 m s fr 2 > fr1 , Hence the dominant mode is TE011
è f ø è 12
. fc ø
1 1 1
377 377 18. (B) If a > b > c then < <
15. (B) h = = = 251.33 W a b c
er .
15
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with
h 251.33
hTE = = = 337.2 W v æ1ö æ1ö
2 2
æf ö
2
æ 16 ö
2
fr1 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷ 2 èaø è bø
è f ø è 24 ø
The lowest TE mode is TE101 with
2 2
16. (C) Since a > b, the dominant mode is TE10 . v æ1ö æ1ö
fr 2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 èaø è cø
c 3 ´ 108
In free space fc = = = 3 GHz
2 a 2 ´ 0.05 fr 2 > fr1 Hence the dominant mode is TM110 .
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2 ´ 3 ´ 108 c 3 ´ 108
22. (A) fc =
mc
= = 10 ´ 10 9
Þ er = 9 vp = = = 4.7 ´ 108 m s
2 2
2 b er 2 ´ 0.01 e r æf ö æ 2.3 ö
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 3 ø
Rs ç 1 + çç ÷÷ 0.0568ç 1 + ç ÷
ç a è f ø ÷ ç 2.4 è 9 ø ÷ø
The maximum allowed m is 3. The propagating mode ac = è ø= è
2 2
will be TM1 , TE1 , TM 2 , TE2 , TM 3 , TE3 and TEM æf ö æ 3.876 ö
bh 1 - çç c ÷÷ . ´ 10 -2 ´ 233.8 1 - ç
15 ÷
Thus total 7 modes. è f ø è 9 ø
= 0.022
mc
24. (B) fcm = , fc 2 = 2 fc1 = 15 GHz
2 b er sd 10 -15 10 -15
29. (B) = =
c 3 ´ 108 we 2 p ´ 9 ´ 10 9 ´ 2.6 ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -12 1.3
f = = = 20 GHz
l 0.015
sd 1 c 377
2 2 << 1, hence v » = , h» = 233.8
æf ö æ 15 ö we me 2.6 2.6
vg2 = c 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 3 ´ 108 1 - ç ÷ = 2 ´ 10 m s
8
è f ø è 20 ø
s 3 ´ 108
fc = = 3.876 GHz
2 ´ 2.4 ´ 10 -2 2.6
2 2
c æmö æ nö 2
25. (A) fc = ç ÷ + ç ÷ , lc = sdh 10 -15 ´ 233.8
2 è aø è ø
b æmö
2
æ nö
2 ad = = = 1.3 ´ 10 -13 Np m
ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 2
æf ö æ 3.876 ö
è aø è bø 1 - çç c ÷÷ 2 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 9 ø
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Waveguides GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 8.7
CHAPTER
8.8
ANTENNAS
1. A Hertizian dipole at the origin in free space has 5. The time-average poynting vector at 50 km is
dl = 10 cm and I = 20 cos (2 p ´ 10 t) A. The | E| at the
7
(A) 6.36u r mW m 2 (B) 4.78u r mW m 2
distant point (100, 0, 0) is (C) 9.55u r mW m 2 (D) 12.73u r mW m 2
(A) 0.252 V m (B) 0.126 V m
(C) 0.04 V m (D) 0.08 V m 6. The maximum electric field at that location is
(A) 24 mV m (B) 85 mV m
Statement for Q.2–3: (C) 109 mV m (D) 12 mV m
A 25 A source operating at 300 MHz feeds a
7. In free space, an antenna has a far-zone field given
Hertizian dipole of length 4 mm situated at the origin.
Consider the point P(10, 30°, 90°). by E = 1
r
10 sin 2 q e - jbr u q V m. The radiated power is
(A) 0.23 W (B) 0.89 W
2. The H at point P is (C) 1.68 W (D) 1.23 W
(A) j0.25 mA m (B) 94.25 mA m
(C) j0.5 mA m (D) 188.5 mA m 8. At the far field, an antenna produces
Pave = 1
r2
cos q cos f u r W m , where
2
0<q<p and
3. The E at point P is 0 < f < . The directive gain of the antenna is
p
2
(A) j0.25 mV m (B) j0.5 mV m (A) cos q cos f (B) 2 sin q cos f
(C) j94.25 mV m (D) j188.5 mV m (C) 8 cos q sin f (D) 8 sin q cos f
11. The radiation intensity of a antenna is given by 19. Two identical antenna separated by 12 m are
U( q, f) = 8 sin q cos f , where 0 < q < p and 0 < f < p. The
2 2 oriented for maximum directive gain. At a frequency of
5 GHz, the power received by one is 30 dB down from
directive gain is
the transmitted by the other. The gain of antenna is
(A) 6 sin 2 q cos 2 f (B) 3 sin 2 q cos 2 f
(A) 22 dB (B) 16 dB
(C) 3 sin 2 f cos 2 q (D) 6 sin 2 f cos 2 q
(C) 19 dB (D) 13 dB
Statement for Q.12–13:
Statement for Q.20–21:
At the far field, an antenna radiates a field
An L-band pulse radar has common transmitting
0.4 cos 2 q - jbr and receiving antenna. The antenna having directive
Ef = e kV m
4 pr gain of 36 dB operates at 1.5 GHz and transmits 200
kW. The object is 120 km from the radar and its
12. The total radiated power is scattering cross section is 8 m 2 .
(A) 1.36 W (B) 2.14 W
(C) 0.844 W (D) 3.38 W 20. The magnitude of the incident electric field
intensity of the object is
13. The directive gain at q = p 3 is (A) 1.82 V m (B) 2.46 V m
(A) 0.3125 (B) 0.625 (C) 0.34 V m (D) 0.17 V m
(C) 1.963 (D) 3.927
21. The magnitude of the scattered electric field at the
14. An antenna has directivity of 100 and operates at radar is
150 MHz. The maximum effective aperture is (A) 18 mW (B) 12 mW
(A) 31.8 m 2 (B) 62.4 m 2 (C) 17 mW (D) 126 mW
(C) 26.4 m 2 (D) 13.2 m 2
22. A transmitting antenna with a 300 MHz carrier
15. Two half wave dipole antenna are operated at 100 frequency produces 2 kW of power. If both antennas has
MHz and separated by 1 km. If 100 W is transmitted by unity power gain, the power received by another
one, the power received by the other is (D = 1.68) antenna at a distance of 1 km is
16. The electric field strength impressed on a half wave 23. A bistatic radar system shown in fig. P8.7.23 has
dipole is 6 mV m at 60 MHz. The maximum power following parameters: f = 5 GHz, Gdt = 34 dB, Gdr =
received by the antenna is (D = 1.68) 22 dB. To obtain a return power of 8 pW the minimum
18. The directive gain of an antenna is 36 dB. If the 24. The radiation resistance of an antenna is 63 W and
antenna radiates 15 kW at a distance of 60 km, the loss resistance 7 W. If antenna has power gain of 16,
time average power density at that distance is then directivity is
(A) 9.42 mW m 2 (B) 6.83 mW m 2 (A) 48.26 dB (B) 12.5 dB
(C) 1.32 mW m 2 (D) 10.46 mW m 2 (C) 38.96 dB (D) 24.7 dB
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p
10
3 ò0
= sin 3 q cos 2 qdq = 0.89 W
***********
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4 p(12) 1 2p
Gd = = 79.48 = 19 dB 27. (D) bd = l = 2p , a = 0
0.06 10 3 l
æ bd cos q + a ö
AF = 2 cos ç ÷ = 2 cos ( p cos q)= 2 cos ( p cos q)
20. (A) Gd = 36 dB = 3981 è 2 ø
4 pr 2 Pi Gd Prad |E|2
Gd = Þ Pi = = 28. (B) cos ( p cos q) = 0
Prad 4 pr 2 2h
p 3p
(240 p) Gd Prad Þ p cos q = ± , ±
Þ |E|= 2 2
4 pr 2
1
cos q = ± Þ q = 60 ° , 120 °
( 60)( 3981)(200 ´ 10 3) 2
=
(120 ´ 10 3) 2
d( AF )
= 1.82 V m 29. (B) Maxima occur when =0
dq
Gdr Gdt æ l ö
2 y = bd cos q + a , N = 4
23. (C) Pr = ç ÷÷ sPrad
4 p çè 4 pr1 r2 ø
sin 4 x 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
= = 4 cos x cos 2 x
sin x sin x
Gdt = 34 dB = 2512, Gdr = 22 dB = 158.5 2p l p y p
bd = = , a = 0, = cos q
r1 = 3 km, r2 = 32 + 4 2 = 5 km l 4 2 2 4
3 ´ 108 æp ö æp ö
l= = 0.06 m, Pr = 8 pW AF = 4 cos ç cos q ÷ cos ç cos q ÷ .
5 ´ 10 9 è 4 ø è 2 ø
2
-12 (2512)(158.5) æ 0.06 ö
8 ´ 10 = ç ÷ (2.4) Prad
4p è 4 p( 3k)(5 k) ø ************
Þ Prad = 1038
. kW
63
24. (B) Efficiency = = 0.9
63 + 7
Gain 16
D= = = 17.78 = 12.5 dB
Efficiency 0.9
f 40 ´ 106
25. (B) BW = = = 800 kHz
Q 50
2
æ dl ö
26. (C) Radiation resistance Rr = 80 p2 ç ÷
è l ø
2
æ 1 ö
= 80 ´ p2 ´ ç ÷ = 351
. W
è 15 ø
Rr 351
.
Efficiency = = = 74.5 %
Rr + RL 351
. + 12
.
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
9.1
LINEAR ALGEBRA
é 1 i
ù é5 2ù é5 3ù
(A) ê (B) ê
6. The matrix, A = ê 1 úû 1 úû
2 2
ú is ë3 ë2
êë- -
i 1
2 2 úû
(A) Orthogonal (B) Idempotent é-5 -2 ù
(C) ê ú (D) None of these
(C) Unitary (D) None of these ë -3 -1û
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(III) adj( AB) = (adj. A)(adj. B) (IV) r( AB) = r( A)r(B) (C) an infinite number of solution
(D) none of these
(V) AB = A × B
27. If -1 , 2 , 3 are the eigen values of a square matrix A é cos 2 f cos f sin fù
B=ê ú
then the eigen values of A 2 are ëcos f sin f sin 2 f û
p
(D) an even multiple
(A) 1
2
, -1 (B) 2 , - 1 2
(C) 2 , - 4 (D) 8 , - 16 35. If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB
are both defined, then A and B are
29. If 2 and 4 are the eigen values of A then the
(A) both null matrices
eigenvalues of A T are
(A) 1
, 1
(B) 2, 4 (B) both identity matrices
2 4
(C) 4, 16 (D) None of these (C) both square matrices of the same order
(D) None of these
30. If 1 and 3 are the eigenvalues of a square matrix A
then A 3 is equal to é 0 - tan a2 ù
36. If A = ê a ú
(A) 13( A - I 2 ) (B) 13A - 12I 2 ëtan 2
0 û
(C) 12( A - I 2 ) (D) None of these
écos a - sin a2 ù
then (I - A ) × ê ú is equal to
ësin a cos a û
31. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and A = 2 then
(A) I + A (B) I - A
A (adj A) is equal to
é2 0 0ù é 12 0 0ù (C) I + 2 A (D) I - 2 A
ê ú
(A) ê0 2 0ú (B) ê0 1
0ú
ê ú 2
é3 - 4ù
êë0 0 2 úû êë0 0 1 ú 37. If A = ê , then for every positive integer
2 û
ë1 - 1 úû
é1 0 0ù
n, A n is equal to
(C) ê0 1 0ú (D) None of these
ê ú
êë0 0 1 úû é1 + 2 n 4n ù é1 + 2 n - 4n ù
(A) ê (B) ê
ë n 1 + 2 núû ë n 1 - 2 núû
é8 2 3ù é1 - 2 n 4n ù
32. The sum of the eigenvalues of A = ê4 9 ú is
(C) ê (D) None of these
ê
5
ú ë n 1 + 2 núû
êë2 0 5 úû
equal to é cos a sin a ù
38. If A a = ê , then consider the following
(A) 18 (B) 15 ë- sin a cos a úû
(A) 8 (B) 10
é cos na sin na ù
(C) 9 (D) None of these IV. ( A a ) n = ê
ë- sin na cos na úû
34. If the product of matrices Which of the above statements are true ?
écos q
2
cos q sin q ù (A) I and II (B) I and IV
A =ê ú and
ëcos q sin q sin q û
2
(C) II and III (D) II and IV
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(A) 3A (B) 9A é 1 3ù é 1 0 1ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú
(C) 27A (D) none of these ë-1 4 û ë-1 2 3û
é2 1ù
(C) ê ú (D) Undefined
40. If A is a 3-rowed square matrix, then adj (adj A) is ë1 26 û
equal to
6 3 46. The matrix, that has an inverse is
(A) A (B) A
é 3 1ù é5 2 ù
4 2 (A) ê ú (B) ê ú
(C) A (D) A ë6 2 û ë2 1 û
é6 2 ù é8 2 ù
(C) ê ú (D) ê ú
41. If A is a 3-rowed square matrix such that A = 2, ë9 3û ë4 1 û
then adj (adj A 2 ) is equal to
(A) 2 4 (B) 28 47. The skew symmetric matrix is
(C) ê 1 -2 -5 ú (D) ê1 -2 -5 ú n n
ê ú ê ú
êë 9 22 15 úû êë9 21 15 úû
(C) å ( -1) a
i =1
ii (D) åa
i =1
ii
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ét 2 cos t ù dA
51. If A = ê t
ë e sin t
ú, then dt will be
û SOLUTIONS
ét 2 sin t ù é2t cos t ù
(A)ê t ú (B) ê t ú 1. (B) A is singular if A = 0
ë e sin t û ë e sin t û
é 0 1 -2 ù
é2t - sin t ù
(C) ê t (D) Undefined Þ ê -1 3 ú =0
cos t úû
0
ëe ê ú
êë 2 -2 l úû
A is Idempotent, if A 2 = A
A is Involutory, if A 2 = I
Now, A 2 = AA = ( AB) A = A( BA) = AB = A
and B2 = BB = (BA)B = B( AB) = BA = B
Þ A 2 = A and B2 = B,
Thus A & B both are Idempotent.
é-5 -8 0 ù é-5 -8 0ù
4. (B) Since, A = ê 3 5
2
0úê 3 5 0ú
ê úê ú
êë 1 2 -1úû êë 1 2 -1úû
é1 0 0 ù
= ê0 1 0 ú = I, A2 = I Þ A is involutory.
ê ú
êë0 0 1úû
AT = - A , Þ aij = - aij ,
if i = j then aii = - aii Þ 2 aii = 0 Þ aii = 0
Thus diagonal elements are zero.
6. (C) A is orthogonal if AA T = I
A is unitary if AA Q = I , where A Q is the conjugate
transpose of A i.e., A Q = ( A) T .
Here,
é 1 ùé
i 1 ù
i
ê 2 2 úê 2 2 ú é1 0ù
AA Q = ê úê ú= = I2
ê- i 1 úê i 1 ú êë0 1úû
- - -
êë 2 2 ûú ëê 2 2 ûú
Thus A is unitary.
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1
9. (D) A is Hermitian then A Q = A 13. (A) Since, A -1 = adj A
A
Now, ( iA) Q = i A Q = - iA Q = - iA, Þ ( iA ) Q = - ( iA )
1 0 0
Thus iA is Skew–Hermitian. A =5 2 0 = 4 ¹ 0,
3 1 2
10. (C) A is Skew–Hermitian then A Q = - A
T
Now, ( iA) Q = i A Q = - ( -A ) = iA then iA is Hermitian. é 4 10 -10 ù é 4 0 0ù
adj A == ê 0 2 -1 = ê10 2
ú 0ú
ê ú ê ú
11. (C) If A = [ aij ]n ´n then det A = [ cij ]nT ´n êë 0 0 2 úû êë-1 -1 2 úû
34. (C)
25. (B) If eigen values of A are l1 , l2 , l3 then the eigen
écos q cos f cos ( q - f) cos q sin f cos ( q - f) ù
values of kA are kl1 , kl2 , kl3. So the eigen values of 2A AB = ê ú =A
ëcos f sin q cos ( q - f) sin q sin f cos ( q - f) û
are 2 , - 4 and 6
null matrix when cos ( q - f) = 0
26. (B) If l1 , l2 ,........, l are the eigen values of a p
n This happens when ( q - f) is an odd multiple of .
2
non–singular matrix A, then A -1 has the eigen values
1 1 1 1 1
, , ........, . Thus eigen values of A -1 are , , 35. (C) Since A + B is defined, A and B are matrices of
l1 l2 ln 2 3
the same type, say m ´ n. Also, AB is defined. So, the
-1
. number of columns in A must be equal to the number of
3
rows in B i.e. n = m. Hence, A and B are square matrices
27. (B) If l1 , l2 , ......, l n are the eigen values of a matrix of the same order.
A, then A has the eigen values l12 , l22 , ........, l 2n . So,
2
a
eigen values of A 2 are 1, 4, 9. 1 - tan 2
a 2 = 1-t
2
36. (A) Let tan = t, then, cos a =
2 a t + t2
1 + tan 2
28. (B) If l1 , l2 ,...., l n are the eigen values of A then 2
A A A a
the eigen values adj A are , ,......, ; A ¹ 0. Thus 2 tan
2t
l1 l2 l n and sin a = 2 =
a 1 + t2
4 -4 1 + tan 2
eigenvalues of adj A are , i.e. 2 and-1. 2
2 4
écos a - sin a ù
(I - A ) × ê
29. (B) Since, the eigenvalues of A and A are square so T
ësin a cos a úû
the eigenvalues of A T are 2 and 4. é aù
ê 1 tan
2ú´ écos a - sin a ù
=ê ú êsin a
30. (B) Since 1 and 3 are the eigenvalues of A so the ê- tan a ë cos a úû
1 ú
characteristic equation of A is ë 2 û
( l - 1) ( l - 3) = 0 Þ l2 - 4 l + 3 = 0 é1 - t2 -2 t ù
é 1 t ù ê1 + t 2 (1 + t 2 ) ú
=ê ú´ê ú
Also, by Cayley–Hamilton theorem, every square
matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation so ë -t 1 û ê 2 t 1 - t2 ú
ëê(1 + t ) 1 + t 2 úû
2
A 2 - 4 A + 3I 2 = 0
é aù
Þ A 2 = 4 A - 3I 2 1 - tan ú
é 1 - tù ê 2 = (I + A )
Þ A 3 = 4 A 2 - 3A = 4( 4 A - 3I) - 3A =ê ú =ê ú
ë t 1 û êtan a
1 ú
Þ A 3 = 13A - 12I 2 ë 2 û
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é3 - 4 ù é3 - 4 ù é5 - 8ù é1 3ù
37. (B) A 2 = ê = é1 2 0 ù ê
ë1 - 1 úû êë1 - 1 úû êë2 - 3 úû 45. (C) AA = ê T
ú 2 -1
ú
ë3 -1 4 û ê0 4 ú
é1 + 2 n - 4n ù êë úû
=ê , where n = 2.
ë n 1 - 2 núû é (1)(1) + (2)(2) + (0)(0) (1)( 3) + (2)( -1) + (0)( 4) ù
=ê
ë( 3)(1) + ( - 1)(2) + ( 4)(0) ( 3)( 3) + ( -1)( -1) + ( 4)( 4) úû
é cos a sin a ù é cos b sin bù
é5 1ù
38. (D) A a × A b = ê
ë- sin a cos a úû êë- sin b cos b úû =ê
1 26 ú
ë û
é cos ( a + b) sin ( a + b) ù
=ê = Aa+ b
ë- sin ( a + b) cos ( a + b) úû 46. (B) if A is zero, A -1 does not exist and the matrix A
Also, it is easy to prove by induction that is said to be singular. Only (B) satisfy this condition.
é cos na sin na ù 5 2
(A a )n = ê ú A = = (5)(1) - (2)(2) = 1
ë- sin na cos na û 2 1
n -2
39. (A) We know that adj (adj A) = A × A. 47. (A) A skew symmetric matrix A n ´n is a matrix with
Here n = 3 and A = 3. A T = -A . The matrix of (A) satisfy this condition.
So, adj (adj A) = 3( 3- 2 ) × A = 3A.
é1ù
é1 1 0 ù ê ú é(1)(1) + (1)(0) + (0)(1) ù é1 ù
40. (C) We have adj (adj A) = A
( n -1 ) 2 48. (C) AB = ê ú 0 =ê ú =ê ú
ë1 0 1û ê1ú ë(1)(1) + (0)(0) + (1)(1) û ë2 û
4 êë úû
Putting n = 3, we get adj (adj A) = A .
é2 x 0 ù é1 0ù 1
Þ ê0 = , So, 2 x = 1 Þ x= .
ë 2 x úû êë0 1úû 2 é d( t 2 ) d(cos t) ù
dA ê dt dt ú = é2 t - sin t ù
51. (C ) =ê t
dt ê d( e ) d(sin t) ú êë e t cos t úû
43. (D) Inverse matrix is defined for square matrix only. ú
ë dt dt û
é 2 -1ù
é1 -2 -5 ù 52. (A) If det A ¹ 0, then A n ´n is non-singular, but if
44. (C) AB = ê 1 0 ú ê
ê ú ë3 4 0 úû
êë-3 4 úû A n ´n is non-singular, then no row can be expressed as a
é(2)(1) + ( -1)( 3) (2)( -2) + ( -1)( 4) (2)( -5) + ( -1)(0) ù linear combination of any other. Otherwise det A = 0
= ê (1)(1) + (0)( 3) (1)( -2) + (0)( 4) (1)( -5) + (0)(0) ú
ê ú
êë( -3)(1) + ( 4)( 3) ( -3)( -2) + ( 4)( 4) ( -3)( -5) + ( 4)(0) úû
é-1 -8 -10 ù ************
= ê 1 -2 -5 ú
ê ú
êë 9 -22 15 úû
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
9.2
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1. If f ( x) = x 3 - 6 x 2 + 11 x - 6 is on [1, 3], then the point 6. A point on the curve y = x - 2 on [2, 3], where the
c « ] 1, 3 [ such that f ¢ ( c) = 0 is given by tangent is parallel to the chord joining the end points of
1 1 the curve is
(A) c = 2 ± (B) c = 2 ±
2 3
æ9 1ö æ7 1 ö
1 (A) ç , ÷ (B) ç , ÷
(C) c = 2 ± (D) None of these è4 2ø è2 4 ø
2
æ7 1ö æ9 1 ö
(C) ç , ÷ (D) ç , ÷
2. Let f ( x) = sin 2 x, 0 £ x £ p
and f ¢ ( c) = 0 for c « ] 0, 2p [. è4 2ø è2 4 ø
2
Then, c is equal to
7. Let f ( x) = x( x - 1)( x - 2) be defined in [0, 12 ]. Then, the
p p
(A) (B) value of c of the mean value theorem is
4 3
p (A) 0.16 (B) 0.20
(C) (D) None
6 (C) 0.24 (D) None
x
-
3. Let f ( x) = x( x + 3) e , -3 £ x £ 0. Let c « ] - 3, 0 [ such
2
8. Let f ( x) = x 2 - 4 be defined in [2, 4]. Then, the value
that f ¢ ( c) = 0. Then, the value of c is of c of the mean value theorem is
(A) 3 (B) -3 (A) - 6 (B) 6
1
(C) -2 (D) - (C) 3 (D) 2 3
2
4. If Rolle’s theorem holds for f ( x) = x 3 - 6 x 2 + kx + 5 on 9. Let f ( x) = e x in [0, 1]. Then, the value of c of the
1
[1, 3] with c = 2 + , the value of k is mean-value theorem is
3
(A) -3 (B) 3 (A) 0.5 (B) ( e - 1)
(C) 7 (D) 11 (C) log ( e - 1) (D) None
æ7 1 ö æ 1 1ö æ 2 p -3 ö
(C) ç , ÷ (D) ç - , ÷ (C) ç , ÷ (D) None of these
è2 4 ø è 2 2ø è 3 2 ø
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Differential Calculus GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.2
ïî è ¶x ø è ¶y ø ïþ ïî è ¶x ø è ¶y ø ïþ (ii) If u = then x 2 + 2 xy + y
1 1
¶x 2 ¶x ¶y ¶y 2
x4 + y4
1 ìï æ ¶r ö ïü
2 2
æ ¶r ö
(C) 2 íç ÷ + çç ÷÷ ý (D) None of these 1 1
¶2u ¶2u ¶2u
r ï è ¶x ø è ¶y ø ïþ (iii) If u = x 2 + y 2 then x 2 + 2 xy + y2
î ¶x 2
¶x ¶y ¶y 2
¶2q ¶2q æ yö ¶u ¶u
25. If x = r cos q, y = r sin q, then the value of + (iv) If u = f ç ÷ then x +y
¶x 2 ¶y 2 è xø ¶x ¶y
is
(A) 0 (B) 1 List–II
¶r ¶r 3 ¶u
(C) (D) (1) - u (2)
¶x ¶y 16 ¶x
1
(3) 0 (4) - u
26. If u = x m y n , then 4
(A) du = mx m -1 y n + nx m y n -1 (B) du = mdx + ndy Correct match is—
du dx dy (I) (II) (III) (IV)
(C) udu = mxdx + nydy (D) =m +n
u x y
(A) 1 2 3 4
2
d y (B) 2 1 4 3
27. If y 3 - 3ax 2 + x 3 = 0, then the value of is equal
dx 2 (C) 2 1 3 4
to
a2 x2 2 a2 x2 (D) 1 2 4 3
(A) - (B)
y5 y5
32. If an error of 1% is made in measuring the major
2 a2 x4 2 a2 x2
(C) - (D) - and minor axes of an ellipse, then the percentage error
y5 y5
in the area is approximately equal to
(A) 1% (B) 2%
y
28. z = tan -1 , then
x (C) p% (D) 4%
(B) Both A and R are true and R is not a correct 41. If a < 0, then f ( x) = e ax + e - ax is decreasing for
explanation of A (A) x > 0 (B) x < 0
(C) A is true but R is false (C) x > 1 (D) x < 1
(D) A is false but R is true
42. f ( x) = x 2 e - x is increasing in the interval
du (A) ] -¥, ¥ [ (B) ] -2, 0 [
34. If u = x log xy, where x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy = 1, then is
dx (C) ] 2, ¥ [ (D) ] 0, 2 [
equal to
x æ x2 + y ö
(A) (1 + log xy) - ç ÷ 43. The least value of a for which f ( x) = x 2 + ax + 1 is
y çè y 2 + x ÷ø
increasing on ] 1, 2, [ is
yæ y + xö
2
(A) 2 (B) -2
(B) (1 + log xy) - ç ÷
x çè x 2 + y ÷ø (C) 1 (D) -1
xæ x + yö
2
(C) (1 - log xy) - ç ÷ 44. The minimum distance from the point (4, 2) to the
y çè y 2 + x ÷ø
parabola y 2 = 8 x, is
y æ y2 + x ö
(D) (1 - log xy) - çç 2 ÷ (A) 2 (B) 2 2
x è x + y ÷ø
(C) 2 (D) 3 2
æ yö ¶z ¶z
35. If z = xyf ç ÷, then x +y is equal to
è xø ¶x ¶y 45. The co-ordinates of the point on the parabola
(A) z (B) 2z
y = x 2 + 7 x + 2 which is closest to the straight line
(C) xz (D) yz y = 3 x - 3, are
(A) (-2, -8) (B) (2, -8)
36. f ( x) = 2 x 3 - 15 x 2 + 36 x + 1 is increasing in the
(C) (-2, 0) (D) None of these
interval
(A) ] 2, 3 [ (B) ] -¥, 3 [ 46. The shortest distance of the point (0, c), where
(C) ] -¥, 2 [È ] 3, ¥ (D) None of these 0 £ c < 5, from the parabola y = x 2 is
4c + 1
x (A) 4c + 1 (B)
37. f ( x) = is increasing in the interval 2
( x 2 + 1)
4c - 1
(A) ] -¥, - 1 [ È ] 1, ¥ [ (B) ] -1, 1 [ (C) (D) None of these
2
(C) ] -1, ¥ [ (D) None of these
x
æ1ö
47. The maximum value of ç ÷ is
38. f ( x) = x 4 - 2 x 2 is decreasing in the interval è xø
(A) ] -¥, -1 [ È ] 0, 1 [ (B) ] -1, 1 [ -
1
(A) e (B) e e
f ( x) =
sin 2 x SOLUTIONS
æ pö
sinç x + ÷
è 4ø 1. (B) A polynomial function is continuous as well as
differentiable. So, the given function is continuous and
on the interval [0, 2p ] is
differentiable.
1
(A) (B) 2
2 f (1) = 0 and f ( 3) = 0. So, f (1) = f ( 3).
By Rolle’s theorem Ec such that f ¢( c) = 0.
(C) 1 (D) - 2
Now, f ¢ ( x) = 3 x 2 - 12 x + 11
51. If y = a log x + bx 2 + x has its extremum values at Þ f ¢ ( c) = 3c 2 - 12 c + 11.
x = -1 and x = 2, then Now, f ¢ ( c) = 0 Þ 3c 2 - 12 c + 11 = 0
1 æ 1 ö
(A) a = - , b = 2 (B) a = 2, b = -1 Þ c = ç2 ± ÷.
2
è 3 ø
1
(C) a = 2, b = - (D) None of these
2 2. (A) Since the sine function is continuous at each
é pù
52. The co-ordinates of the point on the curve x « R, so f ( x) = sin 2 x is continuous in ê0, ú.
ë 2û
4 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 20 that is farthest from the point (0, -2) are
Also, f ¢ ( x) = 2 cos 2 x, which clearly exists for all
(A) ( 5 , 0) (B) ( 6 , 0)
p p
x « ]0, [ .So, f ( x) is differentiable in x « ]0, [.
(C) (0, 2) (D) None of these 2 2
æ pö
æ pö Also, f (0) = f ç ÷ = 0. By Rolle’s theorem, there exists
53. For what value of xç 0 £ x £ ÷, the function è2 ø
è 2 ø
p
x c « ]0, [ such that f ¢( c) = 0.
y= has a maxima ? 2
(1 + tan x)
p p
(A) tan x (B) 0 2 cos 2 c = 0 Þ 2c = Þ c= .
2 4
(C) cot x (D) cos x
3. (C) Since a polynomial function as well as an
exponential function is continuous and the product of
two continuous functions is continuous, so f ( x) is
************* continuous in [-3, 0].
- é x + 6 - x2 ù
x x x
- 1 -2 2
f ¢ ( x) = (2 x + 3) × e 2
- e ( x + 3 x) = e 2 ê ú
2 ë 2 û
which clearly exists for all x « ] - 3, 0 [.
f ( x) is differentiable in ] -3, 0 [.
Also, f ( -3) = f (0) = 0.
By Rolle’s theorem c « ] -3, 0 [ such that f ¢ ( c) = 0.
- é c + 6 - c2 ù
c
Now, f ¢ ( c) = 0 Þ e 2ê ú =0
ë 2 û
c + 6 - c 2 = 0 i.e. c 2 - c - 6 = 0
Þ ( c + 2) ( 3 - c) = 0 Þ c = -2, c = 3.
Hence, c = -2 « ] -3, 0 [ .
4. (D) f ¢ ( x) = 3c 2 - 12 x + k
f ¢ ( c) = 0 Þ 3c 2 - 12 c + k = 0
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
æ pö æ pö æ pö ¶u ¶u 1
f ç ÷ = 1, f ¢ç ÷ = 0, f ¢¢ç ÷ = -1, x sec 2 u + y sec 2 u = tan u
è2 ø è2 ø è2 ø ¶x ¶y 2
æ pö æ pö ¶u ¶u 1 1
f ¢¢¢ç ÷ = 0, f ¢¢¢¢ç ÷ = 1, .... Þ x +y = sin u cos u = sin 2 u
è ø
2 è2 ø ¶x ¶y 2 4
¶x ¶y Þ + = í ç ÷ + ç ÷
ç ¶y ÷ ý
¶x 2 ¶ y 2 r 2 ï è ¶x ø è ø þï
î
21. (C) Given that f ( x, y) = 0, f( y, z) = 0
25. (A) x = r cos q , y = r sin q
These are implicit functions
y æ yö
¶f ¶f Þ tan q = Þ q = tan -1 ç ÷
dy dz ¶y
x è xø
= - ¶x , =- ¶q
dx ¶f dy ¶f 1 æ -y ö -y
Þ = 2 ç 2 ÷
= 2
¶y ¶z ¶x 1 + ( y x) è x ø x + y 2
æ ¶f ö æ ¶f ö ¶2q -2 xy
ç- ÷ ç- ÷ and =
dy dz ç ¶x ÷ ç ¶y ÷ ¶x 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2
× = ´
dx dy ç ¶f ÷ ç ¶f ÷ ¶2q 2 xy ¶2q ¶2q
ç ¶y ÷ ç ¶z ÷ Similarly = 2 and + =0
è ø è ø ¶y 2
(x + y )2 2
¶x 2 ¶y 2
¶f ¶f dz ¶f ¶f
or, × × = ×
¶y ¶z dx ¶x ¶y 26. (D) Given that u = x m y n
Taking logarithm of both sides, we get
22. (B) Given that z = x + y 2 2
log u = m log x + n log y
and x + y + 3axy = 5 a ...(i)
3 3 2 Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dz ¶z ¶z dy 1 du 1 1 dy du dx dy
= + × ....(ii) = m× + n× or, =m + n×
dx ¶x ¶y dx u dx x y dx u x y
¶z 1 ¶z 1
from (i), = ×2x , = ×2y 27. (D) Given that f ( x, y) = y 3 - 3ax 2 + x 3 = 0
¶x 2 x + y
2 2 ¶y 2 x + y2
2
fx = - 6 ax + 3 x 2 , f y = 3 y 2 , fxx = - 6 a + 6 x ,
dy dy
and 3 x + 3 y
2
+ 3ax 2
+ 3ay.1 = 0 f yy = 6 y , fxy = 0
dx dx
d2 y é fxx ( f y) 2 - 2 fx f y fxy + f yy( fx ) 2 ù
dy æ x 2 + ay ö =-ê ú
Þ = - çç 2 ÷÷ dx 2
( f y) 3
dx è y + ax ø ë û
¶z 1 æ1ö x 1 æ1 ö 1
= ×ç ÷ = 2 = ç - 1 ÷u = - u
¶y 2 è2 ø 4
æ yö è xø x + y
2 2
1+ç ÷
è xø æ yö
In (d)u = f ç ÷ It is a homogeneous function of degree
Substituting these in (ii), we get è xø
dz -y x dy xdy - ydx zero.
= + × , dz =
dx x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 dx x2 + y2 ¶u ¶u
x +y = 0. u = 0
¶x ¶y
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 Hence correct match is
29. (B) u = log , eu = = f (say)
x+ y x+ y
a b c d
f is a homogeneous function of degree one 2 1 3 4
¶f ¶f ¶e u ¶e u
x +y = f Þ x +y = eu
¶x ¶y ¶x ¶y 32. (B) Let 2a and 2b be the major and minor axes of the
¶u ¶u ellipse
or xe u + ye u = eu
¶x ¶y Area A = pab
¶u ¶u Þ log A = log p + log a + log b
or, x +y =1
¶x ¶y Þ ¶(log A) = ¶(log p) + ¶(log a) + ¶(log b)
¶A ¶a ¶b
æ yö Þ =0 + +
30. (C) Given that u = x n -1 yf ç ÷. A a b
è xø 100 100 100
Þ ¶A = ¶a + × ¶b
It is a homogeneous function of degree n A a b
¶u ¶u 100 100
Euler’s theorem x +y = nu But it is given that ¶a = 1, and ¶b = 1
¶x ¶y a b
100
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x, we get ¶A = 1 + 1 = 2
A
¶ 2 u ¶u ¶2u n ¶u
x + + y = Thus percentage error in A =2%
¶x 2
¶x ¶y ¶x ¶x
¶2u ¶2u ¶u æ yö
Þ x +y = ( n - 1) 33. (A) Given that u = xyf ç ÷. Since it is a homogeneous
¶x 2
¶y ¶x ¶x è xø
function of degree 2.
x2 y
31. (B) In (a) u = It is a homogeneous function of ¶u ¶u
x+ y By Euler’s theorem x +y = nu (where n = 2)
¶x ¶y
degree 2. ¶u ¶u
Thus x +y = 2u
¶2u ¶2u ¶u ¶u ¶x ¶y
x 2 +y = ( n - 1) = (as in question 30)
¶x ¶x ¶y ¶x ¶x
x1 2 - y1 2 34. (A) Given that u = x log xy....(i)
In (b) u = . It is a homogeneous function of
x1 4 + y1 4
x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy = 1....(ii)
æ1 1ö 1 ¶u ¶u ¶u dy
degree ç - ÷ = we know that = + ....(ii)
è2 4 ø 4 ¶x ¶x ¶y dx
¶2u ¶2u ¶2u ¶u 1
x2 + 2 xy + y 2 2 = n( n - 1) u From (i) = x× × y + log xy = 1 + log xy
¶x 2
¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x xy
1 æ1 ö 3 ¶u 1 x
= ç - 1 ÷u = - u and = x× ×x=
4 è4 ø 16 ¶y xy y
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Differential Calculus GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.2
Clearly, f ¢( x) > 0 when x < 2 and also when x > 3. 45. (A) Let the required point be P ( x, y). Then,
f ( x) is increasing in ] -¥, 2 [ È ] 3, ¥ [. perpendicular distance of P ( x, y) from y - 3 x + 3 = 0 is
y - 3x + 3 x2 + 7 x + 2 - 3 x + 3
( x + 1) - 2 x
2
1- x
2 2
p= =
37. (B) f ¢ ( x) = = 2 10 10
( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2
x2 + 4 x + 5 ( x + 2) 2 + 1 ( x + 2) 2 + 1
Clearly, ( x 2 + 1) 2 > 0 for all x. = = or p =
10 10 10
So, f ¢ ( x) > 0 Þ (1 - x 2 ) > 0
dp 2 ( x + 2) d p 2 2
Þ (1 - x) (1 + x) > 0 So, = and 2
=
dx 10 dx 10
This happens when -1 < x < 1.
dp æ d2 p ö
So, f ( x) is increasing in ] -1, 1 [. =0 Þ x = -2, Also, çç ÷
2 ÷
> 0.
dx è dx øx = -2
38. (A) f ¢ ( x) = 4 x 3 - 4 x = 4 x( x - 1)( x + 1). So, x = -2 is a point of minima.
Clearly, f ¢ ( x) < 0 when x < - 1 and also when x > 1. When x = -2, we get y = ( -2) 2 + 7 ´ ( -2) + 2 = -8.
Sol. f ( x) is decreasing in ] -¥, -1 [ È ] 1, ¥ [. The required point is ( -2, - 8).
39.(C) f ¢ ( x) = 9 x8 + 21 x6 > 0 for all non-zero real values 46. (C) Let A (0, c) be the given point and P ( x, y) be any
of x. point on y = x 2 .
D = x 2 + ( y - c) 2 is shortest when E = x 2 + ( y - c) 2 is
40. (C) f ¢ ( x) = 3kx - 18 x + 9 = 3 [ kx - 6 x + 3]
2 2
shortest.
This is positive when k > 0 and 36 - 12 k < 0 or k > 3. Now,
E = x 2 + ( y - c) 2 = y + ( y - c) 2 Þ E = y 2 + y - 2 cy + c2
41. (A) f ( x) = ( e ax + e - ax ) = 2 cosh ax.
dE d2 E
= 2 y + 1 - 2 c and = 2 > 0.
f ¢( x) = 2 a sinh ax < 0 When x > 0 because a < 0 dy dy 2
dE æ 1ö
42. (D) f ¢( x) = - x 2 e - x + 2 xe - x = e - x x(2 - x). =0 Þ y =çc - ÷
dy è 2 ø
Clearly, f ¢( x) > 0 when x > 0 and x < 2. æ 1ö
Thus E minimum, when y = ç c - ÷
è 2ø
43. (B) f ¢( x) = (2 x + a) 2
æ 1ö æ 1 ö é æ 1 öù
1 < x <2 Þ 2 <2x < 4 Þ 2 + a <2x + a < 4 + a Also, D = ç c - ÷ + ç c - - c ÷ ê . .. x = y = ç c - 2 ÷ú
2
è 2 ø è 2 ø ë è øû
Þ (2 + a) < f ¢( x) < ( 4 + a).
1 4c - 1
For f ( x) increasing, we have f ¢( x) > 0. = c- =
4 2
\2 + a ³ 0 or a ³ - 2. So, least value of a is -2.
x
æ1ö dy a
47. (B) Let y = ç ÷ then, y = x - x 51. (C) = + 2 bx + 1
è xø dx x
é dy ù
Þ
dy
= - x - x (1 + log x) êë dx úû =0 Þ - a - 2b + 1 = 0 Þ a + 2 b = 1....(i)
dx ( x = -1 )
d2 y 1 é dy ù a
= x - x (1 + log x) 2 - x - x × êë dx úû =0 Þ + 4b + 1 = 0
dx 2
x (x = 2 ) 2
dy 1 Þ a + 8 b = -2....(ii)
=0 Þ 1 + log x = 0 Þ x=
dx e 1
1 Solving (i) and (ii) we get b = - and a = 2.
- -1 2
éd y ù
2
æ1ö e
ê dx 2 ú æ 1 ö = -ç e ÷ < 0.
ë û çç x = ÷÷ è ø
è eø x2 y2
52. (C) The given curve is + = 1 which is an
1 5 4
So, x = is a point of maxima. Maximum value = e1 e .
e ellipse.
Let the required point be ( 5 cos f , 2 sin f). Then,
250 æ 500 ö
48. (A) f ¢( x) = 2 x - and f ¢¢( x) = ç 2 + 3 ÷ D = ( 5 cos f - 0) 2 + (2 sin f + 2) 2 is maximum
x2 è x ø
250 when z = D 2 is maximum
f ¢( x) = 0 Þ 2x - =0 Þ x = 5.
x2 z = 5 cos 2 f + 4 (1 + sin f) 2
f ¢¢(5) = 6 > 0. So, x = 5 is a point of minima. dz
Þ = -10 cos f sin f + 8(1 + sin f) cos f
æ 250 ö df
Thus minimum value = ç 25 + ÷ = 75.
è 5 ø dz
=0 Þ 2 cos f ( 4 - sin f) = 0
df
49. (D) f ¢( x) = (2 cos x - 1)(cos x + 1) and p
Þ cos f = 0 Þ f= .
f ¢¢( x) = - sin x(1 + 4 cos x). 2
1 dz d 2z
f ¢( x) = 0 Þ cos x = or cos x = -1 Þ x = p 3 or = - sin 2 f + 8 cos f Þ = -2 cos 2 f - 8 sin f
2 df df2
x = p. p d 2z
when f = , < 0.
æ p ö -3 3 2 df2
f ¢¢ç ÷ = < 0. So, x = p 3 is a point of maxima.
è 3ø 2 p
z is maximum when f = . So, the required point is
æ p öæ pö 3 3 2
Maximum value = ç sin ÷ç 1 + cos ÷ = . p pö
è 3 øè 3ø 4 æ
ç 5 cos , sin ÷ i.e. (0, 2).
è 2 2ø
2 sin x cos x
50. (C) f ( x) = 1 + tan x 1 tan x
sin x + cos x 53. (D) Let z = = +
2 x x x
dz 1 d 2z 2
2 2 2 2 Then, = - 2 + sec 2 x and = + 2sec2 x tan x
= = (say), dx x dx 2 x 3
(sec x + cosec x) z
dz 1
where z = (sec x + cosec x). =0 Þ - 2 + sec 2 x = 0 Þ x = cos x.
dx x
dz cos x
= sec x tan x - cosec x cot x = (tan 3 x - 1). éd 2z ù
dx sin 2 x ê dx 2 ú = 2 cos 3 x + 2sec2 x tan x > 0.
ë û x = cos x
dz p é pù
=0 Þ tan x = 1 Þ x= in ê0, ú. Thus z has a minima and therefore y has a maxima at
dx 4 ë 2û
dz x = cos x.
Sign of changes from -ve to +ve when x passes
dx
through the point p 4. So, z is minimum at x = p 4 and
therefore, f ( x) is maximum at x = p 4. ************
2 2
Maximum value = = 1.
[sec( p 4) + cosec ( p 4)]
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
9.3
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
x dx
1. òx 2
+1
dx is equal to 5. ò 1 + 3 sin 2
x
is equal to
1 (A) 1
tan -1 (tan x) (B) 2 tan -1 (tan x)
(A) log ( x 2 + 1) (B) log ( x 2 + 1) 2
2 (C) 1
tan -1 (2 tan x) (D) 2 tan -1 ( 12 tan x)
2
x
(C) tan -1 (D) 2 tan -1 x
2 2 sin x + 3 cos x
6. ò 3 sin x + 4 cos x dx is equal to
1
2. If F ( a) = , a > 1 and F ( x) = ò a 2 dx + K is equal (A)
9
x+
1
log( 3 sin x + 4 cos x)
log a 25 25
to 18 2
(B) x+ log( 3 sin x + 4 cos x)
1 1 25 25
(A) ( a x - a a + 1) (B) (ax - aa)
log a log a 18 1
(C) x+ log( 3 sin x + 4 cos x)
1 1 25 25
(C) ( a x + a a + 1) (D) ( a x + a a - 1)
log a log a (D) None of these
3.
dx
ò 1 + sin x is equal to
7. ò 3 + 8 x - 3 x 2 dx is equal to
3x - 4 25 æ 3x - 4 ö
(A) 3 + 8 x - 3 x2 - sin -1 ç ÷
(A) - cot x + cosec x + c (B) cot x + cosec x + c 3 3 18 3 è 5 ø
2x + 3 dx
9. ò x + x+1
2
dx is equal to 15. ò1+ x + x 2
+ x3
is equal to
2x + 1 1 é ( x + 1) 2 -1 ù
(A) 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 2 sinh -1 (A)
2 êlog x 2 + 1 + tan xú
3 ë û
2x + 1 1 é ( x + 1) 2 ù
(B) x 2 + x + 1 + 2 sinh -1 (B) êlog + 2 tan -1 xú
3 4 ë x2 + 1 û
2x + 1 1 é ( x + 1) 2 ù
(C) 2 x 2 + x + 1 + sinh -1 -1
3
(C)
2 êlog x 2 + 1 - 2 tan xú
ë û
2x + 1 (D) None of these
(D) 2 x 2 + x + 1 - sinh -1
3
sin x
dx
16. ò 1 - sin x dx is equal to
10. ò x - x2
is equal to
(A) - x + sec x + tan x + k (B) - x + sec x + tan x
(A) x - x2 + c (B) sin -1 (2 x - 1) + c (C) - x + sec x - tan x (D) - x - sec x - tan x
(A) e f ¢( x)
x
(B) e x f ( x)
1
11. ò ( x + 1) 1 - 2 x - x2
dx is equal to
(C) e x + f ( x) (D) None of these
æ 2 ö 1 æ 2 ö æ 1 + sin x ö
2 cosh -1 çç ÷ cosh -1 çç ÷
(A) (B) 18. The value of ò e ççè 1 + cos x ÷÷ødx is
x
÷ ÷
è1 + xø 2 è1 + xø
æ 2 ö æ 2 ö x x
(C) - 2 cosh -1 çç ÷ (D) -
1
cosh -1 çç ÷ (A) e x tan +c (B) e x cot +c
÷ ÷ 2 2
è1 + xø 2 è1 + xø
(C) e x tan x + c (D) e x cot x + c
dx
12. ò sin x + cos x is equal to x3
19. òx 2
+1
dx is equal to
1 æ pö 1 æ x pö
(A) log tanç x + ÷ (B) log tanç + ÷ (A) x 2 + log ( x 2 + 1) + c
2 è 4 ø 2 è2 6ø
(B) log ( x 2 + 1) - x 2 + c
1 æ x pö 1 æ x pö
(C) log tanç + ÷ (D) log tanç + ÷ 1 2 1
2 è2 8ø 2 è4 4ø (C) x - log ( x 2 + 1) + c
2 2
dx 1 2 1
(D) x + log( x 2 + 1) + c
13. ò sin( x - a) sin( x - b) is equal to 2 2
1 x
46. The area bounded by the curve r = q cos q and the
39. ò ò(x + y 2 ) dydx is equal to
2
p
0 x lines q = 0 and q = is given by
2
7 3 p æ p2 ö p æ p2 ö
(A) (B) (A) çç - 1 ÷÷ (B) çç - 1 ÷÷
60 35 4 è 16 16 è 6
ø ø
4
(C) (D) None of these p æ p2 ö
49 (C) çç - 1 ÷÷ (D) None of these
16 è 16 ø
1 1 + x2
p p p4 a cos 2 q p2 a cos 2 q
(A) log ( 2 + 1) (B) log ( 2 - 1) (A) 4 ò ò rdrdq (B) 2 ò ò rdrdq
0 0 0 0
4 4
p (C) 4 ò
p2 a cos 2 q p a cos 2 q
(C)
2
log ( 2 + 1) (D) None of these 0 ò 0
rdrdq (D) 2 ò
0 0 ò rdrdq
41. If A is the region bounded by the parabolas y 2 = 4 x 48. The area of the region bounded by the curve
and x = 4 y, then òò ydxdy is equal to y ( x 2 + 2) = 3 x and 4 y = x 2 is given by
2
A
48 36 1 x2 4 1 x2 4
(A)
5
(B)
5
(A) ò ò
0 y= 0
dxdy (B) ò ò
0 y= 0
dydx
32 2 3x ( x 2 + 2) 1 3x ( x 2 + 2)
(C)
5
(D) None of these (C) ò ò
0 y= x 2 4
dydx (D) òy= 0 ò y= x 2 4
dxdy
42. The area of the region bounded by the curves 49. The volume of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = a 2 bounded
x + y = a and x + y = a in the first quadrant is given
2 2 2
below by z = 0 and bounded above by z = h is given by
by
(A) pah (B) pa 2 h
a a2 - x 2 a a2 - x 2
ò ò dxdy
1 1 1
(C)
a-x 0
(D) None of these 50. òòò
0 0 0
e x + y+ z dxdydz is equal to
3
(A) ( e - 1) 3 (B) ( e - 1)
43. The area bounded by the curves y = 2 x , y = - x, 2
x = 1 and x = 4 is given by (C) ( e - 1) 2 (D) None of these
33
(A) 25 (B) 1 z x+ z
2 51. ò ò ò
-1 0 x -z
( x + y + z) dy dx dz is equal to
47 101
(C) (D)
4 6 (A) 4 (B) -4
(C) 0 (D) None of these
44. The area bounded by the curves y 2 = 9 x, x - y + 2 = 0
is given by
1
(A) 1 (B)
2
3 5
(C) (D) *************
2 4
p2 a (1 + cos q) p4 a (1 + cos q)
(C) 2 ò ò rdrdq (D) 2 ò ò rdrdq
0 r=0 0 r=0
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Integral calculus GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.3
3x + 1
SOLUTIONS 4. (A) Let I = ò
2x -2x + 3
2
dx
3 5
x Let 3 x + 1 = p( 4 x - 2) + q Þ p= , q =
1. (A) ò x +1
2
dx 4 2
3 4x -2 5 dx
4 ò 2 x2 - 2 x + 3
I= dx + ò 2
Put x 2 + 1 = t Þ 2 xdx = dt 2 2x -2x + 3
x 1 1
ò x 2 + 1 dx = ò 2 × t dt =
3 5
log (2 x 2 - 2 x + 3) + ò
dx
2
4 4 æ 1ö
2
æ 5ö
1 1 ç x - ÷ + çç ÷
÷
= log t = log ( x 2 + 1) è 2ø è 2 ø
2 2
1
x-
3 5 1 2
ax = log (2 x 2 - 2 x + 3) + tan -1
2. (A) F ( x) = ò a x dx + K = +K 4 4æ 5ö 5
log a ç ÷
ç 2 ÷ 2
è ø
aa
Þ F ( a) = +K
log a
dx
5. (C) Let I = ò
1 aa 1 - aa 1 + 3 sin 2 x
K = - =
log a log a log a
cosec2 x dx cosec2 x dx
=ò
cosec 2 x + 3 ò (1 + cot2 x) + 3
a x
1-a 1a =
F ( x) = + = [ a x - a a + 1]
log a log a log a
Put cot x = t Þ - cosec2 x dx = dt
-dt 1 t 1 æ cot x ö
dx I =ò = cot-1 = cot-1 ç ÷
3. (C) ò 1 + sin x 4 + t2 2 2 2 è 2 ø
1
dx = tan -1 (2 tan x)
= òæ x x ö x x
2
ç sin
2
+ cos 2 ÷ + 2 sin cos
è 2 2ø 2 2
2 sin x + 3 cos x
x 6. (C) Let I = ò dx
sec 2 3 sin x + 4 cos x
dx 2
=ò 2
=ò 2
dx Let (2 sin x + 3 cos x) = p( 3 cos x - 4 sin x)
æ x xö æ xö
ç cos + sin ÷ ç 1 + tan ÷ + q( 3 sin x + 4 cos x)
è 2 2ø è 2ø
x 1 18
Put 1 + tan = t p= , q=
2 25 25
x 2 dt 2 1 3 cos x - 4 sin x 18 3 sin x + 4 cos x
Þ sec2 dx = 2 dt Þ ò 2 dt = - + K
2 t t
I=
25 ò 3 sin x + 4 cos x dx + 25 ò 3 sin x + 4 cos x dx
x 1 18
-2 cos = log ( 3 sin x + 4 cos x) + x
-2 2 25 25
= +K = +K
x x x
1 + tan cos + sin
2 2 2 2 2
æ5 ö æ 4ö
-2 cos
x x
cos - sin
x 7. (B) ò 3 + 8 x - 3 x 2 dx = 3 ò ç ÷ - ç x - ÷ dx
è ø è
3 3ø
= 2 ´ 2 2 +K
x x x x ì æ 4 öü
cos + sin cos - sin ç x - ÷ï
2 2 2 2 1 ïæ 4 ö æ5 ö æ
2
4ö
2
æ5 ö
2
-1 3
= 3 í ç x - ÷ ç ÷ - ç x - ÷ + ç ÷ sin ç 5 ÷ý
-2 cos 2 x x
+ 2 sin cos
x 2 ï è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø è 3 ø çç ÷÷ï
= 2 2 2 +K î è 3 øþ
2 x 2 x
cos - sin 3x - 4 25 3 3x - 4
2 2 = 3 + 8 x - 3 x2 + sin -1
6 18 5
-(1 + cos x) + sin x
= + k = tan x - sec x - 1 + K
cos x
dx 1 dx
= tan x - sec x + c 8. (B) ò 2 x + 3x + 4
2
=
2
ò 2
æ 23 ö
2
æ 3ö
ç x + ÷ + çç ÷
÷
è 4 ø è 4 ø
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
3 1 dx 1 æ pö
=
1
sinh -1
x+
4 = 1 sinh -1 4 x + 3
=
2
ò æ pö
=
2
ò cosecçè x + 4 ÷ødx
sinç x + ÷
2 æ 23 ö 2 23 è 4ø
ç ÷
ç 4 ø÷
è 1 é 1æ p öù 1 æ x pö
= ê - log cot ç x + ÷ú = log tan ç + ÷
2 ë 2è 4 øû 2 è2 8ø
2x + 3
9. (B) ò x2 + x + 1
dx
dx
2x + 1 2 dx
13. (D) ò sin( x - a) sin( x - b)
=ò dx + ò
x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1 1 sin( a - b) dx
=
sin( a - b) ò sin( x - a) sin( x - b)
2x + 1 dx
=ò dx + 2 ò
x2 + x + 1 2 1 sin [( x - b) - ( x - a)]
æ 3ö = ò sin( x - a) sin( x - b)
2
æ 1ö dx
ç x + ÷ + çç ÷
÷ sin( a - b)
è 2ø è 2 ø
1
1 =
x+ sin ( a - b)
( x 2 + x + 1)1 2 2
= + 2 sinh -1 sin( x - b) cos( x - a) - cos( x - b) sin( x - a)
1 3 ´ò dx
2 sin( x - a) sin( x - b)
2
2x + 1 1
sin( a - b) ò
= 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 2 sinh -1 = [cot( x - a) - cot( x - b)]dx
3
1
= [log sin ( x - a) - log sin ( x - b)] dx
dx sin ( a - b)
10. (B) ò x 1- x
=I
ì sin( x - a) ü
1
= log í ý
Put x = sin q Þ dx = 2 sin q cos q dq
2 sin ( a - b) î sin( x - b) þ
2 sin q cos q 2 sin q cos q
I =ò dq = ò dq
sin q 1 - sin q2 sin q cos q dx e - x dx
14. (D) Let I = òe x
-1
=ò
1 - e- x
I = ò 2 dq = 2 q + c = 2 sin -1 x+c
Put 1 - e - x = t Þ e - x dx = dt
-1
I = sin (2 x - 1) + c dt
I =ò = log t = log (1 - e - x )
t
1
11. (D) Let I = ò dx
( x + 1) 1 - 2 x - x 2 dx
15. (B) Let I = ò
1 1 1 + x + x2 + x3
Put x + 1 = Þ dx = - dt
t t2 dx
=ò
1 (1 + x) (1 + x 2 )
- dt
t2 dt Bx + C
I =ò =-ò Let
1
=
A
+
1 æ1 ö æ1 ö
2
2 t2 - 1 (1 + x)(1 + x ) 1 + x 1 + x 2
2
1 - 2ç - 1 ÷ - ç - 1 ÷
t è t ø è t ø 1 = A(1 + x 2 ) + ( Bx + C)(1 + x)
1 dt 1 t Comparing the coefficients of x 2 , x and constant terms,
=-
2
ò 2
=-
2
cosh -1
æ 1 ö 1 2
A + B = 0, B + C = 0, C + A = 1
t 2 - çç ÷
÷
è 2 ø Solving these equations, we get
æ 2 ö 1 1 1
1 A = , B=- , C=
=- cosh -1 çç ÷
÷ 2 2 2
2 è x + 1ø
1 1 1 x -1
2 ò1+ x
I = dx - ò 2 dx
2 x +1
dx
12. (C) ò sin x + cos x =
1 1 1
log (1 + x) - log ( x 2 + 1) + tan -1 x
2 2 2
1 dx
=
2
ò p p =
1 é
log
( x + 1) 2
+ 2 tan -1
ù
xú
sin x cos + cos x sin 4 ê x2 + 1
4 4 ë û
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550
Integral calculus GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.3
= tan x + sec x - x
22. (D) ò 5 x - 3 dx = - ò 5 x - 3 dx +
0 0
ò 5 x - 3 dx
35
35 1
æ 5 ö æ 5 x2 ö
17. (B) Let I = ò e { f ( x) + f ¢( x)} dx
x
= ç - x 2 + 3 x ÷ + çç - 3 x ÷÷
è 2 ø0 è 2 ø3 5
= ò e x f ( x) dx + ò e x f ¢( x) dx
æ 9 9ö éæ 5 ö æ 9 9 öù
=ç- + ÷+ êç 2 - 3 ÷ - ç 10 - 5 ÷ú
= { f ( x) e x - ò f ¢( x) ex dx} + ò ex f ¢( x) dx = f ( x) × ex è 10 5 ø ëè ø è øû
9 æ 1 9 ö 13
= + ç- + ÷=
æ 1 + sin x ö 10 è 2 10 ø 10
18. (A) Let I = ò e çç ÷÷ dx
x
è 1 + cos x ø
1 1
æ xö dx e x dx
x
ç 1 + 2 sin cos ÷
23. (B) òe x
+ e- x
= òe 2x
+1
=òe ç
x 2 2 ÷ dx 0 0
çç x ÷÷ e
2 cos 2 dt
è 2 ø Put e x = t Þ e x dx = dt = òt
1
2
+1
= [tan -1 t ]1e
1 x x
= ò e x sec 2 dx + ò e x tan dx p
2 2 2 = tan -1 e - tan -1 1 = tan -1 e -
4
1ì x x x ü x
= í e × 2 tan - ò e × 2 tan dx ý + ò e tan dx
x x
2î 2 2 þ 2 c c
24. (D) ò x(1 - x) dx = ò ( x - x ) dx
2
x
= e tan + c
x 0 0
2 c
æ1 1 ö 1
= ç x 2 - x 3 ÷ = c 2 ( 3 - 2 c)
x3 x × x2 è 2 3 ø0 6
19. (C) I = ò dx = ò 2 dx
x +12
x +1 c
1 2
ò x(1 - x) dx = 0 Þ
6
c ( 3 - 2 c) = 0
x( x + 1 - 1)
2
x 0
=ò dx = ò xdx - ò 2 dx
x +1
2
x +1 3
Þ c=
1 2 1 2
= x - log ( x 2 + 1) + c
2 2
25. (D) Put x 2 + x = t Þ (2 x + 1) dx = dt
20. (A) Let I = ò sin -1
x dx = ò sin -1
x × 1 × dx 1
2x + 1
2
dt
ò x+ x 2
dx = ò
t
= 2( t1 2 ) 20 = 2 2
1 0 0
= sin -1 x × x - ò × x dx
1 - x2
p
26. (A) òx
4
x sin 5 xdx
ò
-1
= x sin x- dx p
1 - x2
Since, f ( - x) = ( - x) 4 sin 5 ( - x) = -x 4 sin 5 x
In second part put 1 - x 2 = t 2
f ( x) is odd function thus
xdx = - tdt = x sin -1 x + ò dt p
òx sin 5 x dx = 0
4
= x sin -1 x + t = x sin -1 x + 1 - x 2 + c p
p2 p2
sin x + cos x 1
21. ò 1 + sin 2 x
dx 27. (A) ò cos x dx =
2
ò 2
(cos 2 x + 1) dx
0 0
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551
UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
æp pö æp p ö
p2 1 1
1 æ1 ö = ò 2 sinç (1 - t) - ÷dt =
= ç sin 2 x + x ÷
2 è2 ø0 0 è 2 4 ø
ò 2 sinçè 4 - 2 t ÷ødt
0
æp pö
1
1 é1 æp öù
= (sin p - sin 0) + ç - 0 ÷ú = - ò 2 sin ç t - ÷dt = - 1
2 êë2 è2 øû 0 è 2 4 ø
1 é1 pù p 2I = 0 Þ I =0
= ê (0 - 0) - 0 + ú =
2 ë2 2û 4
2a
f ( x)
p2
æ 3ö æ 1ö
Gç ÷ Gç ÷ 1 p 31. (C) Let I = ò f ( x) + f (2 a - x) dx ....(1)
p
Aliter 1. ò cos 2 x dx = è ø è ø = 2 =
2 2 0
æ4ö 2 4 2a
f (2 a - x)
2 Gç ÷ I= ò f (2 a - x) + f ( x) dx....(2)
0
è2 ø 0
p2
1 p p Adding (1) and (2), we get
ò cos x = × =
2
Aliter 2. Use Walli’s Rule
0 2 2 4 2a
f ( x) + f (2 a - x)
2a
2I = ò f ( x) + f (2 a - x) dx = ò 1 × dx = [ x ] = 2a
2a
0
0 0
a
28. (B) Let I = ò a 2 - x 2 dx Þ I = a
0
æ 3ö
2
p2 0 æ 1ö 3 ê 3 ú
29. (D) Let I = ò log (tan x) dx ....(1) ç x - ÷ + çç ÷
÷ 2 êë 2 úû 0
0
è 2ø è 2 ø
p2
æp ö 2 é æ 1 öù 2 æ p p ö
I = ò log tan ç - x ÷ dx = -1 1
- tan -1 çç - ÷ú=
êtan ç + ÷
0 è 2 ø 3 ë 3 è 3 ÷øû 3 è6 6ø
p2
p2
= - [0 - ( -1)] + [1 - 0 ] = 0
= ò log 1 dx = 0 Þ I =0
0
100 p p
35. (C) ò |sin x|dx = 100 ò |sin x|dx
æ pt p ö
1
0 0
30. (D) Let I = ò 2 sin ç - ÷dt ....(i)
0 è 2 4ø [ . .. sin x is periodic with period p]
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Integral calculus GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.3
p 1 + x2
1
= 100 ò sin x dx = 100( - cos x) 0p 1
ò ò dydx = ò [ y ]01 + x2
40. (D) dx
0 0
0 0
2 x
p 4 2 x 4
é y2 ù
37. (A) Let I = ò xF (sin x) dx ....(1) A =ò ò ydydx = ò ê 2 ú dx
0 0 x2 4 0 ë û x2 4
p 4
1æ x4 ö é x5 ù
4
= ò ( x - p) F [sin ( p - x)]dx 48
=ò çç 4 x - ÷÷dx = ê x 2 - ú = 5
0 0 2 è 10 ø ë 160 û0
p
I = ò ( p - x) F(sin x) dx ....(2)
0 42. (A) The curves are
Adding (1) and (2), we get x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ... ....(i)
p
2 I = ò pF (sin x) dx x + y = a... ....(ii)
0
1
p The curves (i) and (ii) intersect at A (a, 0) and B (0,a)
2 ò0
Þ I= pF (sin x) dx a a2 - x 2
1 x
p2
A =ò ò dydx = ò [ y ]
2 x
-x = ò [2 x + x ]dx
Here, I1 = ò e x sec 2 dx 1 -x 1 1
0 2 2
æ 32 ö æ 4 1 ö 101
p2 p2 =ç + 8÷ -ç + ÷ =
é1 xù 1 x è 3 ø è3 2ø
= ê e x × 2 tan ú - ò0 e × 2 tan 2 dx 6
x
ë2 2 û0 2
p2
45. (A) The equation of the cardioid is Thus the equation volume is V = 4 ò zdxdy
A
r = a (1 + cos q) ....(i)
a a2 - x 2 a a
If a figure is drawn then from fig. the required area is
ò ò hdydx = 4 hò [ y ] dx = 4 hò a 2 - x 2 dx
a2 - x 2
=4 0
p a (1 + cos q) 0 0 0 0
Required area A = 2
q= 0
ò ò rdrdq
r=0
Let x = a sin q, Þ dx = a cos q dq,
p2
òòòe
x + y+ z
q= 0 50. (A) dxdydz
p2 p2 0 0 0
1 1
= òq cos 2 qdq = ò q (1 + cos 2 q)dq
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 0 4 0 = ò ò [ ex + ] dydz = ò ò [ e1 +
y+ z 1
0
y+ z
- e y + z ]dydz
p2 p2 0 0 0 0
1 1
= ò q dq + ò q cos 2 q dq
2 2 1
4 0 4 0 = ò [ e1 + y + z - e y + z ]10 dz
0
1 éæ sin 2 q ö ù
p2 p2 p2
1 é1 ù sin 2 q
÷ - ò 2q
1
= ê q 3 ú + êç q 2 dq ú
4 ë3 û0 4 êëè 2 ø0 0 2 úû = ò [( e 2 + z - e1 + z ) - ( e1 + z - e z )]dz
0
p2
p3 1 é ù 1
= + ê- ò q sin 2 q dq ú = ò ( e 2 + z - 2 e1 + z + e z ) dz = [ e 2 + z - 2 e1 + z + e z ]10
96 4 ë 0 û 0
p3 1 éæ cos 2 q ö æ cos 2 q ö ù
p2 p2
= ( e 3 - 2 e 2 + e) - ( e 2 - 2 e + 1)
= - êç -q ÷ - òç- ÷d q ú
96 4 ëêè 2 ø0 0è 2 ø úû = e 3 - 3e 2 + 3e - 1 = ( e - 1) 3
p2
p3 1 æ -p ö 1 1 z x+ z
= + ç
96 4 è 4
-0÷ -
ø 8
ò cos 2 q dq
0
51. (C) ò ò ò ( x + y + z) dydxdz
-1 0 x - z
p2
p3 p 1æ1 ö p æ p2 ö 1 z
é( x + y + z) 2 ù
x+ z
= - - ç sin 2 q ÷ = çç - 1 ÷÷
96 16 8 è 2 ø0 16 è 16 ø
= ò-1 ò0 êë 2 ú dxdz
ûx- y
1 z é(2 x + 2 z) 2 æ 2 x ö2 ù
47. (A) The curve is r 2 = a 2 cos 2 q = òòê 2
-1 0 ê
-ç ÷ ú dxdz
è 2 ø úû
If a figure is drawn then from fig. the required area is ë
z
p 4 a cos 2 q p4 a cos 2 q é
1 3
ù 1
é( x + z) 3 x 3 ù
é1 2 ù = 2 ò êò (( x + z) 2 - x 2 ) dx ú dz = 2 ò ê - ú dz
A =4 ò
q= 0
òr = 0rdrdq = 4 ò0 êë2 r úû 0 dq
-1 ë 0 û -1 ë 3 3 û0
1
p4
ésin 2 q ù
p4
2
1
2
1
éz4 ù
= 2 ò a cos 2 q dq= 2 a ê
2
= a22 = ò [(2 z) 3 - z 3 - z ]dz = ò 6 z dz =
3
4 ê4ú
ë 2 ú
û0 3 -1 3 -1 ë û -1
0
æ1 1ö
= 4ç - ÷ = 0
48. (C) The equations of given curves are è4 4ø
y( x 2 + 2) = 3 x....(i) and 4 y = x 2 ....(ii)
The curve (i) and (ii) intersect at A (2, 1).
If a figure is drawn then from fig. the required area is
********
2 3x ( x 2 + 2 )
10. The integration of f ( z) = x 2 + ixy from A(1, 1) to B(2, 17. The value of f ( 3) is
4) along the straight line AB joining the two points is (A) 6 (B) 4i
-29 29
(A) + i11 (B) - i11 (C) -4i (D) 0
3 3
(C)
23
+ i6 (D)
23
- i6 18. The value of f ¢(1 - i) is
5 5
(A) 7 ( p + i2) (B) 6 (2 + ip)
1 é ù
2
sin pz 2 æ pö 1 æ pö
15. òc ( z - 2)( z - 1) dz = ? where c is the circle z = 3 (B) ê1 + ç z - ÷ + ç z - ÷ + .......ú
2 êë è 4 ø 2 !è 4ø úû
1 é æ ù
2
(A) i6p (B) i2p pö 1 æ pö
(C) ê1 - ç z - ÷ - ç z - ÷ - .......ú
(C) i4p (D) 0 2 êë è 4 ø 2 !è 4ø úû
(C) 8 (D) 0 ¥
(B) 1 + å ( n + 1)( z + 1)
n =1
n +1
3z 2 + 7 z + 1
(C) 1 + å n( z + 1) n
c ( z - z0 ) ¥
x + y = 4.
2 2 (D) 1 + å ( n + 1)( z + 1)
n =1
n
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
33. ò z e z dz = ? where c is z = 1
-1 2
(D) - ( z - 1) - ( z - 1) - ( z - 1) - ( z - 1) - .........
3 5
1 1 1 1 2 -2 p 2p
(C) + + z2 + z + .......... (A) (B)
z 12 634 720 2 3
¥
x2
35. ò ( 2 + a 2 )( x 2 + b2 ) dx = ?
-¥ x SOLUTIONS
p ab p ( a + b)
(A) (B) x 3(1 + i) - y 3(1 - i)
a+b ab 1. (C) Since, f ( z) = u + iv = ; z ¹0
x2 + y2
p
(C) (D) p ( a + b) x3 - y3 x3 + y3
a+b Þ u= ; v=
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
¥
dx Cauchy Riemann equations are
36. ò1+ x 6
=?
¶u ¶v ¶u ¶v
0 = and =-
p p ¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x
(A) (B)
6 2 ¶u ¶y ¶v ¶v
By differentiation the value of , , , at(0, 0)
2p p ¶x ¶y ¶x ¶y
(C) (D)
3 3 0
we get , so we apply first principle method.
0
*************** At the origin,
¶u u(0 + h, 0) - u(0, 0) h3 h2
= lim = lim = 1
¶x h ®0 h h ®0 h
¶u u(0, 0 + k) - u(0, 0) - k3 k2
= lim = lim = -1
¶v h ®0 k k ®0 k
¶v v(0 + h, 0) - v(0, 0) h3 h2
= lim = lim =1
¶x h ®0 h h ®0 h
¶v v(0, 0 + k), v(0, 0) k3 k2
= lim = lim =1
¶y k ®0 k k ®0 k
¶u ¶v ¶u ¶v
Thus, we see that = and =-
¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x
Hence, Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at
z = 0.
f ( z) - f (0)
Again, f ¢(0) = lim
z ®0 z
é( x 3 - y 3) + i( x 3 + y 3) 1 ù
= lim ê
z ®0
ë (x + y )
2 2
( x + iy) úû
Now let z ® 0 along y = x, then
é( x 3 - y 3) + i( x 3 + y 3) 1 ù 2i 1+ i
f ¢ (0) = lim ê ú = =
z ®0
ë (x + y )
2 2
( x + iy) û 2(1 + i) 2
Again let z ® 0 along y = 0, then
é x 3 + i( x 3) 1 ù
f ¢ (0) = lim ê =1 + i
x ®0
ë (x )
2
x úû
So we see that f ¢(0) is not unique. Hence f ¢(0) does not
exist.
df Df
2. (A) Since, f ¢( z) = = lim
dz Dz ®0 Dz
Du + iDv
or f ¢( z) = lim ....(1)
Dz ®0 Dx + iDy
Let Dz ® 0 along a path parallel to real axis Now let v be the conjugate of u then
Þ Dy = 0 \ Dz ® 0 Þ Dx ® 0 ¶v ¶v ¶u ¶u
dv = dx + dy = - dx + dy
Now equation (1) ¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x
Du + iDv Du Dv (by Cauchy-Riemann equation)
f ¢( z) = lim = lim + i lim
Dx ®0 Dx Dx ®0 Dx Dx ®0 Dx
Þ dv = 2 x dx + 2(1 - y) dy
¶u ¶v On integrating v = x 2 - y 2 + 2 y + C
f ¢( z) = +i ....(2)
¶x ¶x
Again, let Dz ® 0 along a path parallel to imaginary 5. (C) Given f ( z) = u + i v ....(1)
axis, then Dx ® 0 and Dz ® 0 ® Dy ® 0 Þ if ( z) = -v + iu ....(2)
Thus from equation (1) add equation (1) and (2)
Dz + iDv Du Dv ¶u ¶v
f¢( z) = lim = lim + i lim = + Þ (1 + i) f ( z) = ( u - v) + i( u + v)
Dy ®0 iD y Dy ®0 iDy Dy ®0 iDz i ¶y ¶y
Þ F ( z) = U + iV
-i ¶ u ¶ v
f ¢( z) = + ....(3) where, F ( z) = (1 + i) f ( z); U = ( u - v); V = u + v
¶y ¶y
Let F ( z) be an analytic function.
Now, for existence of f ¢( z) R.H.S. of equation (2) and (3)
Now, U = u - v = e x (cos y - sin y)
must be same i.e.,
¶U ¶U
¶u ¶v ¶v ¶u = e x (cos y - sin y) and = e x ( - sin y - cos y)
+i = -i ¶x ¶y
¶x ¶x ¶y ¶y
-¶U ¶U
¶u ¶v ¶v -¶u Now, dV = dx + dy....(3)
= and = ¶y ¶x
¶x ¶y ¶x ¶y
= e x (sin y + cos y) dx + e x (cos y - sin y) dy
¶u ¶u ¶v ¶v
f ¢( z) = -i = +i = d[ e x (sin y + cos y)]
¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x
on integrating V = e x (sin y + cos y) + c1
3. (A) Given f ( z) = x 2 + iy 2 since, f ( z) = u + iv F ( z) = U + iV = e x (cos y - sin y) + ie x (sin y + cos y) + ic1
Here u = x 2 and v = y 2 = e x (cos y + i sin y) + ie x (cos y + i sin y) + ic1
¶u ¶u F ( z) = (1 + i) e x + iy + ic1 = (1 + i) ez + ic1
Now, u = x 2 Þ = 2 x and =0
¶x ¶y (1 + i) f ( z) = (1 + i) e z + ic1
¶v ¶v i i(1 - i) ( i + 1)
and v = y 2 Þ = 0 and =2y Þ f ( z) = e z + c1 = e z + c1 = ez + c1
¶x ¶y 1+ i (1 + i)(1 - i) 2
¶u ¶u Þ f ( z) = e z + (1 + i) c
we know that f ¢( z) = -i ....(1)
¶x ¶y
¶v ¶v 6. (C) u = sinh x cos y
and f ¢( z) = + i ....(2)
¶y ¶x ¶u
= cosh x cos y = f( x, y)
Now, equation (1) gives f ¢( z) = 2 x ....(3) ¶x
¶u
and equation (2) gives f ¢( z) = 2 y ....(4) and = - sinh x sin y = y( x, y)
¶y
Now, for existence of f ¢( z) at any point is necessary that
by Milne’s Method
the value of f ¢( z) most be unique at that point, whatever
be the path of reaching at that point f ¢( z) = f( z, 0) - iy( z, 0) = cosh z - i × 0 = cosh z
¶v -( x 2 + y 2 ) - ( x - y)2 y n! f ( z) dz f ( z) dz 2pi n
8. (D)
¶y
=
( x2 + y2 )2
f ¢¢( z o) =
2 pi ò (z - z )
c o
n +1
or ò (z - z )
c o
n +1
=
n!
f ( z o)
y - x - 2 xy
2 2 f ( z) dz pi
=
( x2 + y2 )2
= g( x, y) Taking n = 3, ò (z - z )
c o
4
=
3
f ¢¢( z o) ....(1)
¶v ( x 2 + y 2 ) - ( x - y)2 x y 2 - x 2 + 2 xy e 2 z dz e 2 z dz
( z + 1) 4 òc [ z - ( -1)]4
= = = h( x, y) Given fc =
¶x ( x2 + y2 )2 ( x2 + y2 )2
By Milne’s Method Taking f ( z) = e 2 z , and z o = -1 in (1), we have
1 æ 1 ö 1 e 2 z dz pi
f ¢( z) = g( z, 0) + ih( z, 0) = -
z2
+ iç - 2 ÷ = - (1 + i) 2
è z ø z
ò ( z + 1)
c
4
=
3
f ¢¢¢( -1)....(2)
lies inside z = 15
. , therefore by Cauchy’s integral
10. x = at + b, y = ct + d Formula
On A, z = 1 + i and On B, z = 2 + 4 i 1
I1 = ò dz = 2 pi ....(2)
Let z = 1 + i corresponds to t = 0 c z
and z = 2 + 4 i corresponding to t = 1 é 1f ( z) dz ù
then, t = 0 Þ x = b, y = d
ê f ( z o) = 2pi
ë c z - zo
ò ú [Here f ( z) = 1 = f ( z o) and z o = 0]
û
Þ b = 1, d = 1 1
Similarly, for I 2 = ò dz, the singular point z = 1 lies
and t = 1 Þ x = a + b, y = c + d c z -1
Þ 2 = a + 1, 4 = c + 1 Þ a = 1, c = 3 inside z = 15 . , therefore I 2 = 2 pi....(3)
AB is , y = 3t + 1 Þ dx = dt ; dy = 3 dt For I 3 = ò
1
dz, the singular point z = 2 lies outside
z -2
ò f ( z) dz = ò ( x + ixy)( dx + idy)
2
c
c c
the circle z = 15
. , so the function f ( z) is analytic
1
everywhere in c i.e. z = 15
= ò [( t + 1) + i( t + 1)( 3t + 1)][ dt + 3i dt ] . , hence by Cauchy’s integral
2
t= 0
theorem
1
1
= ò [( t 2 + 2 t + 1) + i( 3t 2 + 4 t + 1)](1 + 3i) dt I3 = ò dz = 0....(4)
0 c z -2
1
é t3 ù 29 using equations (2), (3), (4) in (1), we get
= (1 + 3i) ê + t 2 + t + i( t 3 + 2 t 2 + t) ú = - + 1 1i
ë 3 û0 3 1 - 2z 1 3
òc z( z - 1)( z - 2) dz = 2 (2 pi) + 2 pi - 2 (0) = 3pi
11. (D) We know by the derivative of an analytic
function that 13. (B) Given contour c is the circle z = 1
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
Þ z = e iq Þ dz = ieiqdq 3z 2 + 7 z + 1
Now, for upper half of the circle, 0 £ q £ p
òc z - zo dz = 2 pif( zo)
p
Þ f ( z o) = 2pif( z o) Þ f ¢( z o) = 2pif¢( z o)
ò ( z - z ) dz = ò (e
iq
2
- e 2 iq) ie iqdq
c q= 0 and f ¢¢( z o) = 2pi f¢¢( z o)
p
p
é e 2 iq e 3iq ù since, f( z) = 3z 2 + 7 z + 1
= i ò ( e 2 iq - e 3iq)dq = i ê -
0 ë 2i 3i úû 0 Þ f¢ ( z) = 6 z + 7 and f¢¢( z) = 6
1 é1 1 ù 2 f ¢(1 - i) = 2 pi[ 6(1 - i) + 7 ] = 2 p (5 + 13i)
=i× × ( e 2 pi - 1) - ( e 3px - 1) ú =
i êë2 3 û 3
z -1 2
19. (C) f ( z) = =1 -
z +1 z +1
14. (B) Let f ( z) = cos pz then f ( z) is analytic within and
Þ f (0) = -1, f (1) = 0
on z = 3, now by Cauchy’s integral formula 2
1 f ( z) f ( z) dz Þ f ¢( z) = Þ f ¢(0) = 2;
( z + 1) 2
2pi òc z - z o
f ( z o) = dz Þ ò = 2pif ( z o)
c z - zo -4
f ¢¢( z) = Þ f ¢¢(0) = -4;
take f ( z) = cos pz, z o = 1, we have ( z - 1) 3
cos pz 12
òz = 3 z - 1 dz = 2 pif (1) = 2pi cos p = -2pi f ¢¢¢( z) =
( z + 1) 4
Þ f ¢¢¢(0) = 12; and so on.
æ pö p 1 1æ z z2 z3 ö 1æ 1 1 1 ö
21. (A) f ( z) = sin z Þ f ç ÷ = sin = f ( z) = - çç 1 + + + + .. ÷÷ - ç 1 + + 2 + 3 + K÷
è4ø 4 2 2è 2 4 9 ø z è z z z ø
æ pö 1 1 1 1 1 3
f ¢( z) = cos z Þ f ¢ç ÷ = or f ( z) = K-z -4 - z -2 - z -1 - - z - z 2 - z -K
è4ø 2 2 4 8 18
æ pö 1
f ¢¢( z) = - sin z Þ f ¢¢ç ÷ = - 2 1 1 1
è ø
4 2 24. (C) <1 Þ < <1 Þ <1
z z 2 z
æ pö 1
f ¢¢¢( z) = - cos z Þ f ¢¢¢ç ÷ = - and so on. 1 1æ 1ö
-1
1æ 1 1 1 ö
è ø
4 2 = ç1 - ÷ = ç 1 + + 2 + 3 + K÷
z -1 z è zø 2è z z z ø
Taylor series is given by -1
1 1æ 2ö 1æ 2 4 8 ö
( z - z0 ) 2 and = ç1 - ÷ = ç 1 + + 2 + 3 + .... ÷
f ( z) = f ( z 0 ) + ( z - z 0 ) f ¢( z 0 ) + f ¢¢( z 0 ) z -2 z è zø zè z z z ø
2!
Laurent’s series is given by
( z - z0 ) 3
+ f ¢¢¢( z 0 ) + .... 1æ 2 4 98 ö 1æ 1 1 1 ö
3! f ( z) = ç 1 + + 2 + 3 + .. ÷ - ç 1 + + 2 + 3 + .. ÷
zè z z z ø z è z z z ø
p
about z =
4 1æ1 3 7 ö
= ç + 2 + 3 + K÷
2 zèz z z ø
æ pö
çz - ÷ 1 3 7
æ pö 1 æ 1 ö
+è
1 4ø Þ f ( z) = + + +K
f ( z) = + çz - ÷ ç- ÷
2 è 4ø 2 2! ç 2 ÷ø z2 z3 z4
è
3
æ pö 1 1 1æ zö
-1
çz - ÷ 25. (B) z < 1, - = - ç1 - ÷ + (1 - z) -1
æ 1 ö
+è
4ø z -2 z -1 2è 2ø
ç- ÷ +K
3! ç 2 ÷ø
è 1 é z z2 z3 ù
=- ê1 + + + + Kú + (1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + ...)
1 é ù
2 3
æ pö 1 æ pö 1æ pö 2 ë 2 4 8 û
f ( z) = ê1 + ç z - ÷ - ç z - ÷ - ç z - ÷ -...ú
2 êë è 4 ø 2 !è 4ø 3! è 4ø úû 1 3 7 15 3
f ( z) = + z + z 2 + z +K
1 1 2 4 8 16
22. (D) Let f ( z) = z -2 = =
z 2
[1 - (1 + z)]2
1 1 1 1
26. (D) Since, = - +
f ( z) = [1 - (1 + z)]-2 z( z - 1)( z - 2) 2 z z - 1 2( z - 2)
Since, 1 + z < 1, so by expanding R.H.S. by binomial For z - 1 < 1 Let z - 1 = u
theorem, we get Þ z = u + 1 and u < 1
f ( z) = 1 + 2(1 + z) + 3(1 + z) 2 + 4(1 + z) 3 + K 1 1 1 1
= - +
+ ( n + 1)(1 + z) n + K z( z - 1)( z - 2) 2 z z - 1 2( z - 2)
¥
1 1 1 1 1
or f ( z) = z -2 = 1 + å ( n + 1)( z + 1)
n =1
n
= - + = (1 + u) -1 - u-1 - (1 - u) -1
2( u + 1) u 2( u - 1) 2 2
1 1
= [1 - u + u2 - u3 + ... ] - u-1 - (1 + u + u2 + u3 + ...)
1 1 1 2 2
23. (B) Here f ( z) = = - ....(1)
( z - 1)( z - 2) z - 2 z - 1 1
= ( -2 u - 2 u - ...) - u = -u - u3 - u5 - K - u-1
3 -1
1 z 2
Since, z > 1 Þ < 1 and z < 2 Þ <1
z 2 Required Laurent’s series is
-1 f ( z) = -( z - 1) -1 - ( z - 1) - ( z - 1) 3 - ( z - 1) 5 - K
1 1 1æ 1ö
= = ç1 - ÷
z -1 æ 1ö zè zø
zç 1 - ÷ 1
è zø 27. (B) Let f ( z) =
z( e z - 1)
1æ 1 1 1 ö 1
= ç 1 + + 2 + 3 + K÷ =
zè z z z ø
é z 2
z3 z4 ù
-1 z ê1 + z + + + + K - 1ú
1 -1 æ zö 1 é z z z ù 2 3
ë 2 ! 3! 4 ! û
and = ç1 - ÷ = - ê1 + 2 + 4 + 9 + Kú
z -2 2 è 2ø 2 ë û
equation (1) gives—
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Complex Variables GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.5
p
1 1 ie 2 iqiRe iqdq
ò f ( z) dz = 2 pi ´ 6 = 3 pi Now ò f ( z) dz = ò 2 2 iq
+ a 2 )( R 2 e2 iq + b2 )
c r 0 (R e
e 3iq
-idz p dq
34. (B) Let z = eiq Þ dq = ; z £ q £ 2p R
z = òæ a 2 öæ b2 ö
0
çç e 2 iq + 2 ÷÷çç e 2 iq + 2 ÷÷
1æ 1ö è R øè R ø
and cos q = ç z + ÷
2è zø
-idz
Now when R ® ¥, ò b( z) dz = 0
r
2p
dq
ò0 2 + cos q = òc 1 æz 1 ö;
¥
c: z =1 x 2
p
2 + çz + ÷ ò (x
-¥
2
+ a )( x + b )
2 2
2
dz =
a+b
2è zø
dz
= - 2iò 36. (C) Let I = ò
dz
= ò f ( z) dz
c z + 4z + 1
2
1 + z6
c c
1
Let f ( z) = c is the contour containing semi circle r of radius R and
z2 + 4z + 1
segment from -R to R.
f ( z) has poles at z = - 2 + 3, -2 - 3 out of these only
For poles of f ( z), 1 + z6 = 0
z = -2 + 3 lies inside the circle c : z = 1 Þ z = ( -1) p 6 = e i ( 2 n + 1 ) p 6
ò f ( z) dz = 2pi(Residue at z = -2 +
c
3) where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
- 3+i 3+i
Only poles z = , i, lie in the contour
Now, residue at z = -2 + 3 2 2
1 1 + 3+i
= lim ( z + 2 - 3) f ( z) = lim = Residue at z =
z ®-2 + 3 z ®-2 + 3 ( z + 2 + 3) 2 3 2
1 pi 1
ò f ( z) dz = 2 pi ´ 2
c 3
=
3
=
( z1 - z 2 )( z1 - z 3)( z1 - z 4 )( z1 - z 5)( z1 - z6 )
2p
dq pi 2p 1 1 - 3i
ò 2 + cos q = -2 i ´ = = =
0 3 3 3i(1 + 3 i) 12 i
1
Residue at z = i is
z2 6i
35. (C) I = ò 2 dz = ò f ( z) dz
c ( z + a )( z + b )
2 2 2
c 1 + 3i 1 1 + 3i
Residue at z = is = =
where c is be semi circle r with segment on real axis 12 i 3i(1 - 3i) 12 i
from -R to R. R
2 pi p
= ( a - b) =
2 i ( a 2 - b2 ) a+b ********
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
9.6
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
1. In a frequency distribution, the mid value of a class is 6. A distribution consists of three components with
15 and the class interval is 4. The lower limit of the frequencies 45, 40 and 15 having their means 2, 2.5 and
class is 2 respectively. The mean of the combined distribution is
(A) 14 (B) 13 (A) 2.1 (B) 2.2
(C) 12 (D) 10 (C) 2.3 (D) 2.4
2. The mid value of a class interval is 42. If the class 7. Consider the table given below
size is 10, then the upper and lower limits of the class
Marks Number of Students
are
0 – 10 12
(A) 47 and 37 (B) 37 and 47
(C) 37.5 and 47.5 (D) 47.5 and 37.5 10 – 20 18
20 – 30 27
3. The following marks were obtained by the students
30 – 40 20
in a test: 81, 72, 90, 90, 86, 85, 92, 70, 71, 83, 89, 95,
40 – 50 17
85,79, 62. The range of the marks is
(A) 9 (B) 17 50 – 60 6
(C) 27 (D) 33
The arithmetic mean of the marks given above, is
distribution is 2.5 and the lower class boundary of the (C) 27 (D) 6
lowest class is 10.6. The upper class boundary of the
8. The following is the data of wages per day: 5, 4, 7, 5,
highest class is
8, 8, 8, 5, 7, 9, 5, 7, 9, 10, 8 The mode of the data is
(A) 35.6 (B) 33.1
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 30.6 (D) 28.1 (C) 8 (D) 10
5. In a monthly test, the marks obtained in 9. The mode of the given distribution is
mathematics by 16 students of a class are as follows:
Weight (in kg) 40 43 46 49 52 55
0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8
Number of Children 5 8 16 9 7 3
The arithmetic mean of the marks obtained is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (A) 55 (B) 46
(C) 5 (D) 6 (C) 40 (D) None
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Probability and Statistics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.6
10. If the geometric mean of x, 16, 50, be 20, then the 16. The mean deviation of the following distribution is
value of x is
x 10 11 12 13 14
(A) 4 (B) 10
(C) 20 (D) 40 f 3 12 18 12 3
Diameter of heart (in mm) Number of persons 19. The probability that an event A occurs in one trial of
120 5 an experiment is 0.4. Three independent trials of
experiment are performed. The probability that A
121 9
occurs at least once is
122 14
(A) 0.936 (B) 0.784
123 8
(C) 0.964 (D) None
124 5
20. Eight coins are tossed simultaneously. The
125 9
probability of getting at least 6 heads is
The median of the above frequency distribution is (A) 7
64
(B) 37
256
12–15 23
22. A speaks truth in 75% and B in 80% of the cases. In
what percentage of cases are they likely to contradict
15–18 10
each other narrating the same incident ?
18–21 12
(A) 5% (B) 45%
21–24 3
(C) 35% (D) 15%
(A) 11.5 (B) 11.8
23. The odds against a husband who is 45 years old,
(C) 12 (D) 12.4
living till he is 70 are 7:5 and the odds against his wife
15. The mean-deviation of the data 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, who is 36, living till she is 61 are 5:3. The probability
11, 14 is that at least one of them will be alive 25 years hence, is
61 5
(A) 4 (B) 3.25 (A) 96
(B) 32
13
(C) 2.75 (D) 2.4 (C) 64
(D) None
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
24. The probability that a man who is x years old will 30. If 3 is the mean and (3/2) is the standard deviation
die in a year is p. Then amongst n persons of a binomial distribution, then the distribution is
12 12
A1 , A2 , K, An each x years old now, the probability æ3 1ö æ 1 3ö
(A) ç + ÷ (B) ç + ÷
that A1 will die in one year is è4 4ø è2 2 ø
1 60 5
(A) (B) 1 - (1 - p) n æ4 1ö æ1 4ö
n2 (C) ç + ÷ (D) ç + ÷
è5 5ø è5 5 ø
1 1
(C) [1 - (1 - p) n ] (D) [1 - (1 - p) n ]
n2 n 31. The sum and product of the mean and variance of a
binomial distribution are 24 and 18 respectively. Then,
25. A bag contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another
the distribution is
bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If one ball is 12 16
æ1 1ö æ1 3ö
drawn from each bag, the probability that both are (A) ç + ÷ (B) ç + ÷
è7 8 ø è4 4ø
white is 24 32
æ1 5ö æ1 1ö
1 1 (C) ç + ÷ (D) ç + ÷
(A) (B) è6 6ø è2 2 ø
24 4
5
(C) (D) None 32. A die is thrown 100 times. Getting an even number
24
is considered a success. The variance of the number of
26. A bag contains 5 white and 4 red balls. Another bag successes is
contains 4 white and 2 red balls. If one ball is drawn (A) 50 (B) 25
(C) 10 (D) None
from each bag, the probability that one is white and one
is red, is 33. A die is thrown thrice. Getting 1 or 6 is taken as a
13 5 success. The mean of the number of successes is
(A) (B)
27 27 3 2
(A) (B)
8 2 3
(C) (D) None
27 (C) 1 (D) None
27. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of 4 shots 34. If the sum of mean and variance of a binomial
at an enemy plane moving away from it. The distribution is 4.8 for five trials, the distribution is
probabilities of hitting the plane at the first, second, æ1 4ö
5
æ1 2ö
5
(A) ç + ÷ (B) ç + ÷
third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 è5 5 ø è 3 3ø
respectively. The probability that the gun hits the plane 5
æ2 3ö
is (C) ç + ÷ (D) None of these
è5 5 ø
(A) 0.76 (B) 0.4096
(C) 0.6976 (D) None of these 35. A variable has Poission distribution with mean m.
The probability that the variable takes any of the
28. If the probabilities that A and B will die within a values 0 or 2 is
year are p and q respectively, then the probability that æ m2 ö
(A) e - m çç 1 + m + ÷ (B) e m (1 + m) -3 2
only one of them will be alive at the end of the year is è 2 ! ÷ø
(A) pq (B) p(1 - q) æ m2 ö
(C) e 3 2 (1 + m 2 ) -1 2 (D) e - m çç 1 + ÷
(C) q(1 - p) (D) p + 1 - 2 pq è 2 ! ÷ø
29. In a binomial distribution, the mean is 4 and 36. If X is a Poission variate such that
variance is 3. Then, its mode is P (2) = 9 P ( 4) + 90 P ( 6), then the mean of X is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (A) ± 1 (B) ± 2
37. When the correlation coefficient r = ± 1, then the 43. If Sxi = 30, å yi = 42, å xi yi = 199, å xi2 = 184,
two regression lines å y = 318 and n = 6, then the regression coefficient bxy
2
i
39. If Sxi = 15, Syi = 36, Sxi yi = 110 and n = 5, then 45. Which one of the following is a true statement.
cov ( x, y) is equal to (A) 1
( bxy + byx ) = r (B) 1
( bxy + byx ) < r
2 2
(A) 0.6 (B) 0.5
(C) 1
( bxy + byx ) > r (D) None of these
(C) 0.4 (D) 0.225 2
40. If cov ( x, y) = -16.5, var ( x) = 2.89 and var ( y) = 100, 46. If byx = 1.6 and bxy = 0.4 and q is the angle between
then the coefficient of correlation r is equal to two regression lines, then tan q is equal to
41. The ranks obtained by 10 students in Mathematics 47. The equations of the two lines of regression are :
and Physics in a class test are as follows 4 x + 3y + 7 = 0 and 3 x + 4 y = 8 = 0. The correlation
coefficient between x and y is
Rank in Maths Rank in Chem.
(A) 1.25 (B) 0.25
1 3
(C) -0.75 (D) 0.92
2 10
3
(C) (D) 0.256
6 9 4
10 6 (C) - 14 (D) - 12
The coefficient of correlation between their ranks is 50. If å x = 125, å y = 100, å x 2 = 1650, å y 2 = 1500,
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.224 å xy = 50 and n = 25, then the line of regression of x on
(C) 0.625 (D) None
y is
42. If Sxi = 24, å yi = 44, Sxi yi = 306, å xi2 = 164, (A) 22 x + 9 y = 146 (B) 22 x - 9 y = 74
å yi2 = 574 and n = 4, then the regression coefficient byx (C) 22 x - 9 y = 146 (D) 22 x + 9 y = 74
is equal to
(A) 2.1 (B) 1.6
(C) 1.225 (D) 1.75 *********
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
S( fd) æ 300 ö
SOLUTION A.M. = A +
Sf
= ç 25 +
è
÷ = 28.
100 ø
1. (B) Let the lower limit be x. Then, upper limit is 8. (C) Since 8 occurs most often, mode =8.
x + ( x + 4)
x + 4. = 15 Þ x = 13.
2 9. (B) Clearly, 46 occurs most often. So, mode =46.
2. (A) Let the lower limit be x. Then, upper limit x + 10. 10. (B) ( x ´ 16 ´ 50)1 3 = 20 Þ x ´ 16 ´ 50 = (20) 3
x + ( x + 10)
= 42 Þ x = 37. æ 20 ´ 20 ´ 20 ö
2 Þ x = çç ÷÷ = 10.
è 16 ´ 50 ø
Lower limit = 37 and upper limit =47.
2 2 4
12. (D) Observations in ascending order are
-3, -3, -1, 0, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5 6, 6, 6
3 3 9
Number of observations is 14, which is even.
4 1 4
1 1
Median = [7 the term +8 the term] = (2 + 5) = 35
. .
5 4 20 2 2
6 2 12
13. (A) The given Table may be presented as
7 1 7
Diameter of heart Number of Cumulative
8 1 8 (in mm) persons frequency
å f = 16 å( f ´ x) = 64 120 5 5
å( f ´ x) 64 121 9 14
A.M. = = = 4.
åf 16
122 14 28
125 9 50
7. (B)
n n
Class
Mid Frequenc Deviation f ´d Here n = 50. So, = 25 and + 1 = 26.
value x yf d = x- A 2 2
0–10 5 12 -20 -240 1 122 + 122
Medium = (25th term +26 th term) = = 122.
2 2
10–20 15 18 -10 -180
[ . .. Both lie in that column whose c.f. is 28]
20–30 25 = A 27 0 0
30–40 35 20 10 200
14. (B) Maximum frequency is 23. So, modal class is
40–50 45 17 20 320 12–15.
50–60 55 6 30 180 L1 = 12, L2 = 15, f = 23, f1 = 21 and f2 = 10.
Sf = 100 S ( f ´ d) = 390 f - f1
Thus Mode = L1 + ( L2 - L1 )
2 f - f1 - f2
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Probability and Statistics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.6
(23 - 21) 6
æ1ö æ1ö
2
æ1ö 1
7
æ1ö
8
= 12 + (15 - 12) = 12.4. = 8 C6 × ç ÷ × ç ÷ + 8 C7 × ç ÷ × + 8 C8 ×ç ÷
( 46 - 21 - 10) è ø è ø
2 2 è2 ø 2 è2 ø
8´7 1 1 1 37
æ 3 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 10 + 11 + 14 ö = ´ + 8´ + =
15. (C) Mean = ç ÷ = 8. 2 ´ 1 256 256 256 256
è 8 ø
Sd = 3 - 8 + 5 - 8 + 8 - 8 + 10 - 8 + 11 - 8 + 14 - 8 21. (C) Let E = the event that A solves the problem. and
= 22 F = the event that B solves the problem.
Sd 22 Clearly E and F are independent events.
Thus Mean deviation = = = 2.75.
n 8 90 70
P ( E) = = 0.9, P ( F ) = = 0.7,
100 100
16. (B)
P ( E º F ) = P ( E) × P ( F ) = 0.9 ´ 0.7 = 0.63
x f f ´x d = x-M f ´d Required probability = P ( E È F )
10 3 30 2 6 = P ( E) + P ( F ) - P ( E º F ) = (0.9 +0.7 - 0.63) =0.97.
11 12 132 1 12
22. (C) Let E =event that A speaks the truth.
12 18 216 0 0
F =event that B speaks the truth.
13 12 156 1 12 75 3 80 4
Then, P ( E) = = , P( F) = =
14 3 42 2 6 100 4 100 5
æ 3ö 1 æ 4ö 1
Sf = 48 Sfx = 576 Sfd = 36 P ( E) = ç 1 - ÷ = , P( F ) = ç 1 - ÷ =
è 4ø 4 è 5ø 5
576 P (A and B contradict each other).
Thus M = = 12.
48
= P[(A speaks truth and B tells a lie) or (A tells a lie and
Sfd 36
So, Mean deviation = = = 0 .75 B speaks the truth)]
n 48
= P (E and F ) + P (E and F)
7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 55 = P ( E) × P ( F ) + P ( E ) × P ( F )
17. (D) m = = = 11.
5 5 3 1 1 4 3 1 7 æ 7 ö
2 2 2 2 2 = ´ + ´ = + = =ç ´ 100 ÷% = 35%.
Sd2 = 7 - 11 + 9 - 11 + 11 - 11 + 13 - 11 + 15 - 11 = 40 4 5 4 5 20 5 20 è 20 ø
Sd 2 40
s= = = 8 = 2 2 = 2 ´ 1.41 = 2.8.
n 5 23. (A) Let E = event that the husband will be alive 25
years hence and F =event that the wife will be alive 25
6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 50
18. (C) M = = = 10. years hence.
5 5
5 3
2 2 2
Sd2 = 6 - 10 2 + 8 - 10 + 10 - 10 + 12 - 10 + 14 - 10 = 40
2 Then, P ( E) = and P ( F ) =
12 8
Sd2 40 æ 5 ö 7 æ 3ö 5
6= = Thus P ( E) = ç 1 - ÷= and P ( F ) = ç 1 - ÷ = .
n 5 è 12 ø 12 è 8 ø 8
= 8 = 2 2 = 2 ´ 1.414 = 2.83 (app.) Clearly, E and F are independent events.
So, E and F are independent events.
19. (B) Here p = 0.4, q = 0.6 and n = 3. P(at least one of them will be alive 25 years hence)
Required probability = P(A occurring at least once) = 1 - P(none will be alive 24 years hence)
æ 7 5 ö 61
= 3C1 × (0.4) ´ (0.6) 2 + 3C2 × (0.4) 2 ´ (0.6) + 3C3 × (0.4) 3 = 1 - P ( E º F ) = 1 - P ( E) × P ( F ) = ç 1 - ´ ÷=
è 12 8 ø 96
æ 4 36 16 6 64 ö 784
=ç3´ ´ + 3´ ´ + ÷= = 0.784.
è 10 100 100 10 1000 ø 1000
24. (D) P(none dies)
= (1 - p) (1 - p)....n times = (1 - p) n
1 1
20. (B) p = , q= , n = 8. Required probability P(at least one dies) = 1 - (1 - p) n .
2 2
1
P(A1 dies) = {1 - (1 - p) n }.
= P (6 heads or 7 heads or 8 heads) n
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Probability and Statistics GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.6
Sxi 15 å yi 36 3
39. (C) x = = = 3, y = = = 7.2 47. (C) Given lines are : y = -2 - x
n 5 n 5 4
æ Sx y ö æ 110 ö æ 7 3 ö
cov( x, y) = ç i i - x y ÷ = ç - 3 ´ 7.2 ÷ = 0.4 and x = ç - - y ÷
è n ø è 5 ø è 4 4 ø
-3 -3
cov ( x, y) -16.5 byx = and bxy = .
40. (D) r = = = -0.97. 4 4
var ( x) × var ( y) 2.89 ´ 100 æ -3 -3 ö 9 3
So, r 2 = ç ´ ÷= or r = - = -0.75.
è 4 4 ø 16 4
41. (B) Di = -2, - 8, - 2, 3, 3, - 3, 3, 0, 2, 4.
[. .. byx and bxy are both negative ® r is negative]
SDi2 = ( 4 + 64 + 4 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 16) = 128.
é 6( SDi2 ) ù æ 6 ´ 128 ö 37 cov( X , Y ) 10 5
R = ê1 - 48. (A) r( X , Y ) = = =
n( n 2
- 1) ú = çç 1 - 10 ´ 99 ÷÷ = 165 = 0.224. var( X ) var( Y ) 6.25 ´ 31.36 7
ë û è ø
æ 24 ´ 44 ö
ç 306 - ÷ nSxy - ( Sx)( Sy)
=è
4 ø = ( 306 - 264) = 42 = 2.1 50. (B) bxy =
nSy 2 - ( Sy) 2
é (24) ù
2
(164 - 144) 20
ê164 - 4 ú 25 ´ 50 - 125 ´ 100 9
ë û = =
25 ´ 1500 - 100 ´ 100 22
sy sx
44. (C) byx = r × and bxy = r ×
sx sy
r 2 = bxy ´ byx Þ r = bxy ´ byx .
1 1 é sy sx ù
45. (C) ( bxy + byx ) > r is true if êr × +r× >r
2 2 ë sx sy úû
i.e. if s2y + sx2 > 2 sx s y
i.e. if ( s y - sx ) 2 > 0, which is true.
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581
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.7
x1 - x0
SOLUTIONS x2 = x0 -
f ( x1 ) - f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
0.5
= 35
. - ( - 0.5441) = 37888
.
1. (B) Let f ( x) = x 3 - 4 x - 9 0.3979 + 0.5441
Since f (2) is negative and f ( 3) is positive, a root lies Since f ( 37888
. ) = - 0.0009 and f ( 4) = 0.3979, therefore
between 2 and 3. the root lies between 3.7888 and 4.
First approximation to the root is Taking x0 = 37888
. , x1 = 4, we obtain
1 0.2112
x1 = (2 + 3) = 2.5. x3 = 37888
. - ( - .009) = 37893
.
2 0.3988
Then f ( x1 ) = 2.5 3 - 4(2.5) - 9 = - 3.375 Hence the required root correct to three places of
i.e. negative\The root lies between x1 and 3. Thus the decimal is 3.789.
second approximation to the root is
1
x2 = ( x1 + 3) = 2.75. 4. (D) Let f ( x) = xe x - 2, Then f (0) = - 2, and
2
f (1) = e - 2 = 0.7183
Then f ( x2 ) = (2.75) 3 - 4(2.75) - 9 = 0.7969 i.e. positive.
So a root of (i ) lies between 0 and 1. It is nearer to 1.
The root lies between x1 and x2 . Thus the third
Let us take x0 = 1.
1
approximation to the root is x3 = ( x1 + x2 ) = 2.625. Also f ¢( x) = xe x + e x and f ¢(1) = e + e = 5.4366
2
Then f ( x3) = (2.625) 3 - 4(2.625) - 9 = - 1.4121 i.e. By Newton’s rule, the first approximation x1 is
f ( x0 ) 0.7183
negative. x1 = x0 - =1 - = 0.8679
f ¢( x0 ) 5.4366
The root lies between x2 and x3 . Thus the fourth
1 f ( x1 ) = 0.0672, f ¢( x1 ) = 4.4491.
approximation to the root is x4 = ( x2 + x3) = 2.6875.
2 Thus the second approximation x2 is
Hence the root is 2.6875 approximately. f ( x1 ) 0.0672
x2 = x1 - = 0.8679 - = 0.8528
f ( x1 ) 4.4491
2. (B) Let f ( x) = x 3 - 2 x - 5
Hence the required root is 0.853 correct to 3 decimal
So that f (2) = - 1 and f ( 3) = 16 places.
i.e. a root lies between 2 and 3.
Taking x0 = 2, x1 = 3, f ( x0 ) = - 1, f ( x1 ) = 16, in the 5. (B) Let y = x + log10 x - 3.375
method of false position, we get To obtain a rough estimate of its root, we draw the
x1 - x0 1
x2 = x0 - f ( x0 ) = 2 + = 2.0588 graph of (i ) with the help of the following table :
f ( x1 ) - f ( x0 ) 17
Now, f ( x2 ) = f (2.0588) = - 0.3908 i.e., that root lies x 1 2 3 4
between 2.0588 and 3.
y -2.375 -1.074 0.102 1.227
Taking x0 = 2.0588, x1 = 3, f ( x0 )
= - 0.3908, f ( x1 ) = 16 in (i), we get
0.9412 Taking 1 unit along either axis = 0.1, The curve crosses
x3 = 2.0588 - ( - 0.3908) = 2.0813
16.3908 the x–axis at x0 = 2.9, which we take as the initial
Repeating this process, the successive approxima- tions approximation to the root.
are Now let us apply Newton–Raphson method to
x4 = 2.0862, x5 = 2.0915, x6 = 2.0934, x7 = 2.0941, f ( x) = x + log10 x - 3.375
x8 = 2.0943 etc. 1
f ¢( x) = 1 + log10 e
Hence the root is 2.094 correct to 3 decimal places. x
f (2.9) = 2.9 + log10 2.9 - 3.375 = - 0.0126
3. (C) Let f ( x)2 x - log10 x - 7 1
f ¢(2.9) = 1 + log10 e = 11497
.
Taking x0 = 35
. , x1 = 4, in the method of false position, 2.9
we get The first approximation x1 to the root is given by
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584
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 9.7
f ( x0 ) 0.0126 dy
x1 = x0 - = 2.9 + = 2.9109 at x = 0, y = 1, = -1
¢
f ( x0 ) 11497
. dx
f ( x1 ) = - 0.0001, f ¢( x1 ) = 11492
. d2 y dy
2
=1 -2y
dx dx
Thus the second approximation x2 is given by
d2 y
f ( x1 ) 0.0001 at x = 0, y = 1, =1 + 2 = 3
x2 = x1 - = 2.9109 + = 2.91099 dx 2
f ¢( x1 ) 11492
.
2
d 3y æ dy ö d2 y
Hence the desired root, correct to four significant = - 2 ç ÷ - 2 y
dx 3 è dx ø dx 2
figures, is 2.911
d 3y
at x = 0, y = 1, =-8
6. (B) Let x = 28 so that x 2 - 28 = 0 dx 3
d4 y é dy d 2 y d 3y ù
Taking f ( x) = x 2 - 28, Newton’s iterative method gives = -2 3
ê dx dx 2 + y
dx 4 ë dx 3 úû
f ( xn ) x 2 - 28 1 æ 28 ö
xn + 1 = xn - = xn - n = çç xn + ÷
¢
f ( xn ) 2 xn 2è xn ÷ø at x = 0, y = 1
d4 y
= 34
dx 4
Now since f (5) = - 3, f ( 6) = 8, a root lies between 5 and
The Taylor series expression gives
6.
dy h2 d 2 y h3 d 3 y h4 d 4 y
Taking x0 = 5.5, y( x + h) = y( x) + h + + + +K
dx 2 ! dx 2 3 ! dx 3 4 ! dx 4
1æ 28 ö 1 æ 28 ö (0.1) 2 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 4
x1 = çç x0 + ÷÷ = ç 5.5 + ÷ = 5.29545 y(0.1) = 1 + 0.1( -1) + 3+ ( -8) + 34 + ......
2è x0 ø 2 è 5.5 ø 2! 3! 4!
1æ 28 ö 1 æ 28 ö = 1 - 0.1 + 0.015 - 0.001333 + 0.0001417 = 0.9138
x2 = çç x1 + ÷÷ = çç 5.29545 + ÷ = 5.2915
2è x1 ø 2 è 5.29545 ÷ø
9. (C) Here f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2 , x0 = 0 y0 = 0
1æ 28 ö 1 æ 28 ö
x3 = çç x2 + ÷ = ç 5.2915 + ÷ = 5.2915
2è x2 ÷ø 2 çè 5.2915 ÷ø We have, by Picard’s method
x
Since x2 = x3 upto 4 decimal places, so we take y = y0 + ò f ( x, y) dx ....(1)
28 = 5.2915. x0
x1 = x0 + h = 0.1,
dy
= x - y2 y (1 ) = y0 + ò f ( x, y0 ) dx = 2 + ò f ( x, 2) dx
dx x0 0
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
x
x2 Euler’s method gives
= 2 + ò (2 - x) dx =2 + 2x - ....(1)
0 2 yn + 1 = yn + h( xn , yn ) ....(1)
The second approximation to y is given by n = 0 in (1) gives
x
y1 = y0 + hf ( x0 , y0 )
y ( 2 ) = y0 + ò f ( x, y
(1 )
) dx
x0 Here x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1
x
æ x2
ö y1 = 1 + 0.1 f (0, 1) = 1 + 0 = 1
=2 + ò f ççè x, 2 + 2 x -
x0 2
÷÷dx
ø n = 0 in (1) gives y2 = y1 + h f ( x1 , y1 )
2
x2 = 1 + 0.1 f (0.1 , 1) = 1 + 0.1 (0.1) = 1 + 0.01
= 2 + ò (2 + 2 x - - x) dx
0 2 Thus y2 = y( 0 .2 ) = 101
.
x x2 3
n = 2 in (1) gives
=2 + 2x + - ....(2)
2 6 y3 = y2 + hf ( x2 , y2 ) = 101
. + 0.1 f (0.2 , 101
. )
The third approximation to y is given by y3 = y( 0 .3) = 101
. + 0.0202 = 10302
.
x
n = 3 in (1) gives
y ( 3) = y0 + ò f ( x, y
(2 )
) dx
x0 y4 = y3 + hf ( x3 , y3) = 10302
. + 0.1 f (0.3 , 10302
. )
x
æ x x ö
2 3
= 10302
. + 0.03090
=2 +
x0
ò f ççè x, 2 + 2 x + 2
- ÷dx
6 ÷ø y4 = y( 0 .4 ) = 10611
.
æ x
x x ö 2 3
Hence y( 0 .4 ) = 10611
.
= 2 + ò çç 2 + 2 x + - - ÷÷dx
0è 2 6 ø
13. (B) The Euler’s modified method gives
x2 x3 x4
=2 + 2x + + - y1* = y0 + hf ( x0 , y0 ),
2 6 24
h
y1 = y0 + [ f ( x0 , y0 ) + f ( x1 , y1*)]
11. (B) Here f ( x, y) = x + y 2 , x0 = 0 y0 = 0 2
x0 0 2 ø = 10202
. + 0.0204 = 10406
.
x
æ x ö x4
x 2 5 h
= ò çç x + ÷÷dx = + Next y2 = y1 + [ f ( x, y) + f ( x2 , y2* )]
4 ø 2 50 2
0è
0.02
The third approximation is given by y2 = 10202
. + [ f (0.02, 10202
. ) + f (0.04, 10406
. )]
x
2
y ( 3) = y0 + ò f ( x, y = 10202 + 0.01 [10206 + 10422 ] = 10408
(2 )
) dx . . . .
x0
y2 = y( 0 .04 ) = 10408
.
x
æ x2 x5 ö
= 0 + ò f çç x, + ÷dx
0 è 2 20 ÷ø 15. (C) y3* = y2 + hf ( x2 , y2 )
x
æ x4 x10 2 x7 ö x2 x5 x8 x11 = 10416
. + 0.02 f (0.04, 10416
. )
= ò çç x + + + ÷÷dx = + + +
0è
4 400 40 ø 2 20 160 4400 = 10416
. + 0.0217 = 10633
.
h
Next y3 = y2 + [ f ( x2 , y2 ) + f ( x3 , y3*)]
12. (A) x: 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 2
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UNIT 9 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Engineering Mathematics
æ 1 1 ö æ h k ö
k2 = hf ç x0 + h, y0 + k1 ÷ = (0.2) f (0.1, 0.1) = 0.202 k2 = hf ç x0 + , y0 + 1 ÷
è 2 2 ø è 2 2ø
æ 1 1 ö = (0.2) f (0.1, 11
. ) = 0.2(1.31) = 0.262
k3 = hf ç x0 + h, y0 + k2 ÷ = (0.2) f (0.1, 0.101) = 0.2020
è 2 2 ø æ h k ö
k3 = hf ç x0 + , y0 + 2 ÷
k4 = hf ( x0 + h, y0 + k3) = 0.2 f (0.2, 0.2020) = 0.20816 è 2 2 ø
1 = 0.2 f (0.1, 1131
. ) = 0.2758
k = [ k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 ]
6 k4 = hf ( x0 + h, y0 + k3)
1 = (0.2) f (0.2, 12758) = 0.3655
= [0.2 + 2 (.202) + 2 (.20204) + 0.20816 ], .
6 1
k = [ k1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + 2 k4 ]
k = 0.2027 6
such that y1 = y(0.2) = y0 + k = 0 + 0.2027 = 0.2027 1
= [0.2 + 2 (0.262) + 2 (0.2758) + 0.3655 ] = 0.2735
6
21. (C) We now to find y2 = y(0.4), k1 = hf ( x1 , y1 ) Here y1 = y( 0 .2 ) = y0 + k = 1 + 0.2735 Þ 12735
.
= (0.2) f (0.2, 0.2027) = 0.2 (10410
. ) = .2082
æ 1 1 ö 24. (C) Here f ( x, y) = x + y h = 0.2
k2 = hf ç x1 + h , y1 + k1 ÷
è 2 2 ø To find y1 = y( 0 .2 ) ,
= (0.2) f (0.3, 0.3068) = 0.2188 k1 = hf ( x0 , y0 ) = 0.2 f (0, 1) = 0.2
æ 1 1 ö æ h k ö
k3 = hf ç x1 + h , y1 + k2 ÷ k2 = hf ç x0 + , y0 + 1 ÷ = (0.2) f (0.1, 11
. ) = 0.24
è 2 2 ø è 2 2ø
To find y1 = y( 0 .2 ) ,
k1 = hf ( x0 , y0 ) = (0.2) f (0, 1) = (0.2) ´ 1 = 0.2
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
10.5
EC-07
1. If E Denotes expectation, the variance of a random 6. For the function e- x , the linear approximation around
variable X is given by x = 2 is
(A) E[ X 2 ] - E 2 [ X ] (B) E[ X 2 ] + E 2 [ X ] (A) ( 3 - x) e -2 (B) 1 - x
2 2
(C) E[ X ] (D) E [ X ]
(C) [ 3 + 2 2 - 1(1 + 2 x ]e -2 (D) e -2
sin( q/2)
4. lim is 9. The electron and hole concentrations in an intrinsic
q®0 q
semiconductor are ni per cm 3 at 300 K. Now, if acceptor
(A) 0.5 (B) 1
impurities are introduced with a concentration of N A
(C) 2 (D) not defined per cm 3(where N A >> ni ) the electron concentration per
cm 3 at 300 K will be
5. Which of the following functions is strictly bounded ?
1 (A) ni (B) ni + N A
(A) (B) e x
x2 ni2
2
(C) N A - ni (D)
(C) x 2 (D) e - x NA
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10. In a p+ n junction diode under reverse biased the 15. If closed-loop transfer function of a control system is
magnitude of electric field is maximum at given as T( s) = s-5
( s + 2 )( s + 3)
then It is
(A) the edge of the depletion region on the p -side (A) an unstable system
(B) the edge of the depletion region on the n -side (B) an uncontrollable system
11. The correct full wave rectifier circuit is 16. If the Laplace transform of a signal y( t) is
Y ( s) = 1
s ( s -1 )
, then its final value is
(A) -1 (B) 0
Input
Input
Output
17. If R( t) is the auto correlation function of a real,
wide-sense stationary random process, then which of
the following is NOT true
(A) R( t) = R( -t)
Input
Input
C (D)
(B) R( t) £ R(0)
Output
Output
(C) R( t) = - R( -t)
(D) The mean square value of the process is R(0)
12. In a trans-conductance amplifier, it is desirable to 18. If S( f )is the power spectral density of a real,
(A) 100111 (B) 0010000 20. If C is close curve enclosing a surface S, then the
® ®
magnetic field intensity H , the current density j and
(C) 000111 (D) 101001 ®
the electric flux density D are related by
®
14. The Boolean function Y = AB + CD is to be realized æ® ö
®
ç ¶D÷ ®
®
(A) ò ò H . d s = ò j + .d l
using only 2-input NAND gates. The minimum number ç ¶t ÷
s c
è ø
of gates required is
®
æ® ö
® ®
ç ¶D ÷ ®
(A) 2 (B) 3 (B) ò H . d l = òò j + d .d s
ç ¶t ÷
(C) 4 (D) 5
s s
è ø
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29. For the circuit shown in the figure, the Thevenin 33. Group I lists four types of p - n junction diodes.
voltage and resistance looking into X - Y are match each device in Group I with one of the option in
1W Group II to indicate the bias condition of the device in
X
its normal mode of operation.
2A 2W
Group-I Group-II
2i 1W
(P) Zener Diode (1) Forward bias
(Q) Solar cell (2) Reverse bias
Y
(R) LASER diode
4 2 (S) Avalanche Photodiode
(A) V, 2W (B) 4 V, W
3 3 (A) P - 1 Q - 2 R - 1 S - 2
4 2
(C) V, W (D) 4 V, 2W (B) P - 2 Q - 1 R - 1 S - 2
3 3
(C) P - 2 Q - 2 R - 1 S - 2
10 kW
(A) 7.00 to 7.29 V (B) 7.14 to 7.29 V
(C) 7.14 to 7.43 V (D) 7.29 to 7.43 V
2V 10 V
1 kW 41. The Boolean expression
Y = AB CD + ABCD+ ABCD+ ABCD can be
(A) cut-off (B) saturation minimized to
(B) Y = A B CD + B C D + A B C D
38. In the Op-Amp circuit shown, assume that the diode
(C) Y = AB C D + B C D + AB CD
current follows the equation I = I s exp(V/VT ). For
Vi = 2 V , V0 = V01 , and for Vi = 4 V , V0 = V02 . The (D) Y = AB C D + B C D + A B C D
relationship between V01 and V02 is
D
42. The circuit diagram of a standard TTL NOT gate is
shown in the figure. Vi = 2.5 V , the modes of operation of
2 kW
vi the transistors will be
vo VCC =5 V
4 kW 1.4 kW 100 W
(A) V02 = 2 V01 (B) V02 = e V01
2
Q4
(C) V02 = V01 ln 2 (D) V01 - V02 = VT ln 2
Q1 Q2 D
+
39. In the CMOS inverter circuit shown, if the
+
transconductance parameters of the NMOS and PMOS Q3
Wp
transistors are kn = kp = m n Cox Wn
Ln
= m p Cox Lp
= 40 mA/V 2 1 kW
40. For the Zener diode shown in the figure, the Zener 43. In the following circuit, X is given by
voltage at knee is 7V, the knee current is negligible and
0 I0 4-to-1 0 I0 4-to-1
the Zener dynamic resistance is 10W. if the input I1
MUX
I1 MUX
1 1
voltage ( Vi ) range is from 10 to 16V, the output voltage 1 I2 Y 1 I2 Y X
0 I3 0 I3
(V0 ) ranges from S1 S0 S1 S0
200 W
+
A B C
vi vo (A) X = A B C + A B C + A BC + ABC
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UNIT 10 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Previous year Papers
(C) X = AB + BC + AC 47. (A) The 3-dB bandwidth of the low-pas signal e- t u( t),
(D) X = A B + B C + AC where u( t) is the unit step function, is given by
1 1
(A) Hz (B) 2 - 1 Hz
44. The following binary values were applied to the X 2p 2p
and Y inputs of NAND latch shown in the figure in the (C) ¥ (D) 1 Hz
sequence indicated below
48. A Hilbert transformer is a
X = 0, Y = 1; X = 0, Y = 0; X = 1, Y = 1.
(A) non-linear system (B) non-causal system
X
P (C) time-varying system (D) low-pass system
1 5 10 s + 10 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(s + 5)(s + 1) (s + 5)(s + 1) s + 11s + 11 s + s + 11
2 2
5 1
(C) (D) 58. In delta modulation, the slope overload distortion
s2 + s + 1 s2 + s + 1
can be reduced by
54. The open-loop transfer function of a plant is given (A) decreasing the step size
(B) decreasing the granular noise
as G( s) = 1
s 2 -1
. If the plant is operated in a unity feedback
(C) decreasing the sampling rate
configuration, then the lead compensator that an (D) increasing the step size
stabilize this control system is
10( s - 1) 10( s + 4) 59. The raised cosine pulse p( t) is used for zero ISI in
(A) (B)
s+2 s+2 digital communications. The expression for p( t) with
10( s + 2) 2(s + 2) unity roll-off facto is given by
(C) (D)
s + 10 s + 10 sin 4 pWt
p( t) =
4 pWt(1 - 16W 2 t 2 )
55. A unity feedback control system has an open-loop
1
transfer function The value of p( t) at t = is
4W
K
G( s) = . (A) -0.5 (B) 0
s( s 2 + 7 s + 12)
(C) 0.5 (D) ¥
The gain K for which s = 1 + j1 will lie on the root
locus of this system is 60. In the following scheme, if the spectrum M ( f ) of
(A) 4 (B) 5.5 m( t) is as shown, then the spectrum Y ( f ) of y( t) will be
(C) 6.5 (D) 10
M m(t)
56. The asymptotic Bode plot of a transfer function is as
shown in the figure. The transfer function G( s) S
60 dB -20 dB/dec
40 dB
(A) (B)
-40 dB/dec
20 dB
w
1 10 20 100
-60 dB/dec 0 0
C (D)
1 1
(A) (B)
( s + 1)( s + 20) s( s + 1)( s + 20)
100 100
(C) (D)
s( s + 1)( s + 20) s( s + 1)(1 + 0.05 s) 0 0
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62. In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 67. A load of 50W is connected in shunt in a 2-wire
KHz bandwidth using TDMA. A GSM based cellular transmission line of Z 0 = 50W as shown in the figure.
operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth. Assuming a The 2-port scattering parameter matrix (s-matrix) of
1
frequency reuse factor of , i.e. a five-cell repeat pattern,
5
the shunt element is
the maximum number of simultaneous channels that é- 1 1
ù é0 1 ù
(A) ê 12 2
(B) ê
can exist in one cell is ë 2 - úû
1
2
ú
ë1 0 û
(A) 200 (B) 40 é- 1 - 43 ù
3ù é 1
2
®
65. The H field (in A/m) of a plane wave propagating in
7 -5
free space is given by (A) - j (B)
5 7
®
5 3 5 æ pö 5 5
H=x cos( wt - bz) + y sinç wt - bz + ÷ (C) j (D)
h0 h0 è 2 ø 7 7
The time average power flow density in Watts is l0
69. A l
dipole is kept horizontally at a height of above
h0 100 2 2
(A) (B) a perfectly conducting infinite ground plane. The
100 h0 ®
radiation pattern in the lane of the dipole (E plane)
50
(C) 50h20 (D) looks approximately as
h0
y y
®
(A) (B)
66. The E field in a rectangular waveguide of inner
dimensions a ´ b is given by
2 z z
®
wm æ p ö æ 2 px ö
E= ç ÷ H 0 sinç ÷ sin( wt - bz) y
h2 è 2 ø è a ø y y
is
(A) TE20 (B) TM11
(C) TM 20 (D) TE10
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EC-07 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.5
70. A right circularly polarized (RCP) plane wave is Common Data for Questions 74, 75 :
incident at an angle of 60 o to the normal, on an Two 4-ray signal constellations are shown. It is
air-dielectric interface. If the reflected wave is linearly given that f1 and f2 constitute an orthonormal basis for
polarized, the relative dielectric constant xr 2 is the two constellations. Assume that the four symbols in
Linearly both the constellations are equiprobable. Let N0 / 2
RCP Polarized
denote the power spectral density of white Gaussian
air
noise.
Dielectric
(A) 2 (B) 3
0
(C) 2 (D) 3
73. Consider the following statements about the C-V Statement for Linked Answer Questions 76 & 77:
characteristics plot:
Consider the Op-Amp circuit shown in the figure.
S1: The MOS capacitor has an n-type substrate. R1
S2: If positive charges are introduced in the oxide, the
R1
C-V plot will shift to the left.
vi vo
Then which of the following is true?
(A) Both S1 and S2 are true R
C
(B) S1 is true and Se is false
(C) S1 is false and S2 is true
(D) Both S1 and S2 are false
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76. The transfer function V0 ( s)/Vi ( s) is 80. The eigenvalue and eigenvector pairs ( li Vi ) for the
1 - sRC 1 + sRC system are
(A) (B)
1 + sRC 1 - sRC æ é 1ù ö æ é 1ù ö
(A) çç -1, ê ú ÷÷ and çç -2, ê ú ÷÷
1 1 è ë-1û ø è ë-2 û ø
(C) (D)
1 - sRC 1 + sRC
æ é 1ù ö æ é 1ù ö
(B) çç -1, ê ú ÷÷ and çç -2, ê ú ÷÷
77. If Vi = V1 sin( wt) and V0 = V2 sin( wt - f), then the è ë-1û ø è ë-2 û ø
minimum and maximum values of f (in radians) are æ é 1ù ö æ é 1ù ö
(C) çç -1ê ú ÷÷ and çç -2, ê ú ÷÷
respectively -
è ë ûø 1 è ë-2 û ø
(A) - 2p and p
(B) 0 and p
2 2
æ é 1ù ö æ é 1ù ö
(C) -p and 0 (D) - 2p and 0 (D) çç -2, ê ú ÷÷ and çç 1, ê ú ÷÷
è - 1
ë ûø è ë-2 û ø
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 78 & 79.
81. The system matrix A is
An 8085 assembly language program is given
é 0 1ù é 1 1ù
below. (A) ê ú (B) ê ú
ë-1 1û ë-1 -2 û
Line 1: MVI A, B5H
2: MVI B, OEH é 2 1ù é 0 1ù
(C) ê ú (D) ê ú
3: XRI 69H ë-1 -1û ë-2 -3û
4: ADD B
5: ANI 9BH Statement fo Linked Answer Questions 82 & 83:
6: CPI 9FH An input to a 6-level quantizer has the probability
7: STA 3010H density function f ( x) as shown in the figure. Decision
8: HLT boundaries of the quantizer are chosen so as t maximize
the entropy of the quantizer output. It is given that 3
78. The contents of the accumulator just after execution
consecutive decision boundaries are ' -1' , '0 ' and '1'.
of the ADD instruction in line 4 will be f(x)
(A) C3H (B) EAH
a
(C) DCH (D) 69H
b
79. After execution of line 7 of the program, the status
-5 -1 0 1 5 x
of the CY and Z flags will be
(A) CY = 0, Z = 0 (B) CY = 0, Z = 1
82. The values of a and b are
(C) CY = A, Z = 0 (D) CY = 1, Z = 1
1 1 1 3
(A) a = and b = (B) a = and b =
6 12 5 40
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 80 & 81.
1 1 1 1
Consider a linear system whose state space (C) a = and b = (D) a = and b =
4 16 3 24
representation is x( t) = Ax( t). If the initial state vector of
é 1ù
the system is x(0) = ê ú, then the system response is 83. Assuming that the reconstruction levels of the
ë-2 û
quantizer are the mid-points of the decision boundaries,
é e -2 x ù
x( t) = ê -2 t ú
. If the itial state vector of the system the ratio of signal power to quantization noise power is
ë-2 e û
152 64
é 1ù (A) (B)
changes to x(0) = ê ú, then the system response 9 3
ë-2 û
76
(C) (D) 28
é e- t ù 3
becomes x( t) = ê - t ú
ë -e û
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EC-07 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.5
6. A 7. D 8. C 9. D 10 .C
2R 2R 2R 2R
R 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. D
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
10.1
EC-03
Duration : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 150 4. The Laplace transform of i( t) is given by
2
Q.1—30 carry one mark each I ( s) =
s(1 + s)
Fig. Q1 sin t ~ 1F
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 7
Fig. Q5
2.. A source of angular frequency 1 rad/sec has a source d 2i di
(A) 2 2 + 2 + i( t) = sin t
impedance consisting of 1W resistance in series with 1 dt dt
(A) 1 W resistance d 2i di
(C) 2 2
+2 + i( t) = cos t
dt dt
(B) 1 W resistance in parallel with 1 H inductance
d 2i di
(C) 1 W resistance in series with 1 F capacitor (D) 2 +2 + 2 i( t) = sin t
dt 2 dt
(D) 1 W resistance in parallel with 1 F capacitor
6. n-type silicon is obtained by doping silicon with
3. A series RLC circuit has a resonance frequency of (A) Germanium (B) Aluminium
1 kHz and a quality factor Q = 100. If each of R, L and C
(C) Boron (D) Phosphorus
is doubled from its original value, the new Q of the
circuit is 7. The bandgap of silicon at 300 K is
(A) 25 (B) 50 (A) 1.36 eV (B) 1.10 eV
(C) 100 (D) 200 (C) 0.80 eV (D) 0.67 eV
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EC-03 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.1
20. A 0 to 6 counter consists of 3 flip flops and a 25. A PD controller is used to compensate a system.
combination circuit of 2 input gate(s). The combination Compared to the uncompensated system, the
circuit consists of compensated system has
(A) one AND gate (A) a higher type number
(B) one OR gate (B) reduced damping
(C) one AND gate and one OR gate (C) higher noise amplification
(D) two AND gates (D) larger transient overshoot
21. The Fourier series expansion of a real periodic 26. The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal
signal with fundamental frequency f0 is given by plus noise. The noise at the detector output is
g p ( t) = åc
n = -¥
n e j 2 pf0t . It is given that c3 = 3 + j5. Then c-3 is (A) the in-phase component
(A) 5 + j 3 (B) -3 - j5 (B) the quadrature component
(C) -5 + j 3 (D) 3 - j5 (C) zero
(D) the envelope
22. Let x( t) be the input to a linear, time-invariant
system. The required output is 4 x( t - 2). The transfer 27. The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector
function of the system should be is white. The detector is operating above threshold. The
j 4 pf - j8 pf
(A) 4 e (B) 2 e power spectral density of the noise at the output is
- j 4 pf j8 pf
(C) 4 e (D) 2 e (A) raised-cosine (B) flat
(C) parabolic (D) Gaussian
23. A sequence x( n) with the z-transform
X ( z) = z 4 + z 2 - 2 z + 2 - 3z -4 is applied as an input to a 28. At a given probability of error, binary coherent FSK
linear, time-invariant system with the impulse response is inferior to binary coherent PSK by
h( n) = 2 d( n - 3) where (A) 6 dB (B) 3 dB
ì 1, n = 0 (C) 2 dB (D) 0 dB
d( n) = í
î 0, otherwise
29. The unit of Ñ ´ H is
The output at n = 4 is (A) Ampere (B) Ampere/meter
(A) -6 (B) zero 2
(C) Ampere/meter (D) Ampere-meter
(C) 2 (D) -4
30. The depth of penetration of electromagnetic wave in
24. Fig. Q.24 shows the Nyquist plot of the open-loop a medium having conductivity s at a frequency of 1
transfer function G( s) H ( s) of a system. If G( s) H ( s) has MHz is 25 cm. The depth of penetration at a frequency
one right-hand pole, the closed-loop system is of 4 MHz will be
(A) 6.25 cm (B) 12.50 cm
Im
GH - plane (C) 50.00 cm (D) 100.00 cm
Re
w=0 (-1, 0) Q.31—90 carry two marks each.
w is positive
31. Twelve 1 W resistance are used as edges to form a
Fig. Q24
cube. The resistance between two diagonally opposite
(A) always stable corners of the cube is
(B) unstable with one closed-loop right hand pole 5
(A) W (B) 1 W
6
(C) unstable with two closed-loop right hand poles
6 3
(D) unstable with three closed-loop right hand poles (C) (D) W
5 2
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Fig. Q33-34 Re
-3 -1
4R
3( s - 3) 2( s - 3)
(C) (D)
34. I1 ( s) and I 2 ( s) are the Laplace transforms of i1 ( t) and s2 - 2 s - 2 s2 - 2 s - 3
i2 ( t) respectively. The equations for the loop currents
I1 ( s) and I 2 ( s) for the circuit shown in Fig. Q.33–34, 37. The impedance parameters Z11 and Z12 of the
after the switch is brought from position 1 to position 2 two-port network in Fig. Q.37 are
at t = 0, are 2W 2W 3W
1 2
é 1 ù éV ù
ê R + Ls + Cs - Ls ú é I s ù ê ú
(A)ê 1
= s
1 ú êëI 2 s úû ê ú 1W 1W
ê - Ls R+ ú ê0 ú
ë Cs û ë û
é 1 ù é Vù 1’ 2’
ê R + Ls + Cs - Ls ú é I s ù ê- ú
s Fig. Q37
(B) ê 1
=
1 ú êëI 2 s úû ê ú
ê - Ls R+ ú ê 0 ú (A) Z11 = 2.75W and Z12 = 0.25 W
ë Cs û ë û
(B) Z11 = 3W and Z12 = 0.5 W
é 1 ù é Vù
ê R + Ls + Cs - Ls ú é I s ù ê- ú
s (C) Z11 = 3W and Z12 = 0.25 W
(C) ê 1
=
1 ú êëI 2 s úû ê ú
ê - Ls R + Ls + ú ê 0 ú (D) Z11 = 2.25 W and Z12 = 0.5 W
ë Cs û ë û
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EC-03 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.1
38. An n-type silicon bar 0.1 cm long and 100 mm 2 in (A) 2.26 eV (B) 1.98 eV
cross-sectional area has a majority carrier (C) 1.17 eV (D) 0.74 eV
concentration of 5 ´ 10 20 / m 3 and the carrier mobility is
0.13 m 2 /V-s at 300 K. If the charge of an electron is 1.5 ´ 43..When the gate-to-source voltage ( VGS ) of a MOSFET
10 -19 coulomb, then the resistance of the bar is with threshold voltage of 400 mV, working in saturation
(A) 106 Ohm (B) 10 4 Ohm is 900 mV, the drain current is observed to be 1 mA.
-1 -4
(C) 10 Ohm (D) 10 Ohm Neglecting the channel width modulation effect and
assuming that the MOSFET is operating at saturation,
39. The electron concentration in a sample of uniformly
the drain current for an applied VGS of 1400 mV is
doped n-type silicon at 300 K varies linearly from
(A) 0.5 mA (B) 2.0 mA
1017 cm 3 at x = 0 to 6 ´ 1016 cm 3 at x = 2 mm. Assume a
(C) 3.5 mA (D) 4.0 mA
situation that electrons are supplied to keep this
concentration gradient constant with time. If electronic 44. If P is Passivation, Q is n-well implant, R is
charge is 1.6 ´ 10 -19 coulomb and the diffusion constant
metallization and S is source/drain diffusion, then the
Dn = 35 cm 2 s, the current density in the silicon, if no
order in which they are carried out in a standard n-well
electric field is present, is
CMOS fabrication process, is
(A) zero (B) -112 A cm 2
(A) P–Q–R–S (B) Q–S–R–P
(C) +1120 A cm 2 (D) -1120 A cm 2
(C) R–P–S–Q (D) S–R–Q–P
40. Match items in Group 1 with items in Group 2, most
suitably. 45. An amplifier without feedback has a voltage gain of
Group 1 Group 2 50, input resistance of 1 kW and output resistance of 2.5
P. LED 1. Heavy doping kW. The input resistance of the current-shunt negative
Q. Avalanche photo diode 2. Coherent radiation feedback amplifier using the above amplifier with a
R.Tunnel diode 3.Spontaneous emission feedback factor of 0.2, is
S. LASER 4. Current gain (A) 1/11 kW (B) 1/5 kW
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(C) 5 kW (D) 11 kW
P-1 P-2 P-3 P-2
Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-1 46. In the amplifier circuit shown in Fig. Q.46, the
R-4 R-1 R-1 R-4 values of R1 and R2 are such that the transistor is
S-3 S-4 S-2 S-3 operating at VCE = 3 V and I C = 15
. mA when its b is
150. For a transistor with b of 200, the operating point
41. At 300 K, for a diode current of 1 mA, a certain
( VCE , I C ) is
germanium diode requires a forward bias of 0.1435 V,
VCC = 6 V
whereas a certain silicon diode requires a forward bias
R1 R2
of 0.718 V. Under the conditions stated above, the
closest approximation of the ratio of reverse saturation
current in germanium diode to that in silicon diode is
(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 4 ´ 10 3
(D) 8 ´ 10 3
Fig. Q46
42. A particular green LED emits light of wavelength (A) (2 V, 2 mA) (B) (3 V, 2 mA)
5490 A°. The energy bandgap of the semiconductor
(C) (4 V, 2 mA) (D) (4 V, 1 mA)
material used there is (Plank’s constant
= 6.626 ´ 10 -34 J – s)
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47. The oscillator circuit shown in Fig. Q.47 has an ideal 51. Three identical amplifiers with each one having a
inverting amplifier. its frequency of oscillation (in Hz) is voltage gain of 50, input resistance of 1 kW and output
resistance of 250 W, are cascaded. The open circuit
voltage gain of the combined amplifier is
(A) 49 dB (B) 51 dB
C C C
(C) 98 dB (D) 102 dB
R R R
52. An ideal sawtooth voltage waveform of frequency
500 Hz and amplitude 3 V is generated by charging a
Fig. Q47 capacitor of 2 mF in every cycle. The charging requires
1 1 (A) constant voltage source of 3 V for 1 ms
(A) (B)
(2 p 6 RC) (2 pRC)
(B) constant voltage source of 3 V for 2 ms
1 6
(C) (D) (C) constant current source of 3 mA for 1 ms
( 6 RC) (2 pRC)
(D) constant current source of 3 mA for 2 ms
48. The output voltage of the regulated power supply
53. The circuit shown in Fig. Q.53 has 4 boxes each
shown in Fig. Q.48 is
+ described by inputs, P, Q, R and outputs Y, Z with
1 kW Y = P Å Q Å R, Z = RQ + PR + QP . The circuit acts as
a
15 V DC
Unregulated Q
Power source Vz = 3 V
40 kW
P
20 kW Regulated
DC Output P Q P Q P Q P Q
_
Z Y R Z Y R Z Y R Z Y R
Fig. Q48
(A) 3 V (B) 6 V
(C) 9 V (D) 12 V Output
Fig. Q53
49. The action of a JFET in its equivalent circuit can
(A) 4 bit adder giving P + Q
best be represented as a
(B) 4 bit substracter giving P - Q
(A) Current Controlled Current Source
(B) Current Controlled Voltage Source (C) 4 bit substracter giving Q - R
(C) Voltage Controlled Voltage Source
(D) 4 bit adder giving P + Q + R
(D) Voltage Controlled Current Source
54. If the functions W , X , Y and Z are as follows
50. If the op-amp in Fig. Q.50 is ideal, the output
W = R + PQ + RS
voltage Vout will be equal to
5 kW X = PQRS + P Q R S + PQ R S
1 kW Y = RS + PR + PQ + P Q
2V
Vout
3V
1 kW
Z = R + S + PQ + P × Q × R + PQ × S Then
(A) W = Z , X = Z (B) W = Z , X = Y
8 kW
(C) W = Y (D) W = Y = Z
counter and the synchronous counter be R and S (A) BCD to binary code
respectively, then (B) Binary to excess -3 code
(A) R =10 n, S =40 ns (B) R =40 ns, S =10 ns (C) Excess -3 to Gray code
(D) Gray to Binary code
(C) R =10 ns, S =30 ns (D) R =30 ns, S =10 ns
59. In the circuit shown in Fig. Q.59, A is a parallel-in,
56. The DTL, TTL, ECL and CMOS families of digital
parallel-out 4 bit register, which loads at the rising edge
ICs are compared in the following 4 columns of the clock C. The input lines are connected to a 4 bit
P Q R S bus, W. Its output acts as the input to a 16 ´ 4 ROM
whose output is floating when the enable input E is 0. A
Fanout is
DTL DTL TTL CMOS partial table of the contents of the ROM is as follows
minimum
Power MSB
consumption is TTL CMOS ECL DTL
minimum
Propagation delay
CMOS ECL TTL TTL
is minimum
CLK A
The correct column is
(A) P (B) Q
(C) R (D) S
1
57. The circuit shown in Fig. Q.57 is a 4 bit DAC. The
E ROM
input bits 0 and 1 are represented by 0 and 5 V
respectively. The OP AMP is ideal, but all the resistance
and the 5 V inputs have a tolerance of ±10%. The
specification (rounded to the nearest multiple of 5%) for
the tolerance of the DAC is
(A) ±35% (B) ±20%
(C) ±10% (D) ±5%
R
R CLK
2R t
t1 t2
4R
Fig. Q59
Vout
Address Data
8R
0 0011
R
2 1111
4 0100
Fig. Q57
6 1010
58. The circuit shown in Fig. Q.58 converts
MSB 8 1011
10 1000
12 0010
14 1000
+ + +
The clock to the register is shown, and the
data on the W bus at time t1 is 0110. The data on the
MSB bus at time t2 is
Fig. Q58
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UNIT 10 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Previous Year Papers
(A) 1111 (B) 1011 Data for Q.65–66 are given below. Solve the
(C) 1000 (D) 0010 problems and choose the correct answers.
where x( n) is the input and y( n) is the output. The sampled signal in the frequency range 2.5 kHz to
63. Let H ( f ) denote the frequency response of the 68. The signal flow graph of a system is shown in Fig.
C(s )
RC-LPF. Let f1 be the highest frequency such that Q.68. The transfer function R(s )
of the system is
1 1
H ( f1 ) R(s)
0 £ | f | £ f1 1 s 6 s
0.95. Then f1 (in Hz) is
H (0) -3
-2 -4
1
(A) 327.8 (B) 163.9
C(s)
(C) 52.2 (D) 104.4
Fig. Q68
6 6s
64. Let t g ( f ) be the group delay function of the given (A) 2 (B)
s + 29 s + 6 s + 29 s + 6
2
69 The root locus of the system 72. The gain margin and the phase margin of a
K feedback system with
G( s) H ( s) =
s( s + 2)( s + 3) s
G( s) H ( s) = are
( s + 100) 3
has the break-away point located at
(A) (-0.5, 0) (B) (-2.548, 0) (A) - dB, 0° (B) ¥, ¥
70. The approximate Bode magnitude plot of a 73. The zero-input response of a system given by the
minimum phase system is shown in Fig. Q.70. The state-space equation
transfer function of the system is é x& 1 ù é1 0 ù é x1 ù é x1 (0) ù é1 ù
ê x& ú = ê1 1 ú ê x ú and ê x (0) ú = ê0 ú is
dB ë 2û ë ûë 2 û ë 2 û ë û
160 éte t ù ée t ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú
140
ët û ët û
ée t ù ét ù
(C) ê t ú (D) ê t ú
20 ëte û ëte û
Amplitude
1 0.5
Total side band power
Then the quantity is
0.5 Carrier power
1 1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0 5 10 (A) 2
(B) 4
Time (sec) Time (sec) 1 1
(C) 3
(D) 8
(C) (D)
Step Response Step Response 76. c( t) and m( t) are used to generate an FM signal. If
1.5 1
the peak frequency deviation of the generated FM is
Amplitude
Amplitude
0 0 Bessel coefficients) is
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
5
Time (sec) Time (sec) (A) 5 J 4 ( 3) (B) 2
J8 ( 3)
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EC-03 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.1
86. A uniform plane wave traveling in air is incident on 90. Two identical antennas are placed in the q = p 2
the plane boundary between air and another dielectric plane as shown in Fig. Q.90. The elements have equal
medium with e r = 4. The reflection coefficient for the amplitude excitation with 180° polarity difference,
normal incidence, is operating at wavelength l. The correct value of the
(A) zero (B) 0.5 Ð180 ° magnitude of the far-zone resultant electric field
strength normalized with that of a single element, both
(C) 0.333 Ð0 ° (D) 0.333Ð180 °
computed for f = 0, is
s
perfect dielectric medium is given by f
E( z, t) = 10 cos (2 p ´ 10 t - 0.1pz)
7
volt/m, then the s
velocity of the traveling wave is
Fig. Q.90
(A) 3.00 ´ 108 m/sec (B) 2.00 ´ 108 m/sec
æ 2 ps ö æ 2 ps ö
(C) 6.28 ´ 10 7 m/sec (D) 2.00 ´ 10 7 m/sec (A) 2 cos ç ÷ (B) 2 sin ç ÷
è l ø è l ø
æ ps ö æ ps ö
88. A short-circuited stub is shunt connected to a (C) 2 cos ç ÷ (D) 2 sin ç ÷
è lø è lø
transmission line as shown in Fig. Q.88. If Z 0 = 50 ohm,
**************
the admittance Y seen at the junction of the stub and
the transmission line is
l/8
Zo Zo Z L 100 W
Zo
l/2
Y
Fig. Q.88
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ANSWER SHEET
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (C)
11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (A)
16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (D) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (C)
26. (A) 27. (A) 28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (B)
31. (A) 32. (*) 33. (D) 34. (D) 35. (C)
36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (C) 39. (C) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (A)
46. (A) 47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (D) 50. (B)
51. (D) 52. (D) 53. (B) 54. (A) 55. (B)
56. (C) 57. (A) 58. (D) 59. (C) 60. (A)
61. (A) 62. (A) 63. (C) 64. (B) 65. (A)
81. (B) 82. (D) 83. (B) 84. (C) 85. (C)
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5. For the R-L circuit shown in Fig. Q.5, the input (C) current controlled current source
voltage vi ( t) = u( t). The current i( t) is (D) current controlled voltage source
i(t) 1H
10. Voltage series feedback (also called series-shunt
feedback) results in
vi(t) 2W
(A) increase in both input and output impedances
(B) decrease in both input and output impedances
(C) (D)
vo
i(t) i(t) R R
vi
0.5 1
0.31 0.63
C C
t(sec) t(sec)
½ 2
14. The range of signed decimal numbers that can be 19. The impulse response h[ n] of a linear time-invariant
represented by 6-bit 1’s complement numbers is system is given by
(A) -31 to +31 (B) -63 to +64 h[ n] = u[ n + 3] + u[ n - 2 ] - 2 u[ n - 7 ]
(C) -64 to +63 (D) -32 to +31
where u[ n] is the unit step sequence. The above
15. A digital system is required to amplify a system is
binary-encoded audio signal. The user should be able to Vout
(A) 8 (B) 6
Vin
(C) 5 (D) 7 0
Fig Q.18
16. Choose the correct one from among the alternatives
(A) stable but not causal
A, B, C, D after matching an item from Group 1 with
(B) stable and causal
the most appropriate item in Group 2.
(C) causal but unstable
Group 1 Group 2 (D) unstable and not causal
17. Fig. Q.17 shows the internal schematic of a TTL (A) zero (B) 0.25
AND-OR-Invert (AOI) gate. For the inputs shown in
(C) 0.55 (D) 0.30
Fig. Q.17, the output Y is
A
B 21. The z-transform of a system is
y
Input are
z
Floating
H ( z) =
z - 0.2
Fig Q.17
If the ROC is |z |< 0.2, then the impulse response
(A) 0 (B) 1
of the system is
(C) AB (D) AB
(A) (0.2) n u[ n] (B) (0.2) n u[ -n - 1]
18. Fig. Q.18 is the voltage transfer characteristic of
(C) -(0.2) n u[ n] (D) -(0.2) n u[ -n - 1]
(A) an NMOS inverter with enhancement mode
transistor as load
(B) an NMOS inverter with depletion mode transistor 22. The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric
as load function is always
(C) a CMOS inverter (A) imaginary (B) conjugate anti-symmetric
(D) a BJT inverter (C) real (D) conjugate symmetric
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EC-04 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.2
33. Consider the Bode magnitude plot shown in Fig. 37. Consider the following statements S1 and S2.
Q.33. The transfer function H ( s) is S1 : At the resonant frequency the impedance of a
20 log H(jw) series R–L–C circuit is zero.
S2 : In a parallel G–L–C circuit, increasing the
0 20 dB/dec
conductance G results in increase in its Q factor.
-20 -20 dB/dec
Which one of the following is correct ?
40 dB/dec
(A) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
1 10 100 w (B) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
Fig Q.33 (C) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
( s + 10) 10( s + 1) (D) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
(A) (B)
( s + 1)( s + 100) ( s + 10)( s + 100)
10 2 ( s + 1) 10 3( s + 100) 38.. In an abrupt p–n junction, the doping
(C) (D)
( s + 10)( s + 100) ( s + 1)( s + 10) concentrations on the p-side and n-side are
N A = 9 ´ 10 16
cm 3
respectively. The p-n junction is
V ( s)
34. The transfer function H ( s) = o of an R–L–C reverse biased and the total depletion width is 3 mm.
Vi ( s)
circuit is given by The depletion width on the p-side is
10 6 (A) 2.7 mm (B) 0.3 mm
H ( s) =
s + 20 s + 106
2
(C) 2.25 mm (D) 0.75 mm
Fig Q35.
(C) 0.25 pF (D) 0.5 pF
42. The drain of an n-channel MOSFET is shorted to 46. A bipolar transistor is operating in the active region
the gate so that VGS = VDS . The threshold voltage ( VT ) of with a collector current of 1 mA. Assuming that the b of
the MOSFET is 1 V. If the drain current ( I D) is 1 mA for the transistor is 100 and the thermal voltage ( VT ) is 25
VGS = 2 V, then for VGS = 3 V, I D is mV, the transconductance ( g m ) and the input resistance
1
(C) 200 A/cm2 (D) 2 A/cm2 (A) mF (B) 2p mF
2p
1 kW 300 kW
R2 R1
iL RL
Fig Q.45
Fig Q.48
(A) I C = 1 mA, VCE = 4.7 V
vs vs
(B) I C = 0.5 mA, VCE = 375
. V (A) - (B)
R2 R2
(C) I C = 1 mA, VCE = 2.5 V
vs vs
(C) - (D)
(D) I C = 0.5 mA, VCE = 39
. V RL R1
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57. Consider the sequence of 8085 instructions given 60. A 1 kHz sinusoidal signal is ideally sampled at 1500
below samples /sec and the sampled signal is passed through
LXI H, 9258 an ideal low-pass filter with cut-off frequency 800 Hz.
MOV A, M The output signal has the frequency
(A) zero Hz (B) 0.75 kHz
CMA
(C) 0.5 kHz (D) 0.25 kHz
MOV M , A
Which one of the following is performed by this 61. A rectangular pulse train s( t) as shown in Fig. Q.61
sequence? is convolved with the signal cos 2 ( 4 p ´ 10 3 t). The
(A) Contents of location 9258 are moved to the convolved signal will be a
accumulator s(t)
available, a minimum cost solution for realizing f The conjugate anti-symmetric part of the sequence is
using only 2-input NOR gates and 2-input OR gates (A) [-4 - j2.5 j2 4 - j2.5]
(each having unit cost) would have a total cost of
(B) [- j2.5 1 j2.5]
(A) 1 unit (B) 4 units
(C) [- j2.5 j2 0]
(C) 3 units (D) 2 units
(D) [-4 1 4]
END
64. A causal system having the transfer function
The sequence of instructions to complete the 1
program would be H ( s) =
s+2
(A) JNZ LOOP, ADD B, DCR C
is excited with 10u( t). The time at which the
(B) ADD B, JNZ LOOP, DCR C output reaches 99% of its steady state value is
(C) DCR C, JNZ LOOP, ADD B (A) 2.7 sec (B) 2.5 sec
(D) ADD B, DCR C, JNZ LOOP (C) 2.3 sec (D) 2.1 sec
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EC-04 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.2
66. Let x( t) and y( t) with Fourier transforms F ( f ) and 70. The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback
Y ( f ) respectively be related as shown in Fig. Q.66. Then system is
Y ( f ) is K
G( s) =
x(t) y(t) s( s + s + 2)( s + 3)
2
1
The range of K for which the system is stable is
21
t
-2 0 t (A) > K >0 (B) 13 > K > 0
-2 0 2 4
21
-1 (C) <K <¥ (D) -6 < K < ¥
4
Fig Q.66
71. For the polynomial
1 1
(A) - X ( f 2) e - j 2 pf (B) - X ( f 2) e j 2 pf
2 2 P ( s) = s 5 + s 4 + 2 s 3 + 2 s 2 + 3s + 15
(C) - X ( f 2) e j 2 pf (D) - X ( f 2) e - j 2 pf the number of roots which lie in the right half of
the s-plane is
67. A system has poles at 0.01 Hz, 1 Hz and 80 Hz; (A) 4 (B) 2
zeros at 5 Hz, 100 Hz and 200 Hz. The approximate
(C) 3 (D) 1
phase of the system response at 20 Hz is
(A) –90° (B) 0° 72. The state variable equations of a system are :
(C) 90° (D) –180° x& 1 = -3 x1 - x2 = u, x& 2 = 2 x1 , y = x1 + u
68. Consider the signal flow graph shown in Fig. Q.68. The system is
x (A) controllable but not observable
The gain 5 is
x1 (B) observable but not controllable
x1 a x2 b x3 c x4 d x5 1
1 - ( be + cf + dg) é1 0 ù
(A) 73. Given A = ê At
ú, the state transition matrix e is
abcd ë0 1 û
bedg given by
(B)
1 - ( be + cf + dg)
é 0 e- t ù é 0 et ù
(A) ê - t ú (B) ê t ú
abcd ëe 0û ëe 0 û
(C)
1 - ( be + cf + dg) + bedg
ée - t 0ù ée t 0 ù
1 - ( be + cf + dg) + bedg (C) ê -t ú
(D) ê tú
(D) ë 0 e û ë0 e û
abcd
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74. Consider the signal x( t) shown in Fig. Q.74. Let h( t) 78. Consider a binary digital communication system
denote the impulse response of the filter matched to with equally likely 0’s and 1’s. When binary 0 is
x( t), with h( t) being non-zero only in the interval 0 to 4 transmitted the voltage at the detector input can lie
between the levels -0.25 V and +0.25 V with equal
sec. The slope of h( t) in the interval 3 < t < 4 sec is
probability; when binary 1 is transmitted, the voltage at
x(t)
1
the detector can have any value between 0 and 1 V with
equal probability. If the detector has a threshold of 0.2V
t(sec) (i.e. if the received signal is greater than 0.2V, the bit is
0 1 2 3 4
taken as 1), the average bit error probability is
(A) 0.15 (B) 0.2
Fig. Q.74 (C) 0.05 (D) 0.5
(A) ½ sec -1 (B) –1 sec -1
79. A random variable X with uniform density in the
(C) –1/2 sec -1 (D) 1 sec -1
interval 0 to 1 is quantized as follows:
75. A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 if 0 £ X £ 0.3, xq = 0
MHz is transmitted to a receiver through a cable that if 0.3 £ X £ 1, xq = 0.7
has 40 dB loss. If the effective one-sided noise spectral
where xq is the quantized value of X. The
density at the receiver is 10 -20 Watt/Hz, then the
root-mean square value of the quantization noise is
signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver is
(A) 0.573 (B) 0.198
(A) 50 dB (B) 30 dB
(C) 2.205 (D) 0.266
(C) 40 dB (D) 60 dB
80. Choose the correct one from among the alternatives
76. A 100 MHz carrier of 1V amplitude and a 1 MHz A, B, C, D after matching an item from Group 1 with
modulating signal of 1V amplitude are fed to a balanced the most appropriate item in Group 2.
modulator. The output of the modulator is passed Group 1 Group 2
through an ideal high-pass filter with cut-off frequency
of 100 MHz. The output of the filter is added with 100 1 : FM P : Slope overload
MHz signal of 1V amplitude and 90° phase shift as
2 : DM Q : m-law
shown in Fig. Q.76. The envelope of the resultant signal
3 : PSK R : Envelope detector
is
4 : PCM S : Capture effect
Balanced HPF
1 Mhz, 1 V y(t) T : Hilbert transfer
Modulator 100 Mhz
U : Matched filter
o
100 Mhz, 1 V 100 Mhz, 1 V 90 (A) (B) (C) (D)
Fig Q.76 1–T 1–S 1–S 1–U
77. Two sinusoidal signals of same amplitude and 81. Three analog signals, having bandwidth 1200 Hz,
frequencies 10 kHz and 10.1 kHz are added together. 600 Hz and 600 Hz, are sampled at their respective
The combined signal is given to an ideal frequency Nyquist rates, encoded with 12 bit words, and time
detector. The output of the detector is division multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed
(A) 0.1 kHz sinusoid (B) 20.1 kHz sinusoid signal is
(A) 1, 15.2 kbps (B) 28.8 kbps
(C) a linear function of time (D) a constant
(C) 27.6 kbps (D) 38.4 kbps
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82. Consider a system shown in Fig. Q.82. Let X ( f ) and (C) B1 = 20 kHz, B2 = 10 kHz
Y ( f ) denote the Fourier transforms of x( t) and y( t) (D) B1 = 10 kHz, B2 = 10 kHz
respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff frequency 10
kHz. 85. Consider a 300 W, quarter-wave long (at 1 GHz)
X(f ) transmission line as shown in Fig. Q.85. It is connected
to a 10 V, 50W source at one end and is left open
circuited at the other end. The magnitude of the voltage
at the open circuit end of the line is
f (kHz)
-3 -1 1 3
~ ~ l/4
10 kHz 13 kHz
Fig Q.85
Fig Q.82
(A) 10 V (B) 5 V
The positive frequencies where Y ( f ) has spectral
(C) 60 V (D) 60/7 V
peaks are
(A) 1 kHz and 24 kHz (B) 2 kHz and 24 kHz 86. In a microwave test bench, why is the microwave
(C) 1 kHz and 14 kHz (D) 2 kHz and 14 kHz signal amplitude modulated at 1 kHz ?
(A) To increase the sensitivity of measurement
83. A parallel plate air-filled capacitor has plate area of
(B) To transmit the signal to a far-off place
10 -4 m 2 and plate separation of 10 -3 m. It is connect- ed
(C) To study amplitude modulation
to a 0.5 V, 3.6 GHz source. The magnitude of the
(D) Because crystal detector fails at microwave
displacement current is ( e o = 1 36 p ´ 10 -9 F m)
frequencies
(A) 10 mA (B) 100 mA
r
(C) 10 A (D) 1.59 mA 87. If E = (a$ x + ja$ y) e jkz - jwt and
r
jkz - jwt
H = ( k wm )(a$ y + ja$ x ) e ,the time-averaged Poynting
84. A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 vector is
kbps. The binary symbols are represented as shown in (A) null vector (B) ( k wm )a$ z
Fig.Q.84
(C) (2k wm )a$ z (D) ( k 2wm )a$ z
Binary 1 Binary 1
CHAPTER
10.3
EC-05
Duration : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 5. The function x( t) is shown in the figure. Even and
150 odd parts of a unit step function u( t) are respectively,
x(t)
Question 1- 30 Carry one Mark each.
1
t
1. The following differential equation has 0
-1
3
d2 y æ dy ö
3 2 + 4ç ÷ + y +2= x
2
Fig. Q5
dt è dt ø 1 1 1 1
(A) , x( t) (B) - , x( t)
(A) degree = 2, order = 1 2 2 2 2
(B) degree = 3, order = 2 1 1 1 1
(C) , - x( t) (D) - , - x( t)
(C) degree = 4, order = 3 2 2 2 2
1 1
(C) (D)
3 4
u(t) C y(t)
8. The ABCD parameters of an ideal n:1 transformer (A) abundance of Silicon on the surface of the Earth.
é n 0ù (B) larger bandgap of Silicon in comparison to
shown in the figure are ê ú. The value of x will be
ë 0 Xû i
Germanium.
i1 2
(C) 10 Hz 4
(D) 2 p ´ 10 Hz 4
vo
Fig. Q10 16. The first and the last critical frequency of an RC -
driving point impedance function must respectively be
(A) 1 W (B) 10 W
(A) a zero and a pole
(C) 0.25 W (D) 0.5 W (B) a zero and a zero
(C) a pole and a pole
11. The bandgap of Silicon at room temperature is
(A) 1.3 eV (B) 0.7 eV (D) a pole and a zero
(C) 1.1 eV (D) 1.4 eV 17. The cascode amplifier is a multistage configuration
of
12. A Silicon PN junction at a temperature of 20° C has (A) CC - CB (B) CE - CB
a reverse saturation current of 10 pico - Amperes (pA).
(C) CB - CC (D) CE - CC
The reserve saturation current at 40° C for the same
bias is approximately 18. Decimal 43 in Hexadecimal and BCD number
(A) 30 pA (B) 40 pA system is respectively
(A) B2, 0100 011
(C) 50 pA (D) 60 pA
(B) 2B, 0100 0011
13. The primary reason for the widespread use of (C) 2B, 0011 0100
Silicon in semiconductor device technology is (D) B2, 0100 0100
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EC-05 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.3
19. The Boolean function f implemented in the figure 23. The power in the signal
using two input multiplexes is æ pö
s( t) = 8 cosç 20 p - ÷ + 4 sin(15 pt) is
0 MUX è 2ø
f (A) 40 (B) 41
A 1
(C) 42 (D) 82
(C) (D)
26. Which one of the following polar diagrams
h(t) h(t)
corresponds to a lag network?
(A) (B)
t t Im Im
w= 0 w=¥
Re
n
æ1ö
21. Let x( n) = ç ÷ u( n), y( n) = x 2 ( n) and Y ( e jw ) be the
è2 ø w= 0 w=¥
Re
j0
Fourier transform of y( n) then Y ( e ) is
(C) (D)
1 Im
(A) (B) 2 Im
4
w=¥ w= 0
Re
4
(C) 4 (D)
3 w= 0
Re
w=¥
37. Given an orthogonal matrix (A) 5 V and 2 W (B) 7.5 V and 2.5 W
é1 1 1 1ù (C) 4 V and 2 W (D) 3 V and 2.5 W
ê1 1 -1 -1ú
A =ê ú, [ AA T ]-1 is 41. If R1 = R2 = R3 = R and R3 = 11
. R in the bridge
ê 1 - 1 0 0 ú
ê0 0 1 -1úû circuit shown in the figure, then the reading in the ideal
ë
voltmeter connected between a and b is
é 14 0 0 0 ù é 12 0 0 0 ù
ê0 1 0 0 ú ê0 1 0 0 ú
(A) ê 4 ú (B) ê 2 ú R1
R4
ê0 0 1
2
0ú ê0 0 1
2
0ú
ê0 0 0 1 ú ê0 0 0 1 ú
ë 2û ë 2û 10 V a V b
é1 0 0 0ù é 0 0 0ù1
4
ê0 1 0 0ú ê0 1 0 0 ú R2 R3
(C) ê ú (D) ê 4 ú
ê0 0 1 0ú ê0 0 14 0 ú
ê0 0 0 1 úû ê0 0 0 1 ú
ë ë 4û Fig. Q41
38. For the circuit show in the figure, the instantaneous (A) 0.238 V (B) 0.138 V
+ +
Fig. Q38 V1 20 W V2
10 3 10 3
(A) Ð90 ° Amps. (B) Ð - 90 ° Amps. - -
2 2
(C) 5 Ð60 ° Amps (D) 5 Ð - 60 ° Amps Fig. Q42
hole mobility is 3. The ratio of conductivity of the 48. The OP-amp circuit shown in the figure is filter. The
sample A to B is type of filter and its cut. Off frequency are respectively.
1 10 kW
(A) 3 (B)
3 10 kW
2 3
(C) (D) vo
3 2 vi
1 mF
45. A Silicon PN junction diode under reverse bias has 1 kW
IC
_ V2
V1
VBE RE
+
-VEE
Fig. Q46
Fig. Q49
(A) 30 mA (B) 39 mA
(A) increase both the differential and common - mode
(C) 49 mA (D) 20 mA
gains
47. The voltage eo is indicated in the figure has been (B) increases the common mode gain only
measured by an ideal voltmeter. Which of the following (C) decreases the differential mode gain only
can be calculated ? (D) decreases the common mode gain only.
1 MW
50. For an n-channel MOSFET and its transfer curve
shown in the figure, the threshold voltage is
eo
VD=5 V
ID
D
1 MW
Transfer
G
VG=1 V
Characteristics
S
Fig. Q47
VGS VS=1 V
1V
(A) Bias current of the inverting input only
Fig. Q50
(B) Bias current of the inverting and non-inverting
inputs only (A) 1 V and the device is in active region
(C) Input offset current only (B) -1 V and the device is in saturation region
(D) Both the bias currents and the input offset (C) 1 V and the device is in saturation region
current.
(D) -1 V and the device is in active region.
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57. The given figure shows a ripple counter using 60. Match the following and choose the correct
positive edge triggered flip-flops. If the present state of combination.
the counter is Q2Q1Q0 = 001 then its next state Q2Q1Q Group 1
will be E. Continuos and periodic signal
1 1 1 F. Continuous and periodic signal
T0 Q0 T1 Q1 T2 Q2 G. Discrete and aperiodic signal
H. Discrete and periodic signal
CLK Q0 Q1 Q2 Group 2
1. Fourier representation is continuous and aperiodic
Fig. Q57
2. Fourier representation is discrete and aperiodic
(A) 010 (D) 100
3. Fourier representation is continuous
(B) 111 (D) 101
4. Fourier representation is discrete and periodic
(A) E-3, F-2, G-4, H-1 (A) E-1, F-3, G-2, H-4
58. What memory address range is NOT represents
by chip # 1 and chip # 2 in the figure A0 to A15 in this (C) E-1, F-2, G-3, H-4 (D) E-2, F-1, G-4, H-3
(A) 0100 - 02FF. (B) 1500 - 16FF loop transfer function of the system is known to be
stable. The closed loop system is stable for
(C) F900-FAFF (D) F800 - F9FF
Im
y( t) = 0.5 x( t - td + T) + x( t - td ) + 0.5 x( t - td + T)
2 kW
(C) (D)
jw jw
0.5 kW
2 kW
s s
Fig. Q65
-5 V
output signal is
-10 V (A) 370 kHz (B) 190 kHz
(C) 380 kHz (C) 95 kHz
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EC-05 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.3
COMMON DATA QUESTION 78, 79, 80: 81b. If in addition following code exists from 019H
Given, rd = 20 kW, I DSS = 10 mA, Vp = -8 V onwards,
20 V ORI 40 H
ADD M
2 kW
What will be the result in the accumulator after
the last instruction is executed?
+
2 MW + (A) 40 H (B) 20 H
vi vo (C) 60 H (D) 42 H
2V
– –
Statement for Linked Answer Question 82a and
Zi Zo
82b:
Fig. Q78 The dopen loop transfer function of a unity
feedback system is given by
78. Z i and Z O of the circuit are respectively
20
(A) 2 MW and 2 kW (B) 2 MW and kW 82a. The gain and phase crossover frequencies in
11
rad/sec are, respectively
20
(C) ¥ and 2 kW (D) ¥ and kW (A) 0.632 and 1.26 (B) 0.632 and 0.485
11
(C) 0.485 and 0.632 (D) 1.26 and 0.632
79. I D and VDS under DC conditions are respectively
(A) 5.625 mA and 8.75 V (B) 7.500 mA and 5.00 V 82b. Based on the above results, the gain and phase
margins of the system will be
(C) 4.500 mA and 11.00 V (D) 6.250 mA and 7.50 V
(A) -7.09 dB and 87.5 ° (B) 7.09 dBand 87.5 °
80. Transconductance in milli-Siemens (mS) and (C) 7.09 dB and -87.5 ° (D) -7.09 and -87.5 °
voltage gain of the amplifier are respectively
(A) 1.875 mS and 3.41 (B) 1.875 mS and -3.41 Statement for linked answer question 83a and 83b
(C) 3.3 mS and -6 (D) 3.3 mS and 6 Asymmetric three - level midtread quantizer is to
be designed assuming equiprobable occurrence of all
Linked Answer Questions : Q.81a to 85b Carry quantization levels.
Two Marks Each
83a. If the probability density function is divided into
Statement For Linked Answer Questions 81a and three regions as shown in the figure, the value of a in
81b: the figure is
p(x)
Consider an 8085 microprocessor system.
81a. The following program starts at location 0100H. Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
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UNIT 10 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Previous Year Papers
y[n]
Statement of Linked Answer Questions 84a and
2
84b
(C) 1
l l/2
½
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. Q85
y[n]
2
1
(A)
½
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y[n]
2
1
(B)
½
n
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
10.4
EC-06
10. The phenomenon known as “Early Effect” in a 15. The Dirac delta function is defined as
bipolar transistor refers to a reduction of the effective ì1 t =0
(A) d( t) = í
base-width caused by î 0 otherwise
(A) Electron – Hole recombination at the base ì1 t =0
(B) d( t) = í
(B) The reverse biasing of the base – collector î 0 otherwise
junction ¥
ì1 t =0
(C) The forward biasing of emitter-base junction
(C) d( t) = í
î0 otherwise
and ò d( t) dt = 1
-¥
0 d 0 0
1 æ pö 1 æ pö
(A) sinç t - ÷ (B) sinç t + ÷
0 0 d 1 2 è 4ø 2 è 4ø
1 0 0 1 1
(C) e - t sin t (D) sin t - cos t
2
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 5 19. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave
propagation in the positive direction is given by
14. Let x( t) « X ( jw) be Fourier Transform pair. The
E = a$ x sin( wt - bz) + a$ y sin( wt - bz + p 2)
Fourier Transform of the signal x(5 t - 3) in terms of
X ( jw) is given as The wave is
j 3w j 3w (A) Linearly polarized in the z–direction
1 - æ jw ö 1 æ jw ö
(A) e 5
Xç ÷ (B) e 5
Xç ÷
5 è 5 ø 5 è 5 ø (B) Elliptically polarized
30. A two-port network is represented by ABCD, 34. In the figures shown below, assume that all the
parameters given by capacitors are initially uncharged. If vi ( t) = 10 u( t) Volts,
éV1 ù é A B ù é V2 ù vo( t)is given by
ê I ú = êC D úû êë-I 2 úû 1k
ë 1û ë
31. In the two port network shown in the figure below (C) 8u( t) Volts (D) 8 Volts
z12 and z 21 are respectively
35. Consider two transfer functions
I1 I2
1 s
G1 ( s) = And G2 ( s) = 2
s 2 + as + b s + as + b
bI1 ro
re The 3–dB bandwidths of their frequency responses
are, respectively
Fig Q.31 (A) a 2 - 4 b, a2 + 4 b (B) a 2 + 4 b, a2 - 4 b
+
2
Fig Q.33
5V 5V 1 kW vR
38. The majority carriers in an n–type semiconductor (C) 9.45 Volts (D) 10 Volts
2. -
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EC-06 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.4
45. For the circuit shown in figures below, two 4 – bit Fig Q.47
parallel – in serial – out shift registers loaded with the The inputs D0 and D1 respectively should be
data shown are used to feed the data to a full adder. connected as,
Initially, all the flip – flops are in clear state. After (A) Q1 and Q0 (B) Q0 and Q1
applying two clock pulses, the outputs of the full-adder
(C) Q1Q0 and Q1Q0 (D) Q1 Q0 and Q1Q0
should be
A S
1 0 1 1 D Q 48. Following is the segment of a 8085 assembly
Full Adder
CLK
B language program
Ci CO
LXI SP, EFFF H
0 0 1 1 D Q CALL 3000 H
CLK Q D :
CLK :
:
3000 H LXI H, 3CF4
CLK
Fig Q.45
PUSH PSW
SPHL
(A) S = 0 C0 = 0 (B) S = 0 C0 = 1 POP PSW
(C) S = 1 C0 = 0 (D) S = 1 C0 = 1 RET
Q0 D3
B P
f
3 - Bit Counter D/A Converter
1 kW
C
Fig Q.46
Fig Q.49
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EC-06 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.4
p p 1 1
(A) (B) (C) RC < (D) RC >
2 3 wc wc
p p
(C) (D)
4 6 64. In the following figure the minimum value of the
constant “C” , which is to be added to y1 ( t) and y2 ( t)
59. A linear system is described by the following state such that y1 ( t) and y2 ( t) and are different, is
equation Q is quantizer with L levels,
stepwise D allowable signal
dynamic range [-V, V]
é 0 1ù
X& ( t) = AX ( t) + BU ( t), A = ê ú
ë-1 0 û x(t) with range y1(t)
y2(t)
-V , V
2 2
Q Q
The state transition matrix of the system is
é cos t sin t ù é- cos t sin t ù C
(A) ê (B) ê
cos t úû t úû
Fig Q.64
ë- sin t ë - sin t - cos
efficient source encoder would have average bit rate as 67. A medium is divide into regions I and II about x = 0
(A) 6000 bits/sec (B) 4500 bits/sec plane, as shown in the figure below. An electromagnetic
(C) 3000 bits/sec (D) 1500 bits/sec wave with electric field E1 = 4 a$ x + 3a$ y + 5 a$ z is incident
normally on the interface from region I. The electric file
63. The diagonal clipping in Amplitude Demodulation E2 in region II at the interface is
(using envelope detector) can be avoided if RC time – Region I Region II
m1=mo m2=mo
constant of the envelope detector satisfies the following er1=4 er2=4
s1=0 s2=0
condition, (here W is message bandwidth and wc is
E1 E2
carrier frequency both in rad /sec)
x<0 x=0 x>0
1 1 Fig Q.67
(A) RC < (B) RC >
W W
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70. A mast antenna consisting of a 50 meter long 74. The impulse response of filter matched to the signal
vertical conductor operates over a perfectly conducting s( t) = g( t) - d( t - 2)* g( t) is given as:
ground plane. It is base-fed at a frequency of 600 kHz. (A) s(1 - t) (B) -s(1 - t)
The radiation resistance of the antenna in Ohms is (C) -s( t) (D) s( t)
2 p2 p2
(A) (B)
5 5 75. An Amplitude Modulated signal is given as
The capacitance can be assumed to be infinite. Statement of Linked Answer Question 76 & 77:
12 V
A regulated power supply, shown in figure below,
has an unregulated input (UR) of 15 volts and
1 kW
53 kW generates a regulated output Use the component values
5.3 kW + shown in the figure.
vC
Q1
~
–
CC 15 V (UR)
vS +
1 kW 10 kW
vo
Fig Q.70 12 kW –
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UNIT 10 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Previous Year Papers
ANSWER
take 400 ms for an electromagnetic wave to travel from
source end to load end and vice – versa. At t = 400 ms,
the voltage at the load end is found to be 40 volts.
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A
84. The load resistance is 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A 10 .B
(A) 25 Ohms (B) 50 Ohms
11. D 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. D
(C) 75 Ohms (D) 100 Ohms
16. D 17.D 18. A 19. C 20. A
85. The steady state current through the load
resistance is 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. D
(A) 1.2 Amps (B) 0.3 Amps 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. D
(C) 0.6 Amps (D) 0.4 Amps
31. B 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. B
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GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
10.7
EC-09
dr 2 è dt ø 10 min
0
(A) 1 (B) 2
(A) 220 J (B) 12 kJ
(C) 3 (D) 4
(C) 13.2 kJ (D) 14.4 kJ
2. The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only
5. In an n-type silicon crystal at room temperature,
P. Cosine terms if it is even which of the following can have a concentration of
Q. sine terms if it is even
4 ´ 1019 cm-3?
R. cosine terms if it is odd
(A) Silicon atoms (B) Holes
S. sine terms if it is odd
(C) Dopant atoms (D) Valence electrons
Which of the above statements are correct?
(A) P and S (B) P and R 6. The full forms of the abbreviations TTL and CMOS in
(C) Q and S (D) Q and R reference to logic families are
(A) Triple Transistor Logic and Chip Metal Oxide
3. A function is given by f ( t) = sin t + cos 2 t. Which of
2 Semiconductor
the following is true ? (B) Tristate Transistor Logic and Chip Metal Oxide
(A) f has frequency components at 0 and 1 / 2 p Hz Semiconductor
(B) f has frequency components at 0 and 1 / p Hz (C) Transistor Transistor Logic and Complementary
Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(C) f has frequency components at 1 / 2 p and 1 / p Hz
(D) Tristate Transistor Logic and Complementary
(D) f has frequency components at 0.1 / 2 p and 1 / p Hz Metal Oxide Silicon
4. A fully charged mobile phone with a 12 V battery is 7. The ROC of Z-transform of the discrete time sequence
p n
good for a 10 minute talk-time. Assume that, during the æ1ö æ1ö
x( n) = ç ÷ u( n) - ç ÷ u( -n - 1) is
talk-time, the battery delivers a constant current of 2 A è 3ø è2 ø
and its voltage drops linearly from 12 V to 10 V as 1 1 1
(A) < z < (B) z >
shown in the figure. How much energy does the battery 3 2 2
(C) z <
1
(D) 2 < z < 3 11. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the
3 probability that ONLY the first two tosses will yield
heads ?
8. The magnitude plot of a rational transfer function 2 2
æ1ö 10 æ1ö
G( s) with real coefficients is shown below. Which of the (A) ç ÷ (B) C2 ç ÷
è2 ø è2 ø
following compensators has such a magnitude plot ?
10 10
æ1ö 10 æ1ö
(C) ç ÷ (D) C2 ç ÷
20 dB è2 ø è2 ø
1 + f ( z)
f
13. If f ( z) = c0 + c1 z -1 , then ò
unit circle z
dz is given by
-10 kHz 10 kHz
(A) 2 pc1 (B) 2 p(1 + c0 )
The power of the output process Y ( t) is given by (C) 2 pjc1 (D) 2 pj(1 + c0 )
(A) 5 ´ 10 -7 W (B) 1 ´ 10 -6 W
14. In the interconnection of ideal sources shown in the
(C) 2 ´ 10 -6 W (D) 1 ´ 10 -5 W figure, it is known that the 60 V source is absorbing
power.
10. Which of the following statements is true regarding
the fundamental mode of the metallic waveguides Which of the following can be the value of the
shown ? current source I ?
20 V
I 60 V
12 A
R: Rectangular
(D) All three have cut-off frequencies 15. The ratio of the mobility to the diffusion coefficient
in a semiconductor has the units
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(A) V -1 (B) cm. V -1 20. Two infinitely long wires carrying current are as
(C) V.cm -1
(D) V.s shown in the figure below. One wire is in the y - z plane
and parallel to the y -axis. The other wire is in the x - y
16. In a microprocessor, the service routine for a certain plane and parallel to the x -axis. Which components of
interrupt starts from a fixed location of memory which the resulting magnetic field are non-zero at the origin ?
cannot be externally set, but the interrupt can be
z 1A
delayed or rejected Such an interrupt is
(A) non-maskable and non-vectored
(B) maskable and non-vectored
(C) non-maskable and vectored y
(D) maskable and vectored
– –
21. Consider two independent random variables X and
(A) R/4 (B) R/2 Y with identical distributions. The variables X and Y
1 1 1
take values 0, 1 and 2 with probabilities , and
(C) R (D) 2 R 2 4 4
respectively. What is the conditional probability
dx é1 0 ù P ( X + Y = 2 X - Y = 0) ?
18. Consider the system = Ax + Bu with A = ê ú
dt ë0 1 û 1
(A) 0 (B)
16
é pù
and B = ê ú where p and q are arbitrary real numbers. 1
ëq û (C) (D) 1
6
Which of the following statements about the
controllability of the system is true ? sin x
22. The Taylor series expansion of at x = p is given
x-p
(A) The system is completely state controllable for by
any nonzero values of p and q ( x - p) 2 ( x - p) 2
(A) 1 + +... (B) -1 - +...
(B) Only p = 0 and q = 0 result in controllability 3! 3!
(C) The system is uncontrollable for all values of p ( x - p) 2 ( x - p) 2
(C) 1 - +... (D) -1 + +...
and q 3! 3!
(D) We cannot conclude about controllability from the ® ®
® ® ® ® ® ® ® ®
(B) cos(2pfc t) (C) ò Ñ ´ V . dl = òò Ñ ´ A. dS (D) ò Ñ ´ A. dl = òò V . dS
C
(C) cos[2p( fc + fm ) t ] SC C SC
25. Match each differential equation in Group I to its (A) 0.2 e -125t u( t) mA (B) 20 e -1250 t u( t) mA
family of solution curves from Group II. (C) 0.2 e -1250 t u( t) mA (D) 20 e -1000 t u( t) mA
Group 1 Group II
dy y 29. In the circuit shown, what value of RL maximizes
P. = 1. Circles
dx x the power delivered to RL ?
dy y
Q. =- 2. Straight lines
dx x
dy x
R. = 3. Hyperbolas
dx y
dy x
S. =-
dx y 100 V
(A) P - 2, Q - 3, R - 3, S - 1
(B) P - 1, Q - 3, R - 2, S - 1
(C) P - 2, Q - 1, R - 3, S - 3 8
(A) 2.4 W (B) W
3
(D) P - 3, Q - 2, R - 1, S - 2
(C) 4 W (D) 6 W
26. The eigen values of the following matrix are
30. The time domain behavior of an RL circuit is
é-1 3 5 ù
ê-3 -1 6 ú represented by
ê ú di
êë 0 0 3 úû + Ri= V0 (1 + Be - Rt / L sin t) u( t).
L
dt
(A) 3, 3 + 5 j, 6 - j (B) -6 + 5 j, 3 + j, 3 - j V
For an initial current of i(0) = 0 , the steady state
(C) 3 + j, 3 - j, 5 + j (D) 3, - 1 + 3 j, - 1 - 3 j R
value of the current is given by
V 2 V0
27. An AC source of RMS voltage 20 V with internal (A) i( t) ® 0 (B) i( t) ®
R R
impedance Z s = (1 + 2 j)W feeds a load of impedance
V0 2 V0
Z L = (7 + 4 j)W in the figure below. The reactive power (C) i( t) ® (1 + B) (D) i( t) ® (1 + B)
R R
consumed by the load is
31. In the circuit below, the diode is ideal. The voltage V
is given by
1A
(A) 8 VAR (B) 16 VAR|
(C) 28 VAR (D) 32 VAR
(A) min( Vi ,1) (B) max( Vi 1)
28. The switch in the circuit shown was on position a
(C) min( -Vi ,1) (C) max( -Vi ,1)
for a long time, and is move to position b at time t = 0.
The current i( t) for t > 0 is given by
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EC-09 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.7
(A) NAND: first (0,1) then (0,1) NOR: first (1,0) then (
(0,0)
(B) NAND: first (1,0) then (1,0) NOR: first (1,0) then 0
(1,0)
(C) NAND: first (1,0) then (1,0) NOR: first (1,0) then
(0,0)
(D) NAND: first (1,0) then (1,1) NOR: first (0,1) then A) Causal, LP (B) BIBO, LTI
(0,1) (C) BIBO, Causal, LTI (D) LP, LTI
39. What are the counting states (Q1 , Q2 ) for the counter 42. The 4-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of a
shown in the figure below? discrete time sequence {1,0,2,3} is
Q Q (A) [0,-2+2j,2,-2-2j] (B) [2,2+2j,6,2-2j]
Q (C) [6,1-3j,2,1+3j] (D) [6-1+3j,0,-1,-3j]
JK JK
Clock Flip Flop Flip Flop
where h( t) is shown in the graph. 45. The unit step response of an under-damped second
Which of the following four properties are order system has steady state value of -2. Which one of
possessed by the system ? the following transfer functions has these properties ?
BIBO: Bounded input gives a bounded output. -2.24 -3.82
(A) 2 (B) 2
s + 2.59 s + 112
. s + 191
. s + 191
.
Causal: The system is causal,
-2.24 -382
LP: The system is low pass. (C) (D)
s - 2.59 s + 112
2
. s - 191
2
. s + 191
.
LTI: The system is linear and time-invariant.
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48. A communication channel with AWGN operating at Permittivity of free space = 8.85 ´ 10 -14 F.cm -1
a signal to noise ratio SNR >> 1 and bandwidth B has Dielectric constant of silicon = 12
49. A magnetic field in air is measured to be (D) cannot be estimated from the data given
®
æ x y ö 52. The peak electric field in the device is
B= B0 çç 2 y$ - 2 x$ ÷÷
èx +y x +y ø
2 2
(A) 0.15 MV . cm -1 , directed from p-region to n-region
What current distribution leads to this field ? (B) 0.15 MV . cm -1 , directed from n-region to p-region
[ Hint : The algebra is trivial in cylindrical coordinates.] (C) 1.80 MV . cm -1 , directed from p-region to n-region
®
B0 z$ æ 1 ö (D) 1.80 MV . cm -1 , directed from n-region to p-region
(A) j = ç ÷, r ¹ 0
m 0 çè x 2 + y 2 ÷ø
Common Data for Questions 53 and 54:
®
B0 z$ æ 2 ö
(B) j = - çç 2 ÷÷, r ¹ 0
m 0 è x + y2 ø
®
(C) j = 0, r ¹ 0
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EC-09 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 10.7
The Nyquist plot of a stable transfer function G( s) Consider the CMOS circuit shown, where the gate
is shown in the figure. We are interested in the stability voltage VG of the n-MOSFET is increased from zero,
of the closed loop system in the feedback configuration while the gate voltage of the p-MOSFET is kept
shown. constant at 3 V. Assume that, for both transistors, the
Im magnitude of the threshold voltage is 1 V and the
product of the trans-conductance parameter and the
+ (W/L) ratio, i.e. the quantity mCax (W / L), is 1 mA . V -2 .
+ G(s)
Re -
-1-0.5
-j
55. If the signal to quantization noise ratio required in 58. Estimate the output voltage V0 for VG = 15
. V.
uniformly quantizing the signal is 43.5 dB, the step size [Hint : Use the appropriate current-voltage equation for
of the quantization is approximately each MOSFET, based on the anser to Q. 57.]
(A) 0.0333 V (B) 0.05 V
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 59 and
(C) 0.0667 V (D) 0.10 V
60:
56. If the positive values of the signal are uniformly
quantized with a step size of 0.05 V, and the negative Two products are sold from a vending machine,
values are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.1 V, which has two push buttons P1 and P2 . When a button is
the resulting signal to quantization noise ratio is pressed, the price of the corresponding product is
approximately displayed in a 7-segment display.
(A) 46 dB (B) 43.8 dB
If no buttons are pressed, '0' is displayed,
(C) 42 dB (D) 40 dB signifying 'Rs. 0'.