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Loads On Industrial Buildings
Loads On Industrial Buildings
Loads On Industrial Buildings
1. Understanding the different design philosophies
2. Identify the different types of loads acting on
industrial buildings
3. Understand the procedure used to calculate the
loads acting on different structural elements
Types of Structural Steel Members
Types of Structural Steel Members
Structural steel
members may be
found in several
images:
images
Rods
Plates
Hot rolled
sections (Angles,
( g ,
pipes, I sections,
channels…etc)
C ld f
Cold formed d
sections (Z, C,
,…etc)
, )
Specifications and building codes
p g
Specifications and building
codes are the result of
combined judgment of
bi d j d t f
researchers and practicing
engineers.
The main objectives for the
Th i bj ti f th
codes is to provide simple
design procedure to get safe
and economic structure.
and economic structure
Two design philosophies are
supported by the ECP:
1. Load and Resistance Factor
L d d R i F
Design (LRFD)
2. Allowable stress design
(ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Load and Resistance Factor Design
(
(LRFD)
)
.Rn i .Q i
where :
is the strength reduction factor
Rn is the nominal strength or member capacity
i is the overload factor
Qi is the relevant service load
Load combinations for LRFD
1.4*D
1.2*D+1.6L+0.5Lr
*D 6L L
1.2D+1.6Lr+(0.5L or 0.8W)
1.2D+1.3W+0.5L+0.5Lr
1.2D±1.0EQ+0.5L
0.9D±(1.3W or 1.0EQ)
Where, D: Dead load, L: Live load, Lr: roof live load, W:
wind load, EQ: earthquake load
Allowable Stress Design
Allowable Stress Design
(
(ASD))
This method of design focus on ensuring that the
stresses due to straining actions of service load should
not exceed the allowable stresses specified by the code
ie
i.e.
.Rn
Qi
i
Load combinations for ASD
D
D+L
D L
D+L+W
D+L+EQ
0.9D±(W or EQ)
Where, D: Dead load, L: Live load, Lr: roof live load, W:
q
wind load, EQ: earthquake load
Loads
Types of loads acting on industrial
fl d d l
buildings
Dead Load
Live Load
Li L d
Wind load
Crane load
Special loads
Dead loads
The dead loads acting on industrial buildings includes:
1. Own weight of roof covering
O i h f f i
2. Own weight of different structural steel elements
3. Weight of R.C. slab (case of Mezzanine)
4. Collateral loads (from Mechanical, elect.,
HVAC,…etc) Equipments acting on the top roof
• Dead Loads:
Dead Loads:
Own weight of roof covering
g g
The own weight of roof covering depends on the type
of roof cladding i.e.:‐
of roof cladding i e:
1. For steel corrugated sheets wt 5‐10kg/m2
2. For sandwich panels, wt
F d i h k / 2
l 10‐20kg/m
3. This weight is acting on inclined projection
For example, when calculating the dead load acting on
the purlin, Wdl (roof cladding)= (5‐‐>10kg/m2) x a
C i
Continue, Dead Loads
D dL d
Own weight of steel structures
g
The own weight of steel structures composing the industrial
building represents the most important factor in competition
b t
between structural engineers in addition to the cost of easier
t t l i i dditi t th t f i
fabrication.
Usually the weight of steel structures depends on the span of the
b ildi i h i h l d i f i li i
building, its height, loads acting, roof inclination, cranes
loading,….etc.
However, for open free areas, with (no cranes) spans up to 30m
and eave heights from 6m‐8m with steel corrugated sheets as a
d h i h f 6 8 i h l d h
cladding, the weight of steel structures (including purlins, wind
bracing, columns, rafters, struts,…etc 25‐40 kg/m2
F
For mezzanine level with R.C. the weight of steel str. 70‐120
i l l i h R C h i h f l
kg/m2
This load is acting on horizontal projection
g p j
For example, when we calculate the D.L acting on a
single joint on the main supporting steel truss then
Wsteel structure=(2540 kg/m2) x b x spac. Bet. trusses
Cont Dead Loads
Cont. Dead Loads
D.L Weight of deck for Mezzanine level
g
In case of R.C. deck in
Mezzanine level, then
Mezzanine level then
WR.C. deck = ts x R.C +
Wfloor
fl cover
(100150kg/m2)+
Wpartitions
C ti
Continue, Dead Loads
D dL d
Collateral loads
Collateral loads is usually
referred to the extra dead
load due to Hvac ducts,
fire fighting system, fans,
rock wool blanket that
k l bl k t th t
are extra applied to the
roof of the industrial
building.
It should be assessed by
y
the EM engineer, but can
be assumed 10‐20 kg/m2
Live Loads
For roofs, it
depends on the
p
roof inclination
and roof
accessibility.
accessibility
For floors in
Mezzanine levels, ,
the live loads is to
be assessed
accord To the
accord. To the
Egyptian codes of
practice for loads.
Wind Load
Wind Load
Steel structures are usually
light weight structures and
the effect of wind should be
taken into consideration.
Wind acting on the building
may cause pressure on one
side and suction on the
other side.
The effect of the wind load
is the sum of the effect of
pressure and suction.
Wind load is calculated by
the following eqn.
W=Cexkxq
Where
Ce= coefficient of exposure
q= wind pressure kg/m2
K = factor depends on height of
bldg from the natural
ground
Crane Loads
Crane Loads
The cranes
usually affect the
structure in the
t t i th
3D as follows:
1. Vertical
component
representing
dead and live
p
loads + impact
2. Horizontal
component in
the plan of
f
frame due to
d t
lateral shock
3. Horizontal
component in
longitudinal
direction due to
g
braking force
Location and values of Max.
Location and values of Max
g
straining actions for crane Loads
Max. Reaction is
Rmax.= P(2‐a/L)
Max. bending moments
1. If a<0.586L, then
Mmax will be at nearest load
ill b t t l d
to the support at a
distance x=0.5(L‐a/2)
and M
d Mmax=P(L‐
P(L
a/2)^2/(2L)
2. If a>0.586L, then M
5 , max
will be with one load at
center of span and
Mmax=PL/4 /4
Continue crane loads
1. The vertical component acting on each wheel is
={the dead weight (wt of crane bridge) + the live
{the dead weight (wt of crane bridge) + the live
loads ((weight of trolley + wt of cargo) positioned at
the wr0est case location)} * the impact factor
the wr0est case location)} the impact factor. The
The
impact factor for electrical cranes is 25%
2 The horizontal lateral shock is taken 10% of the live
2.
loads without impact
3 The braking force is taken 1/7 of the total vertical
3.
component without impact.
Special loads
p
These special loads includes extra requirements
according to project technical specifications or due to
site conditions. For example, the client may ask for a
structural system to withstand explosions or extra live
load more than that required in load code.
Other kinds of special loads includes effect of
temperature, settlement of supports, loads during
construction, terrorist attacks, aircraft attacks…….etc.
Example
Given:
Corrugated steel sheets for roof
covering weigh=7kg/m2
Spacing between frames S=6m
St l k / 2
Steel own weight =30kg/m
i ht
Collateral loads (HVAC,
lightings,..etc.)=30kg/m2
7 g 2
Wind pressure=70kg/m
p
Weight of crane bridge=5t
Weight of trolley= 2t
Maximum crane capacity=6t
Min. approach crane distance=1.8m
h d
Roof is in‐accessible
Required:
Calculate the loads acting on one
intermediate frame
Solution
1. Dead loads acting on each
frame: WDL= S*(Wroof oo cov./cos
+ Wsteel struct.+Wcollateral loads)
WDL=6m*(0.007/cos
5 71+0 03+0 03)=0 402 t/m’
5.71+0.03+0.03)=0.402 t/m
2. Live loads acting on each
frame, tan =0.1, then
LL k / 2,
LL=53.3kg/m
WLL=S*LL=6*53.3=0.32t/m’
3. For wind loads we have two
columns and two rafter
partitions with different
exterior wind coefficients
depending on wind
directions.
directions
Assuming wind blow from left to
right, then
Wwind=S*Ce*q*k
K=1 as column height <10m
q=70 kg/m2
k /
W1=6m*0.8*0.070*1=0.336t/m’
W2 6m 0.5 0.070 1 0.21t/m
W2=6m*‐0.5*0.070*1=‐0.21t/m’
For W3, as tan =0.1, then from
chart, Ce=‐0.8
W3=6m*‐0.8*0.070*1=‐0.336t/m’
W4=6m*‐0.5*0.070*1=‐0.21t/m’
4.For crane loading, as
shown the max. loading on
crane girder will be when
the trolley carries full
capacity and approach to
the nearest distance from
one column
In this case, Rmax =2P=
crane bridge
b id
weight/2+(trolley weight
+LL)*(28‐1.8)/28=
5/2+(2+6)*(28‐
1.8)/28=9.986 tons,
Rmin=3.014t
3 4
Then P=9.986/2=4.99t
‐RmaxLL+I=1.25*9.986=12.48t
‐Lateral Shock <‐
>=0.1*9.986=0.9986t
‐Braking
Braking
force=1/7*9.986=1.43t
Thanks