Term Paper

Of
ECE- 212
Microprocessor
Topic: Concept of Smart Cards and Smart
Rooms

Submitted to:
Lect. Preet Kanwal
Submitted by:
Nitika
B.tech CSE
Roll no. RB1801B26
Reg no. 10802884
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost I, Nitika is very thankful to Lect. Preet kanwal who assigned
me this term paper “Concept of Smart Cards and Smart Rooms.”

I am hearty thankful to college library for providing the books, my roommates

and classmates for helping me in assembling the notes related to this topic.

Last but not the least; I am very thankful to my parents who give me financial
support to complete my term paper.

Nitika Goyal
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Smart cards
3. Three categories of smart cards
4. Fundamentals of card operation
5. Advantages of smart card
6. Applications of smart card
7. Smart rooms
8. Components of smart room
9. Uses of smart room
10. Strength and weakness of smart room
11. Application environment
12. Conclusion
13. References
Introduction card with a magnetic stripe and can be
programmed to reveal only the relevant
Basically smart cards are typically a type of information. For example, it could tell a
chip card, is a plastic card that contains an device in a store that there is sufficient
embedded computer chip either a memory or balance in an account to pay for a
microprocessor type that stores and transacts transaction without revealing the balance
data. The data is usually associated with amount.
either value, information or both. Smart
cards which use tiny microchips are used for Three categories of Smart Cards –
ordinary financial transactions.
A microprocessor chip can add,
Smart rooms are a family of computer
delete and otherwise manipulate information
systems that are furnished with cameras and
in its memory. It can be viewed as a
microphones to record and recognize voices,
miniature computer with an input/output
faces, expressions, gestures.
port, operating system and hard disk.
Smart Cards Microprocessor chips are available 8, 16,
and 32 bit architectures. Their data storage
A Smart Card is like an "electronic capacity ranges from 300 bytes to 32,000
wallet". It is a standard credit card-sized bytes with larger sizes expected with
plastic intelligent token within which a semiconductor technology advances.
microchip has been embedded within its
body and which makes it 'smart'. It provides 1. Integrated Circuit (IC)
not only memory capacity, but Microprocessor Cards –
computational capability as well and thus
 
the chip is capable of processing data. It has
gold contacts that allow other devices to
communicate with it. This chip holds a
variety of information, from stored value
used for retail and vending machines to
secure information and applications for
higher-end operations such as
medical/healthcare records. New
information and applications can be added
depending on the chip capabilities.
An Integrated Circuit used
Smart Cards can store several in Smart Cards.
hundred times more data than a conventional
Microprocessor cards (generally referred to
as "chip cards") offer greater memory
storage and security of data than a
traditional magnetic stripe card. Their chips
may also be called as microprocessors with
internal memory which, in addition to
memory, embody a processor controlled by
a card operating system, with the ability to
process data onboard, as well as carrying
small programs capable of local execution.
The microprocessor card can add, delete,
and otherwise manipulate information on the
card, while a memory-chip card (for
example, pre-paid phone cards) can only
undertake a pre-defined operation.
Uses:
These cards are used for a variety of
applications, especially those that have
cryptography built in, which requires
manipulation of large numbers. Very often
the data processing power is used to
encrypt/decrypt data, which makes this type
of card very unique person identification
token. Thus, chip cards have been the main
platform for cards that hold a secure digital
identity. Hence they are capable of offering
advanced security mechanism, local data
processing, complex calculation and other
interactive processes.
 
2. Integrated Circuit (IC) Memory
Cards – Memory cards can just store
data and have no data processing
capabilities. These have a memory
chip with non-programmable logic,
with storage space for data, and with
a reasonable level of built-in
security. IC memory cards can hold
up to 1 – 4 KB of data, but have no
processor on the card with which to
manipulate that data. They are less
expensive than micprocessor cards
but with a corresponding decrease in
data management security. They
depend on the security of the card
reader for processing and are ideal
when security requirements permit
use of cards with low to medium
security and for uses where the card
performs a fixed operation.
There is also a special type memory cards
called the Wired Logic (or Intelligent
Memory) cards, which contain also some
built-in logic, usually used to control the
access to the memory of the card.
Uses:
Memory cards represent the bulk of the
Smart Cards sold primarily for pre-paid,
disposable-card applications like pre-paid
phone cards. These are popular as high-
security alternatives to magnetic stripe
cards.
 
3. Optical Memory Cards – Optical
memory cards look like a card with a
piece of a CD glued on top - which is
basically what they are. Optical
memory cards can store up to 4 MB
of data. But once written, the data
cannot be changed or removed.
Uses:
Thus, this type of card is ideal for record
keeping - for example medical files, driving
records, or travel histories.
Fundamentals of Card Operation:
Today's Smart Cards need electrical
power from outside, plus a way for data to
be read from, and sometimes to be
transmitted to, the chip. They interact with
an "accepting device", usually known as a
card reader, which exchanges data with the
card and usually involves the electronic
transfer of money or personal information.
The information or application stored in the
IC chip is transferred through an electronic
module that interconnects with a terminal or
a card reader.
There are two general categories of
Smart Cards: Contact and Contactless
Smart Cards.
Contact Smart Card
The contact Smart Card has a set of gold-
plated electrical contacts embedded in the
surface of the plastic on one side. It is
operated by inserting the card (in the correct
orientation) into a slot in a card reader,
which has electrical contacts that connect to
the contacts on the card face thus
establishing a direct connection to a
conductive micro module on the surface of
the card. This card has a contact plate on the
face, which is a small gold chip about 1/2”
in diameter on the front, instead of a
magnetic stripe on the back like a “credit
card”. When the card is inserted into a Smart
Card reader, it makes contact with an
electrical connector for reads and writes to
and from the chip It is via these physical
contact points, that transmission of
commands, data, and card status takes place.
Such a card is traditionally used at
the retail point of sale or in the banking
environment or as the GSM SIM card in the
mobile 'phone.
 Contactless Smart Card 
A contactless Smart Card looks just
like a plastic “credit card” with a computer
chip and an antenna coil embedded within
the card. This antenna allows it to
communicate with an external antenna at the
transaction point to transfer information.
The antenna is typically 3 - 5 turns of very
thin wire (or conductive ink), connected to
the contactless chip. This aerial coil of the
antenna is laminated into the card and
allows communication even whilst the card
is retained within a wallet or handbag. The
same activation method applies to watches,
pendants, baggage tags and buttons. Thus no
electrical contacts a are needed and it is
therefore called as "contactless".
Such Smart Cards are used when
transactions must be processed quickly, as in
mass-transit toll collection or wherever the
cardholder is in motion at the moment of the
transaction. Close proximity, typically two
to three inches for non-battery powered
cards (i.e. an air-gap of up to 10cms) is
required for such transactions, which can
decrease transaction time while increasing
convenience as both the reader and the card
have antenna and it is via this contactless
link that the two communicate. Most
contactless cards also derive the internal
chip power source from this electromagnetic
signal. Radio frequency technology is used
to transmit power from the reader to the
card.
Two new categories, derived from
the contact and contactless cards are combi
cards and hybrid cards.
A hybrid Smart Card has two chips,
each with its respective contact and
contactless interface. The two chips are not
connected, but for many applications, this
Hybrid serves the needs of consumers and
card issuers.
The combi card (also known as the
dual-interface card) is a card with both
contact and contactless interfaces. With such
a card, it becomes possible to access the
same chip via a contact or contactless
interface, with a very high level of security.
It may incorporate two non-communicating
chips - one for each interface - but
preferably has a single, dual-interface chip
providing the many advantages of a single e-
purse, single operating architecture, etc. The
mass transportation and banking industries
are expected to be the first to take advantage
of this technology.
 
CombiCard
(This shows both the contact and
contactless elements of the card.)
 Advantages of Smart card:
Some advantages of the Smart Card
are:
  Proven to be more reliable than the
magnetic stripe card.
 Can store up to thousands of times of
the information than the magnetic
stripe card.
 Reduces tampering and
counterfeiting through high security
mechanisms such as advanced
encryption and biometrics.
 Can be disposable or reusable.
 Performs multiple functions.
 Has wide range of applications (e.g.,
banking, transportation, healthcare...)
 Compatible with portable electronics
(e.g., PCs, telephones...)
 Evolves rapidly applying semi-
conductor technology
 Smart Cards can hold a large amount
of personal information, from
medical/health history to personal
banking and personal preferences
 They can carry all necessary
functions and information on the
card. Therefore, they do not require
access to remote databases at the
time of the transaction unlike
magnetic stripe cards
Applications of the Smart Cards:
 There are over 300,000,000 GSM
mobile telephones with Smart Cards,
which contain the mobile phone
security and subscription
information.
 Various countries with national
health care programs have deployed
Smart Card systems. The largest is
the German solution which deployed
over 80,000,000 cards to every
person in Germany and Austria.
 There are over 100 countries
worldwide who have reduced or
eliminated coins from the pay phone
system by issuing Smart Cards.
Germany, France, UK, Brazil,
Mexico, and China have major
programs.
 Almost every small dish TV satellite
receiver uses a Smart Card as its
removable security element and
subscription information.
 They are used as a credit/debit
bankcard, which allows them for off-
line transactions and store the credit
and debit functions of financial
institutions.
 They can be used in retail loyalty
schemes and corporate staff systems.
 Other applications for Smart Cards
include computer/internet user
authentication and non-repudiation,
retailer loyalty programs, physical
access, resort cards, mass transit;
mass transit ticketing schemes,
electronic toll, product tracking,
national ID, driver’s license, pass
ports, and the list goes on.
 Smart Rooms
As we know that computer are deaf and
blind currently, they only experience
multimedia through strings of data without
context. Computers need to see and hear,
and to be able to recognize people in order
to make sense of what we are thinking, so
the computer can react as desired.
Combination of technologies to create an
environment to help the computers to do
such work is called Smart Rooms.
Smart Rooms act like invisible butlers. They
have cameras, microphones, and other
sensors, and use these inputs to try to
interpret what people are doing in order to
help them. We have already built smart
rooms that can recognize who is in the room
and can interpret their hand gestures, and
smart car interiors that know when drivers
are trying to turn, stop, pass, etc., without
being told.
Components of Smart Room
Components are:
 Cameras
 Microphones
 Network of Computers
 A separate computer for each
analysis needed
 Each module uses maximum
likelihood analysis to match
observed input to stored models and
takes the closest match
Uses for Smart Room technology
 Controls for a virtual reality
environment
 Has been used to translate a 40-word
subset of American Sign Language
in real time with 99.2% accuracy,
could be extended to more word
 Potentially usable in smart clothing,
such as eyeglasses that could
recognize people encountered and
whisper their names in the user’s ear
 Could be used in credit cards that
can recognize their owners and so
could report themselves stolen
 Further study into human actions
would allow a system to identify
when students or drivers stop paying
attention
 Smart-room technology could be
used in sports to allow the camera to
identify a play and follow the action
Strengths and Weaknesses
Pros :
 Uses existing technology, including
typical computers, to achieve real
time analysis
 Modular design allows new
capabilities to be added as they are
developed, and allows them to take
advantage of information obtained
through the other module
Cons:
 The system seems to only support a
single user in the room
 Scalability? The examples presented
in the paper typically only dealt with
a small selection of motions to
analyze. As more motions are added
 it would get harder to differentiate
between them, and it is not totally
obvious that this system can be
extended indefinitely.
Application Environments
1) Information Spaces
City of News is an immersive 3D
web browser City of News is a
dynamically growing urban
landscape of information. It is an
immersive, interactive, web browser
that takes advantage of people's
strength remembering the
surrounding three-dimensional
spatial layout.
2) Virtual Studio: Digital
Circus
Digital Circus is a 3D virtual circus
in which people can meet and
interact among themselves or with
circus performers. As in a magic
mirror, advanced computer vision
techniques allow participants to see
their full body video image
composited in 3D space - without the
need for a blue screen background .
Hence such setup can be used at
home for collaborative storytelling,
visual communication from remote
locations, or game playing.
3) ALIVE
The Aritificial Life Interactive Video
Environment (ALIVE) uses a magic
mirror idiom to create an enhanced
world for the user on the other side
of the looking glass.
4) Performance Spaces
Flavia Sparacino is developing
systems that explore the usefulness
of Smart Rooms in artistic and
expressive applications including
dance and theatrical performances.
5) Smart Cars
Work at Nissan Cambridge Basic
Research Lab has extended the idea
of the Smart Room to include Smart
Cars. Automobile drivers' intended
action (e.g., to turn, change lanes,
brake, etc.) can be inferred by
observing their control inputs
(steering and acceleration) as they
prepare to execute the action.
Conclusion
Smart cards can add convenience and safety
to any transaction of value and data; but the
choices facing today's managers can be
daunting. We hope this site has adequately
presented the options and given you enough
information to make informed evaluations of
performance, cost and security that will
produce a smart card system that fits today's
needs and those of tomorrow. It is our
sincere belief that informed users make
better choices, which leads to better business
for everybody.
Smart room can provide user interface to
virtual environment. It utilize vision based
tracking and large projection screen to
eliminate the need for invasive sensors.

References

1. http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~parker/Courses/CS594-spring03/Student_Presentations/Paul_DeWitt-
4-22.pdf
2. http://vismod.media.mit.edu/vismod/demos/smartroom/
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card
4. http://www.smartcardbasics.com/smart-card-conclusions.html