Chapter 4: Signal Representation using Fourier Series

Problem 4.1
(a) Using Definition 4.4, the CT function x1(t) can be represented as x1(t) = c1φ1(t) + c2φ2(t) + c3φ3(t)
with the coefficients cn, for n = 1,2, and 3, given by
T 0 T
c1 = 1
2T ∫ x1 (t )φ1 (t )dt = 1
2T ∫ (− A)dt + ∫ Adt = 21T (− AT + AT ) = 0 ,
1
2T
−T −T 0

T −T / 2 0 T /2 T
c2 = 1
2T ∫ x1 (t )φ 2 (t )dt = 1
2T ∫ (− A)(−1)dt + 1
2T ∫ (− A)(1)φ 2 (t )dt + 1
2T ∫ A(1)dt + 1
2T ∫ A(−1)dt
−T −T −T / 2 0 T /2

= 1
2T
( AT2 − AT2 + AT2 − AT2 ) = 0,
T 0 T
and c3 = 1
2T ∫ x1 (t )φ3 (t )dt = 1
2T ∫ ( − A)(1)dt + 1
2T ∫ A(−1)dt = 21T (− AT − AT ) = − A .
−T −T 0

In other words, x1(t) = −Aφ3(t), which can also be proved by inspection.

(b) By inspection, x2(t) = −Aφ2(t), which can also be proven by evaluating the coefficients c1 = 0, c2 =
−A, and c3 = 0.
(c) Using Definition 4.4, the CT function x3(t) can be represented as x3(t) = c1φ1(t) + c2φ2(t) + c3φ3(t)
with the coefficients cn, for n = 1,2, and 3, given by
T −T / 2 T
c1 = 1
2T ∫ x3 (t )φ1 (t )dt = 1
2T ∫ ( A)(1)dt + 1
2T ∫ ( A)(1)dt = 21T ( AT2 + AT2 ) = A2 ,
−T −T T /2

T −T / 2 T
c2 = 1
2T ∫ x3 (t )φ2 (t )dt = 1
2T ∫ ( A)(−1)dt + 1
2T ∫ ( A)(−1)dt = 21T (− AT2 − AT2 ) = − A2 ,
−T −T T /2

T −T / 2 T
and c3 = 1
2T ∫ x3 (t )φ3 (t )dt = 1
2T ∫ ( A)(1)dt + 1
2T ∫ ( A)(−1)dt = 21T ( AT − AT ) = 0 .
−T −T 0

In other words, x3(t) = 0.5A(φ1(t) − φ2(t)), which can also be proved by inspection. ▌

Problem 4.2
Computing the integral

(1 − Ke )dt
∞ ∞
−2 t −4 t
∫ φ1 (t )φ 2 (t )dt = ∫ e
−∞ −∞

Since the function inside the integral is even with respect to t, therefore,
124 Chapter 4

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∫ ∫ (
φ1 (t )φ 2 (t ) dt = 2 e − 2t 1 − Ke − 4t dt = 2 e − 2t dt − 2 K e −6t dt = 1 − ) ∫ ∫ K
3
−∞ 0 0 0

For the functions to be orthogonal, 1− K

3
= 0 ⇒ K = 3. ▌

Problem 4.3
The following derivation shows that the individual functions {Pn(x), n = 0, 1, 2, 3} have nonzero finite
energy. We use the notation Pm,n to represent the integral
1
Pm,n =
−1
∫ P ( x) P ( x)dx .
m n

Computing the integrals

1
P0,0 = ∫ 1.1dx = [ x ]−1 = 2 ,
1

−1

1
1
P1,1 = ∫ x dx =  x 3  = 23 ,
2 1
3 −1
−1

1 1

∫ (9x )
1
P2,2 = ∫ (3x − 1) dx = − 6 x 2 + 1 dx = 14  59 x5 − 2 x3 + x  = 12 ( 59 − 2 + 1) = 52 ,
1 2 2 1 4
4 4 −1
−1 −1

∫ ( 25 x )
1
and P3,3 = 1
4
6
− 30 x 4 + 9 x 2 dx = 14  257 x 7 − 6 x5 + 3 x3  = 12 ( 257 − 6 + 3) = 72 ,
−1
−1

which shows that the functions Pn(x) have nonzero finite energy.
To show that the functions are orthogonal with respect to each other, we determine the integrals
1
P0,1 = ∫
−1 = odd
x dx = 0 ,

1
1
P0,2 = ∫ (3x − 1)dx = 12  x 3 − x  = 0 ,
1 2
2 −1
−1

1
P0,3 = ∫ (5 x − 3 x) dx = 0 ,
1 3
2
−1 = odd

1
P1,2 = ∫ (3x − x ) dx = 0 ,
1 3
2
−1 = odd

1
1
P1,3 = ∫ (5 x − 3 x 2 ) dx = 12  x 5 − x 3  = 0 ,
1 4
2 −1
−1

1
 
and P2,3 = ∫ 15 x − 14 x 3 + 3 x  dx = 0 . ▌
1 5
4
−1 = odd 
 Solutions 125

Problem 4.4
The following derivation shows that the individual functions {Tn(x), n = 0, 1, 2, 3} have nonzero finite
energy. We use the notation Tm,n to represent the integral
1
1
Tm, n = ∫ 1− x 2
Tm ( x)Tn ( x)dx .
−1

Computing the integrals

[ ]
1
1 1
T0,0 = ∫ 1 − x2
dx = sin −1 ( x) −1 =π,
−1

1
x2 1
π
T1,1 = ∫ dx = − 12 x 1 − x 2 + 12 sin −1 ( x) = ,
2   −1 2
−1 1− x
1 1
4x4 − 4x2 + 1 x4
T2, 2 = ∫ 1 − x2
dx = 4 ∫ 1 − x2
dx − 4T1,1 + T0,0 = 3π − 4(0.5π) + π = 2π ,
−1 −1

and similarly, the higher order Tm,n‘s can be proven to be nonzero for m = n.
To show that the functions are orthogonal with respect to each other, we determine the integrals
1 1
x
T0,1 = ∫ dx = −  1 − x 2  = 0 ,
2   −1
−1 1− x
1
2x2 −1
T0, 2 = ∫ 1 − x2
dx = 2T1,1 − T0,0 = 0 ,
−1

1 1
4 x 3 − 3x x3 1
T0,3 = ∫ dx = 4 ∫ dx − 3T0,1 = − 1 − x 2 + 13 (1 − x 2 )3  = 0 ,
  −1
−1 1 − x2 −1 1− x 2

and similarly, the higher order Tm,n‘s can be proven to be zero for m ≠ n. ▌

Problem 4.5

∫ [H m, n (t )] dt = ∫ [H 0,0 (2 t − n)] dt
1 1 1
2
∫
2 m
Case I (m = p, n = q): H m, n (t ) H p , q (t )dt =
0 0 0

Substituting x = ( 2 m t − n) ,
1 2m −n 2m −n

∫ H m,n (t ) H p,q (t )dt = ∫ [H 0,0 ( x)] ∫ [H 0,0 ( x)]

2 −m −m 2
we get 2 dx = 2 dx .
0 −n 0
m m
Since (0 ≤ n ≤ 2 – 1), therefore, (2 – n) ≥ 1 and
1 1 0.5 1

∫ H m, n (t ) H p , q (t ) dt = 2 − m ∫ [H 0,0 ( x)] dx = 2 ∫ (1) dx + 2 ∫ (−1) dx = 2 .

2 −m 2 −m 2 −m

0 0 0 0.5
126 Chapter 4

1 1

∫ H m,n (t ) H p, q (t )dt = ∫ H 0,0 (2

m
Case II (m ≠ p, n ≠ q): t − n) H 0,0 ( 2 p t − q )dt
0 0

Substituting x = ( 2 m t − n) ,
1 2m −n

∫ H m,n (t ) H p, q (t )dt = 2 ∫ H 0, 0 ( x ) H 0, 0 ( 2
−m p −m
we get x + 2 p − m n − q)dx .
0 0

Since (0 ≤ n ≤ 2m – 1) or (2m – n) ≥ 1 and

1 1

∫ H m, n (t ) H p, q (t )dt = 2 ∫ H 0,0 ( x) H 0,0 (2

−m p−m
x + 2 p − m n − q) dx ,
0 0

1 0.5 1

∫ H m, n (t ) H p, q (t )dt = 2 ∫ H 0,0 (2 ∫ H 0, 0 ( 2
−m p −m p−m −m p−m
or, x+2 n − q )dx − 2 x + 2 p − m n − q) dx = 0 .
0 0 0.5
▌

Problem 4.6
(a) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2π, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = 1.
Since the CTFS coefficient a0 represents the average value of the signal, therefore, a0 = 3/2.
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients an’s, for (n ≠ 0), are given by
T0 π π
an = T0 ∫ x1(t ) cos(nω0t )dt =
2 1
π ∫ 3cos(nω t )dt = ∫ 3cos(nt )dt
0
1
π
0 0 0

= n3π [sin(nt )]0 = n3π [sin(nπ ) − 0] = 0

π

Using Eq. (4.32), the CTFS sine coefficients bn’s are given by
T0 π

∫ 3sin(nt )dt = n3π [ − cos(nt )] = n3π [ − cos(nπ ) + cos(0)] = n3π 1 − (−1)n 
π
bn = T0 ∫ x1(t )sin(nω0t )dt =
2 1
π 0
0 0

 n6π n = odd
=
 0 n = even

(b) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2T, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = π/T.
Since the CTFS coefficient a0 represents the average value of the signal, therefore, a0 = 0.75.
Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients an’s, for (n ≠ 0), are given by
 Solutions 127

T T
T / 2 T

an = 2
2T ∫ x(t )cos(nω t ) dt = T ∫ x(t )cos(nω t )dt = T
0
2
0
2
 ∫ 0.5cos( nω0t )dt + ∫ cos( nω0t )dt 
−T even function 0 0 T /2 
= nω1 T [sin( nω0t )]0 + nω2 T [sin( nω0t )]T / 2
T /2 T

0 0

= 1
nπ [sin(nω0T / 2)] + [sin(nω0T ) − sin(nω0T / 2)]
2
nπ [∵ ω0T = π ]
= 2 sin( nπ ) − n1π sin( nπ / 2) = − n1π sin( nπ / 2)
nπ
 0 n = even

= − n1π n = 4k + 1
 1
 nπ n = 4k + 3
Since x2(t) is even, therefore, the CTFS sine coefficients bn = 0.
(c) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = T, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = 2π/T.
Since the CTFS coefficient a0 represents the average value of the signal, therefore, a0 = 1/2.
Since the function [x3(t) − 0.5] is odd, therefore, the CTFS cosine coefficients an = 0, for (n ≠ 0).
Using Eq. (4.32), the CTFS sine coefficients bn’s are given by
T
2  t
bn = ∫
1 −  sin(nω0t )dt
T  T
0
T
2  t  − cos(nω0t )  1  − sin(nω0t ) 
= 1 −  × − − × 
T  T  (nω0 )  T (nω0 ) 2  0

2 −1  1  sin(nω0T )  1  sin(0) 
= 0 − (1) × − × + −  × 
T  (nω0 )  T  (nω0 ) 2
 T  (nω0 ) 2 
2 1
= =
nω0T nπ

(d) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2T, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = π/T.
Using Eq. (4.30), the CTFS coefficient T0 is given by
T T
a0 = 21T ∫
−T
x(t )dt = T1 ∫ x(t )dt = T1 × T2 = 12 .
0

Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients an’s, for (n ≠ 0), are given by
128 Chapter 4

T T T T
an = 22T ∫ x(t )cos( nω0t ) dt = T2 ∫ (1 − Tt ) cos( nω0t )dt = T2 ∫ cos( nω0t )dt − T22 ∫ t cos( nω0t )dt
−T even function 0 0 0

= nω2 T [sin( nω0t )]0 − ( 2)2 [cos(nω0t ) + nω0t sin(nω0t )]0

T T

0 nω0 T 2

= n2π [sin( nω0T ) − 0] − 22 2 [cos( nω0T ) + nω0T sin( nω0T ) − 1] [∵ ω0T = π ]

nπ
= n2π sin( nπ ) − n22π 2 [cos( nπ ) + nπ sin( nπ ) − 1]
=0

 0 n = even
= n22 2 1 − ( −1)n  =  4
π
 n2π 2 n = odd

Since x4(t) is even, therefore, the CTFS sine coefficients bn = 0.

(e) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2T, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = π/T.
Using Eq. (4.30), the CTFS coefficient T0 is given by
2T T T T
a0 = 21T ∫ x (t )dt = 21T ∫ 1 − 0.5sin ( πTt )  dt = 21T ∫ dt − 41T ∫ sin ( πTt ) dt
0 0 0 0

[
= 12 + 41T × π 1/ T cos( πTt ) 0 = 12 + 41π cos(π ) − cos(0) = 12 − 21π = π2−π1 ]
T

Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients an’s, for (n ≠ 0), are given by
T T T
an = 22T ∫ 1 − 0.5sin ( πTt )  cos( nω0t )dt = T1 ∫ cos( nω0t )dt − 21T ∫ sin ( πTt ) cos( nω0t )dt
0 0 0
=A =B

where Integrals A and B are simplified as

A = nω1 T [sin( nω0t )]0 = n1π [sin( nω0T ) − 0] = n1π [sin( nπ ) − 0] = 0

T

and
T T T
B = 21T ∫ sin ( πTt ) cos( nω0t )dt = 21T ∫ sin ( πTt ) cos ( nTπ t ) dt = 41T ∫ sin πTt ( n + 1) − sin ( πTt ( n − 1))  dt
0 0 0

−1
[for n ≠ 1]
1 T 1 1 T
= 4T × π ( n+1)/ T cos T ( n + 1) 0 + 4T × π ( n−1)/ T cos T ( n − 1) 0
πt πt

= 1
4π ( n +1) [1 − cos π (n + 1)] − 4π (1n−1) [1 − cos π (n − 1)]
 0 1 ≠ n = odd  0 1 ≠ n = odd
= 2 2
=  1
 4π ( n+1) − 4π ( n−1) n = even  − π ( n2 −1) n = even

T
n = 1, B = 41T ∫ sin 2Tπ t dt = 41T × 2π−1/ T cos 2Tπ t  0 = 81π [1 − cos 2π ] = 0 .
T
For
0

 0 n = odd
In other words, B= 1
− π ( n2 −1) n = even

which implies that

 Solutions 129

 0 n = odd
an = A − B =  1
 π ( n2 −1) n = even

Using Eq. (4.32), the CTFS sine coefficients bn’s are given by
T T T
bn = 2
2T ∫ 1 − 0.5sin ( πTt ) sin(nω0t )dt = T1 ∫ sin(nω0t )dt − 21T ∫ sin ( πTt ) sin(nω0t )dt
0 0 0
=C =D

where Integrals C and D are simplified as

 0 n = even
C = nω1 T [ − cos( nω0t )]0 = n1π [ − cos( nω0T ) + cos(0)] = n1π [1 − cos( nπ )] = 
T
2 n = odd
0
 nπ
and
T T
D = 21T ∫ sin ( πTt ) sin ( nTπ t ) dt = 41T ∫ cos πTt ( n − 1) − cos ( πTt (n + 1))  dt
0 0

[for n ≠ 1]
T T
= 41T × π ( n−11)/ T sin πTt ( n − 1) 0 − 41T × π ( n+11)/ T sin πTt (n + 1) 0
= 1
4π ( n −1) [sin π (n − 1) − sin(0)] − 4π (1n+1) [sin π (n + 1) − sin(0)]
=0 [ for n ≠ 1]

For (n = 1),
T T  
D = 21T ∫ sin 2 ( πTt ) dt = 41T ∫ 1 − cos ( 2Tπ t )  dt =  14 − 4T ×12π / T sin 2Tπ t  0  = 14 .
T

 
0 0
 =0 
 14 n = 1
In other words, D= .
0 n > 1

0 n = even

Therefore, bn = C − D =  π2 − 14 n =1 ▌
 2
 nπ 1 ≠ n = odd .

Problem 4.7
By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = T, which implies that the fundamental frequency ω0 =
2π/T.
Using Eq. (4.30), the CTFS coefficient a0 is given by
T /2
1 1
a0 =
T ∫ δ(t )dt = T .
−T / 2

Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS cosine coefficients an’s are given by
130 Chapter 4

T /2
2 2 2
an =
T ∫ δ(t ) cos(nω0t )dt = T cos(nω0t ) t =0 = T . .
−T / 2

Using Eq. (4.31), the CTFS sine coefficients bn’s are given by
T /2
2 2
bn =
T ∫ δ(t ) sin(nω0t )dt = T sin(nω0t ) t =0 = 0.
−T / 2

The value for bn can also be derived by noting that x(t) is an even function. For such functions, the
CTFS coefficient bn = 0. ▌

Problem 4.8
(i) x1(t) = cos(7t) + sin(15t + π/2) = cos(7t) + cos(15t).
The fundamental frequency of cos(7t) is given by ω1 = 7, which implies that the time period of
this term is T1 = 2π/7. The fundamental frequency of cos(15t) is given by ω2 = 15, which implies
that the time period of this term is T2 = 2π/15.
T1 15
Since the ratio =
T2 7

is a rational number, x1(t) is periodic with the overall period T0 = mT1 = nT2 = 2π. The
fundamental frequency is given by ω0 = 1.
∞
The CTFS expansion x(t ) = a0 + ∑ (an cos(nt ) + bn sin(nt ))
n =1

we note that a0 = 0, a7 = 1, and a15 = 1.

The remaining coefficients are all zero.
In other words,
1 n = 7,15
a0 = 0, an =  and bn = 0 ,
0 otherwise

with the fundamental frequency ω0 = 1.

(ii) The fundamental frequency of sin(2t) is given by ω1 = 2, which implies that the time period of this
term is T1 = π.
The fundamental frequency of cos(4t + π/4) is given by ω2 = 4, which implies that the time period
of this term is T2 = π/2.
T1
Since the ratio =2
T2

is a rational number, therefore, x2(t) is periodic with the overall period T0 = mT1 = nT2 = π. The
fundamental frequency is given by ω0 = 2.
Comparing x2(t) = 3 + sin(2t) + cos(4t + π/4) = 3 + sin(2t) + 0.707cos(4t) − 0.707sin(4t)
 Solutions 131

∞
with the CTFS expansion x(t ) = a0 + ∑ (an cos(2nt ) + bn sin(2nt ))
n =1

we note that a0 = 3, b1 = 1, a2 = 0.707, and b2 = −0.707

The remaining coefficients are all zero.
 1 n =1
0.707 n=2 
In other words, a0 = 3, an =  and bn = − 0.707 n=2
 0 otherwise
 0 otherwise,

with the fundamental frequency ω0 = 1.
(iii) The fundamental frequency of exp(j2t) is given by ω1 = 2, which implies that the time period of
this term is T1 = π.
The fundamental frequency of exp(j5t) is given by ω2 = 5, which implies that the time period of
this term is T2 = 2π/5.
The fundamental frequency of exp(−j3t) is given by ω3 = 3, which implies that the time period of
this term is T3 = 2π/3.
T1 5 T1 3 T 3
Since the ratios = , = , and 2 =
T2 2 T3 2 T3 5
are all rational numbers, therefore, x3(t) is periodic with the overall period T0 = mT1 = nT2 =
pT3 = 2π. The fundamental frequency is given by ω0 = 1.
Comparing
x3 (t ) = 1.2 + e × e j 2t + e j 2 × e j 5t + e − j 2 × e − j 3t
= 1.2 + e × cos( 2t ) + je × sin( 2t ) + e j 2 × cos(5t ) + je j 2 × sin(5t ) + e − j 2 × cos(3t ) − je − j 2 × sin(3t )
∞
with the CTFS expansion x(t ) = a0 + ∑ (an cos(2nt ) + bn sin(2nt ))
n =1

we note that

 e n=2  je n=2
 − j 2 
n=3 − je − j 2 n=3
a0 = 1.2, an = e j 2 and bn = 
e n=5  je
j2
n=5
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise

with the fundamental frequency ω0 = 1.

(iv) Because of the exp(t + 1) term, the signal x4(t) is not periodic. Therefore, the CTFS expansion
cannot be obtained. ▌
132 Chapter 4

Problem 4.9
T0 2
1
∫ x(t )e
− jnω 0 t
By definition, Dn = dt ,
T0
−T0 2

0 T0 2
1 1
∫ x(t )e ∫ x(t )e
− jnω 0 t − jnω 0 t
which is expressed as Dn = dt + dt .
T0 T0
−T0 2 0
A B

Substituting t = −α in Integral A, we get

0 T0 2
1 1
∫ x ( − α )e ∫ x ( −α )e
jnω 0 α jnω 0 α
A= ( − dα ) = dα .
T0 T0
T0 2 0

Since x(t) is an even function, therefore, x(−α) = x(α) and the above integral reduces to
T0 2
1
∫ x (α )e
jnω 0 α
A= dα .
T0
0

Substituting the value of Integral A from the above expression, the exponential CTFS coefficients are
given by
T0 2 T0 2
1 1
∫ x(t )e ∫ x(t )e
jnω 0 t − jnω 0 t
Dn = dt + dt
T0 T0
0 0

T0 2 T0 2

∫ [ ]
1 2
or, Dn =
T0
x(t ) e jnω0 t + e − jnω0 t dt =
T0 ∫ x(t ) cos(nω0t )dt . ▌
0 0

Problem 4.10
T0 2
1
∫ x(t )e
− jnω 0 t
By definition, Dn = dt ,
T0
−T0 2

0 T0 2
1 1
∫ x(t )e ∫ x(t )e
− jnω 0 t − jnω 0 t
which is expressed as Dn = dt + dt .
T0 T0
−T0 2 0
A B

Substituting t = −α in Integral A, we get

0 T0 2
1 1
∫ x ( − α )e ∫ x ( −α )e
jnω 0 α jnω 0 α
A= ( − dα ) = dα .
T0 T0
T0 2 0

Since x(t) is an odd function, x(−α) = −x(α) and the above integral reduces to
T0 2
1
∫ x (α )e
jnω 0 α
A=− dα .
T0
0
 Solutions 133

Substituting the value of Integral A from the above expression, the exponential CTFS coefficients are
given by
T0 2 T0 2
1 1
∫ x(t )e ∫ x(t )e
jnω0 t − jnω 0 t
Dn = − dt + dt
T0 T0
0 0

T0 2 T0 2
1 −2 j
or, Dn = −
T0 ∫
0
x(t )  e jnω0t − e − jnω0t  dt =
T0 ∫
0
x(t ) sin(nω0t )dt . ▌

Problem 4.11
(a) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2π, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = 1. Using Eq. (4.44), the DTFS coefficients Dn’s are given by
T0 2 π  3
, n=0
1 1 
∫ ∫
− jnω 0 t − jnt 2
Dn =
T0
−T0 2
x(t )e dt =
2π
0
3e dt =  3
 j 2 nπ 1 − e (
− jnπ
) n ≠ 0.

 3 n=0
 2
or, Dn =
3
j 2nπ
(
1 − ( −1) n =  0 ) even n, n ≠ 0.
 3
 jnπ odd n

The magnitude and phase spectra are given by

 3, n=0
2
Magnitude Spectrum: Dn =  0, even n, n ≠ 0.
3 , odd n.
 nπ
 0, even n
 π
Phase Spectrum: ≺ Dn = − 2 , odd n, n > 0
 π , odd n, n < 0.
 2
The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 1 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(b) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2Τ, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = π/T. Since x(t) is an even function, therefore, the DTFS coefficients Dn’s are given by
 1 0.5T 1
T

2
T0 2 
T 0
0 . 5 dt +
T∫ ∫
dt = 0.25 + 0.5 = 0.75 n = 0
Dn =
T0 ∫x(t ) cos(nω0t ) dt =  0.5T
 1
0.5T
1
T
0
∫
 T 0.5 cos(nω0t )dt + T cos(nω0t )dt , n ≠ 0. ∫
 0 0.5T

For (n ≠ 0), the DTFS coefficients are given by

134 Chapter 4

or, Dn =
0.5
T
[ nω 0
]
sin( nω0 t ) 0.5T
0
+
1
T
[ nω 0
]
sin( nω0 t ) T
0.5T
=
0 .5
nπ
[sin(0.5nπ) − 2 sin(0.5nπ)] = − 0.5 sin(0.5nπ) .
nπ
Combining the above results, we get
 3 n=0
 4
 0 even n, n ≠ 0.

Dn =  1
− 2 n π odd n, n = ( 4k + 1)
 1
 2 n π odd n, n = (4k + 3).

The magnitude and phase spectra are given by

 3, n=0
 4

Magnitude Spectrum: Dn =  0, even n, n ≠ 0.
 1
2 n π , odd n.


0, even n

Phase Spectrum: ≺ Dn = π, odd n, n = (4k + 1)
0, odd n, n = (4k + 3).

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 2 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(c) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = Τ, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = 2π/T. Using Eq. (4.44), the DTFS coefficients Dn’s are given by

T T
 1 T
T
× 2 = 12 , n=0

∫ (1 − )
1 1 
Dn =
T ∫
x(t )e − jnω0 t dt =
T
t
T
e − jnω0 t dt =  T

∫( )
1 t − jnω 0 t
T 1 − T e n ≠ 0.
0 0 dt
 0
For (n ≠ 0), the DTFS coefficients are given by
T T
 e − jnω0 t e − jnω0 t 
∫ (1 − ) e ( ) ( )
1 t − jnω 0 t
Dn = dt =  1 − Tt − − T1  ,
T T
 (− jnω0 ) ( − jnω0 ) 2  0
0

which reduces to
T
 1 e − jnω0T 1  1
Dn = 0 − T1 + T1 − T1  = .
 (− jnω0 ) (− jnω0 ) 2 2
(− jnω0 )  0 j 2 nπ

Combining the two cases, we get

 1 , n=0
Dn =  12
 j 2 nπ , n ≠ 0.

The magnitude and phase spectra are given by

 Solutions 135

 1, n=0
 2
Magnitude Spectrum: Dn =  1
 2 n π , n ≠ 0.

 0, n=0

Phase Spectrum: ≺ Dn =  0.5π, n<0
− 0.5π, n > 0.

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 3 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(d) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2Τ, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = π/T. Since x(t) is an even function, the DTFS coefficients Dn’s are given by
 1T
2
T0 2 
 T 0
1 − Tt dt = 0.50,∫(n=0 )
Dn =
T0 ∫
x(t ) cos(nω0t )dt =  T

∫( )
1 t
 T 1 − T cos(nω0t )dt , n ≠ 0.
0

 0
For (n ≠ 0), the DTFS coefficients are given by
T T
1 − cos(nω0t ) 
∫ (1 − ) ( ) ( )
1 t sin(nω0t )
Dn = cos(nω0t )dt =  1 − Tt − − T1  ,
T T T  (nω0 ) (nω0 ) 2  0
0

which reduces to
 cos(nπ) 1  1 − (−1) n
Dn = 0 − 0 − + = .
 ( nπ ) 2 (nπ) 2  ( nπ ) 2

Combining the two cases, we get

 1, n=0
 2

Dn =  0, even n, n ≠ 0
 2
 ( nπ) 2 odd n, n ≠ 0.

Since Dn is always positive, its phase spectrum is 0.

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 4 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
(e) By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = 2Τ, which implies that the fundamental frequency
ω0 = π/T. For (n = 0), the exponential DTFS coefficients is given by
2T T T T
D0 = 21T ∫ x(t )dt = 21T ∫ 1 − 0.5sin ( πTt )  dt = 21T ∫ dt − 41T ∫ sin ( πTt ) dt
0 0 0 0

= 12 + 41T × π 1/ T cos( T )  0 = 12 + 41π [ cos(π ) − cos(0)] = 12 − 21π

πt T

For (n = 0), the exponential DTFS coefficients is given by

136 Chapter 4

T T T
Dn = 21T ∫ 1 − 0.5sin ( πTt )  e− jnω0t dt = 21T ∫ e− jnω0t dt − 41T ∫ sin ( πTt ) e− jnω0t dt .
0 0 0
=A =B

Solving for Integrals A and B, we get

T
T
A = 21T ∫ e− jnω0t dt = 1
− j 2 nω0T e
− jnω0t
 0 =
1
− j 2 nπ
e− jnπ − 1 = j 21nπ 1 − (−1)n 
0

and

CTFS coefficients for x1(t), Fig. P4.6(a) CTFS coefficients for x1(t), Fig. P4.6(a)
1.5 2

<Dn
|Dn|

0
0.5

0 -2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n n
CTFS coefficients for x2(t), Fig. P4.6(b) CTFS coefficients for x2(t), Fig. P4.6(b)
1 4

<Dn
|Dn|

0.5 2

0 0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n n
CTFS coefficients for x3(t), Fig. P4.6(c) CTFS coefficients for x3(t), Fig. P4.6(c)
1 2
<Dn
|Dn|

0.5 0

0 -2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n n
CTFS coefficients for x4(t), Fig. P4.6(d) CTFS coefficients for x4(t), Fig. P4.6(d)
1 1
<Dn
|Dn|

0.5 0

0 -1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n n
CTFS coefficients for x5(t), Fig. P4.6(e) CTFS coefficients for x5(t), Fig. P4.6(e)
0.4 2
<Dn
|Dn|

0.2 0

0 -2
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n n

Fig. S4.11: Magnitude and phase spectra calculated in P4.11 for the periodic functions
shown in Fig. P4.6.
 Solutions 137

T T T
B = 41T ∫ sin ( πTt ) e T dt = j 81T ∫  e T − e T  e T dt = j 81T ∫  e T − e T  dt
− jnπ t jπ t − jπ t − jnπ t − j ( n−1) π t − j ( n+1) π t

0 0
  0
 
T
= j 81T  − j ( nT−1)π e T + 
− j ( n −1) π t − j ( n+1) π t
T
e T
for n ≠ ±1
 j ( n +1)π
0
( ) (
= 18  ( n −11)π e− j ( n −1)π − 1 − ( n +11)π e− j ( n +1)π − 1  )
= 81π  ( n1−1) − ( n1+1)  ( −1)( n −1) − 1 = 4π (−n12 −1) 1 − (−1)( n −1) 

= −1
4π ( n 2 −1)
1 + ( −1)n 

For n = ± 1, Integral B reduces to

T T
For n = 1, B = j 81T ∫ 1 − e T  dt = j 81T t +  = T =1
− j 2π t − j 2π t
T
e T

0
   j 2π
0 j 8T j8

T T
For n = −1, B = j 81T ∫  e T − 1 dt = j 81T  − − t  = −j 8TT = − j18 .
− j 2π t − j 2π t
and T
e T

0
   j 2π
0

 ± j18 n = ±1
In other words, B =  −1
1 + ( −1)n  otherwise
 4π ( n2 −1) 
Combining, the above cases, the CTFS coefficients can be expressed as
 12 − 21π n=0

Dn =  j 21nπ 1 − (−1)n  ∓ j18 n = ±1
 1
 j 2nπ 1 − (−1)  + 4π ( n2 −1) 1 + (−1) 
n n
1
otherwise

 1 (1 − 1 ) n=0
π
 2
(
= ∓ j π1 − 18 ) n = ±1
 1 1
 4π ( n2 −1) 1 + (−1)  + j 2nπ 1 − (−1) 
n n
otherwise

 12 (1 − π1 ) n=0

(
 ∓ j π1 − 18
=
) n = ±1
1
 2π ( n2 −1) 0 ≠ n = even
 1
 jnπ ± 1 ≠ n = odd

The expressions for the magnitude and phase spectra are given by
 12 (1 − π1 ) n = 0  ≈ 0.3408 n=0
 
1 −1 n = ±1  ≈ 0.1933 n = ±1
Magnitude Spectrum: D =  π 8 =
n  1
 2π ( n2 −1) 0 ≠ n = even  ≈ 0.1592
n2 −1
0 ≠ n = even
 1 ≈ 0.3183 ± 1 ≠ n = odd
 nπ ± 1 ≠ n = odd  n
138 Chapter 4

 0 n = even  0 n = even
  π
Phase Spectrum: Dn =  (∓ j ) n = ±1 = − 2 n = odd , n > 0
 1 π
 ( jn ) ±1 ≠ n = odd  2 n = odd , n < 0

The magnitude and phase spectra are shown in row 5 of the subplots included in Fig. S4.11.
▌

Problem 4.12
By inspection, we note that the time period T0 = T, which implies that the fundamental frequency ω0 =
π/T.
Using Eq. (4.44), the exponential CTFS coefficient Dn’s are given by
T0 2 T /2
1 1 1
∫ x(t )e − jnω0t dt = ∫ δ(t )e
− jnt
Dn = dt =
T0 T T
−T0 2 −T / 2

The magnitude spectrum |Dn| is constant at 1/T for all values of n. The phase spectrum <Dn is always 0.
▌
Problem 4.13
In each case, we show that the exponential CTFS coefficients obtained directly from Eq. (4.44) are
identical to those obtained from the trigonometric CTFS coefficients.
(a) From the solution of Problem P4.6(a), we know that
6 n = odd
a0 = 12 , an = 0 , and bn =  nπ .
 0 n = even
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x1(t) are given by
 a0 n=0  a0 n=0
  1
Dn =  12 ( an − jbn ) n>0 = − 2 jbn n > 0 [∵ an = a− n = 0]
 1 ( a + jb ) n<0  1 jb
 2 −n −n  2 −n n < 0
 32 n=0
 0  32 n=0
 n = even 
= =0 n = even
− j nπ n=odd,n > 0
3
 3 n = odd
− j n3π n=odd,n < 0  jnπ

(b) From the solution of Problem P4.6(b), we know that

 0 n = even

a0 = , an = − n1π sin(nπ / 2) = − n1π n = 4k + 1 , and bn = 0 .
3
4
 1
 nπ n = 4k + 3
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x2(t) are given by
 Solutions 139

 a0 n=0 a0 n=0

  1
Dn =  12 ( an − jbn ) n>0 =  2 an n > 0 [∵ bn = b− n = 0]
1 1
 2 ( a− n + jb− n ) n<0  2 a− n n < 0
 34 n=0  34 n=0
 
 0 0 ≠ n = even  0 0 ≠ n = even
= =
− 2 nπ n = 4k + 1 − 2 nπ n = ±1, ±5,...
1 1

 1  1
 2 nπ n = 4k + 3  2 nπ n = ±3, ±7,...

(c) From the solution of Problem P4.6(c), we know that

a0 = 12 , an = 0, and bn = 1
nπ
.

Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x3(t) are given by
 a0 n=0  a0 n=0
  1
Dn =  12 ( an − jbn ) n>0 = − 2 jbn n > 0 [∵ an = a− n = 0]
 1 ( a + jb ) n<0  1 jb
 2 −n −n  2 −n n < 0
 1
n=0

2
 1 n=0
= − j 2 n1π n>0 =  −2j
− j 1  2 nπ n≠0
 2 nπ n<0

(d) From the solution of Problem P4.6(d), we know that

 0 n = even
a0 = 12 , an = 22 2 1 − (−1)n  =  , and bn = 0 .
nπ   4 n = odd
 n2π 2
Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x4(t) are given by
 a0 n=0 a0 n=0
  1
Dn =  2 ( an − jbn ) = 2 an n > 0
1 1
=  2 an n > 0 [∵ bn = b− n = 0]
1 1
 2 ( a− n + jb− n ) = 2 a− n n < 0  2 a− n n < 0
1

.
 12 n=0
  12 n=0
 0 0 ≠ n = even 
= 1 4 = 0 0 ≠ n = even.
 2 n2π 2 = n2π 2 n = odd , n > 0
2
 2
1 4 = 2  n2π 2 n = odd
 2 ( − n )2 π 2 n2π 2 n = odd , n < 0

(e) From the solution of Problem P4.6(e), we know that

0 n = even
 0 n = odd 
a0 = 12 − 21π , an =  , and b =  2 − 1 n =1
1 nπ
 π ( n2 −1) n = even n
 2
4

 nπ 1 ≠ n = odd
140 Chapter 4

Using Eq. (4.45), the exponential CTFS coefficients for x5(t) are given by

(n = 0): D0 = 12 − 21π

(n = 1): D1 = 1
2 ( a1 − jb1 ) = − 2j ( π2 − 14 ) = (
j 18 − π1 )
(n = −1): D−1 = 1
2 ( a1 + jb1 ) = j 2
2 π ( ) (
− 14 = − j 18 − π1 )
 − nπj n = odd  jnπ
1
n = odd
(n > 1): Dn = ( an − jbn ) =  1
1
2 =
n = even  2π ( n12 −1) n = even
 2π ( n2 −1)
 2j ( − n2π ) n = odd  jn1π n = odd
(n < −1): Dn = 12 ( a− n + jb− n ) =  1 = 1
n = even n = even
 2π ( n −1)
2  2π ( n2 −1)

Combining the above results, we obtain

 12 (1 − π1 ) n=0

Dn = 
(
 ± j 18 − π1 ) n = ±1
▌
1
 2π ( n2 −1) 0 ≠ n = even
 1
 jnπ ± 1 ≠ n = odd .

Problem 4.14
Problem 4.11(b) computes the exponential DTFS coefficients of x2(t) as
CTFS 0.5
x 2(t ) ←→ Dnx = − sin(0.5nπ)
nπ
with fundamental frequency ω0 = π/T. Differentiating x2(t) with respect to t, we get
∞ ∞
dx 2(t )
dt
= ∑ 0.5δ(t − 0.5T − 2kT ) − ∑
0.5δ(t + 0.5T − 2kT ) ,
k = −∞ m = −∞
0.5 g (t ) 0.5 g (t +T )

where the first term g(t) represents an impulse train with period T0 = 2T and with impulses located at
(T/2 + 2kT). Using the time differentiation property,
dx 2(t ) CTFS jnπ 0 .5 1
←→ jnω0 Dnx = ×− sin(0.5nπ) = − j sin(0.5nπ)
dt T nπ 2T
CTFS 1
implying that 0.5 g (t ) − 0.5 g (t + T ) ←→ − j sin(0.5nπ) .
2T
Using the time shifting property,

(
g (t ) − g (t + T ) ←→ Dng 1 − e jnω0T = Dng 1 − e jnπ
CTFS
) ( )
with Dng representing the exponential CTFS coefficients of g(t). Hence,

(
Dng 1 − e jnπ = − j ) 1
T
sin(0.5nπ)
 Solutions 141

1 sin(0.5nπ) 1 sin(0.5nπ) e − jnπ / 2

or, Dng = − j = − j = . ▌
2T 1 − e jnπ T e jnπ / 2 (−2 j sin(0.5nπ)) 2T

Problem 4.15
(i) As shown in Problem P4.8(i), x1(t) is periodic with the overall period T0 = 2π and fundamental
frequency ω0 = 1. The function x1(t) can be expressed as follows:
x1 (t ) = cos(7t) + cos(15t) = 12 e j 7t + 12 e − j 7 t + 12 e j15t + 12 e− j15t .
Comparing with the exponential CTFS expansion with ω0 = 1,
∞
x(t ) = ∑ Dn exp( jnt ) ,
n =1

we note that D7 = D− 7 = 0.5 and D15 = D−15 = 0.5.

The remaining coefficients are all zero.
(ii) As shown in Problem P4.8(ii), x2(t) is periodic with the overall period T0 = π and fundamental
frequency ω0 = 2. Expanding
x2(t) = 3 + sin(2t) + cos(4t + π/4)

as x2 (t ) = 3 + 1
j2
e j 2t − 12 e − j 2t + 12 e jπ / 4e j 4t + 12 e − jπ / 4e − j 4t

Comparing with the exponential CTFS expansion with ω0 = 2,

∞
x(t ) = ∑ Dn exp( j 2nt ) ,
n =1

we note that

D− 2 = 12 e − jπ / 4 , D−1 = j 12 , D0 = 3, D1 = − j 12 and D2 = 12 e jπ / 4 .

The remaining coefficients are all zero.

(iii) As shown in Problem P4.8(iii), x3(t) is periodic with the overall period T0 = 2π and fundamental
frequency ω0 = 1. Expanding

x3 (t ) = 1.2 + e j 2t +1 + e j (5t + 2) + +e − j (3t + 2)

as x3 (t ) = 1.2 + e × e j 2t + e j 2 × e j 5t + e − j 2 × e − j 3t .

Comparing with the exponential CTFS expansion with ω0 = 1,

∞
x(t ) = ∑ Dn exp( jnt ) ,
n =1

we note that

D− 3 = e − j 2 , D0 = 1.2, D2 = e, and D5 = e j 2 .
The remaining coefficients are all zero.
142 Chapter 4

(i) Since the signal is not periodic because of the exp(t + 1) term, the exponential CTFS expansion
cannot be obtained. ▌

Problem 4.16
∞
1
For the impulse train p (t ) = ∑ δ(t − 2kπ)←
CTFS
→ En =
2π
k = −∞

with period T0 = 2π and fundamental frequency ω0 = 1.

∞ ∞
∑( ) ∑( )
dx(t )
Expressing = δ t + π4 − 2kπ − δ t − π4 − 2kπ ,
dt k = −∞ k = −∞
p (t + π / 4) p (t − π / 4)

and using the time shifting property, we observe that

dx(t ) CTFS
←→ e jnω0 π / 4 En − e − jnω0 π / 4 En .
dt
dx(t ) CTFS
Substituting ω0 = 1, we get ←→ 2 j sin(0.25nπ) En .
dt
Using the time differentiation property,
jnω0 Dn = 2 j sin(0.25nπ) En ,

or, Dn = n2 sin(0.25nπ) En .
nπ )
Substituting En = 1/2π, we get Dn = 1
πn sin(0.25nπ ) = 14 × sin(0.25
0.25π n = 14 sinc(0.25n) . ▌

Problem 4.17
Example 4.14 derived the exponential DTFS coefficients of the square wave with the duty cycle (τ/T) as
Dn = Tτ sinc( nTτ ) .

(i) For T = 5 ms, the fundamental frequency is f0 = 1/T = 1/5ms = 200 Hz, while the fundamental
angular frequency is ω0 = 2πf0 = 400π radians/s. With τ = 1ms, the exponential CTFS coefficients
are given by
Dn = 15 sinc( n5 ) ,

which are plotted in Fig. S4.17(a) in terms of two scales: (a) number n of the CTFS coefficients;
and (b) the corresponding frequency f = nf0 in Hz.
(ii) For T = 10 ms, the fundamental frequency is f0 = 1/T = 1/10ms = 100 Hz, while the fundamental
angular frequency is ω0 = 2πf0 = 200π radians/s. With τ = 2ms, the expression for the exponential
CTFS coefficients stay the same as in part (i) and is given by
Dn = 15 sinc( n5 ) ,

which are plotted in Fig. S4.17(b) in terms of two scales: (a) number n of the CTFS coefficients;
and (b) the corresponding frequency f = nf0 in Hz.
 Solutions 143

0.2
0.15
0.1

0.05
0
n
−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
f
−3000 −2000 −1000 0 1000 2000 3000

(a)
0.2 0.2

0.15 0.15

0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0
n n
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60
f f
−3000 −2000 −1000 0 1000 2000 3000 −3000 −2000 −1000 0 1000 2000 3000

(b) (c)
Fig. S4.17: DTFS coefficients for Problem 4.17.

(iii) Finally, for T = 20 ms, the fundamental frequency is f0 = 1/T = 1/20ms = 50 Hz, while the
fundamental angular frequency is ω0 = 2πf0 = 100π radians/s. With τ = 4ms, the expression for the
exponential CTFS coefficients stay the same as in parts (i) and (ii) and is given by
Dn = 15 sinc( n5 ) ,

which are plotted in Fig. S4.17(b) in terms of two scales: (a) number n of the CTFS coefficients;
and (b) the corresponding frequency f = nf0 in Hz.
From Fig. S4.17, we make the following observations.
DC Coefficient: Keeping the duty cycle (τ/T) of the square wave constant maintains the same dc
or average value of the signal. Therefore, the dc coefficient D0 stays the same for the three
representations.
Zero Crossings: Since the duty cycle (τ/T) is kept constant, the width of the main lobe and side
lobes of the discrete sinc function stay the same in the discrete (n) domain. A change in the
fundamental frequency causes the widths to be different in Hertz. ▌

Problem 4.18
(a) In time domain, the average power of x1(t) is given by
T π
1 1 9
∫ ∫
2
Px1 = x1(t ) dt = 9dt = .
T 2π 2
0 0

Using the Parseval’s theorem, the average power of x1(t) is given by

∞ ∞ ∞
18 1
∑ ∑ ∑
2 2 2
Px1 = Dn = D0 + 2 Dn = 2.25 + 2 2
.
n = −∞ n =1,3,5,... π n =1,3,5,... n

Using the results of Problem 4.21, we know that

144 Chapter 4

π2 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... ,
8 3 5 7 9

18 π2
which gives Px1 = 2.25 + × = 4.5 .
π2 8
(b) In time domain, the average power of x2(t) is given by
T
1 1
Px 2 = ∫ x2(t )
2
dt = [0.25T + T ] = 0.625.
2T 2T
0

Using the Parseval’s theorem, the average power of x2(t) is given by

∞ ∞ ∞
9 2 1
∑ Dn ∑ Dn ∑
2 2 2
Px 2 = = D0 + 2 = + 2 2
.
n = −∞ n =1,3,5,...
16 4π n =1,3,5,... n

Using the results of Problem 4.21, we know that

π2 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
8 3 5 7 9
9 2 π 2 10
which gives Px 2 = + 2× = = 0.625.
16 4π 8 16
(c) In time domain, the average power of x3(t) is given by

[ ]
T
1 T T 1
∫ x3(t )
2
Px3 = dt = − (1 − t / T )3 0 = .
T 3T 3
0

Using the Parseval’s theorem, the average power of x3(t) is given by

∞ ∞ ∞
1 2 1
∑ ∑ ∑
2 2 2
Px 3 = Dn = D0 + 2 Dn = + 2 2
.
n = −∞ n =1, 2,3,...
4 4π n =1, 2,3,... n

Using the results of Problem 4.23, we know that

π2 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
6 2 3 4 5
1 2 π2 1
which gives Px3 = + 2× = .
4 4π 6 3
(d) In time domain, the average power of x4(t) is given by

[ ]
T T
1 1 T T 1
∫ ∫
2
Px 4 = x 4(t ) dt = (1 − t / T ) 2 dt = − (1 − t / T )3 0 = .
2T T 3T 3
−T 0

Using the Parseval’s theorem, the average power of x2(t) is given by

∞ ∞ ∞
1 8 1
∑ ∑ ∑
2 2 2
Px 4 = Dn = D0 + 2 Dn = + .
n = −∞ n =1,3,5,...
4 π4 n =1,3,5,... n
4
 Solutions 145

1 1 1 1 π2
Using the result 1+ + + + + ... = 1. 0147 =
34 5 4 7 4 9 4 96

1 8 π2 1
which gives Px 4 = + × = . ▌
4 π 2 96 3
Problem 4.19
(a) Within one period t = [0, 2π], function x1(t) is absolutely integrable as
2π π

∫ x1(t ) dt = ∫ 3dt = 3π.

0 0

Function x1(t) has only one maxima and one minima within one period, hence, has bounded
variations.
Finally, there are only two discontinuities within one period.
Function x1(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(b) Within one period t = [0, 2Τ], function x2(t) is absolutely integrable as
2T

∫ x2(t ) dt = 1.5T .
0

Function x2(t) has only one maxima at and two minimas within one period t = [0, Τ], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there are only two discontinuities t = T/2 and 3T/2 within one period t = [0, Τ].
Function x2(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(c) Within one period t = [0, Τ], function x3(t) is absolutely integrable as
T
T
∫ x3(t ) dt = 2 .
0

Function x3(t) has only one minima and one maxima within one period t = [0, Τ], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there are only one discontinuity at t = 0 within one period t = [0, Τ].
Function x3(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(d) Within one period t = [0, 2Τ], function x4(t) is absolutely integrable as
2T

∫ x4(t ) dt = T .
0

Function x4(t) has only one minima and one maxima within one period t = [0, 2Τ], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there is no discontinuity within one period t = [0, 2Τ].
Function x4(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
(e) Within one period t = [0, 2Τ], function x5(t) is absolutely integrable as
146 Chapter 4

2T
(π − 1)T
∫ x5(t ) dt = 2π
.
0

Function x5(t) has only one minima and two maximas within one period t = [0, 2Τ], hence, has
bounded variations.
Finally, there is no discontinuity within one period t = [0, 2Τ].
Function x5(t) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions. ▌

Problem 4.20
Determine if the following functions satisfy the Dirichlet conditions and have CTFS representation.
(i) x(t ) = 1 / t , t = (0, 2] and x(t ) = x(t + 2) ;
(ii) g (t ) = cos(π / 2t ) , t = (0, 1] and g (t ) = g (t + 1) ;
(iii) h(t ) = sin(ln(t )) , t = (0, 1] and h(t ) = h(t + 1) .
Solution:
2 2 2
1 1
(i) ∫ ∫
x(t ) dt = dt = − 2
t 2t 0
=∞
0 0

As the function x(t) is not absolutely integrable, x(t) does not satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
(ii) As shown in Fig. S4.20 (top plot), function g(t) has an infinite number of maximas and minimas
in one period. Therefore, g(t) does not satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
(ii) As shown in Fig. S4.20 (bottom plot), function h(t) appears to satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
However, Matlab is not able to plot all the peaks because of its limited resolution. When
t = (0,1] , ln(t ) = (−∞, 0] and is a CT function. The function sin(ln(t )) will have a maxima every
2π interval of ln(t ) implying that the total number of maxima’s are infinite. The function h(t)
therefore does not satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.

Problem 4.20, part (ii)

1
g(t) = cos(π/2t)

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time (t)
Problem 4.20, part (iii)
1
h(t) = sin(ln(t))

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time (t)

Fig. S4.20: One period of the functions g(t) and h(t) in Problem 4.20(ii) and (iii).
 Solutions 147

Problem 4.21
Example 4.9 derived the trigonometric CTFS coefficients of the triangular wave f(t), shown in Fig.
S4.21, as follows
∞
24 24  1 1 1 
f (t ) = ∑ 2
cos(0.5nπt ) = 2 cos(0.5πt ) + 2 cos(1.5πt ) + 2 cos(2.5πt ) + 2 cos(3.5πt ) + 
n =1,3,5,... ( nπ) π  3 5 7 

Substituting (t = 0) on both sides, we get

24 ∞ 1 24  1 1 1 1 
f ( 0) = 2 ∑
π n =1,3,5,... n 2
= 2 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ... .
π  3 5 7 9 
f (t )

t
−4 −2 0 2 4

−3

Figure S4.21: Periodic signal f(t) considered in Problem 4.21.

From Fig. S4.21, we note that f (0) = 3 .
Equating the above two equations, we obtain
∞
π2 1 1 1 1 1
= ∑
8 n =1,3,5,... n 2
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
3 5 7 9
▌

Problem 4.22
From the solution of Problem 4.6(c), we know that the trigonometric CTFS expansion of the half
sawtooth wave is given by

1 ∞ 1
x3(t ) = +
2 n =1 nπ ∑
sin(2nπt / T )

1 ∞ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Substituting t = T/4, we get x3(T / 4) = + ∑
2 n =1 nπ
sin(nπ / 2) = + 1 − + − + − + −...
2 π  3 5 7 9 11 
Since x3(T/4) = (1 – (T/4)/T) = 0.75, therefore,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
0.75 = + 1 − + − + − + −...
2 π  3 5 7 9 11 

π ∞ 1 1 1 1 1 1
which implies that =
4 n =1 n∑× (−1) n −1 = 1 − + − + − + −...
3 5 7 9 11
▌
148 Chapter 4

Problem 4.23
From the solution of Problem 4.11(c), we know that the exponential CTFS expansion of the half
sawtooth wave is given by
 1 , n=0
Dn =  12
 j 2 nπ , n ≠ 0.

Computing the power from the exponential CTFS coefficients, we get

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ n2 .
2
Px = Dn = + 2 2
= + 2 2 2
= + 2
n = −∞
4 n = −∞ 4n π 4 n =1 4n π
4 2π n =1
n≠0

Computing the power in the time domain, we obtain

T T T
2 3
1 1  t 1  t 1 1
∫ ∫
2
Px = x3(t ) dt = 1 −  dt = × (−T / 3) 1 −  = × (−T / 3) × (0 − 1) = .
T T  T T  T T 3
0 0 0

Equating the two expressions for the power

∞
1 1 1 1
= + 2
3 4 2π
∑ n2
n =1

∞
π2 1 1 1 1 1 1
or, = ∑
6 n =1 n 2
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2 3 4 5 6
▌

Problem 4.24
(i) The transfer function H(ω) is given by
∞ ∞ 0
− 2 t − jωt
∫ ∫
dt = e − 2t e − jωt dt + ∫e
2t − jωt
H (ω) = e e e dt
−∞ 0 −∞
∞ 0
1 1
= e − ( 2 + jω)t + e ( 2 − jω)t
(−2 − jω) 0
(2 + jω) −∞

1 1 4
= × [0 − 1] + × [1 − 0] =
(−2 − jω) (2 + jω) 4 + ω2

(ii) Since the transfer function H(ω) is real valued, therefore, its magnitude spectrum
4
H (ω) = H (ω) = .
4 + ω2
 Solutions 149

Magnitude Plot for h(t) = exp(−2|t|)

1
0.8
0.6

|H( ω)|
0.4
0.2

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
frequency ( ω)

Fig. S4.24: Magnitude spectrum for h(t) = exp(−2|t|)

The magnitude spectrum |H(ω)| is shown in Fig. S4.24.
(iii) The exponential CTFS coefficients En of the output signal y(t) are given by En = Dn H(ω0) where
ω0 = 2π/T and Dn are the exponential CTFS coefficients for the input signal. As found in P4.12,
the exponential CTFS coefficients for the input impulse train are given by:
T0 2 T /2
1 1 1
∫ x(t )e ∫ δ(t )e
− jnω0 t − jnt
Dn = dt = dt =
T0 T T
−T0 2 −T / 2

The exponential DTFS coefficients En are then given by

1 4   4T 
En =  2  = 2 2 .
T  4 + ω  ω= 2 nπ / T  4T + (2nπ) 

In the time domain, the output signal is expressed as

∞ ∞
T
y (t ) = ∑ En e jnω0 t = ∑ 2 2
e j 2nπt / T . ▌
n = −∞ n = −∞ T + ( nπ)

Problem 4.25
(i) The transfer function H(ω) is given by
∞ ∞ ∞

∫ (e )e ∫ ∫
− 2t − 4t − jωt − ( 2 + jω)t
H (ω) = −e dt = e dt − e − ( 4 + jω)t dt
0 0 0
∞ ∞
−1 −1
= e − ( 2 + jω)t + e − ( 4 + jω)t
( 2 + jω) 0
(4 + jω) 0

−1 −1 2
= × [0 − 1] − × [0 − 1] =
( 2 + jω) (4 + jω) (2 + jω)(4 + jω)

(ii) The magnitude response is given by

2
H (ω) = .
(4 + ω )(16 + ω )
2 2

The magnitude spectrum |H(ω)| is shown in Fig. S4.25.

150 Chapter 4

Magnitude Plot for h(t) = [exp(−2t) − exp(−4t)] u(t)

0.25

0.2

|H( ω)|
0.15

0.1

0.05
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
frequency ( ω)

Fig. S4.25: Magnitude spectrum for h(t) = [exp(−2t) − exp(−4t)] u(t).

(iii) The exponential CTFS coefficients En of the output signal y(t) are given by En = Dn H(ω0) with ω0
= π/T. For the raised cosine wave, the exponential CTFS coefficients Dn are given by
 0.75 n=0
Dn =  0.5 .
− sin(0.5nπ) n ≠ 0
 nπ

Therefore, the CTFS coefficients En of the output signal y(t) are given by

 0.75 n=0
 2  
En =   ×  0.5
 (2 + jω )(4 + jω ) ω = nπ / T − sin(nπ / 2) n ≠ 0
 nπ
 1/ 4 n=0  3/ 4 n=0
 
= 2T 2
×  0.5
 (2T + jnπ )(4T + jnπ ) n ≠ 0  − nπ sin(nπ / 2) n ≠ 0

 3 /16 n=0

= T 2 sin(nπ / 2)
 nπ (2T + jnπ )(4T + jnπ ) n ≠ 0.
−

In the time domain, the output signal is expressed as
∞
3 ∞
T 2 sin(0.5nπ )
y (t ) = ∑
n =−∞
En e jnω0t = −∑
16 n =−∞ nπ (2T + jnπ )(4T + jnπ )
e jnπ t / T . ▌
n≠0

Problem 4.26
(i) The transfer function H(ω) is given by
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
e − (4+ jω ) t e − (4+ jω ) t
H (ω ) = ∫ te −4 t
e − jωt
dt = ∫ te − (4 + jω ) t
dt = t −
0 0
−(4 + jω ) 0 (4 + jω ) 2 0

−1 1 1
= × [ 0 − 0] − × [ 0 − 1] = .
(4 + jω ) (4 + jω ) 2
(4 + jω ) 2
(ii) The magnitude response is given by
 Solutions 151

1 1
H (ω ) = = .
(16 + ω )(16 + ω )
2 2 16 + ω 2

The magnitude spectrum |H(ω)| is shown in Fig. S4.26.

Magnitude Plot for h(t) = t exp(−4t) u(t)

0.06

0.04

0.02

−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
frequency ( ω)

Fig. S4.26: Magnitude spectrum for h(t) = t exp(−4t) u(t).

(iii) The exponential CTFS coefficients En of the output signal y(t) are given by En = Dn H(ω0) with ω0
= π/T. For the sawtooth wave, the exponential CTFS coefficients Dn are given by
 1, n=0
 2

Dn =  0, even n, n ≠ 0
 2
 ( nπ) 2 odd n, n ≠ 0.

Therefore, the CTFS coefficients En of the output signal y(t) are given by


 32 ,
1
n=0
 12 , n=0 
 1   
En =  2
×  0, even n =  0, even n
 (4 + jω ) ω = 2 nπ / T  2 
 ( nπ )2 odd n  2T 2
 odd n.
 (nπ ) (4T + j 2nπ )
2 2

In the time domain, the output signal is expressed as

∞ ∞
1 2T 2
y (t ) = ∑
n =−∞
En e jnω0t = + ∑
32 n =−∞ (nπ ) (4T + j 2nπ )
2 2
e jnπ t / T . ▌
n = odd
152 Chapter 4

Problem 4.27
(i) (a) Expressing

7 ∞ 1 7 1 1 
x1 (t ) = ∑ sin[8π(2m + 1)t ] = sin(8πt ) + sin(24πt ) + sin(40πt ) + ...
π m = 0 2m + 1 π 3 5 

we note that the signal x1(t) contains the fundamental component sin(8πt) and its harmonics.
Therefore, the signal is periodic, and the fundamental frequency for x1(t) is given by ω0 = 8π
radian/sec. The fundamental period is T0 = 2π/ω0 = 0.25 sec.

7 ∞ 1 7 ∞ 1
(b) Since x1 ( −t ) = ∑ sin[− 8π(2m + 1)t ] = − ∑ sin[8π(2m + 1)t ] = − x1 (t ) ,
π m = 0 2m + 1 π m = 0 2m + 1

the signal is odd.

(c) The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The
number n of harmonics is set to 4000.

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 4000;
w0 = 8*pi;
t = -1:0.001:1;
a0 = 0;
an = zeros(1,nterms);
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
bn2d = zeros(2,nterms/2);
bn2d(1,:) = 1./nnz;
bn = reshape(bn2d,1,nterms);
% calculating time-domain function
x1 = (7/pi)* ictfs(w0,t, a0,an,bn);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x1(t)');
axis([-1 1 -3 3]), grid on;
title ('Reconstruction from CTFS')

(d) The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.27.

Reconstruction from CTFS

3
2
1
x1(t)

0
−1
−2
−3
−1 −0.75 −0.5 −0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
t

Fig. S4.27: Signal x1(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.27(a).
(ii) (a) Expressing
∞
1  1 1 
x2 (t ) = 1.5 + ∑ 4m + 1 cos[2π(4m + 1)t ] = 1.5 + cos(2πt ) + 5 cos(10πt ) + 9 sin(18πt ) + ...
m=0
 Solutions 153

we note that the signal x2(t) contains the fundamental component cos(2πt) and its harmonics.
Therefore, the signal is periodic, and the fundamental frequency for x2(t) is given by ω0 = 2π
radian/sec. The fundamental period is T0 = 2π/ω0 = 1 sec.
∞ ∞
1 1
(b) Since x2 (−t ) = 1.5 + ∑ cos[− 2π(4m + 1)t ] = 1.5 + ∑ cos[2π(4m + 1)t ] = x2 (t ) ,
m=0
4 m + 1 m=0
4 m + 1

the signal is even.

(c) The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The
number n of harmonics is set to 4000.

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 4000 ;
w0 = 2*pi ;
t = -4:0.001:4 ;
a0 = 1.5 ;
nnz = 1:4:nterms;
an2d = zeros(4,nterms/4);
an2d(1,:) = 1./nnz ;
an = reshape(an2d,1,nterms) ;
bn = zeros(1,nterms) ;
% calculating time-domain function
x2 = ictfs(w0,t,a0,an,bn);
plot(t,x2)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x2(t)');
axis([-2 2 -2 5]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')

(d) The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.27. ▌

Signal Reconstruction from CTFS
4
3
2
x2(t)

1
0

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
t

Fig. S4.27: Signal x2(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.27(b).
.
Problem 4.28
From Example 4.8, the CTFS coefficients are given by
3.4157 17.0787 n
a0 = 1.7079 , an = 2
, and bn = .
1 + 25n 1 + 25n 2
The periodic signal g(t) is, therefore, given by
154 Chapter 4

∞ ∞
g (t ) = 1.7079 + ∑ 3.4157
1+ 25 n 2
cos(nt ) + ∑ 171+.250787n n sin(nt )
2

n =1 n =1

with the fundamental frequency ωo = 1 radians/s.

The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 2000 ;
n = 1:nterms;
w0 = 1 ;
t = -12:0.01:12 ;
a0=1.7079 ;
an = 3.4157./(1+25*n.*n) ;
bn = 17.0787*n./(1+25*n.*n) ;
% calculating time-domain function
g = ictfs(w0,t, a0,an,bn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,g)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('g(t)');
axis([-12 12 0 4]), grid on
title ('Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS')

The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.28. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.10.
▌
Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS
4

3
g(t)

0
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t

Fig. S4.28: Signal g(t) reconstructed from the first 2000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.28.
Problem 4.29
From Example 4.9, the CTFS coefficients are given by
 0 n is even

a0 = 0 , an =  24 , and bn = 0 .
 (nπ )2 n is odd.

The periodic signal f(t) is, therefore, given by

∞
f (t ) = ∑ (n24π) 2 cos(0.5nπt ) = 24
π2
[cos(0.5πt ) + 19 cos(1.5πt ) + 251 cos(2.5πt ) + ]
n =1

with the fundamental frequency ωo = 0.5π radians/s.

 Solutions 155

The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 2000.

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 2000 ;
an = zeros(1,nterms);
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
w0 = 0.5*pi ;
t = -8:0.01:8 ;
a0=0 ;
an2d = zeros(2,nterms/2);
an2d(1,:) = 24./(pi*pi*nnz.*nnz) ;
an=reshape(an2d,1,nterms) ;
bn = zeros(1,nterms);
% calculating time-domain function
x = ictfs(w0,t, a0,an,bn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,x)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('f(t)');
axis([-8 8 -4 4]), grid on
title ('Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS')

The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.29. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.11.
▌
Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS
4

0
f(t)

−2

−4
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
t

Fig. S4.29: Signal f(t) reconstructed from the first 2000 trigonometric
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.29.
Problem 4.30
From Example 4.12, the CTFS coefficients are given by
Dn ≈ 0.3416
0.2 + jn
.

The periodic signal g(t) is, therefore, given by

∞
g (t ) = ∑ 00..23416
+ jn
exp( jnωοt )
n = −∞

with the fundamental frequency ωo = 1 radians/s.

The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.
156 Chapter 4

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 4000 ;
n=(-nterms/2):nterms/2;
dn = 0.3416./(0.2+i*n);
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
w0 = 1;
t = -12:0.01:12 ;
% calculating time-domain function
g = ictfs(w0,t,dn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,g)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('g(t)');
axis([-12 12 0 4]), grid on
title ('Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS')

The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.30. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.10.
▌
Reconstruction of g(t) from CTFS
4

3
g(t)

0
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
t

Fig. S4.30: Signal g(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.30.
Problem 4.31
From Example 4.13, the CTFS coefficients are given by

 0 n = even

Dn =  12 .
 ( nπ )2 n = odd.

The periodic signal f(t) is, therefore, given by

∞
f (t ) = ∑ 12
( nπ ) 2
exp( jnωοt )
n = −∞
n is odd

with the fundamental frequency ωo = π/2 radians/s.

The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.
 Solutions 157

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 4000 ;
w0 = 0.5*pi ;
t = -8:0.01:8 ;
nnz = 1:2:nterms;
dn2d = zeros(2,nterms/2);
dn2d(2,:) = 12./(pi*pi*nnz.*nnz) ;
dn=reshape(dn2d,1,nterms) ;
dn = [fliplr(dn(2:length(dn))), dn];
% calculating time-domain function
f = ictfs(w0,t, dn) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,f)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('f(t)');
axis([-8 8 -4 4]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')

The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.31. It is observed that the plot is identical to that of Fig.
4.11.
▌
Reconstruction of f(t) from CTFS
4

0
f(t)

−2

−4
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
t

Fig. S4.31: Signal f(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.31.

Problem 4.32
From the solution of Problem 4.24, the exponential CTFS coefficients are given by

 T 
En =  2 2 2
T + n π 
with the time domain representation
∞
T
y (t ) = ∑T
n =−∞
2
+n π
2 2
e j 2 nπ t / T

where ωo = 2π/Τ = 2π radians/s

The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.
158 Chapter 4

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 4000 ;
T = 1;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = -6:0.01:6;
nnz = 0:nterms;
en = (4*T)./(4*T^2 + (nnz*pi).^2);
en = [fliplr(en(2:length(en))), en];
% calculating time-domain function
y = ictfs(w0,t, en) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,y)
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y(t)');
axis([-6 6 0 2.5]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')
print -dtiff plot.tiff;

The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.32.

Fig. S4.32: Signal y(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.32.

Problem 4.33
From the solution of Problem 4.25, the exponential CTFS coefficients are given by
 3/16 n=0

En =  T sin( nπ / 2)
2

 − nπ (2T + jnπ )(4T + jnπ ) n ≠ 0.


with the time domain representation
∞
3 ∞
T 2 sin( nπ / 2)
y (t ) = ∑Ee
n =−∞
n
jnω0t
= −∑
16 n =−∞ nπ (2T + jnπ )(4T + jnπ )
e jnπ t / T
n ≠0

where ωo = 2π/Τ = 2π radians/s

The following MATLAB code is used to reconstruct the function in the time domain. The number n of
harmonics is set to 4000.
 Solutions 159

% initializing CTFS parameters

nterms = 4000 ;
T = 1;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = -6:0.01:6;
n = -nterms:nterms;
en = -(T^2*sin(0.5*n*pi))./((n+eps)*pi.*(2*T+j*n*pi).*(4*T+j*n*pi));
en(n == 0) = 3/16;
% calculating time-domain function
y = ictfs(w0,t, en) ;
% plotting the function
plot(t,real(y)) % imaginary part of y(t) is 0
xlabel('t');
ylabel('y(t)');
axis([-6 6 0.12 0.26]), grid on
title ('Signal Reconstruction from CTFS')
print -dtiff plot.tiff;

The resulting waveform is shown in Fig. S4.33.

Fig. S4.33: Signal y(t) reconstructed from the first 4000 exponential
CTFS coefficients in Problem 4.33.