Global Enabling Trade Report 2010

cover.
web:GETR 2010 cover 5/3/10 11:23 AM Page 1
Engaging in international trade has long been viewed as key to national prosperity and
The Global Enablng Trade Report 2010

well-being. In the current context of the global economic crisis, further enabling trade
across borders will be essential to strengthening the forces that drive recovery, just as
trade has played a central role in spreading the downturn across the globe.
Against this background, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 measures and analyzes
institutions, policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around the world,
highlighting for policymakers a country’s strengths and the challenges to be addressed.
The Global Enabling Trade Re-
The Report includes the most current data and recent analysis of the factors enabling
trade in industrialized and emerging economies. port 2010
Report 2010
The Report presents the rankings of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI), developed by the
World Economic Forum in collaboration with international trade experts and leaders
from the logistics and transport industry. It is a comprehensive index intended to
capture the full range of issues that contribute to impeding trade, ranking nations
according to factors that facilitate the free flow of goods across national borders and
to destination. The printed short version of the Report contains detailed profiles for 23
selected countries, while the full electronic version details the results for all 125
economies covered—4 more than last year.
Written in a nontechnical language and style, the Report appeals to a broad audience that
includes policymakers, business leaders, and members of the academic community. It
provides a yardstick to measure the extent to which countries have in place the
necessary attributes for facilitating the free flow of goods, and it aims to provoke
dialogue among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the
present crisis and, ultimately, raise the prosperity of the world’s citizens.
The full Report can be downloaded at www.weforum.org/getr.
Lawrence | Drzeniek Hanouz | Doherty | Moavenzadeh
Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University

Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum
Sean Doherty, World Economic Forum
John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-84-5
The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 © 2010 World Economic Forum
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World Economic Forum

Geneva, Switzerland 2010
The Global Enabling Trade

Report 2010

Editors
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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 is World Economic Forum

published by the World Economic Forum Geneva
within the framework of the Global
Competitiveness Network and the Industry Copyright © 2010
Partnership Programme for Logistics and by the World Economic Forum
Transport.
Published by World Economic Forum
www.weforum.org
Professor Klaus Schwab All rights reserved. No part of this publication

Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
Robert Greenhill means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
Chief Business Officer, World Economic or otherwise without the prior permission of
Forum the World Economic Forum.
ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-84-5
EDITORS
This book is printed on paper suitable for
At the John F. Kennedy School of Government,
recycling and made from fully managed and
Harvard University:
sustained forest sources.
Robert Z. Lawrence, Albert L. Williams
Professor of Trade and Investment Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig
At the World Economic Forum: The full version of the Report with Profiles
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist of all 125 economies is available at
Sean Doherty, Associate Director, Head of www.weforum.org/getr.
Logistics and Transport Industry
John Moavenzadeh, Senior Director, Head
of Mobility Industries
LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT TEAM
Katerina Soulounia, Team Coordinator,

Mobility Industries
GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK
Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist,

Head of Global Competitiveness Network
Ciara Browne, Associate Director
Thierry Geiger, Associate Director,
Economist, Global Leadership Fellow
Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist
Carissa Sahli, Team Coordinator
Pearl Samandari, Community Manager
Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant
A special thank you to Hope Steele for her

excellent editing work and Neil Weinberg for
his superb graphic design and layout.
The terms country and nation as used in this

Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial
entity that is a state as understood by inter-
national law and practice. The terms cover
well-defined, geographically self-contained
economic areas that may not be states but
for which statistical data are maintained on a
separate and independent basis.
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Contents
Partner Institutes v
Preface xi
by Robert Greenhill, World Economic Forum
Part 1: The Enabling Trade Index Results 1
1.1 Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade: The Enabling 3

Trade Index 2010
by Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University; and Sean Doherty,
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, and Eva Trujillo
Herrera, World Economic Forum
iii
Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles 33

How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles ...............................35
List of Countries/Economies ........................................................39
Country/Economy Profiles............................................................40
Technical Notes and Sources 291
About the Authors 297
Acknowledgments 301
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Partner Institutes
Partner Institutes
The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Belgium

Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School
Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the fol-
Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director
lowing organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, and Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
without which the realization of The Global Enabling Governance and Strategy
Trade Report 2010 would not have been possible: Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Wim Moesen, Professor
Albania Benin
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies
Artan Hoxha, President (MIMAP) Benin
Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator
Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator
Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher
Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée Bosnia and Herzegovina
pour le Développement (CREAD) MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo,
Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor University of Sarajevo
Yassine Ferfera, Director Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor
Zeljko Sain, Executive Director
Argentina
Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director
IAE- Universidad Austral
María Elina Gigaglia, Project Manager Botswana
v
Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Botswana National Productivity Centre
Joseph Jonazi, Research Consultant and Statistician
Armenia
Dabilani Buthali, Manager, Information and
Economy and Values Research Center
Research Services Department
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Thembo Lebang, Executive Director
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate
Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Brazil
Fundação Dom Cabral
Australia
Carlos Arruda, Executive Director, International Board
Australian Industry Group
and Professor and Coordinator of the Competitiveness
Nicholas James, Economist
and Innovation Center
Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research
Marina Araújo, Economist and Researcher of the
Heather Ridout, Chief Executive
Competitiveness and Innovation Center
Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Karl Aiginger, Director Cláudio Leite Gastal, Director President
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Denise Alves, Projects Coordinator
Elisa de Araújo, Projects Assistant
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society Bulgaria
Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director Center for Economic Development
Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert
Saida Talibova, Consultant
Burkina Faso
Bahrain lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP),
Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic University of Ouagadougou
Development Board Samuel Kabore, Economist and Head of Development Strategy
Nada Azmi, Business Intelligence Specialist, Economic and Population Research
Planning & Development
Burundi
Jawad Habib, Senior Partner, BDO Jawad Habib
University Research Centre for Economic and Social
Rima Al Kilani, Director, International Marketing
Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi
Bangladesh Richard Ndereyahaga, Head of CURDES
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow & Management
Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Senior Research Associate
Cambodia
Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director
Economic Institute of Cambodia
Sok Hach, President
Chan Vuthy, Senior Researcher
Poch Kongchheng, Junior Researcher
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Partner Institutes
Cameroon Denmark
Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Copenhagen Business School, Department of
Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary International Economics and Management
Lise Peitersen, Administrative Director
Canada
Casper Rose, Professor
Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity
Tamer Azer, Researcher Ecuador
Roger Martin, Chairman and Dean of the Rotman ESPAE Graduate School of Management,
School of Management, University of Toronto Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)
James Milway, Executive Director Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant
Virginia Lasio, Acting Director
Chad
Sara Wong, Professor
Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring
du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Egypt
Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies
Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Hanaa Kheir-El-Din, Executive Director and Director of Research
Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer Naglaa El Ehwany, Deputy Director and Lead Economist
Malak Reda, Senior Economist
Chile
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Estonia
Ignacio Briones, Associate Professor of Economics, Estonian Institute of Economic Research
School of Government Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector
Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government Marje Josing, Director
Camila Chadwick, Project Coordinator
Estonian Development Fund
China
Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight
Institute of Economic System and Management
Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer
National Development and Reform Commission
Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Ethiopia
Chen Wei, Research Fellow African Institute of Management, Development and Governance
Dong Ying, Professor Tegegne Teka, General Manager
Finland
China Center for Economic Statistics Research,
ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Tianjin University of Finance and Economics
Petri Rouvinen, Research Director
Lu Dong, Professor
Pasi Sorjonen, Head of the Forecasting Group
Jian Wang, Associate Professor
vi Hongye Xiao, Professor
Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director
Bojuan Zhao, Professor France
Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor HEC School of Management, Paris
Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean
Colombia
Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean
National Planning Department
Alvaro Edgar Balcazar, Entrepreneurial Development Director Gambia, The
Carolina Rentería Rodríguez, General Director Gambia Economic and Social Development Research
Mauricio Torres Velásquez, Advisor Institute (GESDRI)
Makaireh A. Njie, Director
Colombian Council of Competitiveness
Hernando José Gomez, President Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Côte d’Ivoire Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Tamar Tchintcharauli, Executive Director
Jean-Louis Billon, President Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Jean-Louis Giacometti, Technical Advisor to the President
Mamadou Sarr, Director General Germany
WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar
Croatia Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics
National Competitiveness Council Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics
Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant and International Economics
Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow
Mira Lenardic, General Secretary Ghana
Association of Ghana Industries (AGI)
Cyprus Carlo Hey, Project Manager
Cyprus College Research Center Cletus Kosiba, Executive Director
Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic Tony Oteng-Gyasi, President
and Academic Research
Greece
The Cyprus Development Bank SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises
Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Michael Mitsopoulos, Coordinator, Research and Analysis
Banking Services Unit and Business Development Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis
Czech Republic Guatemala

CMC Graduate School of Business FUNDESA
Tomas Janca, Executive Director Edgar A. Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors
Pablo Schneider, Economic Director
Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager
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Partner Institutes
Guyana Jordan
Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation
Karen Pratt, Research Associate Jordan National Competitiveness Team
Clive Thomas, Director Hiba Abu Taleb, Primary Researcher
Hussein Abwini, Primary Researcher
Hong Kong SAR
Kawthar Al-Zou’bi, Primary Researcher
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
David O’Rear, Chief Economist Kazakhstan
JSC “National Analytical Centre of the Government and the
Federation of Hong Kong Industries National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan”
Alexandra Poon, Director Ayana Manasova, Chairperson
Aibek Baisakalov, Expert Analyst
The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce
Kenya
Hungary Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Professor
Ágnes Nagy, Project Manager Paul Kamau, Research Fellow
Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Dorothy McCormick, Associate Professor
Iceland Korea, Republic of

Innovation Center Iceland College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute of
Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources Science and Technology – KAIST
and Services Ingoo Han, Senior Associate Dean and Professor
Rosa Signy Gisladottir, Manager, Marketing and Media Relations Ravi Kumar, Dean and Professor
Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson, Director Youjin Sung, Manager, Exchange Programme
India Kuwait
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Economics Department, Kuwait University
Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Abdullah Alsalman, Assistant Professor
Tarun Das, Chief Mentor Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor
Virendra Gupta, Head, International and Trade Fairs Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor
Indonesia Kyrgyz Republic

Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus”
University of Trisakti Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator
Tulus Tambunan, Professor and Director Marat Tazabekov, Chairman
vii
Ireland Latvia
Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics, Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences
University College Cork Helma Jirgena, Director
Eleanor Doyle, Professor, Department of Economics Irina Curkina, Researcher
Niall O’Sullivan
Lesotho
Bernadette Power
Mohloli Chamber of Business
Semethe Raleche, Chief Executive Officer
National Competitiveness Council
Adrian Devitt, Manager Libya
Caoimhe Gavin, Policy Advisor National Economic Development Board
Gráinne Greehy, Graduate Trainee Entisar Elbahi, Director, Relations and Supported Services
Israel Lithuania
Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) Statistics Lithuania
Shraga Brosh, President Ona Grigiene, Head, Economical Survey Division
Dan Catarivas, Director Algirdas S̆emeta, Director General
Yehuda Segev, Managing Director
Luxembourg
Italy Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
SDA Bocconi School of Management François-Xavier Borsi, Attaché, Economic Department
Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University Marc Wagener, Attaché, Economic Department
Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board
Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Assistant Professor,
Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Macedonia, FYR
National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC)
Jamaica Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator
Mona School of Business (MSB), The University of the Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board
West Indies (UWI) Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director
Patricia Douce, Project Administrator
William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Madagascar
Evan Duggan, Executive Director and Professor Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo
Pépé Andrianomanana, Director
Japan Razato Raharijaona Simo, Executive Secretary
Hitotsubashi University, Graduate School of International
Corporate Strategy (ICS) Malawi
in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai Keizai (Japan Association Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry
of Corporate Executives) Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer
Yoko Ishikura, Professor
Kiyohiko Ito, Vice-President and General Manager for Policy
Studies, Keizai Doyukai
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Partner Institutes
Malaysia Nepal
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
Tan Sri Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor and Director of Research
Chief Executive Officer Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher
Mahani Zainal Abidin, Director-General Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher
Steven C.M. Wong, Assistant Director-General
Netherlands
Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center,
Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC)
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Dato’ Nik Zainiah Nik Abd. Rahman, Director General
Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor
Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director
Henk W. Volberda, Professor
Mali
New Zealand
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et
Business New Zealand
Théorique (GREAT)
Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Sector Groups
Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator
Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive
Mauritania
Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement The New Zealand Institute
Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Rick Boven, Director
Khira Mint Cheikhnani, Director Benedikte Jensen, Research Director
Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst
Nigeria
Habib Sy, Analyst
Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)
Mauritius Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research
Joint Economic Council of Mauritius Sam Ohuabunwa, Chairman
Raj Makoond, Director Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research
Norway
Board of Investment
BI Norwegian School of Management
Dev Chamroo, Director, Planning & Policy
Eskil Goldeng, Researcher
Manisha Dookhony, Manager, Planning & Policy
Torger Reve, Professor
Raju Jaddoo, Managing Director
Oman
Mexico
The International Research Foundation
Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness
Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman
Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director
Mehdi Bin Ali Bin Juma, Expert for
René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer
viii Jesús Zurita González, General Director
Economic Research, the Omani Centre for Investment
Promotion & Export Development (OCIPED)
Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Pakistan
Gabriela Alarcon Esteva, Economist Competitiveness Support Fund
Manuel J. Molano Ruiz, Deputy General Director Arthur Bayhan, Chief Executive Officer
Roberto Newell Garcia, General Director Stephen Manuel, Manager Media & Communication
Imran Naeem Ahmad, Communication Specialist
Ministry of the Economy
Felipe Duarte Olvera, Undersecretary for Competitiveness Paraguay
and Standardization Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP)
Gerardo de la Peña, Technical Secretary for Competitiveness Dionisio Borda, Research Member
Jose Antonio Torre, Chief of Staff, ProMéxico Trade & Investment Fernando Masi, Director
Paulo Esteban Alcaraz, Research Director, ProMéxico María Belén Servín, Research Member
Trade & Investment
Peru
Mongolia Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional
Open Society Forum (OSF) de Industrias
Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Néstor Asto, Project Director
Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Montenegro Philippines
Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Makati Business Club
Maja Drakic, Project Manager Alberto A. Lim, Executive Director
Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist
Veselin Vukotic, President Mark P. Opulencia, Deputy Director
Morocco Poland
Université Hassan II, LASAARE The Economic Institute, The National Bank of Poland
Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics Mateusz Pipien, Director
Zbigniew Zólkiewski, Deputy Director
Mozambique Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor
EconPolicy Research Group, Lda.
Peter Coughlin, Director Management Observatory
Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Monika Nowacka, Projects Director
Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Ireneusz Tomczak, Chairman of the Board
Namibia
Warsaw School of Economics
Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU)
Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor
Lameck Odada, Consultant
Klaus Schade, Principal Researcher
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Partner Institutes
Portugal Sri Lanka
PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Institute of Policy Studies
Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Manoj Thibbotuwawa, Research Officer
Board of Directors Ruwan Jayathilaka, Research Officer
Forum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce

Pedro do Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors Harin Malwatte, Secretary General
Adilia Lisboa, General Director
Sweden
Qatar Center for Strategy and Competitiveness,
Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Stockholm School of Economics
Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Christian Ketels, Senior Research Fellow
Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist Örjan Sölvell, Professor
Romania Switzerland
Group of Applied Economics (GEA) University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management,
Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator Technology and Law (ES-HSG)
Liviu Voinea, Executive Director Franz Jaeger, Professor
Beat Bechtold, Project Manager
Russian Federation
Bauman Innovation Syria
Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor Ministry of Economy and Trade
Katerina Marandi, Consultant Amer Housni Louitfi, Minister of Economy and Trade
Stockholm School of Economics, Russia State Planning Commission

Igor Dukeov, Area Principal Tayseer Al-Ridawi, Head of State Planning Commission
Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research
Syrian Enterprise Business Center (SEBC)
Saudi Arabia
Tamer Abadi, Director
National Competitiveness Center (NCC)
Awwad Al-Awwad, Deputy Governor for Investment Taiwan, China
Khaldon Mahasen, Manager, Investment Performance Assessment Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan
Tain-Jy Chen, Chairman
Senegal
J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department
Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA),
Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department
University of Dakar
Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director Tajikistan ix
The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo”
Serbia
Qahramon Baqoev, Director
Center for Advanced Economic Studies (CEVES)
Ol’ga Es’kina, Researcher
Jasna Atanasijevic, Member of the CEVES Council
Alikul Isoev, Sociologist and Economist
of Directors
Dus̆ko Vasiljevic, Member of the CEVES Council Tanzania
of Directors Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA)
Joseph Semboja, Professor and Executive Director
Singapore
Lucas Katera, Director, Commissioned Research
Economic Development Board
Cornel Jahari, Researcher, Commissioned Research Department
Lim Hong Khiang, Director Planning 2
Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit Thailand
Cheng Wai San, Head, Planning Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration,
Chulalongkorn University
Slovak Republic
Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director of Sasin
Robert Kicina, Executive Director
Piyachart Phiromswad, Faculty of Economics
Martin Toth, Researcher
Slovenia Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI)

Institute for Economic Research Somchai Jitsuchon, Research Director
Peter Stanovnik, Senior Researcher Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished Fellow
Yos Vajragupta, Senior Researcher
University of Ljubljana
Tunisia
Mateja Drnovs̆ek, Professor, Faculty of Economics
Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises
Ales̆ Vahc̆ic̆, Professor, Faculty of Economics
Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor
Art Kovac̆ic̆, Senior Researcher, Faculty of Business Sciences
Chekib Nouira, President
South Africa
Turkey
Business Leadership South Africa
TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum
Friede Dowie, Director
Dilek Cetindamar, Director and Professor
Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer
Funda Kalemci, Project Specialist
Business Unity South Africa Uganda

Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University
Vic Van Vuuren, Chief Operating Officer Robert Apunyo, Research Associate
Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow
Spain
Catherine Ssekimpi, Research Associate
IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness
María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate
Alessandro Cembalo, Research Assistant
Antoni Subirà, Professor
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Partner Institutes
Ukraine
CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist
United Arab Emirates

Economic & Policy Research Unit (EPRU), Zayed University
Nico Vellinga, Professor
Dubai Competitiveness Council

Adel Alfalasi, Executive Director
Khawla Belqazi, Special Projects Manager
United Kingdom
LSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics
and Political Science
Adam Austerfield, Project Director
Jane Lac, Project Coordinator
Robyn Klingler, Graduate Researcher
Uruguay
Universidad ORT
Isidoro Hodara, Professor
Venezuela
CONAPRI - Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion
Gladis Genua, Executive Director
Litsay Guerrero, Manager, Economic Affairs
Vietnam
Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM)
Dinh Van An, President
Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of
Macroeconomic Management
Pham Hoang Ha, Senior Researcher, Department of
Macroeconomic Management
x
Institute for Development Studies in HCMC (HIDS)
Nguyen Trong Hoa, Professor and President
Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Department
Trieu Thanh Son, Researcher
Zambia
Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR),
University of Zambia
Mutumba M. Bull, Director
Patricia Funjika, Staff Development Fellow
Jolly Kamwanga, Coordinator
Zimbabwe
Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe
A.M. Hawkins, Professor
Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for
Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS)
Arturo Condo, Rector
Lawrence Pratt, Director, CLACDS
Luis Reyes, Project Manager, CLACDS
Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations
Latvia, Lithuania
Stockholm School of Economics in Riga
Karlis Kreslins, Executive MBA Programme Director
Anders Paalzow, Rector
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Preface
Preface
ROBERT GREENHILL
Chief Business Officer, World Economic Forum
The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 is being released Partnership Programme for the Logistics and Transport
at a time when global trade is recovering from the Industry. Over the past two years, the Forum has engaged
deepest slump it has experienced since World War II. key industry leaders, academics, and international organ-
Events over the past half decade have tested the interna- izations active in the trade arena to identify the main
tional trading system in many ways. Trade flows reached obstacles to trading across borders and to develop the
historic highs in April 2008, only to see their sharpest Enabling Trade Index. Following refinements to the Index
drop in generations a few months later.Yet, despite initial in last years edition, this year’s focus lies in analyzing the
concerns, determined not to repeat the mistakes of the evolution in country-level performance over time.
Great Depression, governments for the most part resisted The Report is downloadable from
protectionist pressures. As a result, the turnaround has www.weforum.org/getr and contains detailed profiles
been remarkable. Following a decline of 12.2 percent in for all 125 economies covered by the study, of which 23
2009, the World Trade Organization (WTO) estimates are included in the printed edition. The profiles provide
that trade will rebound by 10 percent in 2010. an overview of the results on all indicators included in
The sharp contraction in trade volumes during the the Enabling Trade Index.
economic crisis served as a reminder of the crucial role The Global Enabling Trade Report would not have
trade plays for economic growth and poverty reduction. been possible without the distinguished academics and
There is no doubt that, in the same way trade has con- practitioners who have shared with us their knowledge xi
tributed to spreading the downturn across the globe, it and experience. We thank our Data Partners—the
can foster the nascent recovery. Policymakers can support Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air
this process by reducing domestic barriers to trade. By Transport Association (IATA), the International Trade
doing so, governments will benefit not only their own Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade
economies, but also those of their trading partners, and Development (UNCTAD), The World Bank, and
thereby contributing to a virtuous cycle of recovery. In the World Trade Organization (WTO) for making trade-
recent years, market uncertainties have also highlighted related data available. We are grateful to the Industry
the importance of smoothing the path between buyers Partners supporting this Report—Agility, Brightstar
and sellers and reducing the cost and uncertainty of the Corp., Deutsche Post DHL, FedEx, GeoPost, Stena,
transaction itself. TNT, Transnet, UPS, and Volkswagen.
The Global Enabling Trade Report’s assessment of We also wish to thank the lead authors of this
obstacles to trade continues to provide a timely volume, Robert Z. Lawrence of Harvard University and
reminder of the fundamental attributes that govern a Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz from the World Economic
nation’s ability to fully benefit from trade. These are Forum for their commitment and leadership, and Sean
captured in the Enabling Trade Index, which stands at Doherty, Thierry Geiger, and Eva Trujillo Herrera for
the core of this Report and includes four broad categories: their contributions. And we would like to express our
market access, border administration, transport and gratitude to John Moavenzadeh for his strategic guidance
telecommunications infrastructure, and the business on the project. Appreciation goes also to Jennifer Blanke
environment. and other team members of the Global Competitiveness
The Report offers a foundation for stimulating Network and Logistics and Transport teams: Ciara
dialogue, providing a yardstick of the extent to which Browne, Irene Mia, Carissa Sahli, Pearl Samandari, and
countries enjoy the factors facilitating the free flow of Katerina Soulounia. Last but not least, this Report would
goods and identifying areas where improvements are have not been possible without the hard work and
most needed. By ranking countries according to the enthusiasm of our network of 150 Partner Institutes
barriers to trade they have in place, the Report continues worldwide, who carry out the Executive Opinion
to serve as a reminder of the widespread prosperity Survey, which is at the basis of this work.
increase and poverty reduction associated with the
expansion of international trade in the recent past.
The Report is a result of work undertaken within
the context of the World Economic Forum’s Industry
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Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 11:34 AM Page 1
Part 1
The Enabling Trade Index Results
1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

CHAPTER 1.1 World trade is recovering from the deepest recession
seen since World War II—indeed, declines in trade have
been greater than for similar periods during the Great
Fostering Recovery by Depression.1 Although the World Trade Organization
(WTO) still forecasts that it could take several years for
Facilitating Trade: The Enabling trade volumes to recover and surpass their 2008 peaks,
the process of recovery has clearly accelerated. In fact,
Trade Index 2010 according to the WTO, in 2010 the volume of world
trade is expected to grow at a rate of 9.5 percent.2
ROBERT Z. LAWRENCE, Harvard University
Many studies have confirmed that the dominant
SEAN DOHERTY, MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ, reason for the decline in trade values was not increased
THIERRY GEIGER, and EVA TRUJILLO HERRERA, protectionism but rather the drop in demand that result-
World Economic Forum ed from simultaneous and interactive reactions around
the world to the failure of Lehman Brothers.3 This pre-
cipitous drop in demand had adverse effects both on the
prices of widely traded primary commodities and on
the volume of trade, which the WTO reports fell by
12.2 percent in 2009. Trade is double and treble counted
as products pass from country to country along global
supply chains. As a result of these chains, a decline in
orders for imports in one country can reduce exports
and imports in several others. It is also striking that the
drop in services trade has typically been much smaller
than the drop in goods trade. Goods are generally stor-
able. The particularly large drops in the volume of fin-
ished and intermediate manufactured goods trade reflect
the fact that purchases of these products can be post- 3
poned or cancelled when demand dries up. As a result, a
drop in demand leaves sellers with unwanted inventories
that have to be worked off before new orders are
placed. This is not the case for services. In 2009, orders
for goods picked up and the recovery is now evident
both in higher commodity prices and increased trade
volumes; full recovery, however, will require a renewal in
durable goods purchases.
As a result of these changes in trade flows, traders
around the world have seen a rollercoaster ride of trans-
port costs over the last few years. Prices mounted and
bottlenecks sprung up as strong trade flows tested capac-
ity limits. This was followed by a dramatic drop as the
entry of new capacity coincided with savage cuts in trade
volumes. More recently, the restocking of inventories,
the adoption of slow-steaming by carriers, and general
economic brightening have led to rising transport rates.
The deep drop in global trade between 2008 and
2009 represented a real-world stress test for the global
trading system. It also provides an opportunity to exam-
ine whether the progress toward a more open global
trading system made in previous decades is likely to be
permanent. The evidence is not all yet in, and a final
judgment can be given only when the recovery is com-
plete, but overall the evidence justifies a tentative answer
in the affirmative.
The authors would like to thank Xavier Pichot from the International
Trade Centre for compiling data used in the preparation of this chapter.
Restraint in protectionist measures most part, the tariff changes were remarkably small.
There are of course many examples of countries taking Indeed, average tariffs in the sample as a whole were
measures that discriminate against foreign firms and basically unchanged, and there were actually small
products. Pressures from high unemployment do raise declines on average in agriculture. There were some
demands for protection, and government stabilization exceptions, however. In particular, average tariffs in both
measures such as stimulus packages and bailouts have Brazil and Argentina rose by three percentage points
created opportunities to supply it. In addition, there are primarily because of increases in industrial tariffs. On
various legal forms of administered protection that can the other hand, there were noteworthy declines in
be applied through procedures such as anti-dumping average tariffs—in the order of one to two percentage
duties, countervailing duties, and safeguards. points—in Mauritius, Nigeria, Mexico, Iceland, and
The most extensive monitoring of such actions is Ukraine. These countries were able to reduce their
being undertaken by the Global Trade Alert (GTA), a tariffs in both agriculture and industry—a particularly
group of independent analysts located in many coun- impressive performance in the current environment.
tries. In their report, issued in December 2009, they To some extent, the absence of tariff hikes indicates
document almost 300 measures that they classify as the power of the multilateral trading system based on
being of a “beggar-thy-neighbor” nature that had been rules. This argument can be made in the case of indus-
implemented in the first post-crisis year.4 Of these trial countries. However, many developing countries
measures, 32 percent involved the discriminatory use are actually not constrained by these rules since the rates
of bailouts and state aids. Another 20 percent took the they apply are far lower than the rates they are legally
form of administered protection through anti-dumping obliged not to exceed. In 2009, for example, the average
and countervailing duties. Support for this latter finding MFN rate at which tariffs are bound for the countries
of increases in administered protection is provided by in our sample was 31.3 percent—almost four times
other data: the 2009 total number of industry requests higher than the average rates actually applied. Apparently
for trade barriers (140 product-level requests) was 20 most developing countries have chosen not to raise their
percent higher than the total requests filed for 2008 tariffs, not because of legal obligations but rather
(115), which itself was 35 percent higher than the total because they consider their current applied rates to be
4 requests filed in 2007 (81). In all these cases, an impor- appropriate even in the current circumstances.
tant question is the appropriate benchmark against Credit should also be given to the prevalence of a
which these actions should be judged. For example, global norm of not raising tariffs. A virtuous cycle has
although there has obviously been an increase in both emerged. Discipline in avoiding protectionist tariff
requests and implementations of anti-dumping, these measures by some has led to more restrained behavior
had actually fallen quite considerably through 2007 and, by others. The pledges of the Group of Twenty (G-20)
even with the recent increases, still remain considerably countries reflect and underscore the widespread intellec-
below levels typical in the period around 2000. All told, tual acceptance of the importance of avoiding protection
therefore, even in this area, the response is quite in line and have helped to reinforce this behavior. In addition,
with the historic norms for recessions—which is actually political forces for open trade are at work. Increased
heartening given the depth and pervasiveness of the interdependence helps offset protectionist pressures. The
current recession.5 dependence of many domestic firms on imported inputs
The most impressive restraint, however, has come in creates domestic constituents that have much to lose
the area of market access. The international response has from higher barriers.
been remarkable and suggests a widespread and politically This outcome is a remarkable contrast with the
durable consensus on the desirability of maintaining open behavior exhibited in the 1930s, when countries
trade in most countries. Only a seventh of all the meas- responded to the higher tariffs of their trading partners
ures detected by the GTA have involved higher tariffs, by raising tariffs at home. In the 1930s, widespread
and there are numerous examples of both unilateral and use of specific tariffs with set monetary values also
regional trade liberalization. For example, despite the exacerbated the situation because these became more
recession, the WTO was notified by its members that 14 restrictive when commodity prices fell. The promotion
new regional agreements came into force in 2009. This of ad-valorem tariffs through the WTO has helped
was quite in line with the average of 13 additional limit this impact in the current situation.
regional agreements that have been concluded annually
since 2000.
The underlying tariff data used for this Report Factors that enable trade
confirm this impression. We were able to isolate 73 The Global Enabling Trade Report is motivated by the
countries in our sample for which we had complete view that, in addition to trade policy, trade is enabled
tariff data for both 2008 and 2009; we weighted these by a broader set of factors captured by our three other
using 2007 trade weights to explore changes over this pillars. Besides trade policy, the Enabling Trade Index
period in both agricultural and industrial tariffs. For the (ETI), as discussed in depth below, assesses border

administration, transportation and communications, and this suggests the importance of increasing Aid for Trade,
the general business environment. There are examples as set forth in the Doha Round.
this year of some remarkable improvements in these Just as trade was a key force spreading the growth
other pillars. While most countries did not experience slowdown internationally, so can trade be an important
large changes in their rankings, the greatest improve- driver in diffusing the benefits of recovery internationally.
ments in border administration, for example, were When individual countries enable trade, they provide
recorded by Cyprus (up 18 places, from 47th to 29th) benefits not only to themselves but also to other nations
because of an improvement in the efficiency of its with which they trade. Improved market access, more
import-export procedures and Ecuador (up 15 places, efficient customs, and better infrastructure and business
from 107th to 92nd) because of more efficient customs environments offer enhanced opportunities for both
administration. In the area of transportation and com- importers and exporters. Thus granting Aid for Trade to
munication, the greatest improvements in rankings took help nations implement such measures reflects enlightened
place in Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Madagascar. And self-interest because it enhances welfare in recipient
there have been notable improvements in the business countries and their trading partners.
environment in Poland, Macedonia, and Lesotho.
While the aggregate data, especially for tariffs, look
good, in each of our categories we also find countries The Enabling Trade Index
that are slipping. As indicated earlier, tariffs have been The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) was developed within
raised by some countries. Not all countries improved the context of the World Economic Forum’s Industry
their border administration. The largest declines in rank- Partnership Programme for the Logistics and Transport
ings in this subindex are found in Syria and Tunisia, sector and was first published in The Global Enabling
both reflecting declines in customs efficiency. Some Trade Report 2008. A number of Data Partners have
countries have fallen behind in transportation and com- collaborated in this effort: the Global Express
munications, with the largest declines for Burkina Faso, Association (GEA), the International Air Transport
Uganda, India, and Sri Lanka, mainly caused by deterio- Association (IATA), the International Trade Centre
rating perceptions regarding the quality of transport (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and
infrastructure. And business environments generally have Development (UNCTAD), the World Bank, and the 5
declined relatively, reflecting poor physical security in WTO. We have also received significant input from
Greece,6 Honduras, and Madagascar. Lagging in business companies that are part of the World Economic Forum’s
environment were Korea and Malaysia. Industry Partnership Programme for the Logistics and
The ETI tracks actions that governments can take Transportation sector, namely Agility, Brightstar Corp.,
to enable trade, and considerable room remains for addi- Deutsche Post DHL, FedEx, GeoPost, Stena, TNT,
tional measures that could stimulate trade. In the short Transnet, UPS, and Volkswagen.
run, these would contribute to the recovery; over the The ETI measures the extent to which individual
long run, they would enhance economic growth and economies have developed institutions, policies, and services
welfare. The Doha Round remains at an impasse. A suc- facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to destina-
cessful conclusion would be the single most important tion.7 The structure of the Index reflects the main
step that could be taken in the current circumstances to enablers of trade, breaking them into four overall issue
ensure a more open global trading system that would areas, captured in the subindexes:
provide benefits to all WTO members. In addition to the 1. The market access subindex measures the extent to
Round, there are many other actions beyond reducing which the policy framework of the country
border barriers that can be taken to help spur trade. welcomes foreign goods into the economy and
Particularly for developing countries, these merit signifi- enables access to foreign markets for its
cant attention. Market access is insufficient for stimulat- exporters.
ing exports by the least developed countries. Indeed, the 2. The border administration subindex assesses the
ETI indicates that these countries already benefit from extent to which the administration at the border
relatively low trade barriers for their exports. Instead, facilitates the entry and exit of goods.
their supply-side capacity needs to be enhanced. This 3. The transport and communications infrastructure
requires improvements both in infrastructure and in subindex takes into account whether the country
institutions. In some cases, countries can act with respect has in place the transport and communications
to their tariffs and regulations through government infrastructure necessary to facilitate the move-
action without incurring major expenses. But in other ment of goods within the economy and across
cases—such as improving the operation of the informa- the border.
tion systems available for customs, the quality of roads 4. The business environment subindex looks at
and communications, or the capacity and skills of public the quality of governance as well as at the over-
officials—additional financial resources are required. And arching regulatory and security environment
Box 1: Incorporating trade agreements and trade preferences in the Enabling Trade Index
Over the past 20 years, preferential trading agreements (PTAs) Notes

have become a key feature of the global trading system. Over 1 However, such tariff reduction may not lead to higher welfare
this period the number of agreements notified to the World because trade may be diverted from the most-efficient producer in
a third country to a less-efficient one in the PTA.
Trade Organization (WTO) increased more than sixfold and
account for about two-thirds of world trade today. Some 462 2 This type of agreement provides access to markets that are
protected by another country, so that domestic businesses obtain
agreements had been notified to the WTO by February 2010, an advantage vis-à-vis third-country exporters. An additional advan-
and all WTO member countries bar one, Mongolia, belong to at tage comes from the fact that the cost of protection is borne by
least one PTA. In addition, as trade is an important instrument the consumers of the other country.
for fostering economic development, many developing countries 3 See WTO "Understanding the WTO."
benefit from unilaterally granted trade preferences, such as the 4 See WTO "Understanding the WTO." From a dynamic perspective,
Generalized System of Preference (GSP) programs operated by PTAs can contribute to advancing multilateral liberalization because
the European Union and the United States. they can prepare the ground for it if successful restructuring
toward a more open economy takes place. This restructuring can
Many aspects of trade liberalization are more feasible in alter the balance of political interests within the country toward
smaller country groupings that share common interests than at free trade. In some cases, however, PTAs can make multilateral
the multilateral level. PTAs therefore foster deeper integration liberalization less attractive, if their aims are not economic. And
in some cases PTAs can be economically more beneficial than
among the concerned countries. In general, the reduction or multilateral agreements, as partners can be chosen to maximize
abolition of tariffs between two countries expands trade welfare.
between the parties.1 From an individual country perspective,
therefore, PTAs tend to enable trade. In fact, the only trade
regime that is economically more beneficial to a country than
Reference
multilateral liberalization is full liberalization of domestic barri-
WTO (World Trade Organization). “Understanding the WTO: Cross-
ers with preferential access to markets abroad.2 Cutting and New Issues. Regionalism: Friends or Rivals?” Available
At the same time, however, preferential agreements have at http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey1_e.htm
(accessed April 14, 2010).
a number of downsides. They make it more difficult for busi-
nesses to navigate the trade regime and may disadvantage
6 third countries, which can make them undesirable from a global
perspective. They may also induce countries that confer prefer-
ences to import from less-efficient preference beneficiaries at
the expense of more-efficient producers from non-recipient
countries. The WTO, which is concerned with multilateral liber-
alization, recognizes that, although PTAs contradict the principle
of equal treatment of all trading partners, these agreements can
support the multilateral trading system by deepening integration
and paving the way for further liberalization.3 For this reason,
the WTO framework allows these preferential agreements, but
only if they facilitate trade within the group—they are required
to cover “substantially all trade” and must not raise tariffs
toward the outside world.4
All things considered—because the Enabling Trade
Index (ETI) measures how far countries enable trade from their
individual perspectives, and given the importance of trade pref-
erences for many developing countries in providing access to
foreign markets—a measure assessing the preferential margin
in target markets (indicator 1.06, margin of preference in desti-
nation markets) was included in the foreign market access
component of the ETI.

impacting the business of importers and quality of all types of transport infrastructure, including
exporters active in the country. air, rail, roads, and ports.9
The availability and quality of transport services
Each of these four subindexes is composed in turn pillar complements the assessment of infrastructure by
of a number of pillars of enabling trade, of which there taking into account the amount and the quality of serv-
are nine in all. These are: ices available for shipment, including the quantity of
services provided by liner companies, the ability to track
1. Domestic and foreign market access
and trace international shipments, the timeliness of ship-
2. Efficiency of customs administration
ments in reaching destination, general postal efficiency,
3. Efficiency of import-export procedures
and the overall competence of the local logistics indus-
4. Transparency of border administration
try (e.g., transport operators, customs brokers). This pillar
5. Availability and quality of transport
also takes into account the degree of openness of the
infrastructure
transport-related sectors as measured by countries’ com-
6. Availability and quality of transport services
mitments made under the General Agreement on Trade
7. Availability and use of ICTs
in Services (GATS).
8. Regulatory environment
Given the increasing importance of information
9. Physical security
and communication technologies (ICTs) for the man-
agement of shipments, as well as the central role these
The domestic and foreign market access pillar meas-
technologies play in facilitating customs clearance and
ures the level of protection of an economy’s markets, the
communication, the availability and use of ICTs pillar
quality of its trade regime, and the level of protection
includes the penetration rates of these tools, such as
that a country’s exporters face in their target markets.
mobile phones and the Internet, in each country. We
The measures taken into account include not only tariffs
add measures of the perceived use of Internet by busi-
and non-tariff measures imposed by a country on all
ness for buying and selling goods and an index of the
imported goods,8 but also the share of goods imported
availability of government online services.
duty-free, the variance of tariffs, the frequency of tariff
The regulatory environment pillar captures the extent
peaks, the number of distinct tariffs, and the share of
to which the economy’s regulatory environment is con- 7
specific tariffs. Protection in foreign markets is captured
ducive to trade. Included are indicators that capture the
by tariffs faced, but also by the margin of preference in
general quality of governance, but also the openness to
target markets negotiated through bilateral or regional
foreign participation, which covers the ease of hiring
agreements. Box 1 discusses in more detail the rationale
foreign labor in the country (important for companies
for including the preference margin in the Index.
moving goods across borders), the extent to which the
The efficiency of customs administration pillar meas-
policy environment encourages foreign direct invest-
ures the efficiency of customs procedures as perceived
ment, the restrictiveness of capital controls, and an index
by the private sector, as well as the extent of services
of multilateral treaties pertaining to trade signed by the
provided by customs authorities and related agencies.
country.
The efficiency of import-export procedures pillar
The security environment is of great importance
extends beyond the customs administration and assesses
for ensuring the delivery of goods to destination with-
the effectiveness and efficiency of clearance processes by
out major frictions. In this context, the physical security
customs as well as related border control agencies, the
pillar specifically gauges the country’s level of violence
number of days and documents required to import and
(both in terms of general crime and violence as well as
export goods, and the total official cost associated with
the threat of terrorism), as well as the reliability of the
importing as well as exporting, excluding tariffs and
police services in their ability to enforce law and order.
trade taxes.
Each of these pillars is made up of a number of
Given the significant hindrance that corruption can
individual variables. The dataset includes both hard data
provide in trade, the transparency of border administration
and survey data from the World Economic Forum’s
pillar assesses the pervasiveness of undocumented extra
Executive Opinion Survey (Survey). The hard data were
payments or bribes connected with imports and exports,
obtained from publicly available sources and interna-
as well as overall perceived degree of corruption in each
tional organizations (for example, the ITC, UNCTAD,
country.
the World Bank, and the WTO). The Survey is carried
The availability and quality of transport infrastructure
out annually by the World Economic Forum among top
pillar measures the state of transport infrastructure across
business executives in all economies covered by our
all modes of transport in each economy, as demonstrated
research. It captures their views on the business environ-
by the density of airports, the percentage of paved roads,
ment and provides unique data on many qualitative
as well as the extent of transshipment connections avail-
aspects of the broader business environment, including a
able to shippers from each country. Also captured is the
number of specific issues related to trade. For detailed
Part1.WEB.FINAL:Document 7 5/5/10 12:18 PM Page 8
Figure 1: Composition of the four subindexes of the ETI
Transport and
Market Border
communications
access administration
infrastructure
Domestic and foreign Efficiency of customs Availability and quality of

market access administration transport infrastructure
Destination
Border
Efficiency of import- Availability and quality of

export procedures transport services
Transparency of Availability and

border administration use of ICTs
Business
environment
Subindex
Regulatory Physical
Pillar environment security
descriptions of all the indicators included, please see the in turn, these figures are then averaged to calculate the
“Technical Notes and Sources” at the end of this Report. pillar score. This does not affect the results except for
The nine pillars are grouped into the four those countries for which data for some of the indica-
subindexes described above,10 as shown in Figure 1, and tors were not available. In the 5th pillar, the indicator
the overall score for each country is derived as an measuring road congestion was dropped because it was
unweighted average of the subindexes. The details of the too strongly correlated with the land area of countries.
composition of the ETI are shown in the Appendix. In the 7th pillar, the firm-level technology absorption
As econometric tests of the ETI 2009 demonstrat- variable was replaced by an indicator capturing the busi-
ed, the Index has explanatory power with respect to an ness usage of the Internet, and an index of government
economy’s trade performance.11 The analysis has shown online services was added to proxy the extent to which
that a 1 percent increase in the ETI score in the export- governments use ICTs in their delivery of trade-related
ing country is associated with an increase of 1.7 percent services. Finally, in the 8th pillar, an index assessing
in its exports. This effect is even higher with respect to financial-sector performance was added,12 and we also
the importing country: the model predicts that a 1 per- reintroduced the Index of Multilateral Treaties, based on
cent improvement in the ETI score would lead to a 2.3 the International Trade Centre’s LegaCarta Database,
percent rise in imports. Taken together, these two effects previously included in the 2008 edition of the ETI.
predict that a 1 percent increase in the average ETI score
of any given country pair would be associated with a 4
percent increase in bilateral trade, all else being equal. Country coverage
The overall country coverage has increased from 121 to
125 economies in this year’s ETI. Five new countries
Changes to the Index methodology were added to the Index, as relevant data became avail-
The Index methodology has undergone only minor able: Botswana, Georgia, Iceland, Montenegro, and
changes this year, which do not inhibit the ability to Serbia. Unfortunately, Moldova could not be covered
compare these results with those of the 2009 edition of this year, as data from the Survey were not available.
the Report. In the first pillar, the weighting was adjusted
from averaging across the six indicators to a hierarchical
approach. This means that first the averages for domestic The Enabling Trade Index 2010 rankings
market access and for foreign market access are calculated; The detailed rankings from this year’s ETI are shown
in Tables 1 through 6. Table 1 shows the rankings in

Table 1: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 rankings and 2009 comparison
ETI 2010 ETI 2009 ETI 2010 ETI 2009

Country/Economy Rank Score Rank* Country/Economy Rank Score Rank*
Singapore 1 6.06 1 Guatemala 69 3.97 58

Hong Kong SAR 2 5.70 2 Namibia 70 3.96 60
Denmark 3 5.41 4 Vietnam 71 3.96 89
Sweden 4 5.41 5 South Africa 72 3.95 61
Switzerland 5 5.37 3 Dominican Republic 73 3.94 81
New Zealand 6 5.33 11 Jamaica 74 3.92 79
Norway 7 5.32 7 Morocco 75 3.90 55
Canada 8 5.29 6 Egypt 76 3.88 75
Luxembourg 9 5.28 13 Azerbaijan 77 3.88 70
Netherlands 10 5.26 10 Bulgaria 78 3.87 72
Iceland 11 5.26 n/a Nicaragua 79 3.85 77
Finland 12 5.25 8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 80 3.85 102
Germany 13 5.20 12 Ukraine 81 3.84 71
Austria 14 5.17 9 Gambia, The 82 3.83 67
Australia 15 5.13 14 Malawi 83 3.82 69
United Arab Emirates 16 5.12 18 India 84 3.81 76
United Kingdom 17 5.06 20 Zambia 85 3.80 80
Chile 18 5.06 19 Madagascar 86 3.78 73
United States 19 5.03 16 Brazil 87 3.76 87
France 20 5.02 17 Kazakhstan 88 3.74 93
Ireland 21 5.00 15 Ecuador 89 3.74 103
Bahrain 22 4.95 24 Senegal 90 3.74 83
Estonia 23 4.90 22 Colombia 91 3.72 84
Belgium 24 4.89 21 Philippines 92 3.72 82
Japan 25 4.80 23 Mozambique 93 3.71 94
Israel 26 4.76 29 Uganda 94 3.67 85
Korea, Rep. 27 4.72 26 Argentina 95 3.64 97
Taiwan, China 28 4.72 25 Ghana 96 3.63 86
Oman 29 4.71 34 Tanzania 97 3.60 92 9
Malaysia 30 4.71 28 Bolivia 98 3.59 88
Cyprus 31 4.70 32 Sri Lanka 99 3.59 78
Spain 32 4.70 27 Kyrgyz Republic 100 3.58 101
Mauritius 33 4.69 33 Lesotho 101 3.57 90
Qatar 34 4.68 35 Cambodia 102 3.57 91
Slovenia 35 4.68 31 Paraguay 103 3.53 105
Portugal 36 4.65 30 Syria 104 3.50 108
Georgia 37 4.59 n/a Kenya 105 3.49 98
Tunisia 38 4.57 41 Benin 106 3.49 96
Jordan 39 4.55 37 Ethiopia 107 3.47 95
Saudi Arabia 40 4.54 42 Tajikistan 108 3.43 114
Lithuania 41 4.48 40 Guyana 109 3.42 115
Czech Republic 42 4.47 36 Burkina Faso 110 3.41 104
Montenegro 43 4.47 n/a Mali 111 3.39 99
Costa Rica 44 4.45 43 Pakistan 112 3.39 100
Croatia 45 4.45 39 Bangladesh 113 3.38 111
Latvia 46 4.39 44 Russian Federation 114 3.37 109
Slovak Republic 47 4.36 46 Cameroon 115 3.35 106
China 48 4.32 49 Mongolia 116 3.33 113
Hungary 49 4.30 38 Mauritania 117 3.30 107
Uruguay 50 4.29 51 Nepal 118 3.27 110
Italy 51 4.28 45 Algeria 119 3.14 112
Armenia 52 4.24 64 Nigeria 120 3.05 117
Botswana 53 4.21 n/a Venezuela 121 3.04 119
Romania 54 4.18 54 Zimbabwe 122 2.98 118
Greece 55 4.17 47 Côte d’Ivoire 123 2.90 120
Macedonia, FYR 56 4.16 68 Chad 124 2.88 121
El Salvador 57 4.16 56 Burundi 125 2.79 116
Poland 58 4.16 57
* The 2009 rank is out of 121 countries. Five new countries were added to
Albania 59 4.13 63
the 2010 Index: Iceland, Georgia, Botswana, Serbia, and Montenegro. One
Thailand 60 4.13 50 country covered last year, Moldova, had to be excluded this year for lack
Panama 61 4.12 53 of Survey data.
Turkey 62 4.07 48
Peru 63 4.04 65
Mexico 64 4.04 74
Kuwait 65 4.01 59
Honduras 66 3.98 66
Serbia 67 3.98 n/a
Indonesia 68 3.97 62
Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2010
SUBINDEXES
Market Border Transport and communi- Business
OVERALL INDEX access administration cations infrastructure environment
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Singapore 1 6.06 1 5.97 1 6.56 7 5.74 2 6.00

Hong Kong SAR 2 5.70 16 5.12 6 5.96 5 5.79 5 5.94
Denmark 3 5.41 95 3.76 3 6.22 8 5.71 3 5.96
Sweden 4 5.41 96 3.75 2 6.34 9 5.70 10 5.84
Switzerland 5 5.37 58 4.23 10 5.76 10 5.63 8 5.87
New Zealand 6 5.33 37 4.65 5 6.02 26 4.88 11 5.79
Norway 7 5.32 33 4.66 18 5.60 21 5.11 7 5.90
Canada 8 5.29 25 4.85 17 5.61 20 5.24 18 5.45
Luxembourg 9 5.28 73 3.91 20 5.45 3 5.81 4 5.96
Netherlands 10 5.26 85 3.79 4 6.03 6 5.75 17 5.48
Iceland 11 5.26 14 5.14 22 5.36 27 4.87 12 5.68
Finland 12 5.25 90 3.78 8 5.83 18 5.33 1 6.08
Germany 13 5.20 101 3.74 15 5.67 1 5.85 15 5.53
Austria 14 5.17 94 3.77 9 5.77 12 5.49 13 5.66
Australia 15 5.13 63 4.17 14 5.69 19 5.24 19 5.43
United Arab Emirates 16 5.12 81 3.85 12 5.71 22 5.08 9 5.86
United Kingdom 17 5.06 91 3.77 13 5.69 2 5.82 32 4.96
Chile 18 5.06 2 5.65 23 5.29 42 4.13 26 5.14
United States 19 5.03 62 4.17 19 5.60 11 5.49 37 4.86
France 20 5.02 97 3.75 21 5.42 4 5.80 27 5.11
Ireland 21 5.00 109 3.67 7 5.86 23 5.01 16 5.48
Bahrain 22 4.95 29 4.77 26 5.23 33 4.65 25 5.15
Estonia 23 4.90 83 3.83 11 5.74 31 4.70 23 5.31
Belgium 24 4.89 99 3.74 30 5.06 13 5.47 22 5.31
Japan 25 4.80 121 3.20 16 5.65 14 5.45 34 4.91
Israel 26 4.76 43 4.51 25 5.24 30 4.71 53 4.58
Korea, Rep. 27 4.72 111 3.63 24 5.24 15 5.37 44 4.65
10 Taiwan, China 28 4.72 106 3.70 33 4.83 16 5.36 31 4.99
Oman 29 4.71 34 4.65 47 4.54 47 4.04 14 5.63
Malaysia 30 4.71 31 4.71 44 4.57 24 4.95 51 4.59
Cyprus 31 4.70 86 3.79 29 5.08 37 4.54 20 5.40
Spain 32 4.70 102 3.72 28 5.09 17 5.34 46 4.64
Mauritius 33 4.69 8 5.36 39 4.69 58 3.83 36 4.87
Qatar 34 4.68 72 3.93 35 4.79 46 4.08 6 5.92
Slovenia 35 4.68 88 3.78 27 5.16 29 4.76 29 5.00
Portugal 36 4.65 77 3.89 36 4.78 25 4.91 30 5.00
Georgia 37 4.59 5 5.43 37 4.78 74 3.49 45 4.64
Tunisia 38 4.57 35 4.65 50 4.49 56 3.86 24 5.27
Jordan 39 4.55 51 4.40 45 4.56 52 3.93 21 5.32
Saudi Arabia 40 4.54 54 4.32 31 4.91 45 4.10 39 4.85
Lithuania 41 4.48 70 3.97 38 4.73 34 4.63 52 4.58
Czech Republic 42 4.47 105 3.71 32 4.87 36 4.61 43 4.68
Montenegro 43 4.47 24 4.86 55 4.19 55 3.87 33 4.96
Costa Rica 44 4.45 7 5.38 46 4.55 78 3.41 59 4.46
Croatia 45 4.45 28 4.77 60 4.11 38 4.53 63 4.39
Latvia 46 4.39 80 3.87 40 4.64 39 4.44 50 4.60
Slovak Republic 47 4.36 103 3.72 49 4.50 32 4.69 56 4.53
China 48 4.32 79 3.87 48 4.53 43 4.13 41 4.74
Hungary 49 4.30 108 3.68 34 4.83 41 4.14 54 4.56
Uruguay 50 4.29 36 4.65 54 4.22 73 3.54 40 4.75
Italy 51 4.28 78 3.87 52 4.30 28 4.76 76 4.18
Armenia 52 4.24 9 5.33 84 3.52 60 3.78 65 4.31
Botswana 53 4.21 32 4.69 70 3.96 84 3.30 35 4.89
Romania 54 4.18 82 3.85 43 4.59 59 3.81 57 4.49
Greece 55 4.17 75 3.91 71 3.92 35 4.63 72 4.23
Macedonia, FYR 56 4.16 38 4.62 75 3.77 50 3.97 67 4.29
El Salvador 57 4.16 3 5.55 56 4.18 88 3.24 98 3.69
Poland 58 4.16 93 3.77 42 4.61 51 3.97 68 4.28
Albania 59 4.13 21 4.96 59 4.11 87 3.25 73 4.22
Thailand 60 4.13 113 3.48 41 4.61 40 4.19 71 4.24
Panama 61 4.12 69 3.97 51 4.38 53 3.90 75 4.21
Turkey 62 4.07 47 4.42 61 4.10 57 3.85 87 3.90
Peru 63 4.04 15 5.13 58 4.12 91 3.16 93 3.78
Mexico 64 4.04 22 4.90 65 4.00 64 3.68 106 3.56
Kuwait 65 4.01 71 3.94 81 3.63 69 3.62 38 4.85
Honduras 66 3.98 4 5.45 86 3.51 79 3.40 107 3.55
(Cont’d.)

Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 (cont’d.)
SUBINDEXES
Market Border Transport and communi- Business
OVERALL INDEX access administration cations infrastructure environment
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Serbia 67 3.98 42 4.53 64 4.06 76 3.47 89 3.85

Indonesia 68 3.97 60 4.21 67 3.99 85 3.28 60 4.42
Guatemala 69 3.97 13 5.19 62 4.09 82 3.31 119 3.30
Namibia 70 3.96 41 4.58 89 3.46 90 3.18 47 4.63
Vietnam 71 3.96 50 4.41 88 3.46 68 3.62 64 4.34
South Africa 72 3.95 87 3.78 53 4.25 65 3.64 79 4.11
Dominican Republic 73 3.94 46 4.44 63 4.07 63 3.69 105 3.57
Jamaica 74 3.92 59 4.22 76 3.77 54 3.88 91 3.80
Morocco 75 3.90 112 3.61 57 4.15 72 3.55 66 4.30
Egypt 76 3.88 114 3.44 66 3.99 62 3.69 61 4.41
Azerbaijan 77 3.88 61 4.20 105 3.13 70 3.58 49 4.62
Bulgaria 78 3.87 76 3.90 72 3.88 49 4.00 99 3.68
Nicaragua 79 3.85 11 5.23 83 3.56 101 2.89 96 3.72
Bosnia and Herzegovina 80 3.85 44 4.50 90 3.42 75 3.48 84 3.99
Ukraine 81 3.84 30 4.76 106 3.12 71 3.56 86 3.90
Gambia, The 82 3.83 119 3.29 69 3.98 99 2.97 28 5.07
Malawi 83 3.82 19 5.01 101 3.20 118 2.50 55 4.55
India 84 3.81 115 3.42 68 3.98 81 3.34 58 4.48
Zambia 85 3.80 17 5.11 104 3.14 114 2.56 62 4.40
Madagascar 86 3.78 6 5.39 94 3.31 103 2.83 104 3.57
Brazil 87 3.76 104 3.72 80 3.70 66 3.64 83 4.00
Kazakhstan 88 3.74 53 4.35 121 2.46 44 4.13 80 4.04
Ecuador 89 3.74 27 4.77 92 3.40 80 3.40 115 3.40
Senegal 90 3.74 117 3.35 77 3.74 89 3.22 48 4.62
Colombia 91 3.72 57 4.24 78 3.71 67 3.63 118 3.30
Philippines 92 3.72 64 4.13 74 3.82 83 3.31 103 3.61
Mozambique 93 3.71 12 5.23 95 3.31 111 2.62 101 3.67
Uganda 94 3.67 10 5.31 103 3.19 120 2.47 97 3.70 11
Argentina 95 3.64 98 3.74 85 3.51 61 3.78 109 3.51
Ghana 96 3.63 67 4.04 82 3.59 110 2.64 70 4.25
Tanzania 97 3.60 55 4.31 98 3.25 113 2.59 69 4.26
Bolivia 98 3.59 18 5.05 87 3.48 102 2.84 123 2.98
Sri Lanka 99 3.59 107 3.68 79 3.71 86 3.27 100 3.68
Kyrgyz Republic 100 3.58 20 5.00 115 2.76 94 3.12 112 3.44
Lesotho 101 3.57 23 4.90 107 3.02 115 2.56 90 3.82
Cambodia 102 3.57 40 4.62 96 3.27 116 2.53 88 3.87
Paraguay 103 3.53 39 4.62 91 3.41 106 2.77 116 3.32
Syria 104 3.50 116 3.35 111 2.95 98 2.98 42 4.70
Kenya 105 3.49 26 4.78 113 2.78 100 2.95 111 3.47
Benin 106 3.49 92 3.77 97 3.25 105 2.81 78 4.12
Ethiopia 107 3.47 68 4.03 102 3.20 112 2.60 81 4.04
Tajikistan 108 3.43 66 4.12 122 2.41 96 3.05 77 4.13
Guyana 109 3.42 84 3.79 93 3.39 95 3.07 113 3.42
Burkina Faso 110 3.41 48 4.42 116 2.75 123 2.25 74 4.21
Mali 111 3.39 45 4.47 117 2.74 122 2.35 82 4.02
Pakistan 112 3.39 120 3.24 73 3.85 92 3.14 117 3.31
Bangladesh 113 3.38 52 4.37 100 3.21 117 2.53 114 3.41
Russian Federation 114 3.37 125 2.68 109 2.99 48 4.00 92 3.79
Cameroon 115 3.35 65 4.12 108 3.00 119 2.50 94 3.77
Mongolia 116 3.33 110 3.63 114 2.78 97 3.00 85 3.92
Mauritania 117 3.30 74 3.91 112 2.81 109 2.74 95 3.73
Nepal 118 3.27 49 4.42 118 2.71 107 2.76 121 3.19
Algeria 119 3.14 124 2.69 99 3.25 93 3.13 110 3.47
Nigeria 120 3.05 123 2.83 110 2.98 108 2.74 102 3.65
Venezuela 121 3.04 100 3.74 123 2.35 77 3.44 125 2.65
Zimbabwe 122 2.98 118 3.35 120 2.57 121 2.47 108 3.51
Côte d’Ivoire 123 2.90 122 2.90 119 2.67 104 2.81 120 3.23
Chad 124 2.88 56 4.25 125 2.13 125 2.07 122 3.07
Burundi 125 2.79 89 3.78 124 2.33 124 2.12 124 2.92
Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Market access
PILLARS
MARKET ACCESS 1a. Domestic market access 1b. Foreign market access
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Albania 21 4.96 4 6.10 78 2.67

Algeria 124 2.69 123 3.12 120 1.84
Argentina 98 3.74 111 3.59 34 4.05
Armenia 9 5.33 17 5.56 15 4.88
Australia 63 4.17 21 5.49 122 1.53
Austria 94 3.77 79 4.53 90 2.23
Azerbaijan 61 4.20 70 4.66 59 3.29
Bahrain 29 4.77 14 5.58 63 3.14
Bangladesh 52 4.37 107 3.84 3 5.42
Belgium 99 3.74 85 4.50 90 2.23
Benin 92 3.77 106 3.85 51 3.61
Bolivia 18 5.05 51 4.93 5 5.27
Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 4.50 40 5.06 55 3.37
Botswana 32 4.69 15 5.56 69 2.93
Brazil 104 3.72 103 3.92 57 3.32
Bulgaria 76 3.90 65 4.74 90 2.23
Burkina Faso 48 4.42 42 5.04 62 3.17
Burundi 89 3.78 109 3.75 40 3.84
Cambodia 40 4.62 96 4.34 6 5.17
Cameroon 65 4.12 95 4.35 46 3.66
Canada 25 4.85 8 5.82 70 2.91
Chad 56 4.25 99 4.22 25 4.31
Chile 2 5.65 11 5.78 4 5.39
China 79 3.87 81 4.53 83 2.55
Colombia 57 4.24 108 3.78 7 5.14
Costa Rica 7 5.38 5 6.09 37 3.96
Côte d’Ivoire 122 2.90 119 3.21 87 2.28
Croatia 28 4.77 25 5.40 54 3.51
12 Cyprus 86 3.79 74 4.57 90 2.23
Czech Republic 105 3.71 90 4.45 90 2.23
Denmark 95 3.76 80 4.53 90 2.23
Dominican Republic 46 4.44 36 5.14 66 3.04
Ecuador 27 4.77 43 5.03 28 4.25
Egypt 114 3.44 122 3.16 36 4.01
El Salvador 3 5.55 9 5.81 12 5.02
Estonia 83 3.83 72 4.63 90 2.23
Ethiopia 68 4.03 110 3.72 20 4.64
Finland 90 3.78 76 4.55 90 2.23
France 97 3.75 84 4.51 90 2.23
Gambia, The 119 3.29 117 3.29 58 3.29
Georgia 5 5.43 3 6.10 32 4.09
Germany 101 3.74 87 4.49 90 2.23
Ghana 67 4.04 67 4.70 77 2.71
Greece 75 3.91 63 4.75 90 2.23
Guatemala 13 5.19 13 5.59 23 4.39
Guyana 84 3.79 97 4.27 74 2.84
Honduras 4 5.45 10 5.81 17 4.73
Hong Kong SAR 16 5.12 1 7.00 123 1.35
Hungary 108 3.68 92 4.40 90 2.23
Iceland 14 5.14 115 3.32 50 3.62
India 115 3.42 7 5.85 43 3.72
Indonesia 60 4.21 45 5.01 79 2.59
Ireland 109 3.67 94 4.38 90 2.23
Israel 43 4.51 32 5.22 64 3.08
Italy 78 3.87 68 4.69 90 2.23
Jamaica 59 4.22 54 4.88 71 2.89
Japan 121 3.20 98 4.24 124 1.11
Jordan 51 4.40 91 4.42 24 4.36
Kazakhstan 53 4.35 52 4.92 61 3.20
Kenya 26 4.78 38 5.07 29 4.20
Korea, Rep. 111 3.63 82 4.52 119 1.84
Kuwait 71 3.94 59 4.79 88 2.25
Kyrgyz Republic 20 5.00 33 5.16 19 4.68
Latvia 80 3.87 69 4.68 90 2.23
Lesotho 23 4.90 53 4.89 14 4.93
Lithuania 70 3.97 56 4.83 90 2.23
(Cont’d.)

Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Market access (cont’d.)
PILLARS
MARKET ACCESS 1a. Domestic market access 1b. Foreign market access
Luxembourg 73 3.91 62 4.76 90 2.23

Macedonia, FYR 38 4.62 46 5.00 38 3.88
Madagascar 6 5.39 47 4.99 1 6.19
Malawi 19 5.01 41 5.05 13 4.94
Malaysia 31 4.71 34 5.15 41 3.83
Mali 45 4.47 55 4.84 42 3.74
Mauritania 74 3.91 102 3.93 39 3.88
Mauritius 8 5.36 6 6.02 35 4.04
Mexico 22 4.90 35 5.15 22 4.41
Mongolia 110 3.63 86 4.49 118 1.93
Montenegro 24 4.86 18 5.53 53 3.52
Morocco 112 3.61 116 3.32 30 4.19
Mozambique 12 5.23 27 5.32 11 5.03
Namibia 41 4.58 24 5.41 68 2.93
Nepal 49 4.42 113 3.56 2 6.13
Netherlands 85 3.79 73 4.57 90 2.23
New Zealand 37 4.65 12 5.73 84 2.50
Nicaragua 11 5.23 28 5.32 9 5.06
Nigeria 123 2.83 118 3.28 117 1.93
Norway 33 4.66 16 5.56 73 2.85
Oman 34 4.65 20 5.51 67 2.95
Pakistan 120 3.24 112 3.58 81 2.58
Panama 69 3.97 64 4.75 85 2.43
Paraguay 39 4.62 37 5.13 52 3.61
Peru 15 5.13 23 5.43 21 4.52
Philippines 64 4.13 100 4.14 31 4.11
Poland 93 3.77 78 4.54 90 2.23
Portugal 77 3.89 66 4.72 90 2.23
Qatar 72 3.93 60 4.78 89 2.23 13
Romania 82 3.85 71 4.65 90 2.23
Russian Federation 125 2.68 125 2.59 72 2.86
Saudi Arabia 54 4.32 30 5.28 86 2.39
Senegal 117 3.35 121 3.20 44 3.66
Serbia 42 4.53 48 4.99 49 3.63
Singapore 1 5.97 2 6.55 16 4.80
Slovak Republic 103 3.72 89 4.47 90 2.23
Slovenia 88 3.78 75 4.56 90 2.23
South Africa 87 3.78 93 4.38 80 2.58
Spain 102 3.72 88 4.47 90 2.23
Sri Lanka 107 3.68 105 3.85 56 3.34
Sweden 96 3.75 83 4.51 90 2.23
Switzerland 58 4.23 39 5.07 82 2.57
Syria 116 3.35 120 3.20 45 3.66
Taiwan, China 106 3.70 44 5.02 125 1.06
Tajikistan 66 4.12 61 4.77 75 2.81
Tanzania 55 4.31 104 3.89 8 5.14
Thailand 113 3.48 124 2.87 18 4.71
Tunisia 35 4.65 50 4.94 33 4.07
Turkey 47 4.42 31 5.26 76 2.74
Uganda 10 5.31 22 5.45 10 5.03
Ukraine 30 4.76 26 5.32 48 3.63
United Arab Emirates 81 3.85 49 4.95 121 1.65
United Kingdom 91 3.77 77 4.54 90 2.23
United States 62 4.17 29 5.29 116 1.95
Uruguay 36 4.65 57 4.83 27 4.29
Venezuela 100 3.74 101 4.08 65 3.05
Vietnam 50 4.41 58 4.80 47 3.64
Zambia 17 5.11 19 5.52 26 4.30
Zimbabwe 118 3.35 114 3.41 60 3.23
Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Border administration
PILLARS
BORDER 2. Efficiency of customs 3. Efficiency of import- 4. Transparency of
ADMINISTRATION administration export procedures border administration
Country/Economy Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Albania 59 4.11 49 4.36 62 4.71 73 3.27

Algeria 99 3.25 105 2.92 90 4.08 101 2.74
Argentina 85 3.51 87 3.55 86 4.19 96 2.79
Armenia 84 3.52 76 3.86 89 4.11 109 2.60
Australia 14 5.69 18 5.48 25 5.46 10 6.13
Austria 9 5.77 3 6.01 21 5.56 16 5.75
Azerbaijan 105 3.13 38 4.69 123 1.78 87 2.92
Bahrain 26 5.23 15 5.55 35 5.25 30 4.88
Bangladesh 100 3.21 104 2.95 79 4.34 122 2.33
Belgium 30 5.06 41 4.59 36 5.25 23 5.33
Benin 97 3.25 112 2.83 94 4.05 91 2.87
Bolivia 87 3.48 77 3.83 93 4.05 110 2.56
Bosnia and Herzegovina 90 3.42 106 2.90 58 4.77 108 2.60
Botswana 70 3.96 46 4.43 111 2.83 35 4.61
Brazil 80 3.70 94 3.29 78 4.34 67 3.47
Bulgaria 72 3.88 63 4.15 83 4.30 77 3.19
Burkina Faso 116 2.75 96 3.16 121 1.92 79 3.17
Burundi 124 2.33 113 2.83 122 1.79 121 2.36
Cambodia 96 3.27 89 3.44 96 3.97 120 2.39
Cameroon 108 3.00 99 3.11 102 3.43 117 2.46
Canada 17 5.61 19 5.37 30 5.37 11 6.10
Chad 125 2.13 124 2.32 118 2.03 125 2.04
Chile 23 5.29 21 5.36 47 5.02 20 5.49
China 48 4.53 40 4.60 33 5.29 56 3.71
Colombia 78 3.71 91 3.40 84 4.26 66 3.48
Costa Rica 46 4.55 34 4.76 51 4.83 47 4.06
Côte d’Ivoire 119 2.67 116 2.74 109 2.87 118 2.40
14 Croatia 60 4.11 54 4.25 74 4.49 59 3.57
Cyprus 29 5.08 43 4.52 22 5.54 27 5.17
Czech Republic 32 4.87 23 5.36 41 5.11 45 4.15
Denmark 3 6.22 4 5.98 4 6.16 4 6.52
Dominican Republic 63 4.07 73 3.91 42 5.10 76 3.21
Ecuador 92 3.40 83 3.66 92 4.05 116 2.49
Egypt 66 3.99 80 3.81 40 5.12 80 3.05
El Salvador 56 4.18 61 4.20 50 4.86 65 3.49
Estonia 11 5.74 9 5.81 7 6.10 24 5.30
Ethiopia 102 3.20 59 4.20 114 2.43 83 2.97
Finland 8 5.83 30 4.96 5 6.13 5 6.40
France 21 5.42 24 5.18 10 5.95 28 5.11
Gambia, The 69 3.98 78 3.82 66 4.67 69 3.44
Georgia 37 4.78 31 4.95 38 5.21 42 4.18
Germany 15 5.67 20 5.37 12 5.92 18 5.72
Ghana 82 3.59 102 2.99 73 4.57 74 3.22
Greece 71 3.92 88 3.50 63 4.70 61 3.54
Guatemala 62 4.09 37 4.72 95 4.04 63 3.52
Guyana 93 3.39 109 2.86 65 4.67 107 2.65
Honduras 86 3.51 93 3.33 85 4.25 85 2.95
Hong Kong SAR 6 5.96 13 5.69 2 6.24 14 5.94
Hungary 34 4.83 16 5.49 53 4.83 44 4.16
Iceland 22 5.36 29 4.96 57 4.77 6 6.35
India 68 3.98 62 4.15 72 4.58 75 3.21
Indonesia 67 3.99 67 4.00 44 5.07 88 2.89
Ireland 7 5.86 6 5.92 19 5.66 13 5.99
Israel 25 5.24 33 4.79 15 5.76 26 5.18
Italy 52 4.30 68 3.96 39 5.20 55 3.73
Jamaica 76 3.77 53 4.26 88 4.18 90 2.87
Japan 16 5.65 17 5.49 18 5.67 15 5.79
Jordan 45 4.56 50 4.35 61 4.74 36 4.58
Kazakhstan 121 2.46 103 2.97 125 1.37 81 3.03
Kenya 113 2.78 122 2.56 104 3.24 112 2.53
Korea, Rep. 24 5.24 26 5.08 6 6.11 37 4.54
Kuwait 81 3.63 115 2.75 75 4.45 57 3.71
Kyrgyz Republic 115 2.76 81 3.79 116 2.19 123 2.29
Latvia 40 4.64 45 4.45 27 5.43 50 4.02
Lesotho 107 3.02 111 2.85 103 3.35 92 2.87
Lithuania 38 4.73 39 4.67 34 5.28 40 4.26
(Cont’d.)

Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Border administration (cont’d.)
PILLARS
BORDER 2. Efficiency of customs 3. Efficiency of import- 4. Transparency of
ADMINISTRATION administration export procedures border administration
Luxembourg 20 5.45 35 4.75 23 5.51 12 6.09

Macedonia, FYR 75 3.77 108 2.87 59 4.76 58 3.68
Madagascar 94 3.31 121 2.66 80 4.33 86 2.93
Malawi 101 3.20 82 3.70 115 2.36 60 3.55
Malaysia 44 4.57 48 4.37 29 5.37 52 3.96
Mali 117 2.74 119 2.69 112 2.75 98 2.77
Mauritania 112 2.81 118 2.72 108 2.92 97 2.78
Mauritius 39 4.69 47 4.42 28 5.40 41 4.25
Mexico 65 4.00 65 4.12 71 4.59 70 3.28
Mongolia 114 2.78 97 3.12 113 2.54 105 2.66
Montenegro 55 4.19 74 3.89 49 4.94 54 3.74
Morocco 57 4.15 44 4.49 64 4.69 72 3.28
Mozambique 95 3.31 98 3.12 97 3.95 93 2.86
Namibia 89 3.46 95 3.18 105 3.14 48 4.06
Nepal 118 2.71 120 2.68 107 2.94 114 2.50
Netherlands 4 6.03 5 5.96 11 5.93 8 6.19
New Zealand 5 6.02 7 5.88 24 5.50 1 6.67
Nicaragua 83 3.56 92 3.35 76 4.36 84 2.96
Nigeria 110 2.98 117 2.74 100 3.54 106 2.65
Norway 18 5.60 42 4.56 8 6.05 9 6.19
Oman 47 4.54 52 4.31 82 4.32 29 4.98
Pakistan 73 3.85 60 4.20 69 4.60 100 2.76
Panama 51 4.38 79 3.81 13 5.85 64 3.49
Paraguay 91 3.41 55 4.25 101 3.46 113 2.52
Peru 58 4.12 70 3.94 70 4.59 53 3.82
Philippines 74 3.82 56 4.25 55 4.82 119 2.40
Poland 42 4.61 58 4.20 37 5.23 38 4.38
Portugal 36 4.78 72 3.92 20 5.57 31 4.86 15
Qatar 35 4.79 84 3.62 46 5.04 17 5.72
Romania 43 4.59 32 4.82 48 4.95 51 4.01
Russian Federation 109 2.99 85 3.61 110 2.87 115 2.50
Saudi Arabia 31 4.91 27 4.97 26 5.44 39 4.31
Senegal 77 3.74 86 3.58 56 4.79 94 2.86
Serbia 64 4.06 64 4.12 68 4.62 68 3.44
Singapore 1 6.56 1 6.69 1 6.45 2 6.53
Slovak Republic 49 4.50 25 5.14 81 4.33 49 4.04
Slovenia 27 5.16 14 5.62 67 4.62 25 5.23
South Africa 53 4.25 28 4.96 99 3.68 46 4.12
Spain 28 5.09 22 5.36 45 5.06 32 4.84
Sri Lanka 79 3.71 90 3.40 60 4.74 82 2.99
Sweden 2 6.34 2 6.33 3 6.18 3 6.53
Switzerland 10 5.76 10 5.77 32 5.29 7 6.21
Syria 111 2.95 125 1.96 87 4.19 103 2.69
Taiwan, China 33 4.83 51 4.34 31 5.32 33 4.84
Tajikistan 122 2.41 114 2.77 124 1.57 89 2.89
Tanzania 98 3.25 123 2.55 77 4.34 95 2.85
Thailand 41 4.61 36 4.74 14 5.81 71 3.28
Tunisia 50 4.49 57 4.22 43 5.09 43 4.17
Turkey 61 4.10 69 3.95 52 4.83 62 3.53
Uganda 103 3.19 71 3.94 106 3.08 111 2.55
Ukraine 106 3.12 110 2.86 98 3.78 102 2.72
United Arab Emirates 12 5.71 12 5.70 9 6.02 21 5.40
United Kingdom 13 5.69 8 5.82 16 5.73 19 5.53
United States 19 5.60 11 5.72 17 5.68 22 5.39
Uruguay 54 4.22 75 3.88 91 4.05 34 4.71
Venezuela 123 2.35 101 2.99 120 1.93 124 2.12
Vietnam 88 3.46 107 2.88 54 4.83 104 2.68
Zambia 104 3.14 66 4.06 117 2.17 78 3.18
Zimbabwe 120 2.57 100 3.01 119 1.94 99 2.77
Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Transport and communications infrastructure
PILLARS
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNI- 5. Availability and quality 6. Availability and quality 7. Availability and
CATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE of transport infrastructure of transport services use of ICTs
Albania 87 3.25 100 3.23 69 3.64 77 2.87

Algeria 93 3.13 65 4.13 110 2.99 94 2.27
Argentina 61 3.78 70 4.06 72 3.61 49 3.66
Armenia 60 3.78 55 4.42 36 4.25 85 2.68
Australia 19 5.24 32 5.10 11 5.34 17 5.29
Austria 12 5.49 11 5.94 8 5.53 24 5.00
Azerbaijan 70 3.58 73 3.87 52 3.99 75 2.88
Bahrain 33 4.65 28 5.21 54 3.96 27 4.79
Bangladesh 117 2.53 120 2.58 105 3.03 108 1.98
Belgium 13 5.47 17 5.69 7 5.56 20 5.16
Benin 105 2.81 116 2.74 66 3.76 110 1.92
Bolivia 102 2.84 95 3.39 119 2.88 96 2.26
Bosnia and Herzegovina 75 3.48 98 3.28 56 3.95 64 3.21
Botswana 84 3.30 53 4.46 99 3.13 92 2.31
Brazil 66 3.64 99 3.28 42 4.14 54 3.49
Bulgaria 49 4.00 66 4.13 62 3.81 39 4.06
Burkina Faso 123 2.25 123 2.15 113 2.95 121 1.66
Burundi 124 2.12 124 2.10 123 2.71 124 1.54
Cambodia 116 2.53 115 2.84 112 2.96 117 1.79
Cameroon 119 2.50 117 2.72 116 2.92 112 1.85
Canada 20 5.24 21 5.48 25 4.66 11 5.57
Chad 125 2.07 125 1.71 104 3.04 125 1.46
Chile 42 4.13 44 4.81 64 3.80 46 3.78
China 43 4.13 57 4.30 18 5.00 70 3.09
Colombia 67 3.63 74 3.87 88 3.29 47 3.73
Costa Rica 78 3.41 75 3.84 87 3.31 71 3.08
Côte d’Ivoire 104 2.81 104 3.20 102 3.05 100 2.18
16 Croatia 38 4.53 34 5.07 48 4.09 34 4.42
Cyprus 37 4.54 36 5.00 35 4.29 35 4.34
Czech Republic 36 4.61 48 4.71 27 4.61 31 4.51
Denmark 8 5.71 3 6.21 15 5.04 3 5.87
Dominican Republic 63 3.69 63 4.19 50 4.01 78 2.86
Ecuador 80 3.40 77 3.81 78 3.52 79 2.86
Egypt 62 3.69 58 4.30 61 3.85 74 2.93
El Salvador 88 3.24 93 3.45 101 3.08 66 3.18
Estonia 31 4.70 51 4.61 37 4.25 19 5.24
Ethiopia 112 2.60 119 2.65 75 3.56 123 1.59
Finland 18 5.33 14 5.84 22 4.90 18 5.26
France 4 5.80 1 6.63 10 5.37 15 5.39
Gambia, The 99 2.97 79 3.76 115 2.93 98 2.21
Georgia 74 3.49 71 4.00 65 3.79 84 2.69
Germany 1 5.85 5 6.12 3 5.78 9 5.66
Ghana 110 2.64 107 3.07 120 2.86 107 1.98
Greece 35 4.63 26 5.24 32 4.36 37 4.29
Guatemala 82 3.31 89 3.51 82 3.38 72 3.05
Guyana 95 3.07 82 3.67 111 2.98 89 2.55
Honduras 79 3.40 64 4.19 92 3.24 82 2.77
Hong Kong SAR 5 5.79 8 6.02 9 5.40 2 5.95
Hungary 41 4.14 88 3.53 30 4.43 32 4.47
Iceland 27 4.87 43 4.82 43 4.11 8 5.67
India 81 3.34 78 3.78 59 3.93 93 2.30
Indonesia 85 3.28 80 3.74 73 3.59 90 2.52
Ireland 23 5.01 27 5.22 23 4.85 25 4.95
Israel 30 4.71 38 4.99 49 4.04 21 5.10
Italy 28 4.76 39 4.98 19 4.98 36 4.33
Jamaica 54 3.88 49 4.66 71 3.62 56 3.38
Japan 14 5.45 20 5.52 4 5.77 23 5.05
Jordan 52 3.93 50 4.64 53 3.98 65 3.18
Kazakhstan 44 4.13 35 5.03 47 4.09 61 3.26
Kenya 100 2.95 97 3.32 83 3.37 101 2.15
Korea, Rep. 15 5.37 24 5.37 21 4.93 6 5.80
Kuwait 69 3.62 67 4.12 81 3.40 57 3.33
Kyrgyz Republic 94 3.12 90 3.49 84 3.35 91 2.51
Latvia 39 4.44 29 5.20 45 4.10 41 4.02
Lesotho 115 2.56 118 2.69 103 3.04 109 1.94
Lithuania 34 4.63 30 5.16 44 4.10 29 4.64
(Cont’d.)

Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Transport and communications infrastructure (cont’d.)
PILLARS
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNI- 5. Availability and quality 6. Availability and quality 7. Availability and
CATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE of transport infrastructure of transport services use of ICTs
Luxembourg 3 5.81 2 6.23 5 5.66 13 5.55

Macedonia, FYR 50 3.97 54 4.42 55 3.96 52 3.53
Madagascar 103 2.83 81 3.71 114 2.95 115 1.82
Malawi 118 2.50 112 2.89 106 3.02 122 1.59
Malaysia 24 4.95 13 5.88 17 5.03 43 3.94
Mali 122 2.35 122 2.28 117 2.91 111 1.87
Mauritania 109 2.74 108 3.00 95 3.17 106 2.06
Mauritius 58 3.83 41 4.92 86 3.31 62 3.25
Mexico 64 3.68 61 4.20 67 3.70 67 3.15
Mongolia 97 3.00 105 3.18 108 3.01 80 2.80
Montenegro 55 3.87 60 4.23 96 3.16 38 4.22
Morocco 72 3.55 56 4.37 77 3.52 83 2.76
Mozambique 111 2.62 92 3.46 124 2.66 119 1.74
Namibia 90 3.18 42 4.85 125 2.62 104 2.07
Nepal 107 2.76 91 3.46 100 3.12 120 1.70
Netherlands 6 5.75 19 5.63 2 5.80 4 5.81
New Zealand 26 4.88 25 5.35 39 4.20 22 5.07
Nicaragua 101 2.89 96 3.33 98 3.14 99 2.20
Nigeria 108 2.74 114 2.85 89 3.27 102 2.11
Norway 21 5.11 23 5.38 33 4.36 10 5.61
Oman 47 4.04 46 4.81 40 4.18 68 3.12
Pakistan 92 3.14 72 3.93 91 3.24 97 2.25
Panama 53 3.90 45 4.81 74 3.57 58 3.31
Paraguay 106 2.77 113 2.89 121 2.82 88 2.59
Peru 91 3.16 94 3.41 94 3.19 76 2.87
Philippines 83 3.31 106 3.09 38 4.23 87 2.61
Poland 51 3.97 87 3.56 34 4.31 40 4.03
Portugal 25 4.91 18 5.68 28 4.61 33 4.44 17
Qatar 46 4.08 33 5.09 76 3.54 50 3.63
Romania 59 3.81 85 3.63 46 4.10 48 3.70
Russian Federation 48 4.00 52 4.53 70 3.62 44 3.86
Saudi Arabia 45 4.10 47 4.73 51 4.00 51 3.58
Senegal 89 3.22 86 3.60 63 3.81 95 2.26
Serbia 76 3.47 102 3.21 58 3.93 60 3.26
Singapore 7 5.74 7 6.04 1 5.81 16 5.35
Slovak Republic 32 4.69 31 5.13 20 4.96 42 3.97
Slovenia 29 4.76 22 5.44 41 4.18 28 4.66
South Africa 65 3.64 59 4.27 60 3.87 81 2.79
Spain 17 5.34 10 5.97 14 5.15 26 4.90
Sri Lanka 86 3.27 62 4.20 109 3.01 86 2.61
Sweden 9 5.70 16 5.70 12 5.32 1 6.08
Switzerland 10 5.63 9 6.01 13 5.16 7 5.71
Syria 98 2.98 101 3.22 68 3.65 105 2.07
Taiwan, China 16 5.36 15 5.77 24 4.79 14 5.50
Tajikistan 96 3.05 84 3.63 80 3.42 103 2.08
Tanzania 113 2.59 110 2.93 107 3.01 114 1.84
Thailand 40 4.19 40 4.98 26 4.62 73 2.98
Tunisia 56 3.86 37 5.00 79 3.47 69 3.11
Turkey 57 3.85 68 4.12 57 3.95 53 3.50
Uganda 120 2.47 121 2.29 85 3.32 116 1.80
Ukraine 71 3.56 69 4.06 93 3.22 55 3.39
United Arab Emirates 22 5.08 4 6.14 29 4.58 30 4.53
United Kingdom 2 5.82 6 6.06 6 5.59 5 5.81
United States 11 5.49 12 5.90 16 5.03 12 5.55
Uruguay 73 3.54 83 3.65 97 3.16 45 3.81
Venezuela 77 3.44 76 3.83 90 3.25 63 3.22
Vietnam 68 3.62 103 3.21 31 4.40 59 3.27
Zambia 114 2.56 109 2.95 118 2.88 113 1.85
Zimbabwe 121 2.47 111 2.92 122 2.74 118 1.76
Table 6: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Business environment
PILLARS
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 8. Regulatory environment 9. Physical security
Albania 73 4.22 85 3.50 59 4.95

Algeria 110 3.47 114 3.03 101 3.92
Argentina 109 3.51 120 2.79 93 4.23
Armenia 65 4.31 96 3.40 46 5.22
Australia 19 5.43 12 5.30 33 5.56
Austria 13 5.66 16 5.08 11 6.23
Azerbaijan 49 4.62 49 4.08 51 5.16
Bahrain 25 5.15 25 4.73 31 5.57
Bangladesh 114 3.41 104 3.22 112 3.59
Belgium 22 5.31 23 4.76 21 5.87
Benin 78 4.12 79 3.56 78 4.68
Bolivia 123 2.98 124 2.51 118 3.45
Bosnia and Herzegovina 84 3.99 118 2.86 53 5.12
Botswana 35 4.89 31 4.59 50 5.18
Brazil 83 4.00 93 3.44 83 4.56
Bulgaria 99 3.68 101 3.30 97 4.06
Burkina Faso 74 4.21 75 3.60 67 4.82
Burundi 124 2.92 121 2.71 121 3.12
Cambodia 88 3.87 87 3.48 91 4.26
Cameroon 94 3.77 108 3.16 89 4.38
Canada 18 5.45 14 5.14 24 5.76
Chad 122 3.07 123 2.58 113 3.57
Chile 26 5.14 32 4.55 25 5.73
China 41 4.74 43 4.22 44 5.25
Colombia 118 3.30 86 3.49 122 3.11
Costa Rica 59 4.46 46 4.16 72 4.76
Côte d’Ivoire 120 3.23 116 2.97 116 3.48
Croatia 63 4.39 90 3.44 42 5.33
18 Cyprus 20 5.40 20 4.82 15 5.98
Czech Republic 43 4.68 52 3.99 39 5.38
Denmark 3 5.96 4 5.60 8 6.33
Dominican Republic 105 3.57 100 3.32 106 3.82
Ecuador 115 3.40 119 2.83 100 3.97
Egypt 61 4.41 55 3.95 65 4.86
El Salvador 98 3.69 65 3.76 111 3.62
Estonia 23 5.31 27 4.66 19 5.96
Ethiopia 81 4.04 94 3.43 81 4.65
Finland 1 6.08 7 5.54 1 6.62
France 27 5.11 24 4.73 35 5.49
Gambia, The 28 5.07 36 4.50 29 5.65
Georgia 45 4.64 66 3.76 34 5.52
Germany 15 5.53 15 5.10 16 5.97
Ghana 70 4.25 72 3.70 71 4.80
Greece 72 4.23 67 3.75 77 4.70
Guatemala 119 3.30 84 3.51 124 3.09
Guyana 113 3.42 98 3.39 119 3.45
Honduras 107 3.55 95 3.41 109 3.69
Hong Kong SAR 5 5.94 6 5.55 7 6.33
Hungary 54 4.56 68 3.74 40 5.38
Iceland 12 5.68 21 4.81 2 6.54
India 58 4.48 47 4.14 69 4.82
Indonesia 60 4.42 48 4.11 76 4.72
Ireland 16 5.48 17 5.00 18 5.96
Israel 53 4.58 38 4.43 75 4.72
Italy 76 4.18 88 3.48 63 4.87
Jamaica 91 3.80 64 3.77 104 3.83
Japan 34 4.91 28 4.62 48 5.20
Jordan 21 5.32 30 4.60 13 6.03
Kazakhstan 80 4.04 83 3.52 82 4.57
Kenya 111 3.47 91 3.44 115 3.50
Korea, Rep. 44 4.65 51 4.02 43 5.27
Kuwait 38 4.85 50 4.07 30 5.64
Kyrgyz Republic 112 3.44 113 3.04 103 3.85
Latvia 50 4.60 63 3.78 38 5.42
Lesotho 90 3.82 82 3.54 95 4.09
Lithuania 52 4.58 70 3.72 37 5.44
(Cont’d.)

Table 6: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Business environment
PILLARS
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 8. Regulatory environment 9. Physical security
Luxembourg 4 5.96 5 5.56 6 6.36

Macedonia, FYR 67 4.29 73 3.62 57 4.96
Madagascar 104 3.57 103 3.25 102 3.90
Malawi 55 4.55 54 3.95 52 5.15
Malaysia 51 4.59 35 4.52 79 4.66
Mali 82 4.02 99 3.37 80 4.66
Mauritania 95 3.73 105 3.21 92 4.25
Mauritius 36 4.87 34 4.52 45 5.22
Mexico 106 3.56 77 3.58 114 3.54
Mongolia 85 3.92 112 3.10 73 4.74
Montenegro 33 4.96 45 4.21 27 5.70
Morocco 66 4.30 62 3.78 70 4.82
Mozambique 101 3.67 107 3.19 94 4.16
Namibia 47 4.63 39 4.37 62 4.89
Nepal 121 3.19 109 3.14 120 3.24
Netherlands 17 5.48 9 5.38 32 5.57
New Zealand 11 5.79 3 5.62 17 5.96
Nicaragua 96 3.72 111 3.13 90 4.30
Nigeria 102 3.65 78 3.56 108 3.75
Norway 7 5.90 11 5.35 5 6.45
Oman 14 5.63 18 4.97 9 6.29
Pakistan 117 3.31 80 3.55 125 3.08
Panama 75 4.21 56 3.95 85 4.47
Paraguay 116 3.32 115 2.97 110 3.68
Peru 93 3.78 69 3.73 105 3.82
Philippines 103 3.61 106 3.20 99 4.01
Poland 68 4.28 61 3.82 74 4.74
Portugal 30 5.00 40 4.30 28 5.70
Qatar 6 5.92 10 5.38 3 6.46 19
Romania 57 4.49 74 3.62 41 5.37
Russian Federation 92 3.79 110 3.14 87 4.43
Saudi Arabia 39 4.85 26 4.67 55 5.02
Senegal 48 4.62 89 3.46 23 5.78
Serbia 89 3.85 102 3.25 86 4.45
Singapore 2 6.00 1 5.93 12 6.06
Slovak Republic 56 4.53 59 3.87 49 5.19
Slovenia 29 5.00 41 4.30 26 5.71
South Africa 79 4.11 37 4.44 107 3.77
Spain 46 4.64 44 4.21 54 5.06
Sri Lanka 100 3.68 58 3.89 117 3.47
Sweden 10 5.84 2 5.68 14 6.00
Switzerland 8 5.87 8 5.48 10 6.26
Syria 42 4.70 81 3.55 22 5.86
Taiwan, China 31 4.99 33 4.54 36 5.44
Tajikistan 77 4.13 92 3.44 68 4.82
Tanzania 69 4.26 76 3.59 60 4.92
Thailand 71 4.24 53 3.96 84 4.52
Tunisia 24 5.27 29 4.62 20 5.91
Turkey 87 3.90 71 3.72 96 4.08
Uganda 97 3.70 97 3.39 98 4.02
Ukraine 86 3.90 117 2.93 64 4.87
United Arab Emirates 9 5.86 13 5.26 4 6.45
United Kingdom 32 4.96 19 4.94 56 4.97
United States 37 4.86 22 4.76 58 4.96
Uruguay 40 4.75 42 4.28 47 5.22
Venezuela 125 2.65 125 2.20 123 3.10
Vietnam 64 4.34 60 3.84 66 4.85
Zambia 62 4.40 57 3.89 61 4.91
Zimbabwe 108 3.51 122 2.62 88 4.41
comparison with last year’s results, while Tables 2 rank of Singapore in terms of overall ICT penetration
through 6 provide the details for the four subindexes points to some room for improvement. For example,
and the nine pillars of the ETI for all economies there are 22 broadband users per 100 population in
covered. Singapore, less than half the rate of Sweden.
More generally, and as highlighted repeatedly,
Top 10 including in the World Economic Forum’s Global
The top 10 ranking of the Enabling Trade Index 2010 is Competitiveness Report and Global Information Technology
populated by relatively small, open economies in which Report series, Singapore offers a supportive business
trade compensates for the small size of their domestic environment that contributes to making it one of the
markets. Singapore continues to lead the way by a large major trade hubs worldwide. The levels of corruption
margin, as measured by its score compared with second- are the lowest among the countries covered, financial
ranked Hong Kong SAR. The composition of the top markets are world-class (2nd), and policymaking is per-
10 is similar to that of last year with two notable excep- ceived as the most efficient. The economy is also open
tions: New Zealand (6th, up five places) and to foreign participation (2nd), although it would benefit
Luxembourg (9th, up four ranks) displace Finland (12th) from more openness to multilateral trade rules (54th).
and Austria (14th), respectively. As in previous years, Placed 2nd, Hong Kong SAR continues to deliv-
Nordic countries feature prominently in the ranking: er consistently strong performance across the compo-
Denmark is 3rd, followed by Sweden (4th) and Norway nents of the ETI, ranking no lower than 16th in any of
(7th), while Iceland (11th)—covered for the first time— the pillars, yet not at the top of any. Hong Kong’s com-
stands at the doorstep of the top 10. Notwithstanding mitment to free trade is shown in the absence of trade
some movement in the rankings and the widening gap barriers in the domestic market. The territory achieves
between the two frontrunners and the rest of the the highest possible score on all the indicators compris-
cohort, the scores within the top 10 remain remarkably ing this pillar and, therefore, obtains a perfect score of 7
stable. in the pillar. Despite its openness to incoming trade,
Singapore continues to lead the ETI rankings by exporters from Hong Kong face the highest trade barri-
maintaining its outstanding performance across the ers in their target markets within the ETI sample. The
20 board. The city-state comes in 1st position on no less trade-weighted tariff rate amounts to 6.2 percent.
than five out of the nine pillars, and features in the top Hong Kong’s 1st place in the quality of transport
10 on 43 out of the 56 indicators composing the ETI. infrastructure reflects outstanding infrastructure facilities
As a small economy, Singapore has a very open trade available across the four main transport modes: air (2nd),
policy and exporters face only a few barriers in target sea (2nd), rail (3rd), and road (3rd). With regard to trans-
markets. The trade-weighted applied tariff rate amounts port by sea, the territory has direct routes to many
to almost zero (0.03 percent, the second lowest), as 99.9 countries and for non-direct routes the number of
percent of imports enter duty-free and Singapore’s transshipments required is minimal. Finally, Hong Kong
exporters face an average tariff in destination markets of offers a very conducive environment for business (6th).
4.5 percent, the second-lowest rate after Chile.13 In particular, the efficiency of its financial sector is rated
Singapore also is rewarded for the extreme simplicity of as second to none, as is its openness to foreign participa-
its tariff structure, ranking 4th on this indicator, just a tion.
few places behind leading Hong Kong. These two are Up one rank from last year, Denmark moves into
the only high-income economies within the top 30 on 3rd position. The best ranked of the Nordics does very
this indicator. well on three out of the four components of the ETI. It
Singapore’s border administration is top notch in ranks 3rd behind Singapore and Hong Kong for the
every respect. The country tops the customs services efficiency of its border administration. It gets excellent
index with the maximum score of 12, and the Doing marks for the efficiency, transparency, and rapidity of
Business study reveals that importing and exporting customs clearance procedures, although importing and
goods requires little paper work (four documents on exporting goods remain very costly. With its very dense
average), is swift (three to five days on average), and ICT penetration, Denmark leads the way when it comes
inexpensive. The estimated cost of US$450 per contain- to ICT infrastructure.14 By the same token, the quality
er is less than half the average of high-income of transport infrastructure is world-class, despite limited
economies and the lowest in the sample. As in previous connectivity by sea. Also among Denmark’s strengths is
years, the assessment of the quality and availability of the quality of its business environment (3rd). Yet the gap
transport infrastructure is equally excellent. Singapore with its two predecessors in the overall ETI rankings
leads the way for the quality of air transport, seaport, remains sizeable because of Denmark’s rather mediocre
and road infrastructure. On measures related to connec- performance in the market access component, where it
tivity, as well as timeliness, ease and affordability of ship- ranks 95th. Denmark, as all other European Union (EU)
ments, and logistics competence, Singapore places at or member countries, owes this low position to the highly
near the top. Against these excellent results, the 16th complex common external tariff schedule of the

European Union (96th) and the frequent recourse to the fees, number of documents, and time associated with
non-tariff measures (68th). In addition, while tariffs exporting and importing goods. Partly because of its
applied by the European Union are very low (4th), its remoteness and small size, the availability and quality of
members still face average tariffs of close to 6 percent in transport services (39th) are limited as reflected by New
destination markets. Zealand’s low ranking on the Liner Shipping Connectivity
Sweden, ranked 4th, posts a performance similar Index (68th) and transshipment connectivity index
to Denmark’s. Also up one notch from last year, the (49th). On a more positive note, New Zealand offers a
country stands out for its highly efficient and transparent favorable business environment (11th), scoring high on
border administration, as reflected in the 2nd rank all indicators entering this variable except the openness
(after Singapore) in the related subindex. Another area to foreign participation (48th).
of strength is its excellent ICT infrastructure, where it The third of the Nordics, Norway (7th) sees no
ranks 1st thanks to the extensive use of Internet by change in its overall score and rank. The country does
businesses, the most dense penetration of broadband generally better in the market access component than
connections in the sample (41 subscribers per 100 pop- its neighboring EU members Denmark and Sweden,
ulation), and universal use of mobile telephony. Finally, although it ranks third to last on the index of tariff
Sweden offers a regulatory framework that is remarkably complexity.
conducive to trade (2nd), characterized by extremely high Losing two ranks, Canada (8th) is the largest
ethical standards in the public and private sectors (3rd), a country in the top 10. Canada owes its good positioning
very efficient government (3rd), well-functioning finan- to a consistently good performance across the board,
cial markets (4th), and a high degree of openness to for- ranking no lower than 30th in any of the nine pillars of
eign participation (7th), although the hiring of foreign the ETI. Yet there is room for improvement, as Canada
labor remains rather difficult (49th). By contrast, the places below the top 10 on many of the pillars. The
highly complex tariff structure and the prevalence of country does better than many advanced economies in
non-tariff measures make Sweden, as other EU mem- the market access component (25th) of the Index,
bers, a laggard in the market access component (96th). despite a complex tariff structure (83rd), which is partly
Down two positions, Switzerland (5th) fares very the result of the great variance in tariff rates (115th).
well in most of the dimensions of the ETI, with some Within the border administration pillar, some barriers 21
notable exceptions within the market access component. persist, such as very high average costs to export (100th)
Switzerland ranks last among the 125 economies for the and import (91st) goods, and relatively burdensome
complexity of tariffs. The country applies a staggering customs procedures (30th). On a more positive note,
6,662 distinct tariffs, while the count for second-to-last Canada boasts good transport infrastructure and services,
Russia amounts to 1,921. Moreover, over 82 percent of including good connectivity, as well as very high ICT
all tariff lines bear a specific tariff. Yet, this complexity penetration (11th). Moreover, Canada offers one of the
seems to apply only to a limited share of trade, since most conducive business environments (18th), thanks to
almost 90 percent (9th highest share) of all imports to a favorable regulatory environment (14th).
Switzerland are duty-free. Turning to border administra- Luxembourg improves four ranks to reach 9th
tion, there remains some room for improvement for position. The most positive aspect is the quality of
making procedures less costly, burdensome, and time transport and ICT infrastructure, in which Luxembourg
consuming on both the export and import ends. For places 3rd, behind neighboring Germany and the
example, exporting a standardized container costs United Kingdom. More generally, the Duchy offers a
US$1,537 (96th) on average, three times more than in very safe environment (6th) and a very supportive
Singapore. Switzerland boasts excellent infrastructure for regulatory framework (5th), due to efficient policymak-
roads, railroads, and air transport, although the fact that ing (4th), a mature financial sector (8th), high ethical
the country is landlocked results in relatively poor con- standards (6th), as well as one of the highest degrees of
nectivity to maritime routes. Switzerland partially com- openness to foreign participation (3rd). In particular, the
pensates for its disadvantageous geographical position by business community recognizes the high prevalence of
striving for high performance in transport services foreign ownership in the country’s economy (5th), the
(13th): its logistics competence as well as its tracking ease for employers to hire foreign labor (4th), and the
and tracing ability are second to none, as measured by relative mobility of capital flows (11th). Less positive and
the Logistics Perception Index. Continuing on this uneven is the performance in the border administration
positive note, the regulatory environment is extremely component (20th). While customs clearance procedures
supportive to business activity and trade with a great are generally efficient, importing goods remains expen-
degree of openness to foreign participation (6th). sive (US$1,420), and Luxembourg receives a rather low
New Zealand progresses by five positions to 6th score on the customs services index (6 points out of 12,
rank. New Zealand leads the transparency pillar of the 76th).
border administration component (5th) although it Closing the top 10, the Netherlands (10th) retains
underperforms on some specific indicators, including its position with the same score as last year. Border
administration and the quality and availability of trans- the quality of seaport infrastructure, and 27th and 33rd
port and logistics services are the strongest aspects of the on the transshipment connectivity index and Liner
country’s performance. The Netherlands customs offers Shipping Connectivity Index, respectively. Finally, the
the necessary services to business (5th) and importing business environment is fairly good (19th). Yet, among
and exporting goods is hassle-free and swift (11th on the various issues affecting their international operations,
the efficiency of import-export procedures), while trans- the business community cites the difficulty of hiring
port services are assessed as the 2nd best in the world in foreign labor (91st) and somewhat restrictive rules on
terms of availability and quality. Moreover, the country’s FDI (51st), as well as the costs incurred by the threat of
connectivity with the rest of the world via maritime terrorism (77th) and by crime and violence (45th).
routes is among the best (3rd), which is not surprising Japan, at 25th, loses two positions. The country
given that the country hosts Europe’s main maritime has one of the most protected domestic markets in the
gateway, the Port of Rotterdam. By the same token, the entire sample. At 25.3 percent (111th), import tariffs on
quality of port infrastructure is assessed as among the agricultural products move toward prohibitive levels; in
world’s best (3rd). The assessment is somewhat less posi- addition, the market is protected by frequent recourse to
tive when it comes to specific aspects of the regulatory non-tariff measures. The highly complex tariff schedule
environment and physical security. Trade would benefit (93rd) is difficult to navigate for business as a result of
from easier rules and regulations for hiring foreign labor the variance and the large number of distinct tariffs. The
(42nd) and from better protection from common crime openness to foreign participation is limited (77th), as
and violence (54th). manifested in the difficulty of hiring of foreign labor;
restrictive rules on FDI; and, consequently, infrequent
Asia and Pacific foreign participation. At the same time, Japan’s border
The Asia and Pacific region is host to some of the administration is transparent and efficient, albeit businesses
fastest-growing and largest economies worldwide. Many express concerns about the burden of customs procedures.
of the countries in the region have greatly benefited Last but not least, the quality of transport-related services
from trade and made it a central part of their growth is world-class (4th), with the most efficient postal service
strategy. It is estimated that over the period 2010–14, worldwide and high level of logistics competence (7th).
22 almost 50 percent of global growth will take place in At the same time, the assessment of the quality of trans-
Asia. The developing countries in the region are grow- port infrastructure is less somewhat positive (20th) and
ing faster than the global economy, and will account for mixed across the different modes of transport. Although
the largest share of that global growth—42 percent of the quality of railroads is world-class (2nd), air transport
it.15 Over the same period, trade in goods from, to, and infrastructure lags behind the world’s best (48th).
within the region will grow by 9 percent annually and With its score unchanged from last year, Korea
account for 40 percent of global merchandise trade.16 (27th) drops one position, displaying a mixed perform-
In the ETI, there is a wide gap between frontrunners ance across the four main components of the ETI.
Singapore, Hong Kong, and New Zealand, and the rest Korea remains a laggard in the market access component
of the region; many agree that Asia has yet to fully (111th), imposing some of the highest tariffs on agricul-
leverage the opportunities offered, in particular by trade, tural imports in the sample (44 percent, followed only
in the region. This is reflected in the results of the ETI. by Norway, Morocco, and Turkey). Korea’s tariff struc-
Except for the top 10 and Australia (15th), countries stay ture is characterized by very high tariffs on a few select-
outside the top 20, with China hovering around the 50 ed agricultural products (e.g., dairy products), as reflect-
mark and India at a low 84th. ed in the third-highest variance of tariffs in the sample.
Australia ranks 15th as a result of good perform- On the export side, Korean products face some of the
ance across the board, although leaving some room for highest tariffs in the world and are granted only very
improvement in specific areas, such as market access narrow preference margins. On a more positive note,
where the country places 63rd. Access to the domestic Korea achieves high marks for the quality and availabili-
market remains hampered by tariffs close to 4 percent; ty of its transport and communications infrastructure
these apply to a large share of imports (45 percent).17 (15th, up six positions) and to a lesser extent border
Australian exports face some of the highest tariffs, 6 administration (24th). In particular, the country boasts
percent, and the margin of preference—at less than 3 excellent connectivity through maritime routes and
percent—is extremely narrow. The quality of border world-class shipping services. In addition, railroad infra-
administration has improved significantly (14th), structure is also very well rated (8th overall) and Korea
although ample room for improvement remains as to also possesses one of the world’s best and densest ICT
the time, costs, and paperwork associated with exporting infrastructures (6th). The government is among the most
and importing goods. Some facets of Australia’s transport active in promoting ICT, for example, through putting
infrastructure (32nd) are in need of improvement; mar- online services in place. Korea obtains the best score in
itime transport is the most worrisome, especially given the sample in the Government Online Service Index, an
the country’s remoteness. The country ranks 46th for assessment of the extent and quality of the government’s

online offer. Border administration and import-export closest being India, at 72nd. Average fees associated with
procedures are efficient, smooth, and swift, though importing and exporting goods are among the world’s
relatively costly. More problematic is the quality of the lowest (3rd), at US$545 and US$500 per container,
general business environment. In this component, Korea respectively. However, the time required to complete
ranks a middling 44th, owing to the negative assessment these procedures ranges from 21 to 24 days, far longer
by the business community of such critical factors as the than in Singapore, for example (3 to 5 days). While
efficiency of government policymaking and the financial being fairly efficient, border administration remains
market, corruption, and the country’s openness to foreign subject to irregular payments and corruption, as reflected
investment. in China’s results on the related variable (51st) and the
The fourth and lowest-ranked member of the Tigers 65th position in the Corruption Perceptions Index.
quartet, Taiwan, China (28th), loses three positions, China ranks 79th on the market access component,
although its main strength and weaknesses remain in owing to the high import tariffs of 11.8 percent (108th)
line with the previous edition of this Report. Market it levies as well as the very narrow margin of preference
access is by far the weakest area (106th), whereas Taiwan (122nd) granted in destination markets. Finally, the qual-
obtains good to excellent marks on most indicators ity of the Chinese business environment, the fourth
having to do with the quality of transport infrastructure main component of the ETI, improved somewhat (41st,
(15th) and related services (24th), and ICT infrastructure up eight notches), but important constraints persist with
(14th). The business environment is also fairly conducive respect to the efficiency of the financial sector (73rd)
to trade (31st), with one major shortcoming in the and some aspects of the openness to foreign participa-
openness to foreign participation (66th). tion (50th), including the restrictions placed on interna-
Following closely, Malaysia (30th) maintains its tional capital flows (117th).
position within the top 30. The country ranks fairly Indonesia, at 68th, improves its score but retains
high in the market access (31st) and infrastructure (24th) the same position in the rankings. At 68th, it does better
components. Transport infrastructure is of high quality than most of its peers of the lower-middle-income
(19th) and widely available (9th), and the related services group. The most positive aspects of Indonesia’s perform-
are well developed (17th). Border clearance procedures ance are found in the regulatory framework pillar (48th).
are the least costly in the world and businesses assess In particular, the country receives good marks for the 23
them as fairly hassle-free, although many documents are efficiency of its financial sector (29th) and of government
necessary. However, against this positive assessment, it policymaking (46th), as well as for some measures of
has to be noted that the quality of the business environ- the country’s openness to foreign participation (52nd),
ment has deteriorated considerably since the last assess- including the prevalence of foreign ownership (40th),
ment. Malaysia loses ground in all 10 indicators of this rules on FDI (38th), and restrictions on capital flows
component, falling from 33rd to 51st position. In partic- (32nd). The assessment is more negative regarding secu-
ular, the costs associated with crime and violence and rity (76th), another key determinant of the quality of
the threat of terrorism are on the rise. Yet the regulatory the overall environment: Indonesia ranks 82nd for the
framework remains fairly propitious (35th) thanks to costs associated with the threat of terrorism and 74th for
efficient financial markets (10th), solid property rights the reliability of the police, in line with the average for
(34th), and strong domestic competition (32nd). the country group. Overall, the quality of Indonesia’s
China, the world’s largest exporter and one of its transport infrastructure, including roads and seaports, is
fastest-growing countries, progresses one rank to 48th second rate (80th) and airport density is low (0.3,
position; it ranks 3rd within the lower-middle-income 100th). The availability and quality of transport services
country group. Although considerable room for (73rd), though improving, are not satisfactory. In this
improvement remains in every component of the Index, context, the 48th and 38th ranks obtained in the trans-
China’s performance appears in a different light when shipment connectivity index and the Liner Shipping
compared with its BRIC peers. India, its closest con- Connectivity Index, respectively, are encouraging. ICT
tender, lags 36 places behind at 84th, followed by Brazil infrastructure remains largely underdeveloped (90th),
at 87th, while Russia follows at a much lower 114th. with very sparse Internet usage and a very limited
The availability and quality of transport services government online presence. Border administration also
constitute the main areas of strength for China (18th). offers a mixed picture. Customs procedures associated
In particular, the country tops the Liner Shipping with importing and exporting are relatively inexpensive
Connectivity Index and obtains very good and improv- and require little paperwork, but they still take a lot of
ing scores on most of the other indicators in this cate- time by international standards, and border administra-
gory. By contrast, transport infrastructure (57th) still tion remains marred by corruption (88th).
presents major shortcomings, in particular with respect Vietnam posts one of the biggest progressions
to air and sea transport infrastructure. China’s customs among all countries, leaping 18 places to 71st position.
procedures are assessed as fairly efficient (33rd), especially The improvements in the country’s trade environment
when compared with the other BRIC economies—the reflect Vietnam’s commitments following the country’s
recent accession to the WTO (in 2007), which is leading year. As is the case in all EU member countries, Germany
to a significant liberalization of trade in goods and serv- provides fairly strong protection to agricultural markets
ices over the phase-in period to 2012. This is reflected through non-tariff barriers (73rd) and a highly complex
in the ETI in Vietnam’s improved ranking in the market tariff structure that protects a small number of mainly
access component (50th). Despite progress made,Vietnam’s agricultural products. As in many other developed coun-
tariff schedule remains complex in some respects. The tries, tariffs faced by Germany abroad are fairly high in
area of biggest concern, however, is in border adminis- international comparison (76th), but the country per-
tration. Recent efforts to streamline the efficiency of forms very well on all the other pillars of the ETI
the country’s customs led to a 10-place improvement except for the efficiency of border administration, where
in the related category, albeit from a low base (107th). it ranks 20th. Irregular payments in exports and imports
Simultaneously, the low rank of 104th for the trans- also appear to be more prevalent (24th) than could be
parency of border administration indicates room for expected from a country with a very strong regulatory
improvement in this area. Trade could be further environment (15th). Further disadvantages include diffi-
enabled by upgrading the country’s transport infrastruc- culties in hiring foreign labor (86th) and restrictions on
ture, which is in a dire state (103rd). Low airport density FDI (67th). However, Germany’s excellent transport
(104th), poor road quality (95th), and insufficiently infrastructure (5th) and the high quality of the related
developed port facilities (93rd) indicate that the boom- services (3rd) compensate for these weaknesses.
ing economy is straining the country’s infrastructure. Dropping three places, the United States is ranked
The assessment of transport services is much more 19th this year. The country’s performance has fallen in
positive. Vietnam improves its scores on all indicators international comparison in almost all areas assessed by
composing this category and ranks 31st. Finally, Vietnam the Index, bar the regulatory environment and physical
achieves mixed results in the business environment security. Although some progress has been achieved in
component (64th). Openness to foreign participation is absolute terms, this has not been sufficient to lead to an
limited because of the low prevalence of foreign owner- improvement in the rankings. There has been a deterio-
ship (102nd) and limited participation in multilateral ration by 13 places of the market access component,
trade rules (102nd), and despite the openness toward placing the country 62nd. Most aspects measuring the
24 FDI (26th) and foreign labor (46th). state of trade policy in the United States have remained
India ranks a low 84th, owing to a mixed perform- unchanged, with the exception of a very small increase
ance in the ETI. Among the nine pillars of the Index, in the complexity of tariffs, yet US exporters appear to
the country’s highest ranking is 47th—in the regulatory be facing higher tariffs abroad and benefiting from lower
environment pillar—and it attains only a very low 115th preference margin than in previous years. Overall, the
on the market access pillar. The domestic market is pro- United States continues to benefit from hassle-free
tected through tariffs of 13 percent on average (115th), import and export procedures (17th) and efficient cus-
which are particularly high for agricultural products (40 toms clearance (11th), and provides excellent customs
percent, 121st). Further, only 17 percent of all imports services to business (3rd).The country also benefits from
enter the country free of duty (112th). Adding to the excellent infrastructure, including ICTs, providing a
costs, the structure of tariffs is difficult to navigate (89th) strong basis for enabling trade within the country.
because of the large dispersion of tariffs (107th) and the However, over the past year, the United States has fallen
high number of distinct tariffs (94th), including many behind in two crucial categories of openness—business
specific tariffs (90th). Trade is also impeded by customs leaders perceive that the rules and regulations both for
procedures, which remain largely inefficient (72nd). In hiring foreign labor and for encouraging foreign direct
addition, exporting and importing require much time investment have become more restrictive, falling by 18
and paperwork to clear goods at the border, and the and 17 places, respectively, to 62nd and 64th position.
process is plagued by corruption and bribery (82nd). And as in the previous year, the threat of terrorism to
India’s good connectivity and some aspects of India’s business, at 114th, remains among the costliest in the
general regulatory environment (47th) brighten some- world.
what this rather bleak assessment. France places 20th in this year’s ETI, down by
Other than the Philippines, at 92nd, the other three positions. As for other European countries, market
countries in the region are found below the 100 mark access has slightly deteriorated mainly because of higher
with Pakistan at 112th, followed by Bangladesh barriers faced by exporters abroad. There has also been a
(113th), Mongolia (116th), and Nepal (118th). decline in the transparency of the border administration.
The country’s overall trade environment remains charac-
Europe and North America terized by high barriers to the domestic market by means
Germany, which has just been surpassed by China as of non-tariff measures and highly complex, although
the world’s largest exporter, is the highest ranked among low, tariffs, which apply to a significant portion of
the large economies in terms of enabling trade, and imports. Access to foreign markets remains limited with
placed 13th after losing one rank compared with last fairly high tariffs faced and low margins of preference in

place. Nevertheless, France’s transport infrastructure plays At 18th, Chile improves by one position, once
an important role in facilitating trade: it is second to again leading the ETI rankings in Latin America and the
none, widely available, and of excellent quality. The Caribbean. Chile’s strong commitment to participating
high-quality transport services, ranked 10th, also play in international trade is demonstrated by its extended
a key role in supporting the country’s trade perform- participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs), along
ance. Businesses operate in a largely suitable regulatory with the government’s continuous efforts to improve the
environment (24th), with the only drawbacks being country’s facilitation of trade.18 Displaying an extraordi-
restrictive regulations on hiring foreign labor and nary performance in the area of market access (2nd),
encouraging FDI, ranked at 90th and 62nd, respectively. Chile benefits from both its high share of duty-free
Physical security is not a major disadvantage (35th), imports (16th) and the low tariffs (1st) faced by Chilean
although the threat of terrorism continues to pose some exporters. Likewise, Chile applies an almost uniform
costs to business (70th). MFN tariff (a rate of 6 percent with only a few excep-
The Russian Federation slides by five places to tions) to all its importers,19 a measure that has helped to
obtain a very low 114th position in this year’s ETI. reduce the complexity of the country’s tariff structure
Despite pledges of the G-20 not to increase protection- (2nd). The country’s overall assessment of border admin-
ism following the financial crisis, Russia has fallen to the istration (23rd) is also positive because of its transparen-
last place in the entire sample on the market access cy (20th) and efficiency (21st). Furthermore, Chile is
subindex. Although the average weighted tariff rate characterized by seamless customs procedures (5th), as
declined, non-tariff measures are being used more well as little corruption related to exports and imports
frequently than in previous years and the complexity of (16th). In fact, during the past few years, Chile has made
the tariff structure has increased somewhat. Yet the bulk significant efforts toward the modernization of its customs
of the decline can be traced to higher tariffs in target regime through the introduction of new measures such
markets faced by Russia’s exporters, which are among as the advance publication of regulations, the computer-
the highest worldwide (102nd). Russian exporters are ization of procedures, and the creation of a customs
clearly suffering from the country’s decision not to tribunal.20 But, despite these advances, its clearance pro-
pursue accession to the WTO. Russia’s low ranking cedures remain time consuming and cumbersome. With
obscures to a certain extent the strengths of its trade regard to Chile’s communications infrastructure, the still 25
environment. Given the country’s level of development, modest availability and use of ICTs in the country
transport infrastructure remains in fairly good condition, (46th) indicates room for improvement. On the other
although its availability is assessed more positively (at hand, the country received a sound general assessment
31st) than its quality (at 74th). Furthermore, Russia of its transport infrastructure (28th), thanks in large part
continues benefit from the availability of ICTs in the to the excellent quality of its roads (15th), ports (24th),
context of trade, with the use of these technologies and air transportation (17th). Last but not least, Chile’s
spreading quickly by both businesses and government. favorable business environment (26th) has also been key
On the other hand, enabling trade in Russia would to the country’s success in benefiting from trade.
require an overhaul of the import export procedures Costa Rica, ranked 44th for enabling trade across
(110th) and reform of what is one of the most burden- borders, is down one position in this edition of the
some customs clearance processes in the world (122nd). Report. As a big contributor to national GDP, trade plays
Russia also obtains poor marks for its regulatory envi- a significant role in Costa Rica’s social and economic
ronment (110th), which bears witness to the country’s development strategies. For this reason, the government
rather protectionist stance with regard to foreign partici- pays special attention to trade policy and considers it a
pation (ranked 115th). And although physical security is crucial tool for economic growth and social equity. As
moderate (ranked 68th for the business cost of common in the case of Chile, Costa Rica is an example of best
crime and violence), business leaders do not trust the practices in market access (7th), thanks to moderate
police for enforcing law and order (105th). non-tariff measures (21st) and relatively simple tariff
structure (35th). Consequently, the country’s market
Latin America and the Caribbean access is assessed favourably at 37th.21 Costa Rica also
With some notable exceptions—such as Chile and has experienced recent improvements concerning the
Costa Rica, which display very strong performances— efficiency of its import-export procedures. For example,
Latin American and Caribbean countries place for the the time required to import goods dropped from 25 to
most part in the middle of the ETI rankings. As high- 15 days, and the number of documents needed to
lighted in past editions of this Report, the region’s out- import and export both decreased by one, with only 7
standing domestic and foreign market access continues to and 6 documents now required, respectively. In addition,
be the main strength of many of its countries. However, Costa Rica’s border administration is considered to be
the overall business environment remains an area for reasonably efficient (34th), even though some difficulties
improvement, particularly in terms of corruption and were identified by the business community regarding
physical security. irregular payments in imports and exports (60th). On a
less positive note, Costa Rica would benefit from upgrad- ICTs (54th). As it is the case for other countries in the
ing the quality of its transport and communications region, the general business environment (83rd) could
infrastructure (78th). In particular, the quality of roads be improved by being more open to foreign participa-
and ports needs to be improved (ranked 100th and tion (83rd) and by reducing the business costs of crime
121st, respectively), and ICTs are still not widely and violence (111th).
available or used (ranked 71st). Argentina, at 95th, improves by two positions,
Mexico comes in at 64th place, moving up in the presenting a mixed picture across the different areas of
ETI rankings by 10 positions. Mexico considers trade the ETI. In order to improve its trade performance,
facilitation and global integration to be areas of focus in Argentina should address different aspects affecting the
its national competitiveness plan 2008–2012. Among the country’s business environment (109th). In particular,
main trade-related policies is the intention to make a regulations affecting property rights (117th), domestic
thorough analysis of existing tariff rates to avoid discrep- competition (121st), and openness to foreign participa-
ancies and reduce tariff dispersion, as well as the elimi- tion (103rd) increase the difficulty of doing business in
nation of those tariffs affecting goods with low volumes the country. At the border, procedures are perceived as a
of trade; as for non-tariff measures, simplification and burden by businesses (117th), who encounter difficulties
automatization processes are under way.22 One of the in areas related to the efficiency of import-export pro-
main areas of improvement identified is Mexico’s cedures (86th), such as the high cost of importing goods
domestic and foreign market access (22nd), as the country (100th, with US$1,810 in fees on a 20-foot container)
significantly increased its share of duty-free imports and numerous documents required to export (106th).
(11th) while keeping tariffs relatively low (25th). Other areas of concern include a lack of transparency
Likewise, the availability and quality of Mexico’s trans- at the border (96th), related to the frequent irregular
port infrastructure also improved greatly, climbing 24 payments in exports and imports (100th). Similar to
positions up to 61st place. Concerning transport services, Brazil, the high and increasing tariff rates (98th) and the
advantages such as the competence of the logistics pervasive non-trade barriers (85th) continue to affect
industry (43rd), the ability to track shipments (44th), and Argentina’s ability to trade, although tariffs faced by
the timeliness of shipments reaching destination (51st) exporters in Argentina (32nd) are relatively easy to over-
26 also helped Mexico’s overall performance. Last, Mexico’s come, allowing them to introduce their products in global
business environment (106th) is still assessed poorly as a markets. Among the country’s strengths are transport
consequence of low levels of physical security (114th), and communications infrastructure (61st) and the avail-
limited reliability of police services (116th), and high ability and use of ICTs (49th). In fact, the Argentinean
business costs of crime and violence (117th). Meanwhile, government provides many online services (42nd), and,
the regulatory environment pillar (77th) captures how, similarly, businesses use the Internet to carry out com-
despite Mexico’s openness to foreign participation mercial transactions (55th).
(40th), the country is strongly affected by both corrup-
tion (92nd) and low levels of domestic competition Middle East and North Africa
(105th). Over the past year, all countries from the region bar
Brazil maintains its 87th position in the ETI. A three—Algeria, Morocco, and Jordan—have improved
G-20 member and major exporter of agricultural prod- their position in the ETI. The region continues a high
ucts, the country has been much involved in global degree of diversity in terms of enabling trade, with the
trade negotiations, representing the interests of both United Arab Emirates (UAE) entering the top 20 while
MERCOSUR and developing countries more generally.23 Algeria maintains its position at the bottom of the
Despite the importance of trade for its economy, Brazil’s rankings.
main weakness remains high and rising protectionism, as The United Arab Emirates leads the region at a
captured by the market access pillar (104th). This is very strong 16th position, ahead of the United Kingdom,
mainly due to high tariffs (105th), which are imposed Chile, and the United States. The country improved by
on the vast majority of imports (90th) as well as to the two positions over the past year by building on its
prevalence of non-tariff measures (79th). The border strengths. Clearance of goods at the border, already effi-
administration could also be made more efficient (80th), cient in previous years, has become even easier in inter-
particularly in areas such as customs administration, national comparison (12th), although the assessment of
which remains burdensome (115th), and the overall cost the transparency of border administration (at 21st) lags
of import and export procedures (81st and 97th, respec- behind these excellent results somewhat. In terms of the
tively). The overall assessment of Brazil’s infrastructure is availability and quality of transport infrastructure, the
fairly positive (66th), although the quality of transport UAE moves up to be among the best countries in the
infrastructure could be improved (105th), especially the world (4th). Another distinct advantage, high levels of
country’s ports (120th). Brazil also displays some strength physical security (4th), has been equally strengthened.
with regard to the quality and availability of its transport All these factors provide a basis for further strong
services (42nd) as well as the availability and use of growth of trade in the country and a strengthening of

its positioning as a key international logistics hub. must be noted, however, that the simplification of the
Despite progress achieved in these areas, if transport tariff structure was accompanied by more burdensome
services were further developed and liberalized, the customs procedures, which can partially offset the effect
UAE could further benefit from its favorable geographic of tariff reforms on trade. Tunisia now ranks 52nd for
location on the Europe-Asia trade route. The country the burden of customs procedures. Overall, Tunisia ben-
presently occupies the 29th position in the related cate- efits from a business environment that is conducive to
gory. The government could equally place higher priori- trade (24th) and is supported by a solid institutional
ty on putting more public services online (88th). This framework and high levels of physical security (20th).
would not only facilitate trade in a direct way—for Nevertheless, openness to foreign participation remains
example, by expediting and facilitating customs clear- restricted (65th), and a more efficient financial market
ance through online procedures—but also would lead (65th) could further contribute to developing trade. The
the way in Internet use, given that the business sector country’s exporters and importers also benefit from
presently lags behind a number of other countries in high-quality and widely available infrastructure across
this area (27th). However, the main constraint remains all modes of transport (37th). Room for improvement
high domestic tariffs (53rd) as well as the high trade remains with respect to the availability and quality of
barriers faced by the country’s exporters abroad (117th). transport services (79th), a sector that would benefit
Israel occupies the 3rd position in the region in from further liberalization and opening up to foreign
terms of enabling trade and 26th worldwide, moving up participation. Last but not least, and in contrast to
by three places this year. The improvement in rankings domestic tariffs, Tunisia enjoys fairly easy access to
mirrors important advances in maintaining physical foreign markets (41st), supported by an important
security and in increasing the use of ICTs, which on preference margin (27th).
balance outweigh the deterioration in the efficiency of Saudi Arabia, up by two positions, occupies the
customs procedures. Overall, Israel’s border administra- 40th rank. Consistent improvements in all the pillars
tion is efficient and transparent compared with that of except for the market access component contributed
many other countries (25th). As last year, the formal to this result. The efficiency of Saudi Arabia’s customs
import and export procedures appear de jure fairly services (27th) and border administration (26th) are
simple, and neither particularly time-consuming nor important factors in facilitating trade across the coun- 27
very costly. However, in their replies to the Executive try’s borders. Customs procedures are not very burden-
Opinion Survey, business leaders identified customs some, and it is not costly to import and export goods,
procedures as rather burdensome, ranked 64th out of although it may be time consuming (e.g., it takes 18
125 countries. This result, which is significantly lower days to import goods, which corresponds to 58th rank).
than that of last year (when the country ranked 31st) Saudi Arabia also benefits from a solid institutional
could point to bottlenecks in the implementation of framework with transparent (20th) and efficient (31st)
official procedures. Other strengths that contribute to government institutions, well-defined property rights
an environment that is conducive to trade are the high (32nd), and high levels of domestic competition (16th).
penetration of ICTs, which are widely used by both The country’s recent accession to the WTO was an
businesses for transactions (6th) and the government for important step in opening up to foreign participation,
online services (19th). Despite the slight improvement yet Saudi Arabia remains closed to foreign ownership
over the past year, the difficult security situation remains (101st) and has signed only a small share of trade-
the most important single drawback in Israel’s trade enabling multilateral treaties (109th). This applies equally
environment; this is ranked 75th overall. In addition, trade to the transportation sector, where it did not commit to
could be further enabled by more efficient transport opening up significantly under the GATS provisions
services (49th). More openness to foreign participation (69th). Such a move would support the development
(93rd) could also contribute to raising the performance of a more efficient logistics and transport industry in the
of this sector by intensifying competition and thereby country, thereby raising the competitiveness of exports,
raising efficiency and stimulating innovation. which the country wishes to diversify. Other than that,
Tunisia, moving up by three positions to 38th, Saudi Arabia’s exporters and importers face the same
remains the leading country in North Africa for enabling challenge as in many other countries in the region: high
trade. The country’s association agreement with the costs resulting from the threat of terrorism (96th).
European Union, which has created a free trade area Morocco, ranked 75th, sees the most significant
between the two traders as of 2008, has contributed deterioration in rankings this year’s Report among the
significantly to liberalizing imports into Tunisia. countries from the region. The weaker assessment is
Nevertheless, Tunisia maintains fairly high tariffs (120th derived from all of the pillars of the ETI. Morocco’s
for the tariff rate), although the complexity has been trade policy remained rather protectionist over the past
reduced over the past year. Tariff peaks and specific several years. The country currently ranks 112th on the
tariffs have been completely eliminated and the share market access pillar. A rise in protectionism is indicated
of duty-free imports rose from 24.1 to 76.3 percent. It by the steeply declining share of duty-free imports (14th
to 85th) and in the rising complexity of the tariff struc- Additionally, Mauritius benefits from, in regional compar-
ture (58th to 61st). At the same time, Morocco’s exporters ison, very transparent and efficient governance structures
benefit from easy access to their main target markets and manageable levels of physical security (45th).
(31st), in large part because of a high preference margin The second-highest ranked African country is
with the European Union. Exports are further enabled Botswana, placed at 53rd as it enters this Report for the
by clearance procedures, which are more efficient for first time. Botswana has made great strides in opening its
exports than for imports. For example, it takes 17 days market, as shown by its excellent 15th position in terms
to import goods, but only 14 to export them. Yet, by of domestic market access. Although the country ranks
and large, the customs administration is not the most 68th for its average tariff rate (of 5.6 percent), tariffs are
critical bottleneck, as it is fairly efficient (44th) and pro- applied to only a fraction of imports, about 5 percent,
vides appropriate services (42nd). Similarly, the quality and very few non-tariff measures are in place. On the
and availability of infrastructure—in particular railroads other hand, the assessment of access to foreign markets is
and maritime services—is an advantage on which to less favorable than that of domestic access, ranked 69th
build. Further fostering Morocco’s trade performance overall. Another key strength, in international compari-
would additionally require continuing the liberalization son, is Botswana’s solid institutional framework, with an
process. Openness to foreign participation is limited efficient government, fair jurisdiction and political deci-
(92nd), and Morocco committed to opening up only a sions, and low levels of corruption, all of which con-
small share of transport-related subsectors under the tribute to rendering border administration transparent
GATS agreement (54th). Further liberalization of these (35th) and customs clearance fairly efficient (44th).
sectors would help improve the quality of transport Yet, although transparent, the border clearance process
services, which currently lags behind many countries remains somewhat cumbersome, costly, and time-
(77th). consuming, for both imports and exports. On the
efficiency of import export procedures pillar, Botswana
Sub-Saharan Africa ranks a low 111th. Other than import-export procedures,
Sub-Saharan African countries enable trade to different transport services as well as the availability and use of
degrees, and the trade liberalization efforts of recent ICTs constitute important bottlenecks to trading across
28 decades have not been sufficient to significantly improve borders in Botswana, and are ranked at 99th and 92nd,
the trade performance of the region as a whole. Many respectively. The country’s logistics services sector is not
African countries liberalized trade and enjoy significant on a par with international standards, ranking, for exam-
preferences in target markets, but significant improve- ple, 106th for logistics competence. At the same time,
ments in trade facilitation have not yet been achieved. transport infrastructure appears to be available and in
As a result, it is still significantly more expensive to trade good shape. By making further use of ICTs (114th),
with Africa than with other regions. In many cases, the businesses in Botswana could enter new markets abroad.
cost of trading is a more important obstacle to trade The government could also foster the use of ICTs by
development than trade policies. providing more services online and creating conditions
Mauritius, one of the African countries best har- to develop the necessary infrastructure, such as tele-
nessing the benefits of international trade, maintains the phone lines, which are not commonplace in Botswana
top position in sub-Saharan Africa at 33rd place, ahead (93rd).
of the rest of the region by a wide margin. With very South Africa, a G-20 member and the region’s
low tariff and non-tariff barriers and low tariffs in target most advanced economy, places 72nd with respect to
markets, the country is among the top performers in the enabling trade across borders, down by 11 positions
entire sample on the market access pillar (8th). Yet, from last year’s Report. As the country’s score remained
although tariffs are being reduced, complexities in their roughly the same, the drop in rankings indicates that
structure (85th) make it difficult to navigate for business. although South Africa’s overall situation has not
With rather efficient and transparent border agencies, changed, other countries have advanced. The drop is
potential bottlenecks in getting goods across borders mainly attributable to a poorer comparative assessment
can arise with respect to the availability and quality of the country’s transport infrastructure and the related
of transport services, as well as the quality of transport services as well as little progress in the use of ICTs.
infrastructure, ranked 86th and 71st, respectively. Similar to Botswana, South Africa boasts a very efficient
International shipments are easy and not costly to and transparent customs administration (28th and 46th,
arrange from Mauritius, but timeliness of delivery, track- respectively) and a fairly strong institutional framework.
ing and tracing ability, and overall logistics competence It has to be noted, however, that the country is less open
are low in international comparison (ranked 104th, to foreign participation and trade than Botswana, as wit-
93rd, and 91st, respectively). The country’s high level of nessed by the lower share of duty-free imports (36th),
openness to foreign participation (16th), be it foreign more restrictive regulations on capital flows (105th), and
labor, FDI, or capital flows, highlights the country’s FDI (75th). South Africa also has an important number
commitment to participating in the global economy. of non-tariff measures in place. Albeit declining, the

state of transport infrastructure (29th for quality of world, as open borders benefit not only the domestic
infrastructure) and the availability of transport services economy, but also that economy’s trading partners.
receive good assessments. However, the simplification of Against this background, by ranking countries
import and export procedures appears overdue and according to the barriers to trade they currently have in
would make trading across the border more efficient, as place, The Global Enabling Trade Report provides key
their current complexity constitutes the most important information on one specific set of measures that could
bottleneck. Importing goods into South Africa takes 35 facilitate recovery. The Report is intended to be a moti-
days, requires 9 documents, and costs (for a standardized vator for change and a foundation for dialogue, by pro-
container) US$1,807. viding a yardstick of the extent to which countries have
Tanzania drops five places this year, to 97th place. in place the factors that facilitate the free flow of goods
A number of areas are assessed more poorly in this year’s and identifying areas where improvements are most
edition; in particular, customs clearance has become needed.
more burdensome and progress in ICT availability and
usage is slower than in other countries. Despite the
deterioration since last year Report, market access Notes
remains the key advantage in Tanzania’s trade environ- 1 See Eichengreen and O’Rourke 2010.
ment. Tanzanian exporters face very low tariffs in target 2 WTO 2010.
markets (6th), and the country managed to secure 3 For an analysis, see Baldwin 2009.
additional preferential access. Other advantages include 4 GTA 2009.
a fairly secure environment and relatively efficient pro- 5 Bown 2010a. See also Bown 2010b. A more pessimistic view
cedures for import and export (77th). However, business is found in Vandenbussche and Zanardi 2010.
leaders assess customs procedures as extremely cumber- 6 The deterioration of the security situation in Greece most likely
some (113th) the customs administration provides only reflects the riots that began at the end of 2008, just a few
months before the Survey was conducted.
very few services to business (110th). And while export-
ing only requires a few documents (28th), it remains very 7 We have focused on the flow of trade in goods in the Index for
expository purposes, although we recognize that enabling trade in
time consuming (94th) and costly (77th) given the services, is also important. By circumscribing the issue clearly, the
country’s level of GDP. Enabling trade in Tanzania will Index provides a useful vehicle for analyzing policy on a clearly 29
defined part of the issue. Trade in goods accounts for upward of
also necessitate serious investment in transport infra- 80 percent of all trade, and is therefore highly relevant.
structure and efforts to encourage the use of ICTs.
8 The methodology used to calculate the weighted average tariff
Roads, ports, and airports are in poor condition and do rate has been updated slightly this year. Weights used for the
not sufficiently support the country’s participation in aggregation are calculated at the 6-digit level of the harmonized
system (HS6). For countries where subheadings of a HS6 code
international trade. Last but not least, Tanzania still (tariff lines) contain both ad valorem duties and specific tariffs,
imposes some of the highest tariffs in the world, in par- weights are now allocated equally between them. In the last
edition of the Report the weights used for specific tariffs were
ticular on agricultural products. added to the weights of the ad valorem tariffs that pertained to
the same HS6 position. This change has impact on the results for
a few countries, such as Australia, Japan, and Sri Lanka. This
update was necessary because the previous methodology over-
Conclusions stated the weights of the few concerned HS6 positions in the
This chapter has presented the results of the ETI for overall average. The data on non-tariff measures are currently
being revised, but the figures were not yet available at the time
125 countries and analyzed selected economies in of production of this Report. We hope to be able to include an
more detail. This methodology, first published in 2008, improved measure of non-tariff barriers in the next edition.
measures the ease of getting goods across borders and 9 For landlocked countries, the access to ports is measured.
to destination. It has been developed by the World 10 The score of each subindex is derived as an unweighted average
Economic Forum in collaboration with leading compa- of the pillars that constitute it.
nies from the logistics and transportation sectors and 11 Tests were carried out using regression analysis in a gravity
experts from trade-related international organizations. model of trade. See Lawrence et al. 2009.
The Index categorizes the obstacles into four categories: 12 This is the financial market efficiency subpillar of the World
Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index. See Sala-i-Martin
market access, border administration, transport and com- et al. 2009 for more details about this variable.
munications, and business environment.
13 However, the spread faced by Hong Kong—between the lowest
The economic crisis has highlighted the impor- rate of 3.7 percent and the highest rate 6.2 percent—is now
tance of trade for the global economy, an importance down to a narrow 2.5 percentage points.
that was thrown into relief when trade volumes con- 14 The rate of broadband Internet subscribers in Denmark (37 percent)
is second best worldwide, just behind Sweden.
tracted sharply in its wake. Throughout the crisis there
has been remarkable resilience against the threat of pro-
tectionism; this observation is by and large confirmed by
the Index results. Just as trade was key to spreading the
slowdown internationally, so can trade be an important
driver in diffusing the benefits of recovery across the
15 Over this period, world GDP is expected to grow by 5 percent per Secretaría de Economía de Mexico. 2008. Diez lienamientos de la
year, while Developing Asia is expected to grow by 8.2 percent secretaria de economia y comercio para incrementar la competi-
annually (authors’ calculation, based PPP estimates from the tividad 2008–2012. Mexico City, February. Available at
October 2009 edition of the International Monetary Fund’s World http://www.economia.gob.mx/pics/pages/2025_base/
Economic Outlook). The Developing Asia region comprises DiezLineamientos.pdf.
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,
China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Vandenbussche, H. and M. Zanardi. 2010. “Antidumping: Much Ado
Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua about Nothing?” VoxEu.org. March 8. Available at
New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4729.
Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Singapore; WTO (World Trade Organization). “Understanding the WTO: Cross-
Hong Kong SAR; Taiwan, China; Korea, Rep.; Australia; and New Cutting and New Issues. Regionalism: Friends or Rivals?”
Zealand are added to the group to calculate the average for the Available at http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/
entire region. bey1_e.htm (accessed April 14, 2010).
16 Authors’ calculations based on trade forecasts obtained from the ———. 2005. Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation: 45 Case
Economist Intelligence Unit’s CountryData Database (retrieved on Studies, ed. P. Gallagher, P. Low, and A. D. Stoler. “Case Study 7:
April 14, 2010). The figures are for the Australasia region, which Brazil and the G-20 Group of Developing Countries,” P. da Motta
comprises Australia; Bangladesh; China; Hong Kong SAR; Veiga. Available at http://onlinebookshop.wto.org/shop/
Indonesia; India; Japan; Korea, Rep.; Malaysia; Myanmar; New article_details.asp?Id_Article=701&lang=EN.
Zealand; the Philippines; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Singapore;
Sri Lanka; Thailand; Taiwan, China; and Vietnam. ———. 2009a. “Trade Policy Review: Chile. Open trade policy has con-
tributed to growth and poverty reduction.” Press Release: PRESS/
17 Australia, however, is one of few advanced economies alongside TPRB/320, October 7 and 9. Available at http://www.wto.org/
New Zealand and Hong Kong SAR where tariffs on agricultural english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp320_e.htm/.
products are lower than on the other products.
———. 2009b. Trade Policy Review, Report by the Secretariat: Chile.
18 WTO 2009a. WT/TPR/S/220. September 2. Available at http://www.wto.org/
19 WTO 2009a. english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s220-00_e.doc.
20 WTO 2009b. ———. 2010. “Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 after a Dismal 2009,
WTO Reports.” Press Release/PRESS/598, March 26. Available at
21 Bilateral and regional agreements—such as Caribbean Community http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm.
(CARICOM) membership (since 2005) and treaties with large
markets in the region such as Chile and Mexico, as well as its
prospective treaties with important trade actors such as the
European Union, China, and Singapore—are important instru-
ments of Costa Rica’s trade policy. See http://www.comex.go.cr/
politica%20comercio/.
30 22 Secretaría de Economía de México 2008.
23 WTO 2005.
References
Baldwin, R., ed. 2009. The Great Trade Collapse: Causes,
Consequences and Prospects. VoxEU.org Ebook. November
2009. Available at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4297
Bown, C. P. 2010a. Global Anti-Dumping Database, version 6.0, March.

Available at http://www.brandeis.edu/~cbown/global_ad/.
———. 2010b. “Antidumping, Safeguards and Protectionism During the

Crisis: Two New Insights from 4th Quarter 2009.” VoxEU.org.
February 18. Available at http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4635.
Eichengreen, B. and K. O’Rourke. 2010. “What Do New Data Tell Us?”

VoxEU.org. March 8. Available at http://voxeu.org/index.php?q
=node/3421.
GTA (Global Trade Alert). 2009. The Unrelenting Pressure of

Protectionism: The 3rd GTA Report. A focus on the Asia-Pacific
Region, ed. S. Evenett. London: CEPR. Available at
http://www.globaltradealert.org/gta-analysis/
unrelenting-pressure-protectionism-3rd-gta-report.
———. 2010. Will Stabilisation Limit Protectionism? The 4th GTA

Report. A Focus on the Gulf Region, ed. S. Evenett. London:
CEPR. Available at http://www.globaltradealert.org/
gta-analysis/will-stabilisation-limit-protectionism-4th-gta-report.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2009. World Economic Outlook

Database. October 2009. Available at http://www.imf.org/
external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/index.aspx.
Lawrence, R., M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, and Q. He. 2009.

“Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis.” The Global Enabling Trade
Report 2009. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 3–35.
Sala-i-Martin, X., J. Blanke, M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, and I.Mia.

2009. “The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010:
Contributing to Long-Term Prosperity amid the Global Economic
Crisis.” The Global Competitiveness Report 2009–2010. World
Economic Forum: Geneva. 3–48.
1.1: Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis

Appendix: Composition of the Enabling Trade Index
This appendix provides details about the construction of Subindex A: Market access
the Enabling Trade Index (ETI).
Pillar 1: Domestic and foreign market access
The ETI is composed of four subindexes: the mar-
A. Domestic market access
ket access subindex; the border administration subindex;
1.01 Tariff rate (hard data)
the transport and communications infrastructure 1.02 Non-tariff measures (hard data)
subindex; and the business environment subindex. These 1.03 Complexity of tariffs (hard data) 2
subindexes are, in turn, composed of the nine pillars of Tariff dispersion (hard data)
the ETI: domestic and foreign market access, efficiency Tariff peaks (hard data)
of customs administration, efficiency of import-export Specific tariffs (hard data)
Distinct tariffs (hard data)
procedures, transparency of border administration, avail-
1.04 Share of duty-free imports (hard data)
ability and quality of transport infrastructure, availability
B. Foreign market access
and quality of transport services, availability and use of 1.05 Tariffs faced (hard data)
ICTs, regulatory environment, and physical security. 1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets
These pillars are calculated on the basis of both hard (hard data)
data and survey data.
The survey data are mainly derived from the
responses to the World Economic Forum’s Executive Subindex B: Border administration
Opinion Survey and range from 1 to 7. In addition, sur-
Pillar 2: Efficiency of customs administration
vey data from the World Bank’s Logistics Performance 2.01 Burden of customs procedures
Index (LPI) have also been included. The hard data were 2.02 Customs services index (hard data)
collected from various recognized sources, such as the
Pillar 3: Efficiency of import-export procedures
World Bank, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the
3.01 Efficiency of the clearance process 3
International Trade Centre (ITC), and the United 3.02 Time to import (hard data)
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNC- 3.03 Documents to import (hard data)
31
TAD).The data are described in detail in the Technical 3.04 Cost to import (hard data)
Notes and Sources section at the end of this Report. All 3.05 Time to export (hard data)
of the data used in the calculation of the ETI can be 3.06 Documents to export (hard data)
3.07 Cost to export (hard data)
found in the Data Tables on the website of the Report
(www.weforum.org/getr). Pillar 4: Transparency of border administration
The hard data indicators used in the ETI, as well 4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports
as the results from the LPI survey, are normalized to a 4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index (hard data)
1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Executive
Opinion Survey results.1 Each of the pillars has been
calculated as an unweighted average of the individual Subindex C: Transport and communications
infrastructure
component variables. The subindexes are then com-
pounded as unweighted averages of the included pillars. Pillar 5: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure
In the case of the domestic and foreign market A. Availability of transport infrastructure
access pillar, which is itself composed of two subpillars 5.01 Airport density (hard data)
(domestic market access and foreign market access), 5.02 Transshipment connectivity index (hard data)
the overall pillar is the unweighted average of the two 5.03 Paved roads (hard data)
subpillars. Likewise, in the case of the availability and B. Quality of transport infrastructure
5.04 Quality of air transport infrastructure
quality of transport infrastructure pillar, which is itself
5.05 Quality of railroad infrastructure
composed of two subpillars (availability of transport 5.06 Quality of roads
infrastructure and quality of transport infrastructure), 5.07 Quality of port infrastructure
the overall pillar is the unweighted average of the two
subpillars. The overall ETI is then calculated as the Pillar 6: Availability and quality of transport services
6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (hard data)
unweighted average of the four subindexes.
6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment 3
The variables and the composition of pillars are 6.03 Logistics competence 3
described below. If a variable is one of hard data, this is 6.04 Tracking and tracing ability 3
indicated in parentheses after the description. 6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching
destination 3
6.06 Postal services efficiency
(Cont’d.)
1.1: Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis
Appendix &&&::
Appendix: Composition
(cont’d.)of the Enabling Trade Index (cont’d.)
6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector

(hard data)
Pillar 7: Availability and use of ICTs

7.01 Extent of business Internet use
7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions (hard data)
7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers (hard data)
7.04 Internet users (hard data)
7.05 Fixed telephone lines (hard data)
7.06 Government Online Service Index (hard
data)
Subindex D: Business environment
Pillar 8: Regulatory environment

8.01 Property rights 4
8.02 Ethics and corruption 4
8.03 Undue influence 4
8.04 Government efficiency 4
8.05 Domestic competition 4
8.06 Efficiency of the financial market 4
8.07 Openness to foreign participation 5
Ease of hiring foreign labor
Prevalence of foreign ownership
Business impact of rules on FDI
Restriction on international capital flows
Openness to multilateral trade rules
32 (hard data)
Pillar 9: Physical security

9.01 Reliability of police services
9.02 Business costs of crime and violence
9.03 Business costs of terrorism
Notes
1 The standard formula for converting each hard data variable to the
1-to-7 scale is
country score – sample minimum

6 x
( sample maximum – sample minimum ) + 1
The sample minimum and sample maximum are the lowest and
highest scores of the overall sample, respectively. For those hard
data variables for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome
(e.g., tariff barriers, road congestion), we rely on a normalization
formula that, in addition to converting the series to a 1-to-7 scale,
reverses it, so that 1 and 7 still correspond to the worst and best
possible outcomes, respectively:
country score – sample minimum

–6 x
( sample maximum – sample minimum ) + 7
In some instances, adjustments were made to account for

extreme outliers in the data.
2 Complexity of tariffs is the average of the other four variables.
3 These variables are derived from the World Bank’s Logistics

Performance Index Survey, which is based on a 1-to-5 scale. LPI
data were normalized to a 1-to-7 scale using the above formula in
order to align it with the Executive Opinion Survey results.
4 These variables are composite indicators comprising multiple

variables used in the World Economic Forum's Global
Competitiveness Index. For details, see the Technical Notes and
Sources at the end of this Report.
5 Openness to foreign participation is the average of the other five

variables.
Part2.WEB.FINAL:Country Profiles 5/5/10 12:38 PM Page 33
Part 2
Country/Economy Profiles
How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles

The Country/Economy Profiles section presents a two-

page detailed profile for the economies covered by The Argentina
Global Enabling Trade Report 2010. The printed version Key indicators
Population (millions), 2009 ...............................................40.3 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).......................2,780.4
of the Report features the profiles of 23 selected coun- GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................301.3
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 .....................................-2.5
Trade
100
Country
World ■ FDI inflows
10
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................7,508.1 80 8
tries. These are the members of the Group of Twenty GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................52
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................45
60
40
6
4
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................47
20 2
(G-20) (i.e., Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO
0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
0
Colombia, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Selected trade indicators

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..................4.4 Main trading partners, 2008
Japan, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Russian Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....70,023.0
Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.......................11,869.7
Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ......57,423.0 Exports Imports
Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................12,578.7 Brazil
EU27
China
18.9
18.8
9.1
Brazil
EU27
China
31.3
15.7
12.4
WTO accession year .......................................................1995
United Kingdom, and the United States), as well as the Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......31.9; 11.6
United States
Chile
Others
7.9
6.7
38.6
United States
Paraguay
Others
12.2
3.1
25.3
Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ...............7.9
three countries where the World Economic Forum is Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................10.3
Exports and imports by sector, 2008
Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ..................10.5
holding major regional summits in 2010 (i.e., Morocco, Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0
Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ......................1.0
■ Agriculture ■ Fuels and mining ■ Manufactures
Exports 53.1 12.5 30.6
Tanzania, and Vietnam).

The Country/Economy Profiles for all the Imports 5.6 10.9 82.9
Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO

0 20 40 60 80 100
economies in this Report, including the 23 selected Enabling Trade Index Rank
(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
countries listed above, can be found online at 2010 Index..............................................................................95

2009 Index....................................................................................................................97
Market access ...................................................................................................98
3.6
3.5
3.7
1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ............................................98 3.7
www.weforum.org/getr. They can be consulted and Border administration.......................................................................................85

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................87
3.5
3.6
35
3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................86 4.2
downloaded free of charge. 4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................96

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................61
5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................70
2.8
3.8
4.1
6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services ...............................72 3.6
7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................49 3.7
Business environment ....................................................................................109 3.5
8th pillar: Regulatory environment .................................................................120 2.8
9th pillar: Physical security................................................................................93 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performing economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the
right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”
Page 1
Key indicators
The first section presents a selection of key indicators:
• Population figures are from the United Nations IMF (ibid). The bars represent the evolution of FDI
Population Fund (UNFPA)’s State of World inflows as a percentage of GDP. FDI flows with a
Population 2009, and surface area data are from the negative sign indicate reverse investment or disin-
World Bank’s World Development Indicators Online vestment, as data on FDI flows are presented on a
(retrieved March 24, 2010). net basis (capital transactions’ credits less debits
between direct investors and their foreign affiliates).
• All GDP figures are from the International FDI data are from the United Nations Conference
Monetary Fund (IMF)’s World Economic Outlook on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)’s FDIstat
Online Database (October 2009 edition). database (retrieved March 29th, 2010).
• The chart on the upper right-hand side displays • Export and import rankings shown to the left of
the evolution of trade volumes and foreign direct the chart are for 2007 and based on trade data
investment (FDI) as a percentage of GDP from obtained from the WTO (ibid). Data for 2007 are
1996 through 2008 (or over the subperiod for not available for Indonesia, Malawi, Mauritania,
which data are available) for the economy under Qatar, and Zimbabwe.
review (blue line and bars). The black line repre-
sents the evolution of world trade as percentage Selected trade indicators
of world GDP. Total trade is the sum of total The second section presents selected indicators that aim
imports and exports of merchandise and commer- to provide an overview of an economy’s trade profile,
cial services. Data are from the World Trade performance, and policies:
Organization (WTO)’s Statistical Database, Time series
on merchandise and commercial services (retrieved • Current account balance data are from the IMF’s
March 23rd, 2010). GDP figures come from the World Economic Outlook Online Database (October
2009 edition). Merchandise and commercial servic-

Argentina
2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

es trade data come from the WTO’s Statistical All 125 profiles available at www.weforum.org/getr
The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail

Database (retrieved March 29th, 2010). INDICATOR, UNITS
1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access
RANK/125
■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage
SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE
1.01 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................98 .....■ .......10.5 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
1.02 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................85 .....■ .......62.5 Uganda ...............................................0.1
1.03 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best).................................................84 .....■ .........4.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0
Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................89 .....■ .......10.9 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................47 .....■ .........0.9 Multiple economies............................0.0
• Regional trade agreements notifications and most 1.04

Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................92 .....■ .........7.1
Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................90 .....■ .....705.0
Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................68 .....■ .......57.5
Multiple economies............................0.0
Hong Kong SAR .................................1.0
Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0
1.05 Tariffs faced, %....................................................................................32 .....■ .........5.3 Chile ...................................................3.7
favored nation (MFN) bound and applied tariff 1.06
2.01
Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......38 .....■ .......46.7
2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration

Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................117 .....■ .........2.8
Nepal ................................................97.5
Singapore ...........................................6.4
2.02 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................61 .....■ .........7.2 Multiple economies.............................12
rates, are provided by the International Trade 3.01

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures
Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................54 .....■ .........2.6 Luxembourg .......................................4.0
3.02 Time to import, days............................................................................49 .....■ ..........16 Singapore ..............................................3
Centre (ITC). For non-WTO members, we report 3.03

3.04
3.05
Documents to import, number ............................................................50 .....■ ............7
Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................100 .....■ .....1,810
Time to export, days ............................................................................36 .....■ ..........13
France ...................................................2
Singapore ..........................................439
Multiple economies...............................5
3.06 Documents to export, number ..........................................................106 .....■ ............9 France ...................................................2
the simple average tariff rate. Tariff escalation repre- 3.07 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................92 .....■ .....1,480
4th pillar: Transparency of border administration

Malaysia ............................................450
4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)......................100 .....■ .........2.8 New Zealand ......................................6.7
sents the percentage point difference between the 4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................85 .....■ .........2.9
5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

New Zealand ......................................9.4
9
5.01 Airport density, number per million population....................................31 .....■ .........1.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7
MFN applied tariffs for finished (or fully processed) 5.02

5.03
5.04
5.05
Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................45 .....■ .......72.5
Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................80 .....■ .......30.0
Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................108 .....■ .........3.4
Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................79 .....■ .........2.0
United Kingdom .............................100.0
Multiple economies........................100.0
Singapore ...........................................6.9
Switzerland.........................................6.8
5.06 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) .................................................................78 .....■ .........3.2 Singapore ...........................................6.7
goods and the applied tariffs for raw materials (or 5.07 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................80 .....■ .........3.6
6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services

Singapore ...........................................6.8
6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................37 .....■ .......26.0 China ..............................................132.5
primary products) for all goods. The data come 6.02

6.03
6.04
Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................42 .....■ .........3.2
Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................44 .....■ .........3.0
Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................49 .....■ .........3.2
Singapore ...........................................3.9
Switzerland.........................................4.3
Switzerland.........................................4.3
6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ..............41 .....■ .........3.8 Luxembourg .......................................4.6
from the World Bank’s World Trade Indicators 2009. 6.06

6.07
Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................95 .....■ .........3.8
GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0
Japan ..................................................6.8
Armenia ..............................................0.6
7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs

7.01 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ........................................55 .....■ .........4.6 Sweden ..............................................6.4
7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................32 .....■ .....116.6 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6
7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................47 .....■ .........8.0 Sweden ............................................41.2
7.04 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................61 .....■ .......28.1 Iceland ..............................................90.6
7.05 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................49 .....■ .......24.4 Switzerland.......................................64.1
• Data on tariff rates and peaks for agricultural and 7.06 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................42 .....■ .........0.4
8th pillar: Regulatory environment

Korea, Rep..........................................1.0
8.01 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .................................................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Switzerland.........................................6.4
non-agricultural products were provided by the 8.02

8.03
8.04
Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................121 .....■ .........1.8
Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................119 .....■ .........2.2
Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................122 .....■ .........2.5
Singapore ...........................................6.4
Sweden ..............................................6.2
Singapore ...........................................6.0
8.05 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .....................................................121 .....■ .........3.2 Singapore ...........................................5.6
International Trade Centre (ITC). Tariff peaks for 8.06

8.07
Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................114 .....■ .........2.8
Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................103 .....■ .........4.2
Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................51 .....■ .........4.5
Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6
Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2
United Arab Emirates .........................6.2
Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).......................................56 .....■ .........5.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6
agricultural products and non-agricultural products Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................120 .....■ .........3.4
Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................120 .....■ .........3.0
Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................48 .....■ .......66.5
Singapore ...........................................6.7
Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5
Slovenia ............................................93.1
9th pillar: Physical security

represent the share of tariff lines with a tariff peak 9.01
9.02
9.03
Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................113 .....■ .........2.8
Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................101 .....■ .........3.7
Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................38 .....■ .........6.2
Finland ................................................6.6
Qatar ..................................................6.7
Austria ................................................6.8
in the agricultural sector and the industrial sector,

respectively. A tariff peak is defined as an MFN rate
that is more than three times the simple average
tariff rate.
• The first of the two tables on the right-hand side

36 lists the main destination markets of the economy’s
exports expressed as a share of its total merchandise port equipment, textiles, clothing, and other con-
exports. The second table reports the main markets sumer goods.
of origin of the economy’s imports expressed as a
share of its total merchandise imports. Data are Note that the sum of shares does not necessarily
from the WTO's World Trade Profiles (March 2010 add up to 100 because the world total merchandise
edition). Note that data for Chad and Montenegro trade includes other commodities and transactions that
(exports and imports) and Peru (imports only) are are not part of the three main commodity groups
mirror data (i.e., obtained from partner countries’ described above. These commodities are gold, arms and
trade data). Mirror data come from the ITC’s Trade ammunition, and commodities and transactions not clas-
Competitiveness Map (retrieved March 29th, 2010). sified elsewhere (SITC Rev. 3, section 9).
• The bar chart on the right-hand side shows the Enabling Trade Index
breakdown by commodity group (Agriculture, Fuels The bottom section of the left-hand side summarizes
and mining, and Manufactures) of the country’s mer- the economy’s performance on the main components of
chandise exports and imports, respectively. Data are the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) 2010, as well as on the
from the WTO's World Trade Profiles (March 2010 ETI 2009 overall ranking.
edition). Note that mirror data provided by the
ITC was used for Chad (exports and imports) and
Lesotho (imports only). According to the WTO’s Page 2
International Trade Statistics, the breakdown is as
follows: The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail
This page presents the performance (rank and score)
• Agriculture covers food products (SITC Rev. 3 achieved by the economy on each individual indicator
sections 0, 1, 4, and division 22) and raw materi- entering the composition of the Enabling Trade Index
als (SITC Rev. 3 divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, and 26). (ETI). Indicators are organized by pillar. Please refer to
the Appendix of Chapter 1.1 for the detailed structure
• Fuels and mining covers ores and other minerals, as and information about the computation of the ETI.
well as fuels and non-ferrous metals. Units or index ranges are indicated next to the indica-
tor’s name. Please refer to the Technical Notes and
• Manufactures covers iron and steel, chemicals, Sources for a detailed description and sources for all
other semi-manufactures, machinery and trans-

indicators. The detailed rankings by indicator, the Data • Time to export. It takes 5 days on average to
Tables, are available online at www.weforum.org/getr. export goods in Denmark, Estonia, and Singapore.
Next to the rank, a colored square indicates
whether the indicator constitutes an advantage (the blue • Paved roads. A total of 18 economies have 100
square) or a disadvantage (gray square) for the country. percent of their road network paved: Austria, Czech
In order to identify variables as an advantage or disad- Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong
vantage, the following rules apply: SAR, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Latvia,
Luxembourg, Mauritius, Singapore, Slovenia,
• For the top 10 economies in the overall ETI, any Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, and the United
variables on which the economy is ranked 10th or Kingdom.
higher are considered to be competitive advantages.
Any variables ranked below 10 are considered to be
competitive disadvantages.
• For those economies ranked from 11th to 50th on

the overall ETI, any variables with a higher rank
than the economy’s overall rank are considered to
be competitive advantages. Any variables ranked
equal to, or lower than, the economy’s overall rank
are competitive disadvantages.
• For economies with an overall rank on the ETI

lower than 50, any variables for which the economy
ranks 50th or higher are considered to be competi-
tive advantages. Any variables ranked below 50 are
considered competitive disadvantages.
37
For the sake of comparison, we report in the two
right-most columns the score and name of the best-per-
forming economy for each indicator. Multiple economies
denotes a tie among several economies for the best score
on a specific indicator. For these indicators, we provide
below the list of best performing economies.
• Tariff peaks. A total of 24 economies have no tar-

iff peaks: Albania, Algeria, Bangladesh, Benin,
Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia,
Ghana, Hong Kong SAR, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Paraguay, Senegal,
Tunisia, and Zambia.
• Specific tariffs. A total of 44 economies have no

specific tariffs: Albania, Algeria, Benin, Bolivia,
Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia,
Cameroon, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Côte d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guatemala, Guyana,
Honduras, Hong Kong SAR, Jamaica, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Senegal, Syria, Tunisia, Uruguay,
Venezuela, Vietnam, and Zambia.
• Customs services index. Two economies obtain

the maximum score of 12 on this index: Singapore
and the United Kingdom.
List of Countries/Economies
List of Countries/Economies
Country/Economy Page Country/Economy Page Country/Economy Page
Albania 40 Ghana 124 Nigeria 208

Algeria 42 Greece 126 Norway 210
Argentina* 44 Guatemala 128 Oman 212
Armenia 46 Guyana 130 Pakistan 214
Australia* 48 Honduras 132 Panama 216
Austria 50 Hong Kong SAR 134 Paraguay 218
Azerbaijan 52 Hungary 136 Peru 220
Bahrain 54 Iceland 138 Philippines 222
Bangladesh 56 India* 140 Poland 224
Belgium 58 Indonesia* 142 Portugal 226
Benin 60 Ireland 144 Qatar 228
Bolivia 62 Israel 146 Romania 230
Bosnia and Herzegovina 64 Italy* 148 Russian Federation* 232
Botswana 66 Jamaica 150 Saudi Arabia* 234
Brazil* 68 Japan* 152 Senegal 236
39
Bulgaria 70 Jordan 154 Serbia 238
Burkina Faso 72 Kazakhstan 156 Singapore 240
Burundi 74 Kenya 158 Slovak Republic 242
Cambodia 76 Korea, Rep.* 160 Slovenia 244
Cameroon 78 Kuwait 162 South Africa* 246
Canada* 80 Kyrgyz Republic 164 Spain 248
Chad 82 Latvia 166 Sri Lanka 250
Chile 84 Lesotho 168 Sweden 252
China* 86 Lithuania 170 Switzerland 254
Colombia* 88 Luxembourg 172 Syria 256
Costa Rica 90 Macedonia, FYR 174 Taiwan, China 258
Côte d’Ivoire 92 Madagascar 176 Tajikistan 260
Croatia 94 Malawi 178 Tanzania* 262
Cyprus 96 Malaysia 180 Thailand 264
Czech Republic 98 Mali 182 Tunisia 266
Denmark 100 Mauritania 184 Turkey* 268
Dominican Republic 102 Mauritius 186 Uganda 270
Ecuador 104 Mexico* 188 Ukraine 272
Egypt 106 Mongolia 190 United Arab Emirates 274
El Salvador 108 Montenegro 192 United Kingdom* 276
Estonia 110 Morocco* 194 United States* 278
Ethiopia 112 Mozambique 196 Uruguay 280
Finland 114 Namibia 198 Venezuela 282
France* 116 Nepal 200 Vietnam* 284
Gambia, The 118 Netherlands 202 Zambia 286
Georgia 120 New Zealand 204 Zimbabwe 288
Germany* 122 Nicaragua 206
* Economies with an asterisk are included in the print version of this Report.
Albania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2009 .................................................3.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)............................28.8
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.7
Trade World ■ FDI inflows
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................0.7 100
80 410
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................77 60 6
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................100 40 2
40 4
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................94 2020 12
00 0
Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 1996
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008
Selected trade indicators

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ..............–11.5 Main trading partners, 2008
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .......1,354.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.........................2,419.2
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ........5,250.6 Exports Imports
Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,361.0 EU27 79.7 EU27 60.7
Serbia 8.3 China 7.4
Macedonia, FYR 2.9 Turkey 6.0
WTO accession year .......................................................2000 China 2.8 Serbia 4.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Montenegro 2.1 Russian Federation 4.4
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........7.0; 5.2 Others 4.3 Others 16.8
40

Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 ...........................6.8 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Tariff rate for non-agricultural products, 2008 ....................3.2
■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.7
7.3 19.5
22.1
19.5 71.7
71.770.1
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.3
17.9 16.9
18.6
16.9 65.1
65.163.6
Source: IMF; ITC; World Bank; WTO 0 20 40 60 80 100

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100
Enabling Trade Index Rank

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................59 4.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................63 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................21 5.0
Border administration.......................................................................................59 4.1
2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration............................................49 4.4
4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .........................................73 3.3
Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................87 3.2
5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure....................100 3.2
Business environment ......................................................................................73 4.2
8th pillar: Regulatory environment ...................................................................85 3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Albania

The Enabling Trade Index 2010 in detail ■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage
INDICATOR, UNITS RANK/125 SCORE BEST PERFORMER SCORE
1.01 Tariff rate, % ........................................................................................42 .....■ .........3.4 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
1.02 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) .............................................14 .....■ .........5.0 Uganda ...............................................0.1
1.03 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...................................................6 .....■ .........6.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0
Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ....................................................10 .....■ .........5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
Tariff peaks, %.......................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0
Specific tariffs, % ..................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Multiple economies............................0.0
Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................21 .....■ .........6.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1
1.04 Share of duty-free imports, % .............................................................31 .....■ .......69.1 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0
1.05 Tariffs faced, %..................................................................................113 .....■ .........5.9 Chile ...................................................3.7
1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ......53 .....■ .......34.1 Nepal ................................................97.5

2.01 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .........................................88 .....■ .........3.6 Singapore ...........................................6.4

3.01 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).................................112 .....■ .........2.1 Luxembourg .......................................4.0
3.03 Documents to import, number ............................................................91 .....■ ............9 France ...................................................2
3.04 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................13 .....■ ........710 Singapore ..........................................439
3.05 Time to export, days ............................................................................66 .....■ ..........19 Multiple economies...............................5
3.06 Documents to export, number ............................................................73 .....■ ............7 France ...................................................2
3.07 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................18 .....■ ........725 Malaysia ............................................450

4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)........................70 .....■ .........3.6 New Zealand ......................................6.7
4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ..........................................77 .....■ .........3.2 New Zealand ......................................9.4

5.02 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) .................................96 .....■ .......53.0 United Kingdom .............................100.0 41
5.03 Paved roads, % of total .......................................................................71 .....■ .......39.0 Multiple economies........................100.0
5.04 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best).................................58 .....■ .........4.8 Singapore ...........................................6.9
5.05 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ......................................110 .....■ .........1.4 Switzerland.........................................6.8
5.07 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) .............................................98 .....■ .........3.2 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ..............................95 .....■ .........2.3 China ..............................................132.5
6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ....................................95 .....■ .........2.6 Singapore ...........................................3.9
6.03 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)........................................................95 .....■ .........2.4 Switzerland.........................................4.3
6.04 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...............................................106 .....■ .........2.4 Switzerland.........................................4.3
6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ............100 .....■ .........3.0 Luxembourg .......................................4.6
6.06 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ..................................................76 .....■ .........4.4 Japan ..................................................6.8
6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ..............6 .....■ .........0.5 Armenia ..............................................0.6

7.01 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ......................................113 .....■ .........3.6 Sweden ..............................................6.4
7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population ...........................52 .....■ .......99.9 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6
7.06 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).....................................70 .....■ .........0.3 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0

8.02 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .........................................................63 .....■ .........3.1 Singapore ...........................................6.4
8.03 Undue influence, 1–7 (best).................................................................90 .....■ .........2.9 Sweden ..............................................6.2
8.04 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).......................................................62 .....■ .........3.6 Singapore ...........................................6.0
8.05 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .......................................................90 .....■ .........4.0 Singapore ...........................................5.6
8.06 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ......................................93 .....■ .........3.3 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6
8.07 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)............................61 .....■ .........4.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2
Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..................................................3 .....■ .........5.7 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2
Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .......................................89 .....■ .........4.5 Singapore ...........................................6.7
Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best)...........................77 .....■ .........4.2 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5
Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)....................56 .....■ .......63.4 Slovenia ............................................93.1

9.01 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best)...............................................70 .....■ .........4.0 Finland ................................................6.6
9.02 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) ...............................60 .....■ .........4.9 Qatar ..................................................6.7
9.03 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best)...............................................53 .....■ .........5.9 Austria ................................................6.8
Algeria
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................134.8
80 42.5
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................3,816.2 80 2.0
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................73 60 1.5
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................48 40 2
40 1.0
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................58 2020 10.5
00 00.0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 .....79,298.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
United States 30.1 China 8.6
Canada 7.8 United States 7.7
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Turkey 3.4 Japan 3.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Brazil 3.0 Argentina 3.3
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........ —; 18.6 Others 12.2 Others 24.5
42

Tariff rate for agricultural products, 2008 .........................13.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................0.0 0.2 1.0
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 98.8 71.7
71.7
3.0%
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
23.0 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
74.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................119 3.1

2009 Index..................................................................................................................112 3.2
Market access .................................................................................................124 2.7
1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..........................................124 2.7
2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..........................................105 2.9
4th pillar: Transparency of border administration .......................................101 2.7
5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure......................65 4.1
6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .............................110 3.0
9th pillar: Physical security..............................................................................101 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Algeria

1.01 Tariff rate, % ......................................................................................116 .....■ .......13.5 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
Distinct tariffs, number ..........................................................................4 .....■ ............4 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1
1.04 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................106 .....■ .......20.7 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0

2.01 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) .......................................121 .....■ .........2.7 Singapore ...........................................6.4

3.04 Cost to import, US$ per container.......................................................79 .....■ .....1,428 Singapore ..........................................439
3.07 Cost to export, US$ per container.......................................................74 .....■ .....1,248 Malaysia ............................................450


5.04 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...............................113 .....■ .........3.3 Singapore ...........................................6.9
5.05 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ........................................65 .....■ .........2.4 Switzerland.........................................6.8
5.07 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...........................................111 .....■ .........2.9 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6.03 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)......................................................112 .....■ .........2.2 Switzerland.........................................4.3
6.06 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ................................................109 .....■ .........3.3 Japan ..................................................6.8
6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ...........n/a ..................n/a Armenia ..............................................0.6

7.05 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population............................................86 .....■ .........9.6 Switzerland.......................................64.1
7.06 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)...................................114 .....■ .........0.1 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0

8.04 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).....................................................101 .....■ .........3.0 Singapore ...........................................6.0
8.06 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ....................................121 .....■ .........2.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6
8.07 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..........................120 .....■ .........3.4 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2
Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ..............................................113 .....■ .........3.5 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2
Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).....................................125 .....■ .........3.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6
Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .....................................118 .....■ .........3.5 Singapore ...........................................6.7
Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).........................123 .....■ .........2.4 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5

9.03 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).............................................120 .....■ .........3.8 Austria ................................................6.8
Argentina
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................301.3
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 .....................................-2.5 100
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................12,578.7 Brazil 18.9 Brazil 31.3
EU27 18.8 EU27 15.7
China 9.1 China 12.4
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 United States 7.9 United States 12.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Chile 6.7 Paraguay 3.1
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ......31.9; 11.6 Others 38.6 Others 25.3
44

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 53.1 12.571.7
71.7 30.6
Imports
Imports 5.6 17.9
10.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 82.9 65.1
65.1

0 00 2020
20 4040
40 6060
60 8080
80 100
100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................95 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................97 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................98 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Argentina

Specific tariffs, % ................................................................................92 .....■ .........7.1 Multiple economies............................0.0
Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................90 .....■ ........705 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1


3.01 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best)...................................54 .....■ .........2.6 Luxembourg .......................................4.0
3.04 Cost to import, US$ per container.....................................................100 .....■ .....1,810 Singapore ..........................................439



6.04 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) .................................................49 .....■ .........3.2 Switzerland.........................................4.3
6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector, index 0–1 (best) ............69 .....■ .........0.0 Armenia ..............................................0.6


8.02 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) .......................................................121 .....■ .........1.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4
8.03 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...............................................................119 .....■ .........2.2 Sweden ..............................................6.2
Ease of hiring foreign labor, 1–7 (best) ................................................51 .....■ .........4.5 United Arab Emirates .........................6.2

9.01 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).............................................113 .....■ .........2.8 Finland ................................................6.6
9.02 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .............................101 .....■ .........3.7 Qatar ..................................................6.7
Armenia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................8.7
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ...................................-15.6 100
80 412
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................2,658.1 80
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................81 8
60
40
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................104 4
2020 1
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ...............-13.7 Main trading partners, 2008
Services exports (US$ millions), 2008............................635.5
Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................951.5 EU27 54.6 EU27 29.7
Russian Federation 20.3 Russian Federation 20.4
Georgia 7.3 China 9.2
WTO accession year .......................................................2003 United States 4.9 Ukraine 7.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 Iran 2.3 Turkey 6.5
46

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...........................66.5
Non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ....................21.6
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 20.4 19.5
19.5 25.3 71.7
71.7 52.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
18.2
17.9 16.9
16.8
16.9 54.565.1
65.1

0 00 2020
20 40
4040
60
6060
80
8080
100
100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................52 4.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................64 3.8
Market access .....................................................................................................9 5.3
1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access ..............................................9 5.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Armenia

1.02 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ............................................n/a ..................n/a Uganda ...............................................0.1
Tariff peaks, %...................................................................................125 .....■ .......27.0 Multiple economies............................0.0
Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................58 .....■ ..........32 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1
1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ........5 .....■ .......81.6 Nepal ................................................97.5


3.07 Cost to export, US$ per container.....................................................104 .....■ .....1,731 Malaysia ............................................450


5.02 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best).................................n/a ..................n/a United Kingdom .............................100.0 47

6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) .............................n/a ..................n/a China ..............................................132.5
6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ..................................111 .....■ .........2.4 Singapore ...........................................3.9

7.04 Internet users per 100 population .....................................................102 .....■ .........6.2 Iceland ..............................................90.6

8.01 Property rights, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................80 .....■ .........3.7 Switzerland.........................................6.4

Part2.WEB.FINAL.cleanup100517:Country Profiles 5/17/10 10:08 AM Page 48
Australia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................920.0
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................0.7 70 8
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............41,981.7 60 6
50 4
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................15
40 2
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................19 20 –2
10 –4
0 –6
Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 .................-3.2 Main trading partners, 2008
Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ...187,259.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ....200,338.3 Exports Imports
Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................45,491.0 Japan 22.9 EU27 21.0
EU27 10.5 United States 12.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Korea, Rep. 8.3 Japan 9.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................7 India 6.1 Singapore 7.2
48

Exports 13.9 59.7 15.5
Imports 5.4 17.2 71.5

0 20 40 60 80 100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................15 5.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................14 5.1
Market access ...................................................................................................63 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Australia

Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ......................................................7 .....■ .........4.4 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....123 .....■ .........2.7 Nepal ................................................97.5

2.02 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ..................................................15 .....■ .......10.3 Multiple economies.............................12

3.02 Time to import, days............................................................................12 .....■ ............8 Singapore ..............................................3
3.05 Time to export, days ............................................................................20 .....■ ............9 Multiple economies...............................5

4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ............................................8 .....■ .........8.7 New Zealand ......................................9.4

5.01 Airport density, number per million population......................................5 .....■ .........7.2 Iceland ..............................................29.7

6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment, 1–5 (best) ......................................3 .....■ .........3.8 Singapore ...........................................3.9

7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population ...........................16 .....■ .......24.4 Sweden ............................................41.2
7.06 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best).......................................5 .....■ .........0.8 Korea, Rep..........................................1.0

8.03 Undue influence, 1–7 (best)...................................................................8 .....■ .........5.7 Sweden ..............................................6.2
8.05 Domestic competition, 1–7 (best) .........................................................4 .....■ .........5.4 Singapore ...........................................5.6
Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)......................7 .....■ .......83.8 Slovenia ............................................93.1

Austria
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................374.4
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–3.8 120
80 412
60 3

20 1
20 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................42,577.7 EU27 72.1 EU27 73.5
United States 4.4 Switzerland 4.4
Switzerland 4.2 China 4.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Russian Federation 2.5 United States 2.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 China 1.6 Russian Federation 2.1
50

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 6.2 19.5
8.9 19.5 83.371.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 8.9 17.9
17.9 16.1 16.9
16.9 73.3 65.1
65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................14 5.2

2009 Index......................................................................................................................9 5.3
Market access ...................................................................................................94 3.8
Border administration.........................................................................................9 5.8
2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration..............................................3 6.0
6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services .................................8 5.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Austria

1.01 Tariff rate, % ..........................................................................................4 .....■ .........0.8 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0
Tariff peaks, %.....................................................................................89 .....■ .......10.3 Multiple economies............................0.0
Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................97 .....■ .....1,382 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1

2.02 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ....................................................5 .....■ .......11.5 Multiple economies.............................12

3.05 Time to export, days ..............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Multiple economies...............................5
3.06 Documents to export, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 France ...................................................2


5.03 Paved roads, % of total .........................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Multiple economies........................100.0
5.06 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...................................................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.7



8.01 Property rights, 1–7 (best) .....................................................................6 .....■ .........6.3 Switzerland.........................................6.4

9.03 Business costs of terrorism, 1–7 (best).................................................1 .....■ .........6.8 Austria ................................................6.8
Azerbaijan
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................42.5
80 450
60
100 330
80 20
60 10
20 –10
00 0–20
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................19.6 Main trading partners, 2008
United States 12.6 Russian Federation 18.8
Israel 7.6 Turkey 11.3
WTO accession year.................................................Observer India 5.1 Ukraine 7.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Indonesia 3.0 China 6.7
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ..........— ; 9.1 Others 15.3 Others 26.9
52

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
1.7 2.0
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 96.1
71.7
71.7
3.8
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
16.5
16.9
16.9 65.1
78.6 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................77 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................70 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................61 4.2
Border administration.....................................................................................105 3.1
3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ......................................123 1.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Azerbaijan



3.02 Time to import, days..........................................................................116 .....■ ..........50 Singapore ..............................................3
3.03 Documents to import, number ..........................................................125 .....■ ..........14 France ...................................................2
3.05 Time to export, days ..........................................................................115 .....■ ..........46 Multiple economies...............................5

4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index, 0–10 (best) ........................................110 .....■ .........2.3 New Zealand ......................................9.4





Bahrain
Key indicators
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..............................0.7
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................19.4
80 440
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............24,354.8
150
60 330
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................66 100
40 220
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,030.1 Saudi Arabia 5.3 EU27 11.4
United States 2.7 Australia 6.3
EU27 2.4 Japan 5.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 UAE 1.5 Saudi Arabia 4.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 India 1.0 China 4.2
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........34.4; 5.2 Others 87.1 Others 68.1
54

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................3.3 0.5
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 90.5 71.7
71.7 8.9
Imports
Imports 5.6 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 59.1 65.1
65.1 35.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................22 4.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................24 4.8
Market access ...................................................................................................29 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bahrain

1.02 Non-tariff measures, index 0–100 (best) ...............................................5 .....■ .........2.8 Uganda ...............................................0.1






7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .............................3 .....■ .....185.8 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6

Business impact of rules on FDI, 1–7 (best) .........................................8 .....■ .........5.9 Singapore ...........................................6.7

Bangladesh
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2009 .............................................162.2 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................144.0
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................92.1
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................5.4 80 2.0
4
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................559.3
60 1.5
3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................113
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................70 40 1.0
2

1
0 0.0
0
Source: IMF; UNFPA; World Bank; UNCTAD; WTO 1996 1998 2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................3,684.2 EU27 51.2 China 15.6
United States 25.7 India 13.2
India 4.0 EU27 9.7
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Canada 3.5 Kuwait 7.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 China 1.7 Indonesia 5.1
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ....169.2; 14.8 Others 14.0 Others 49.2
56

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.2
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.2
19.5
19.5 71.7
87.6 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
28.6
16.9
16.9 13.1 65.1
65.1
51.4

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................113 3.4

2009 Index..................................................................................................................111 3.2
Market access ...................................................................................................52 4.4
Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................117 2.5
7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs............................................................108 2.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bangladesh





5.01 Airport density, number per million population..................................125 .....■ .........0.0 Iceland ..............................................29.7
5.03 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................113 .....■ .........9.5 Multiple economies........................100.0


7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................113 .....■ .......27.9 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6
7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .........................110 .....■ .........0.0 Sweden ............................................41.2
7.05 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..........................................115 .....■ .........0.8 Switzerland.......................................64.1

Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)..................107 .....■ .......47.0 Slovenia ............................................93.1

Belgium
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................461.5
80 425
60 3
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................9 40 2
100 10
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2009 ................–1.0 Main trading partners, 2008
United States 4.8 United States 5.5
India 1.5 China 4.1
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 1.4 Japan 2.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 1.2 Russian Federation 1.7
58

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.0
19.5
19.5
12.7
71.7
76.5 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
9.3 17.9 19.8
16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
70.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................24 4.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................21 4.9
Market access ...................................................................................................99 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Belgium



3.01 Efficiency of the clearance process, 1–5 (best).....................................8 .....■ .........3.8 Luxembourg .......................................4.0


5.02 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................2 .....■ .......97.3 United Kingdom .............................100.0 59
5.07 Quality of port infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ...............................................6 .....■ .........6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................8 .....■ .......82.8 China ..............................................132.5
6.03 Logistics competence, 1–5 (best)..........................................................5 .....■ .........4.1 Switzerland.........................................4.3
6.04 Tracking and tracing ability, 1–5 (best) ...................................................2 .....■ .........4.2 Switzerland.........................................4.3



Benin
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................6.4
60 63
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................115 20 21
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................491.0 China 24.0 EU27 36.6
EU27 10.8 China 8.5
Nigeria 8.7 Côte d’Ivoire 6.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 India 8.6 Ghana 6.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Niger 7.2 Togo 5.3
60

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.6
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
41.7 6.2
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 34.2 16.9
16.9 21.4
65.1
65.1 44.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................106 3.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................96 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................92 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Benin

1.04 Share of duty-free imports, % ...........................................................123 .....■ .........3.4 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0

2.02 Customs services index, 0–12 (best) ................................................105 .....■ .........3.5 Multiple economies.............................12







Bolivia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................17.5
80 415
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ................1,715.9
6075 310
00 0–5
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,018.0 Brazil 43.8 Brazil 18.4
Korea, Rep. 11.8 Argentina 14.5
Argentina 7.1 United States 10.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 United States 6.9 Japan 9.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 EU27 6.1 EU27 8.3
62

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.316.1 19.5
19.5 71.7
76.4 71.7 6.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
10.217.9 10.8
16.9
16.9 65.1
78.9 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................98 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................88 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................18 5.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bolivia

Distinct tariffs, number ........................................................................16 .....■ ............5 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1




5.06 Quality of roads, 1–7 (best) ...............................................................116 .....■ .........2.2 Singapore ...........................................6.7




Bosnia and Herzegovina

Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................17.0
80 416
6090 312
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Croatia 17.2 Croatia 17.1
Serbia 15.1 Serbia 10.6
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Montenegro 3.4 Turkey 5.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Switzerland 2.6 China 4.6
64

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
12.7
19.5
19.5 24.6 71.7
71.761.2
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
17.0
16.9
16.9
20.2
65.1
65.1
62.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................80 3.8

2009 Index..................................................................................................................102 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................44 4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bosnia and Herzegovina









Botswana
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................10.8
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ..................................–10.3 120
80 48
6090 36
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,075.6 EU27 60.4 South Africa 78.6
South Africa 20.3 EU27 10.4
China 4.9 China 2.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Zimbabwe 4.5 Israel 1.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Israel 3.1 United States 1.2
66

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.1
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 19.5
71.7
74.971.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
12.717.9
16.9
19.0 16.9
65.1
65.1
65.8

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................53 4.2

2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a
Market access ...................................................................................................32 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Botswana

1.04 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................5 .....■ .......94.7 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0

2.02 Customs services index, 0–12 (best)..................................................n/a ..................n/a Multiple economies.............................12







Brazil
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,481.5
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.7 80 84
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Argentina 8.9 China 11.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 8.3 Argentina 7.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 Japan 3.1 Japan 3.9
68

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
31.019.5 22.2
71.7
71.7 43.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
5.6 17.9 23.9
16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
70.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................87 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................87 3.6
Market access .................................................................................................104 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Brazil









Bulgaria
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................44.8
80 430
60 3

20 1
30 5
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Turkey 8.8 Ukraine 8.0
Serbia 4.7 Russian Federation 6.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Russian Federation 2.7 Turkey 6.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Macedonia, FYR 2.3 China 3.3
70

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
13.8
19.5
19.5 32.6
71.7
71.7 52.3
Imports
Imports 17.9
8.0 17.9
16.9
29.6 16.9
65.1
65.1
61.6

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................78 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................72 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................76 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bulgaria









Burkina Faso
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................7.8
80 74
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................541.6 60 6
60
50 53
40 4
30 3
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................116 20
20 21
10 1
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ..........550.0 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Services exports (US$ millions), 2007..............................69.7
Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................432.5 Togo 41.0 EU27 33.3
Ghana 16.6 Côte d’Ivoire 17.9
EU27 13.7 Togo 11.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Côte d’Ivoire 10.5 Benin 6.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Switzerland 9.4 Ghana 5.8
72

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.7
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 72.4
71.7
71.7 6.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
12.517.9
16.9
16.9
25.0
65.1
65.1
62.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................110 3.4

2009 Index..................................................................................................................104 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................48 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Burkina Faso



3.06 Documents to export, number ..........................................................120 .....■ ..........11 France ...................................................2






Burundi
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................1.4
80 42.0
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ...................173.8 75 1.5
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................124 50 1.0
25 0.5
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................119 20 0 10.0
–25
0 0–0.5
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ............57.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Services exports (US$ millions), 2008................................3.3
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ...........402.7 Exports Imports
Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................172.9 UAE 43.6 EU27 40.5
Switzerland 15.3 Uganda 9.6
EU27 11.7 Kenya 8.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Kenya 5.3 China 7.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 Congo, Dem. Rep. 4.2 India 5.0
74
Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 .............10.2

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 62.3
71.7
71.7 15.3 22.4
3.0
Imports
Imports 17.9
10.017.9
16.9
16.9 64.9
65.1
65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................125 2.8

2009 Index..................................................................................................................116 3.0
Market access ...................................................................................................89 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Burundi





5.03 Paved roads, % of total .....................................................................110 .....■ .......10.4 Multiple economies........................100.0


7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................123 .....■ .........6.0 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6


Cambodia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................10.9
80 412
120
60 39
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................88 4080 26
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................92 2040 13
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................958.3 United States 46.9 Hong Kong SAR 19.9
Hong Kong SAR 22.0 China 16.5
EU27 21.2 Taiwan, China 11.8
WTO accession year .......................................................2004 Canada 3.4 Thailand 11.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Vietnam 1.5 Vietnam 8.2
76

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.1
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 95.8 71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
5.7 17.9
14.1
16.9
16.9 46.9
65.1
65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................102 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................91 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................40 4.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cambodia

1.05 Tariffs faced, %......................................................................................4 .....■ .........4.7 Chile ...................................................3.7








Cameroon
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................21.8
70 6
60 53
30 2
10 0
0 -10
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

United States 6.4 Nigeria 23.3
China 3.4 China 6.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2.8 Equatorial Guinea 3.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Chad 0.8 United States 2.9
78

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.0
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
26.2 19.5
71.7
65.2 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
21.5
16.9
16.9 29.5 65.1
65.1 49.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................115 3.3

2009 Index..................................................................................................................106 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................65 4.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cameroon









Canada
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,319.1
80 104
60 3

40 42

20 1
15 0
0 –2
0
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................86,644.3 United States 77.6 United States 52.4
EU27 7.5 EU27 12.5
Japan 2.3 China 9.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 2.2 Mexico 4.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Mexico 1.2 Japan 3.5
80

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
11.8
19.5
19.5 35.3
71.7
71.746.8
Imports
Imports 17.9
7.7 17.9 16.0
16.9
16.9 65.1
75.5 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................8 5.3

2009 Index......................................................................................................................6 5.3
Market access ...................................................................................................25 4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Canada

Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................115 .....■ .......20.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0


3.03 Documents to import, number ..............................................................6 .....■ ............4 France ...................................................2



6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) ................5 .....■ .........4.4 Luxembourg .......................................4.6

7.01 Extent of business Internet use, 1–7 (best) ..........................................5 .....■ .........6.1 Sweden ..............................................6.4
7.05 Fixed telephone lines per 100 population..............................................9 .....■ .......54.9 Switzerland.......................................64.1

8.06 Efficiency of the financial market, 1–7 (best) ........................................5 .....■ .........5.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................5.6

Chad
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................7.0
80 450
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.............................109 120 30

20 1
30 0
00 0–10
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,455.1 United States 88.3 France 20.9
Japan 5.0 China 11.6
Taiwan, China 2.7 Ukraine 11.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 France 1.4 United States 9.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 China 1.1 Germany 6.4
82

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
1.7 0.4
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 97.5
71.7
71.7
1.6
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
17.1
16.9
16.9 71.2
65.1
65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................124 2.9

2009 Index..................................................................................................................121 2.8
Market access ...................................................................................................56 4.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chad



3.02 Time to import, days..........................................................................125 .....■ ........100 Singapore ..............................................3






Chile
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................150.4
80 415
60 3
40 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................11,143.3 EU27 24.6 United States 19.9
China 14.3 EU27 12.4
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Japan 10.5 Brazil 9.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................18 Brazil 6.0 Argentina 8.6
84

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 23.5 19.5
19.5 71.7
63.9 71.7 12.2
Imports
Imports 17.9
7.4 17.9
16.9
28.8 16.9
65.1
65.1
55.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................18 5.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................19 5.0
Market access .....................................................................................................2 5.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chile


2.01 Burden of customs procedures, 1–7 (best) ...........................................5 .....■ .........5.8 Singapore ...........................................6.4






Prevalence of foreign ownership, 1–7 (best).........................................7 .....■ .........6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

China
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2009 ..........................................1,345.8 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................4,757.7
60 63
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................3 20 21
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ billions), 2008 ........1,428.3 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Services exports (US$ millions), 2008.....................146,445.8
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ billions), 2008..........1,132.4 Exports Imports
Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................158,003.9 EU27 20.5 Japan 13.3
United States 17.7 EU27 11.7
Hong Kong SAR 13.3 Korea, Rep. 9.9
WTO accession year .......................................................2001 Japan 8.1 Taiwan, China 9.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................9 Korea, Rep. 5.2 China 8.2
86

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.0 3.8
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 93.1
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
7.7 17.9
16.9
27.1 16.9
65.1
65.1
64.8

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................48 4.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................49 4.2
Market access ...................................................................................................79 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
China



3.04 Cost to import, US$ per container.........................................................3 .....■ ........545 Singapore ..........................................439
3.07 Cost to export, US$ per container.........................................................3 .....■ ........500 Malaysia ............................................450



6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................1 .....■ .....132.5 China ..............................................132.5



Colombia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................228.6
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................7,108.2 United States 38.0 United States 29.2
Venezuela 16.2 EU27 13.5
EU27 12.8 China 11.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Ecuador 4.0 Mexico 7.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Switzerland 2.5 Brazil 5.9
88

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
17.8
19.5
19.5 48.0
71.7
71.7 31.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
11.517.9 7.1
16.9
16.9 80.2
65.1
65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................91 3.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................84 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................57 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Colombia









Costa Rica
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................29.3
80 48
6090 36
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 17.4 EU27 11.2
China 6.3 Mexico 6.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Nicaragua 4.1 China 5.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Hong Kong SAR 4.0 Japan 5.4
90

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.3
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
34.7
71.7
71.7
63.0
Imports
Imports 17.9
9.6 17.9 16.4
16.9
16.9 65.1
73.3 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................44 4.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................43 4.4
Market access .....................................................................................................7 5.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Costa Rica









Côte d’Ivoire
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.9
80 4
6090 3
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,444.3 EU27 48.0 Nigeria 29.3
Nigeria 6.4 China 6.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Ghana 4.6 Thailand 4.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Burkina Faso 4.2 Venezuela 3.6
92

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.547.4 71.7
71.7
36.5 11.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
22.3
16.9
16.9 31.2
65.1
65.1 46.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................123 2.9

2009 Index..................................................................................................................120 2.8
Market access .................................................................................................122 2.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Côte d’Ivoire









Croatia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................61.7
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Bosnia & Herzegovina 15.4 Russian Federation 10.4
Serbia 5.5 China 6.1
WTO accession year .......................................................2000 United States 2.5 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Marshall Islands 1.4 United States 2.1
94

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
13.1
19.5
19.5
17.2
71.7
71.7
69.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
9.2 17.9 20.3
16.9
16.9 65.1
70.465.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................45 4.4

2009 Index....................................................................................................................39 4.4
Market access ...................................................................................................28 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Croatia









Cyprus
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................23.2
80 412
60 3

20 1
20 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Lebanon 2.7 Israel 8.0
Russian Federation 2.1 China 5.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 UAE 1.7 Japan 2.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Japan 1.7 United States 1.7
96

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 20.8 19.5
19.5 29.3
71.7
71.7 48.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
13.9
16.9
16.9
21.4
65.1
65.1
64.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................31 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................32 4.6
Market access ...................................................................................................86 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cyprus



3.02 Time to import, days..............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Singapore ..............................................3






Czech Republic
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................189.7
80 412
60 3

20 1
30 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 1.4 Japan 3.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Ukraine 1.0 United States 2.1
98

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
5.57.35.4
19.5
19.5 89.0
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
6.5 17.914.2
16.9
16.9 79.2
65.1
65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................42 4.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................36 4.4
Market access .................................................................................................105 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Czech Republic









Denmark
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................308.3
80 412
60
100 38
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.................................5
80 6
60 4
20 0
00 0–2
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Norway 6.1 China 5.9
United States 5.6 Norway 4.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Japan 2.0 United States 3.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 China 1.9 Russian Federation 2.0
100

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.320.2 19.5
19.5 13.3 71.7
71.7
63.9
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
14.6 9.3
16.9
16.9 65.1
74.7 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................3 5.4

2009 Index......................................................................................................................4 5.4
Market access ...................................................................................................95 3.8
3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................4 6.2
4th pillar: Transparency of border administration ...........................................4 6.5
Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................8 5.7
5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure........................3 6.2
7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs................................................................3 5.9
Business environment ........................................................................................3 6.0
8th pillar: Regulatory environment .....................................................................4 5.6
9th pillar: Physical security..................................................................................8 6.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Denmark




4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports, 1–7 (best)..........................5 .....■ .........6.5 New Zealand ......................................6.7

5.04 Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1–7 (best)...................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Singapore ...........................................6.9


7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population .............................2 .....■ .......37.1 Sweden ............................................41.2
7.04 Internet users per 100 population .........................................................4 .....■ .......83.9 Iceland ..............................................90.6

8.02 Ethics and corruption, 1–7 (best) ...........................................................2 .....■ .........6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.4
8.04 Government efficiency, 1–7 (best).........................................................6 .....■ .........5.1 Singapore ...........................................6.0

9.01 Reliability of police services, 1–7 (best).................................................2 .....■ .........6.5 Finland ................................................6.6
Dominican Republic
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................44.7
80 47
60
100 35
80 4
60 3
20 1
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 13.7 EU27 9.3
Haiti 10.2 Venezuela 8.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 2.1 China 8.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Jamaica 1.1 Mexico 5.3
102

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.1
19.5
7.5 19.5 81.4
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
12.7
16.9
16.9
27.7
65.1
65.159.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................73 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................81 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................46 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Dominican Republic









Ecuador
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................55.6
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 11.3 China 12.4
Peru 9.2 Colombia 9.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Chile 8.1 EU27 8.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Panama 4.8 Japan 5.0
104

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
28.3 19.5
71.7
71.7
63.7 7.6
Imports
Imports 17.9
9.0 17.9 18.5
16.9
16.9 65.1
65.7 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................89 3.7

2009 Index..................................................................................................................103 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................27 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ecuador









Egypt
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................188.0
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

India 6.3 United States 10.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Saudi Arabia 4.8 Saudi Arabia 5.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Japan 3.3 Russian Federation 4.3
106

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
11.5
19.5
19.5 47.7
71.7
71.7 34.3
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
19.7
16.9
16.9
19.6
65.1
65.1
57.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................76 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................75 3.7
Market access .................................................................................................114 3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Egypt

Tariff dispersion, standard deviation ..................................................125 .....■ .....143.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0








El Salvador
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.2
80 104
60 3

40 42

20 1
15 0
0 -20
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Guatemala 13.6 Mexico 9.0
Honduras 13.0 Guatemala 8.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 EU27 7.0 EU27 6.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 Nicaragua 5.5 China 4.9
108

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 20.3 19.5
19.55.2 73.9
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9
16.4
16.9
16.9
20.1
65.1
65.163.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................57 4.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................56 4.0
Market access .....................................................................................................3 5.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
El Salvador









Estonia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................18.0
80 425
60 3
100 10
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1999 Norway 3.0 Belarus 3.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Ukraine 1.9 Japan 3.1
110

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
14.7
19.5
19.516.3 71.7
71.7
68.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
17.4 16.9
65.1
65.1
69.4
12.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................23 4.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................22 4.8
Market access ...................................................................................................83 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Estonia








Restriction on international capital flows, 1–7 (best).............................7 .....■ .........6.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.5

Ethiopia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................33.9
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,370.7 EU27 35.0 China 20.2
Saudi Arabia 7.7 EU27 18.7
United States 7.2 Saudi Arabia 14.2
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Switzerland 6.2 UAE 8.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 China 5.3 India 7.3
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........— ; 17.3 Others 38.6 Others 31.2
112

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.5
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.516.3 85.5
71.7
71.7 9.0
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 12.8
16.9
16.9 65.1
73.2 65.1
13.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................107 3.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................95 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................68 4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ethiopia







7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population .........................124 .....■ .........2.4 United Arab Emirates .....................208.6


Finland
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................242.3
80 104
60 3

40 42

20 1
15 0
0 –2
0
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 3.1 United States 3.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Norway 3.0 Norway 2.6
114

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3 19.5
6.27.3 10.6 19.5 78.0
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.4 17.9 24.8 16.9 65.1
65.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................12 5.3

2009 Index......................................................................................................................8 5.3
Market access ...................................................................................................90 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Finland





5.05 Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1–7 (best) ..........................................6 .....■ .........5.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8

6.06 Postal services efficiency, 1–7 (best) ....................................................3 .....■ .........6.7 Japan ..................................................6.8


8.07 Openness to foreign participation, index 1–7 (best)..............................8 .....■ .........5.6 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.2

9.02 Business costs of crime and violence, 1–7 (best) .................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Qatar ..................................................6.7
France
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................2,634.8
80 74
60
50 53
40 4
30 3
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................6 20
20 21
10 1
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................139,359.3 EU27 63.6 EU27 60.3
Switzerland 3.0 United States 5.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 2.2 Russian Federation 2.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 1.7 Switzerland 2.3
116

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
12.6
19.5
19.5
7.5
71.7
77.771.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.3 17.9 19.5 16.9 70.465.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................20 5.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................17 5.0
Market access ...................................................................................................97 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
France









Gambia, The
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................0.7
80 416
6090 312
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions), 2008 ............13.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions), 2008 ...........329.4 Exports Imports
Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 .............................76.8 EU27 42.8 EU27 42.1
Senegal 17.4 China 10.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Singapore 4.8 Côte d’Ivoire 8.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 UAE 4.1 Brazil 4.3
118

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 63.7
71.7
71.7 15.4 20.9
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 31.9 16.9
16.9 20.7
65.1
65.1 47.4

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................82 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................67 3.8
Market access .................................................................................................119 3.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Gambia, The







7.04 Internet users per 100 population .......................................................99 .....■ .........6.9 Iceland ..............................................90.6


Georgia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.0
80 420
60 3
40 8
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Turkey 17.6 Turkey 15.1
Azerbaijan 13.7 Ukraine 10.8
WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Ukraine 9.0 Azerbaijan 10.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 Canada 8.8 Russian Federation 7.0
120
Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 .............–1.7

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.318.3 19.5
19.5 23.2
71.7
71.751.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9
20.0
65.1
65.1
63.5
15.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................37 4.6

2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a
Market access .....................................................................................................5 5.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Georgia









Germany
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................3,235.5
80 412
60 3
40 3
00 0–3
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ billions), 2008.........1,461.9 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ billions), 2008 ..........1,203.8 Exports Imports
Switzerland 4.0 United States 5.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 3.4 Russian Federation 4.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 3.2 Switzerland 3.8
122

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
6.07.35.8
19.5
19.5 86.2
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.0 17.9 18.9 16.9 70.6 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................13 5.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................12 5.2
Market access .................................................................................................101 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Germany









Ghana
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................14.8
80 415
60 3
60 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,976.9 South Africa 44.0 EU27 27.8
EU27 26.4 China 11.7
India 5.3 Nigeria 8.7
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Malaysia 3.2 United States 7.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 United States 2.8 India 4.3
124

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 49.3 71.7
15.8 71.7 7.8
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
13.4 16.9
65.1
60.8 65.1
14.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................96 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................86 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................67 4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ghana









Greece
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................338.3
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–0.8 80 2.0
4
60 1.5
3
2

1
0 0.0
0
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Turkey 3.6 China 5.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Macedonia, FYR 2.6 Iran 3.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 2.4 Turkey 2.8
126

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 23.2 19.5
19.5 20.2
71.7
71.753.9
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
14.8 16.9
65.1
65.1
71.8
13.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................55 4.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................47 4.3
Market access ...................................................................................................75 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Greece









Guatemala
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................36.5
60 33
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

El Salvador 12.6 Mexico 9.7
Honduras 9.5 EU27 6.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Mexico 6.6 China 5.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 EU27 5.6 El Salvador 4.7
128

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
41.8 11.3
71.7
71.7 46.9
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
20.816.9
65.1
65.1
65.1
13.8

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................69 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................58 4.0
Market access ...................................................................................................13 5.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Guatemala









Guyana
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................1.2
80 420
60 3
100 8
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................272.5 EU27 30.1 Trinidad and Tobago 29.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Ukraine 5.4 Netherlands Antilles 6.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Jamaica 4.8 Venezuela 5.6
130

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
47.0
71.7
24.5 71.7 9.1
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 39.8 65.1
65.1 44.9
15.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................109 3.4

2009 Index..................................................................................................................115 3.1
Market access ...................................................................................................84 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Guyana







7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population...........................n/a ..................n/a United Arab Emirates .....................208.6


Honduras
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................14.6
80 48
120
60 36
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 20.3 Guatemala 8.3
Guatemala 9.2 EU27 6.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 El Salvador 8.1 Mexico 6.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Mexico 4.4 El Salvador 4.4
132

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
26.6 19.5 4.3
71.7
71.7
56.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.417.9 16.2 16.9 58.9 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................66 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................66 3.8
Market access .....................................................................................................4 5.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Honduras









Hong Kong SAR

Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................208.8
180 16
90 8
0 0

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................45,848.9 China 48.2 China 46.1
EU27 13.7 Japan 10.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Japan 4.2 Singapore 6.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................1 Taiwan, China 2.0 Taiwan, China 6.3
134

1.8 2.0
Exports 94.0
Imports 4.2 5.8 88.8

0 20 40 60 80 100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................2 5.7

2009 Index......................................................................................................................2 5.6
Market access ...................................................................................................16 5.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hong Kong SAR

1.04 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0
1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets, index 0–100 (best) ....110 .....■ .......11.2 Nepal ................................................97.5





6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, 0–132.5 (best) ................................2 .....■ .....104.5 China ..............................................132.5

7.06 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)....................................n/a ..................n/a Korea, Rep..........................................1.0

Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)...................n/a ..................n/a Slovenia ............................................93.1

Hungary
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................124.2
80 410
60 3
80 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Ukraine 2.0 Japan 2.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Croatia 1.6 United States 1.8
136

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 5.2
8.1
19.5
19.5 84.8
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
5.8 17.915.3 16.9 77.5 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................49 4.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................38 4.4
Market access .................................................................................................108 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hungary









Iceland
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.8
80 430
60 3
40 0
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................82 2020 1–10
00 0–20
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

United States 5.6 Norway 11.2
Japan 4.4 United States 8.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Norway 4.4 China 6.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................19 China 2.2 Australia 4.4
138

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
38.6
71.7
41.171.7 19.0
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.017.9 24.8 16.9 65.1
64.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................11 5.3

2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a
Market access ...................................................................................................14 5.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Iceland





5.01 Airport density, number per million population......................................1 .....■ .......29.7 Iceland ..............................................29.7




India
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2009 ..........................................1,198.0 Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,242.6
60 33
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

UAE 10.5 United States 7.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 5.6 Saudi Arabia 7.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................10 Singapore 4.9 UAE 6.2
140

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
12.0
19.5
19.5 24.4 71.7
71.7 63.2
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
4.0 17.9 16.9
45.6 65.1 43.3

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................84 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................76 3.7
Market access .................................................................................................115 3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
India









Indonesia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................514.9
80 4
6090 32
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007..................................n/a 4060 20
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................n/a 2030 1–2
00 0–4
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services exports (US$ millions) ..........................................n/a
Services imports (US$ millions)..........................................n/a Japan 20.2 Singapore 16.9
EU27 11.3 China 11.8
United States 9.5 Japan 11.7
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Singapore 9.4 EU27 8.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 China 8.5 Malaysia 6.9
142

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 23.6 19.5
19.5 36.3
71.7
71.7 37.8
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.617.9 28.516.9 65.160.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................68 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................62 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................60 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Indonesia









Ireland
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................226.8
80 430
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009.................................6 120 10
80 0
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................25 2040 1–10
00 0–20
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Japan 2.0 Norway 2.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 China 1.9 Japan 2.0
144

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.2
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.0
19.5
19.5 71.7
84.6 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.717.9 13.2 16.9 69.5 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................21 5.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................15 5.0
Market access .................................................................................................109 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ireland









Israel
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................215.7
80 412
6075 39
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................19,599.7 United States 32.6 EU27 34.5
EU27 29.0 United States 12.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 India 3.8 Switzerland 6.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................7 Turkey 2.6 Japan 3.4
146

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.5 2.3
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 71.7
92.7 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
7.5 17.9 21.2 16.9 65.1
67.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................26 4.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................29 4.7
Market access ...................................................................................................43 4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Israel









Italy
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................2,089.6
80 42.5
GDP per capita (current prices, US$), 2009 ..............34,954.9 80 2.0
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124), 2009...............................21 60 1.5
40 1.0
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................7 2020 10.5
00 00.0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Switzerland 4.0 Libya 3.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Russian Federation 2.9 United States 3.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Turkey 2.0 Switzerland 3.0
148

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 6.9
7.5
19.5
19.5 71.7
84.2 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.817.9 25.216.9 65.1
63.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................51 4.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................45 4.3
Market access ...................................................................................................78 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Italy









Jamaica
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................11.9
80 48
6090 36
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 29.8 Trinidad and Tobago 17.5
Canada 10.6 Venezuela 11.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Russian Federation 5.2 EU27 6.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Iceland 3.2 China 3.8
150

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
13.1
19.5
19.5 76.1
71.7
71.7 10.1
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 42.9 65.1
65.1
12.9 44.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................74 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................79 3.7
Market access ...................................................................................................59 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Jamaica









Japan
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................5,048.6
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................–5.4 80 0.6
4
60 0.4
3
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................4 40 0.2
2
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ....................................5 20 0.0

1
0 –0.2
0
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ....................167,443.1 United States 17.8 China 18.8
China 16.0 United States 10.4
EU27 14.1 EU27 9.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Korea, Rep. 7.6 Saudi Arabia 6.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................11 Taiwan, China 5.9 Australia 6.2
152

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
1.1
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
4.8
19.5
19.5 88.6
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.6 17.9 16.9
42.8 65.1 44.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................25 4.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................23 4.8
Market access .................................................................................................121 3.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Japan









Jordan
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.6
80 425
60 3
80 10
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................3,912.6 Iraq 16.5 Saudi Arabia 21.6
India 16.5 EU27 20.9
WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Saudi Arabia 7.0 United States 4.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 UAE 4.7 Egypt 4.3
154

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
13.8
19.5
19.5
8.6
71.7
71.7
76.0
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.155.1
18.0 24.6

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................39 4.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................37 4.4
Market access ...................................................................................................51 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Jordan









Kazakhstan
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................107.0
80 415
60 3
60 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................10,794.1 EU27 42.9 Russian Federation 36.4
Switzerland 15.9 EU27 22.7
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Russian Federation 8.7 Ukraine 5.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 Israel 3.1 United States 5.1
156

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
4.57.3
19.5
19.5 80.9
71.7
71.7 13.8
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.4 17.9 15.9 16.9 73.4 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................88 3.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................93 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................53 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kazakhstan

1.03 Complexity of tariffs, index 1–7 (best)...............................................122 .....■ .........3.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0
Specific tariffs, % ..............................................................................122 .....■ .......13.5 Multiple economies............................0.0
Distinct tariffs, number ......................................................................123 .....■ ......1500 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1








Kenya
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................30.2
60 33
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Uganda 12.3 UAE 14.9
Tanzania 8.5 India 11.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 United States 6.0 China 8.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Egypt 4.5 South Africa 6.1
158

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 55.8 71.7
6.8 71.7 37.4
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
13.017.9 16.9
29.3 65.1 57.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................105 3.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................98 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................26 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kenya









Korea, Rep.
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................800.3
80 43
60 3

20 1
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................91,767.8 China 21.7 China 17.7
EU27 13.9 Japan 14.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Hong Kong SAR 4.7 Saudi Arabia 7.8
160
Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ...........–18.5

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
1.8
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
11.3
19.5
19.5 71.7
86.5 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.1 17.9 40.3 16.9 65.1 53.3

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................27 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................26 4.7
Market access .................................................................................................111 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Korea, Rep.









Kuwait
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................114.9
80 41.5
6075 31.0
00 0–0.5
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................12,148.5 UAE 0.8 EU27 28.5
India 0.6 China 11.5
Saudi Arabia 0.5 United States 11.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 United States 0.4 Japan 8.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Qatar 0.3 Saudi Arabia 6.0
162

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.3
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 95.2
71.7
71.7 4.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
16.6 4.3 76.2 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................65 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................59 4.0
Market access ...................................................................................................71 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kuwait









Kyrgyz Republic
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................4.7
80 410
60 3

20 1
30 0
00 0–2
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................988.3 Russian Federation 20.7 Russian Federation 40.5
Kazakhstan 18.0 Kazakhstan 12.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1998 Afghanistan 10.4 EU27 9.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................9 Uzbekistan 7.6 Uzbekistan 5.0
164

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.8 19.5
19.5 40.2
71.7
71.7 27.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
13.7 34.8 51.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................100 3.6

2009 Index..................................................................................................................101 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................20 5.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kyrgyz Republic









Latvia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................24.2
80 412
6090 39
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Norway 2.6 Belarus 3.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1999 Belarus 2.2 China 2.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Peru 1.6 Switzerland 1.1
166

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 27.1 19.5
19.5 7.4
71.7
71.7 65.4
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9 65.1
15.0 16.7 16.9 65.1
68.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................46 4.4

2009 Index....................................................................................................................44 4.3
Market access ...................................................................................................80 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Latvia









Lesotho
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................1.6
80 415
60 3
80 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 .............................88.5 United States 68.5 South Africa 78.2
South Africa 17.6 Taiwan, China 6.3
EU27 9.9 Hong Kong SAR 5.7
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 2.8 China 4.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Canada 0.6 EU27 2.3
168

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
5.07.3
19.5
19.5 94.9
71.7
71.7
2.3
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.217.9 16.9 89.0 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................101 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................90 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................23 4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lesotho









Lithuania
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................36.0
80 415
60 3
80 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Belarus 4.5 China 2.5
WTO accession year .......................................................2001 Ukraine 3.3 United States 1.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 United States 3.2 Belarus 1.7
170

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.317.7 19.5
19.5 26.5
71.7
71.7 55.8
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
12.317.9 16.9
30.2 65.1 57.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................41 4.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................40 4.4
Market access ...................................................................................................70 4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lithuania









Luxembourg
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................46.5
80 4100
300
60 350
40 20
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ..................................44 100

20 1–50
00 0–100
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Switzerland 1.3 Switzerland 0.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 1.3 Canada 0.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 1.2 Hong Kong SAR 0.5
172

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
5.37.34.6
19.5
19.5 89.0
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.5 17.9 19.1 16.9 65.1
72.3

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................9 5.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................13 5.1
Market access ...................................................................................................73 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Luxembourg









Macedonia, FYR
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................8.8
80 415
60 3
60 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Serbia 19.1 Russian Federation 12.3
Croatia 4.9 Serbia 8.6
WTO accession year .......................................................2003 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2.6 China 4.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Albania 2.2 Turkey 3.7
174

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
12.9
19.5
19.5
9.1
71.7
71.7
77.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.917.9 26.016.9 65.162.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................56 4.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................68 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................38 4.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Macedonia, FYR









Madagascar
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................9.0
80 420
60 3
40 8
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

China 3.1 Bahrain 8.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 South Africa 1.5 South Africa 6.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................0 Singapore 1.4 United States 5.0
176

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
27.8 19.5 10.5
71.7
71.7 61.6
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.717.9 12.9 16.9 71.8 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................86 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................73 3.8
Market access .....................................................................................................6 5.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Madagascar









Malawi
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................4.9
80 45
60 3
40 2
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 .................................n/a 2020 11
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions)..........................................n/a EU27 45.3 South Africa 26.6
South Africa 10.1 Mozambique 20.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 4.1 Tanzania 5.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Korea, Rep. 3.2 Switzerland 5.3
178

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.1
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 10.5 88.3
71.7
71.7 11.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9 65.1
17.2 13.816.9 65.1
69.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................83 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................69 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................19 5.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Malawi









Malaysia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................207.4
80 410
60 3
100 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................29,080.7 Singapore 14.7 China 12.8
EU27 11.3 EU27 11.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Japan 10.8 Singapore 10.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 China 9.5 United States 10.8
180

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
13.9
19.5
19.5 20.0 71.7
71.7 65.1
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.5 17.9 16.0 16.9 72.8 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................30 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................28 4.7
Market access ...................................................................................................31 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Malaysia









Mali
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................8.8
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................774.2 South Africa 72.5 EU27 26.1
Senegal 6.8 Senegal 17.2
EU27 2.7 Côte d’Ivoire 10.4
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Côte d’Ivoire 2.6 China 10.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Switzerland 2.6 United States 6.6
182

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.0
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.320.6 19.5
19.5 6.4 71.7
71.7 65.1
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
16.9 17.9 16.9
21.0 65.162.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................111 3.4

2009 Index....................................................................................................................99 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................45 4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mali









Mauritania
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................3.2
80 450
60 3

20 1
30 0
00 0–10
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions)..........................................n/a EU27 47.5 EU27 42.1
China 7.8 Russian Federation 11.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Japan 5.4 Brazil 4.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................0 Russian Federation 1.3 Japan 3.3
184

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.7
19.5
19.5 70.2
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1 33.6
26.9 32.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................117 3.3

2009 Index..................................................................................................................107 3.3
Market access ...................................................................................................74 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mauritania









Mauritius
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................9.2
60 2
30 0
0 –2

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,910.5 EU27 60.5 India 23.9
Madagascar 5.1 China 11.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 South Africa 3.1 South Africa 8.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 UAE 2.7 Japan 4.1
186

0.9
Exports 29.3 58.5
Imports 23.6 22.6 53.8

0 20 40 60 80 100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................33 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................33 4.5
Market access .....................................................................................................8 5.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mauritius









Mexico
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................866.3
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................24,700.9 United States 80.3 United States 49.2
EU27 5.9 EU27 12.7
Canada 2.4 China 11.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Brazil 1.2 Japan 5.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................14 Colombia 1.0 Korea, Rep. 4.4
188

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
6.07.3
19.5
19.5
19.8
71.7
71.7
72.8
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.4 17.9 12.4 16.9 77.5 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................64 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................74 3.7
Market access ...................................................................................................22 4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mexico









Mongolia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................4.2
80 416
120
60 312
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................630.9 China 74.2 Russian Federation 34.3
EU27 5.6 EU27 9.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1997 United States 3.4 Korea, Rep. 5.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................0 Russian Federation 3.0 Japan 5.1
190
Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2008 ..............-0.1

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.2
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
9.9
19.5
19.5 63.6
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
12.1 26.2 60.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................116 3.3

2009 Index..................................................................................................................113 3.2
Market access .................................................................................................110 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mongolia









Montenegro
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................4.4
80 425
GDP per capita (current prices, US$)..................................n/a 120 20
60 3
GDP per capita (rank out of 124) ........................................n/a 90 15
60 10
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................514.4 Serbia 31.1 Serbia 40.1
Italy 28.0 Italy 9.4
Greece 14.7 Germany 6.9
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Slovenia 9.1 Croatia 5.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Bosnia & Herzegovina 4.6 Slovenia 5.6
192

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
14.0
19.5
19.5 41.8
71.7
71.7 41.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
17.8 24.1 47.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................43 4.5

2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a
Market access ...................................................................................................24 4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Montenegro









Morocco
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................90.8
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

India 6.8 Saudi Arabia 6.7
Brazil 4.8 China 5.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Pakistan 2.3 Russian Federation 5.0
194

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
16.3
19.5
19.5 18.6 71.7
71.7
58.9
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.156.6
13.8 26.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................75 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................55 4.0
Market access .................................................................................................112 3.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Morocco









Mozambique
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................9.7
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................901.5 EU27 62.6 South Africa 29.1
South Africa 10.0 EU27 27.4
Zimbabwe 3.1 Bahrain 6.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Malawi 1.8 China 3.9
196

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
14.5
19.5
19.5 71.7
78.4 71.7 4.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
16.2 22.5 52.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................93 3.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................94 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................12 5.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mozambique









Namibia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................9.0
80 412
60 3

20 1
20 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................592.4 South Africa 31.8 South Africa 67.8
EU27 28.8 EU27 15.8
Angola 8.6 India 3.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Canada 7.1 China 3.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 United States 5.5 United States 2.0
198

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
38.4
71.7
39.3 71.7 22.2
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
17.1 17.0 65.8

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................70 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................60 3.9
Market access ...................................................................................................41 4.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Namibia









Nepal
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................13.1
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ......................................4.0 80 0.6
4
60 0.4
3
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................114 40 0.2
2
Total imports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................107 20 0.0

1
0 –0.2
0
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................840.2 India 52.4 India 53.0
EU27 9.6 EU27 6.4
WTO accession year .......................................................2004 China 3.4 Singapore 6.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Bangladesh 0.9 Malaysia 3.3
200

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
28.0 19.5
71.7
71.7
72.0
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
15.7 22.2 61.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................118 3.3

2009 Index..................................................................................................................110 3.2
Market access ...................................................................................................49 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nepal









Netherlands
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................789.7
80 420
60 3
80 5
00 0–5
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 1.3 Russian Federation 3.9
202

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
16.0
19.5
19.5 21.4 71.7
71.7 61.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.717.9 24.5 16.9 65.1
63.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................10 5.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................10 5.3
Market access ...................................................................................................85 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Netherlands









New Zealand
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................109.6
80 48
60 3
40 2
00 0–2
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................9,473.5 Australia 23.3 Australia 18.0
EU27 12.8 EU27 15.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 China 5.9 Japan 8.2
204

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 58.5
71.7
71.7
11.2 25.3
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.9 17.9 21.1 16.9 65.1
68.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................6 5.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................11 5.3
Market access ...................................................................................................37 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
New Zealand









Nicaragua
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................6.3
80 412
6090 39
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................572.4 United States 31.2 United States 23.0
El Salvador 14.1 Mexico 13.1
EU27 14.0 Costa Rica 8.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Honduras 9.3 China 7.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 Costa Rica 7.3 Guatemala 6.1
206

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.0
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 81.1
71.7
71.7
11.2 10.1
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
17.317.9 16.9
23.4 65.158.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................79 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................77 3.7
Market access ...................................................................................................11 5.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nicaragua









Nigeria
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................165.4
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ......................13,902.2 United States 42.5 EU27 29.1
EU27 21.4 China 15.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Brazil 6.5 Belize 7.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 South Africa 3.2 India 3.6
208

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.2
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 92.3
71.7
71.7 5.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
25.2 5.0 68.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................120 3.1

2009 Index..................................................................................................................117 3.0
Market access .................................................................................................123 2.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nigeria









Norway
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................369.0
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 1.2 Canada 2.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................19 Korea, Rep. 1.0 Russian Federation 2.2
210

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.2 2.3
Exports
Exports 7.3
5.17.3
19.5
19.5 75.6
71.7
71.7 17.8
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.4 17.9 13.8 16.9 76.8 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................7 5.3

2009 Index......................................................................................................................7 5.3
Market access ...................................................................................................33 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Norway





5.01 Airport density, number per million population......................................2 .....■ .......10.9 Iceland ..............................................29.7




Oman
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................52.3
80 48
120
60 36
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................6,122.2 China 29.3 UAE 27.2
UAE 10.9 EU27 17.1
Japan 10.6 Japan 15.6
WTO accession year .......................................................2000 Korea, Rep. 9.6 United States 5.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Thailand 6.8 China 4.6
212

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.6 2.3
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 78.7
71.7
71.7 8.2
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.417.9 7.1 16.9 79.2 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................29 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................34 4.5
Market access ...................................................................................................34 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Oman









Pakistan
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................166.5
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................8,985.0 EU27 25.7 Saudi Arabia 14.1
UAE 9.9 China 11.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Afghanistan 7.1 UAE 8.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 China 3.6 Kuwait 8.1
214

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.319.2 19.5
19.57.3 71.7
71.7
73.2
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 36.3 65.1
65.1
16.8 46.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................112 3.4

2009 Index..................................................................................................................100 3.4
Market access .................................................................................................120 3.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pakistan






6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination, 1–5 (best) .................. ....■ .........3.1 Luxembourg .......................................4.6



Panama
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................24.8
80 415
60 3
40 6
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 31.6 EU27 6.5
Costa Rica 5.8 Costa Rica 5.1
WTO accession year .......................................................1997 China 4.3 China 5.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Taiwan, China 4.1 Japan 4.3
216

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 81.3
71.7
71.7 5.4 8.5
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.117.9 21.8 16.9 65.1
66.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................61 4.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................53 4.1
Market access ...................................................................................................69 4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Panama









Paraguay
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................13.6
80 45
60 3
50 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ...........................563.0 Uruguay 17.7 China 27.5
Argentina 16.2 Brazil 26.6
Brazil 14.0 Argentina 14.4
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Chile 8.4 EU27 5.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 EU27 8.4 Japan 5.0
218

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.7
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 90.5
71.7
71.7 5.4 7.8
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.2 17.914.3 16.9 67.4 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................103 3.5

2009 Index..................................................................................................................105 3.4
Market access ...................................................................................................39 4.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Paraguay









Peru
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................127.4
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

EU27 17.6 China 12.1
China 12.0 Brazil 10.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 10.9 Ecuador 7.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 Canada 6.3 Argentina 5.7
220

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.316.9 19.5
19.5 52.1
71.7
71.7 13.2
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
12.017.9 19.6 16.9 65.1
65.3

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................63 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................65 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................15 5.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peru









Philippines
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................158.7
80 4
6090 3
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................8,547.0 EU27 17.4 United States 12.8
Japan 15.7 Singapore 10.3
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Hong Kong SAR 10.2 EU27 7.9
222

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
8.1
19.5
8.5 19.5
71.7
82.7 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.517.9 23.4 16.9 65.1
64.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................92 3.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................82 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................64 4.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Philippines









Poland
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................423.0
80 64
60 3

20 1
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Ukraine 3.7 China 8.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Norway 1.7 Korea, Rep. 2.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 United States 1.4 United States 2.2
224

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.6
19.5
8.319.5
71.7
71.7
81.0
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.1 17.9 14.9 16.9 74.1 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................58 4.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................57 4.0
Market access ...................................................................................................93 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Poland









Portugal
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................219.8
80 64
60 3

20 1
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Angola 6.0 Nigeria 2.8
United States 3.3 Brazil 2.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Singapore 2.3 China 2.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Malaysia 1.0 United States 1.7
226

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
12.3
19.5
19.5
9.1
71.7
74.5 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9 65.1
14.1 19.916.9 65.1
64.6

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................36 4.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................30 4.6
Market access ...................................................................................................77 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Portugal









Qatar
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................92.5
Real GDP growth (percent), 2009 ....................................11.5 120
80 48
6090 36
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions)..........................................n/a Japan 34.3 EU27 33.4
Korea, Rep. 21.8 Japan 9.6
Singapore 11.7 United States 9.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 EU27 5.7 China 7.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 India 5.2 UAE 6.6
228

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 94.8
71.7
71.7 5.1
3.6
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.8 17.9 16.9 89.6 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................34 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................35 4.5
Market access ...................................................................................................72 3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Qatar









Romania
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................160.7
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Turkey 6.6 Russian Federation 6.0
Ukraine 2.5 Turkey 4.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Russian Federation 1.8 Kazakhstan 4.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 United States 1.7 China 4.2
230

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
8.0
19.5
13.819.5
71.7
71.7
77.9
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.4 17.9 15.5 16.9 75.965.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................54 4.2

2009 Index....................................................................................................................54 4.0
Market access ...................................................................................................82 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Romania









Russian Federation
Key indicators
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).....................17,098.2
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,254.7
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Turkey 5.9 China 13.0
Belarus 5.1 Japan 7.0
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Ukraine 5.0 Ukraine 6.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................7 China 4.5 United States 5.2
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ........— ; 10.8 Others 22.7 Others 25.2
232

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
5.37.3
19.5
19.5 73.1
71.7
71.7 20.0
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
11.717.94.2 16.9 82.9 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................114 3.4

2009 Index..................................................................................................................109 3.3
Market access .................................................................................................125 2.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Russian Federation

Distinct tariffs, number ......................................................................124 .....■ .....1,921 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1








Saudi Arabia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................379.5
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ......................30,798.4 Japan 26.8 EU27 31.9
Taiwan, China 23.6 United States 13.6
WTO accession year .......................................................2005 EU27 7.1 Japan 8.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 UAE 3.6 Korea, Rep. 4.5
234

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.9
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 89.9
71.7
71.7 8.6
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
13.817.9 7.0 16.9 76.3 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................40 4.5

2009 Index....................................................................................................................42 4.4
Market access ...................................................................................................54 4.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Saudi Arabia









Senegal
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................12.6
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ........................1,205.5 Mali 23.3 EU27 39.8
EU27 17.0 Nigeria 11.9
India 11.6 Thailand 6.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Gambia, The 4.2 China 6.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Guinea 3.8 Côte d’Ivoire 3.3
236

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.9 19.5
19.5 34.7
71.7
71.7 35.2
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 31.2 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
34.4 34.4

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................90 3.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................83 3.6
Market access .................................................................................................117 3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Senegal









Serbia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................42.4
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Bosnia & Herzegovina 12.2 Russian Federation 15.3
Montenegro 11.7 China 7.5
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Russian Federation 5.0 Ukraine 2.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Macedonia, FYR 4.5 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2.8
238

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.1 19.5
19.5 12.1 71.7
71.7
67.6
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
7.4 17.9 25.9 16.9 65.1
66.6

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................67 4.0

2009 Index ..................................................................................................................n/a n/a
Market access ...................................................................................................42 4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Serbia









Singapore
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................163.1
80 425
60 3
200 10
100
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................78,867.7 Malaysia 12.1 EU27 12.3
Indonesia 10.6 Malaysia 11.9
Hong Kong SAR 10.4 United States 11.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 EU27 10.4 China 10.6
240

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
2.1
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.8 19.5
19.5 70.0
71.7
71.7
3.1
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 29.4 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
64.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................1 6.1

2009 Index......................................................................................................................1 6.0
Market access .....................................................................................................1 6.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Singapore

1.04 Share of duty-free imports, % ...............................................................2 .....■ .....100.0 Hong Kong SAR .............................100.0








Slovak Republic
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................88.3
80 420
150
60 315
40 210
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

United States 1.7 Korea, Rep. 5.8
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Ukraine 1.4 China 5.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Turkey 1.3 Japan 1.4
242

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
4.57.37.5
19.5
19.5 86.9
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.5 17.915.7 16.9 77.4 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................47 4.4

2009 Index....................................................................................................................46 4.3
Market access .................................................................................................103 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slovak Republic









Slovenia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................49.6
80 48
150
60 36
40 24
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Croatia 8.6 Croatia 3.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Serbia 4.0 United States 1.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Bosnia & Herzegovina 3.2 Serbia 1.7
244

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
6.27.3 6.9
19.5
19.5 86.7
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.7 17.9 17.2 16.9 65.1
72.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................35 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................31 4.6
Market access ...................................................................................................88 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Slovenia









South Africa
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................277.4
80 48
60 3
40 2
00 0–2
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 India 3.1 Japan 5.6
246

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
8.7
19.5
19.5 35.4 71.7
71.7 54.5
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.1 17.9 25.7 16.9 65.1
67.4

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................72 3.9

2009 Index....................................................................................................................61 3.9
Market access ...................................................................................................87 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
South Africa









Spain
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................1,438.4
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Morocco 1.9 United States 4.0
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Turkey 1.6 Russian Federation 2.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 1.5 Algeria 2.3
248

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
15.6
19.5
19.5
10.1
71.7
71.7
73.1
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.417.9 24.4 16.9 65.1
64.7

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................32 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................27 4.7
Market access .................................................................................................102 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Spain









Sri Lanka
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................41.3
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................2,966.7 EU27 36.9 India 20.8
India 5.1 Singapore 11.7
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 UAE 3.1 Iran 8.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Russian Federation 2.7 China 8.1
250

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
1.7
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
27.7
19.5
19.5
10.1
71.7
71.7
68.0
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
14.417.9 16.9
24.0 65.1
57.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................99 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................78 3.7
Market access .................................................................................................107 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sri Lanka









Sweden
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................397.7
80 425
60 3
50 10
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Norway 9.5 Norway 8.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Russian Federation 2.4 China 3.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 China 2.2 United States 3.1
252

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
7.8
19.5
11.919.5
71.7
79.671.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.617.9 18.3 16.9 65.1
71.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................4 5.4

2009 Index......................................................................................................................5 5.4
Market access ...................................................................................................96 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sweden









Switzerland
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................484.1
80 412
60 3
50 3
00 0–3
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Japan 3.3 China 2.5
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Hong Kong SAR 2.9 Japan 2.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................20 China 2.8 Libya 1.7
254

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.8
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
6.8
19.5
19.5 89.3
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.7 17.913.4 16.9 79.6 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index................................................................................5 5.4

2009 Index......................................................................................................................3 5.4
Market access ...................................................................................................58 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Switzerland

Distinct tariffs, number ......................................................................125 .....■ .....6,662 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1








Syria
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................54.4
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Saudi Arabia 10.6 Russian Federation 9.8
Iraq 5.6 China 8.0
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Turkey 5.2 Ukraine 5.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Jordan 4.6 Saudi Arabia 5.7
MFN tariffs, simple avg., 2008: bound; applied ............— ; ... Others 30.4 Others 45.2
256

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.5
19.5
19.5 43.1
71.7
71.727.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.930.2 65.1
65.1 45.0
18.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................104 3.5

2009 Index..................................................................................................................108 3.3
Market access .................................................................................................116 3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Syria









Taiwan, China
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................357.3
80 43
60 3

20 1
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................33,627.0 China 26.1 Japan 19.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Japan 6.9 Saudi Arabia 6.3
258

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
1.9
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
9.6
19.5
19.5 87.0
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
5.2 17.9 33.5 16.9 65.1
59.6

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................28 4.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................25 4.7
Market access .................................................................................................106 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Taiwan, China







7.06 Government Online Service Index, 0–1 (best)....................................n/a ..................n/a Korea, Rep..........................................1.0

Openness to multilateral trade rules, index 0–100 (best)...................n/a ..................n/a Slovenia ............................................93.1

Tajikistan
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................4.6
80 420
150
60 315
Total exports (rank out of 120), 2007 ................................112 100
40 210
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................589.9 Russian Federation 37.4 Uzbekistan 28.8
EU27 35.3 Russian Federation 16.2
Uzbekistan 14.1 Ukraine 13.1
WTO accession year.................................................Observer Switzerland 10.4 Kazakhstan 12.8
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Kazakhstan 0.8 EU27 12.8
260

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
14.4
19.5
19.5 59.3
71.7
71.7 11.3
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.417.9 16.9
35.8 65.148.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................108 3.4

2009 Index..................................................................................................................114 3.1
Market access ...................................................................................................66 4.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tajikistan





5.03 Paved roads, % of total ......................................................................n/a ..................n/a Multiple economies........................100.0




Tanzania
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................22.2
60 63
0 00
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,631.3 Switzerland 20.5 EU27 17.7
EU27 19.7 UAE 13.2
South Africa 9.5 South Africa 10.1
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 7.3 India 8.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................4 Kenya 5.8 China 7.0
262

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
31.1 6.8 15.4
71.7
71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
13.9 34.6 51.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................97 3.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................92 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................55 4.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tanzania









Thailand
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................266.4
80 410
60 3
80 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................46,313.8 EU27 13.2 Japan 18.7
Japan 11.3 EU27 8.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................8 Singapore 5.7 UAE 6.3
264

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.317.8 19.5
19.57.6 71.7
71.7
71.5
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.5 17.9 25.9 16.9 65.1
64.0

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................60 4.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................50 4.2
Market access .................................................................................................113 3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thailand









Tunisia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................39.6
80 412
60 3

20 1
25 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Libya 4.5 Russian Federation 7.5
India 3.1 Libya 4.4
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 2.4 China 3.7
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................6 Algeria 2.1 United States 3.0
266

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
9.4
19.5
19.5
19.0
71.7
71.7
71.6
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
12.117.9 23.216.9 65.1
64.6

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................38 4.6

2009 Index....................................................................................................................41 4.4
Market access ...................................................................................................35 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tunisia









Turkey
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................593.5
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

UAE 6.0 Russian Federation 15.5
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................16 Iraq 3.0 Iran 4.1
268
Tariff escalation (rate diff. raw to finished), 2009 ..............-5.6

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
8.5
19.5
9.0 19.5
71.7
78.6 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.5 17.9 31.2 16.9 65.1
58.4

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................62 4.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................48 4.2
Market access ...................................................................................................47 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Turkey









Uganda
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................15.7
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Sudan 14.3 UAE 11.4
Kenya 9.5 Kenya 11.3
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 9.0 India 10.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Rwanda 7.9 China 8.1
270

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
46.1 4.2
71.7
71.7
26.6
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9 65.1
14.0 20.316.9 65.1
65.5

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................94 3.7

2009 Index....................................................................................................................85 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................10 5.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Uganda









Ukraine
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................115.7
80 410
60 3
50 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Turkey 6.9 Turkmenistan 6.6
WTO accession year .......................................................2008 Belarus 3.1 China 6.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................14 United States 2.9 Kazakhstan 3.6
272

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.316.9 19.5
19.513.0 71.7
71.7
69.6
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.2 17.9 30.8 16.9 65.1
59.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................81 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................71 3.8
Market access ...................................................................................................30 4.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ukraine










Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................228.6
80 415
150
60 310
40 25
00 0–5
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ......................42,773.0 Taiwan, China 21.6 EU27 22.2
India 7.3 India 9.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1996 Iran 3.2 United States 7.0
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 EU27 2.2 Japan 6.6
274

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.4
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 53.6
71.7
71.7 38.9
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
8.8 17.97.2 16.9 76.2 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................16 5.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................18 5.0
Market access ...................................................................................................81 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7









United Kingdom
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 .............................................2,198.2
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

China 2.0 China 7.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Switzerland 1.9 Norway 5.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................29 Russian Federation 1.7 Japan 2.3
276

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
6.57.3
19.5
18.019.5
71.7
71.7
71.0
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.617.9 16.4 16.9 67.8 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................17 5.1

2009 Index....................................................................................................................20 4.9
Market access ...................................................................................................91 3.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
United Kingdom





5.02 Transshipment connectivity index, 0–100 (best) ...................................1 .....■ .....100.0 United Kingdom .............................100.0 277




United States
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ...........................................14,266.2
80 45
60 3
40 2
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ billions), 2008.........1,287.4 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)
Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ billions), 2008 ..........2,169.4 Exports Imports
Mexico 11.7 Canada 15.7
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 China 5.5 Mexico 10.1
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ......................11 Japan 5.1 Japan 6.6
278

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3
10.9
19.5
9.819.5
71.7
74.8 71.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
5.3 17.9 25.7 16.9 65.1
65.3

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................19 5.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................16 5.0
Market access ...................................................................................................62 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
United States









Uruguay
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................31.6
80 410
60 3
40 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................1,372.9 EU27 19.3 Argentina 25.2
Brazil 16.6 Brazil 18.1
Argentina 8.5 China 10.2
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Russian Federation 5.6 Russian Federation 9.6
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 Venezuela 4.0 EU27 8.6
280

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
3.6
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 69.4
71.7
9.8 71.7 25.9
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
10.117.9 30.616.9 65.159.3

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................50 4.3

2009 Index....................................................................................................................51 4.2
Market access ...................................................................................................36 4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Uruguay









Venezuela
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ................................................353.5
80 104
60 3

40 42

20 1
15 0
0 –2
0
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Netherlands Antilles 20.2 Colombia 15.0
EU27 8.5 EU27 12.9
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Taiwan, China 4.0 China 9.4
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Brazil 2.7 Brazil 9.0
282

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
0.2 3.5
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5 71.7
95.671.7
2.5
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.9 65.1
65.1
16.0 71.8

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................121 3.0

2009 Index..................................................................................................................119 2.8
Market access .................................................................................................100 3.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Venezuela









Vietnam
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................91.8
80 412
150
60 39
40 26
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2008 ........................8,615.0 United States 19.0 China 19.8
EU27 17.4 Singapore 11.6
Japan 13.5 Taiwan, China 10.4
WTO accession year .......................................................2007 China 7.7 Japan 10.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................5 Australia 6.9 Korea, Rep. 9.0
284

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 22.1 19.5
19.5 21.8
71.7
71.7 52.0
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
9.6 17.9 18.9 16.9 65.3 65.1

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................71 4.0

2009 Index....................................................................................................................89 3.5
Market access ...................................................................................................50 4.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vietnam









Zambia
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ..................................................12.3
80 412
6075 39
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions), 2007 ...........................885.8 Switzerland 49.8 South Africa 42.6
South Africa 10.4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 10.6
Egypt 7.5 Kuwait 10.2
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................2 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.6 China 4.5
286

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
6.77.3
19.5
19.5 79.5
71.7
71.7 13.7
Imports
Imports 17.9 16.9 65.1
6.0 17.9 28.3 16.9 65.164.9

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index..............................................................................85 3.8

2009 Index....................................................................................................................80 3.6
Market access ...................................................................................................17 5.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Zambia









Zimbabwe
Key indicators
Country
GDP (US$ billions), 2009 ....................................................3.6
80 410
60 3
80 4
00 0
1996 1998
1998 2000
2000 2002
2002 2004
2004 2006
2006 2008
2008

Services imports (US$ millions)..........................................n/a South Africa 42.0 South Africa 62.1
EU27 22.1 EU27 7.7
Botswana 9.3 Botswana 7.6
WTO accession year .......................................................1995 Malawi 4.3 China 4.9
Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ........................3 Zambia 4.1 United States 4.0
288

■
■ Agriculture
Agriculture ■
■ Fuels
Fuels and
and mining
mining ■
■ Manufactures
Manufactures
Exports
Exports 7.3
7.3 19.5
19.5
44.4
71.7
24.3 71.7 31.1
Imports
Imports 17.9
17.9 16.9
16.924.2 65.1
65.1 54.4
21.2

00 2020 4040 6060 8080 100
100

(out of 125)
Score
(1–7 scale)
2010 Index............................................................................122 3.0

2009 Index..................................................................................................................118 2.9
Market access .................................................................................................118 3.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Zimbabwe









Technical Notes and Sources

The data in this Report represent the best available esti- Tariff peaks
mates from various national authorities, international Share of tariff lines with domestic peaks (percentage) | 2009
or most recent year available
agencies, and private sources at the time the Report was This indicator reflects the total share of tariff lines in the coun-
prepared. It is possible that some data will have been try’s most favored nation (MFN) tariff schedule for which the
value is 3 times above the simple average tariff. The score is
revised or updated by the sources after publication. The expressed as a percentage of total tariff lines.
following notes provide sources for all the indicators
Source: International Trade Centre
listed in the Country/Economy Profiles. Throughout
the Report, “n/a” denotes that the value is not available, Specific tariffs
or that the available data are unreasonably outdated or Share of tariff lines with specific tariffs (percentage) | 2009
do not come from a reliable source. For each indicator, or most recent year available
This indicator reflects the number of Harmonized Schedule (HS)
the title appears on the first line, preceded by its number tariff lines with at least one specific tariff as a percentage share
to allow for quick reference. The numbering is the same of the total number of HS tariff lines.
as the one used in the Appendix of Chapter 1.1. Source: International Trade Centre
Below is a description of each indicator or, in the
case of Executive Opinion Survey data, the full question Number of distinct tariffs
and associated answers. If necessary, additional informa- Number of distinct tariffs for all sectors | 2009 or most
recent year available
tion is provided underneath. 291
This indicator reflects the number of distinct tariff rates applied
by a country on imports.

Pillar 1: Domestic and foreign market access
1.04 Share of duty-free imports
1.01 Tariff rate
Duty-free imports as a share of total imports | 2009, 2008 or
Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2009, 2008 or most most recent year available
recent year available Share of trade, excluding petroleum, that is imported free of
This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff tariff duties, taking into account most-favored nation tariffs and
rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the preferential agreements. Tariff data are from 2009 or most
rest of the world. The trade pattern of the importing country’s recent year available, and imports data are from 2008.
reference group (2008 data) is used as a weighting.
1.05 Tariffs faced

1.02 Non-tariff measures
Trade-weighted average tariff faced in destination markets |
Index of non-tariff measures (NTMs) | 2009 or most recent 2009, 2008 or most recent year available
year available This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff
This index is constructed as the average of two NTM-related rates, including preferential rates that the rest of the world
variables. The variables included are the percentage of trade applies to each country.
affected by non-tariff measures (NTMs) and the average num-
ber of notifications for products affected by NTMs, for products Source: International Trade Centre
with imports larger than 0. Politically motivated NTMs, such as
embargos, have been excluded.
1.06 Margin of preference in destination markets
Source: International Trade Centre; authors’ calculations Index of margin of preference in destination markets | 2009,
2008 or most recent year available
This indicator is constructed as the trade-weighted average dif-
1.03 Complexity of tariffs
ference between the most favored nation (MFN) tariff and the
Index of the complexity of tariffs | 2009 or most recent year most advantageous preferential duty. It is calculated as the sim-
available ple average of the absolute preference margin and the prefer-
This variable is calculated as the average of the tariff dispersion, ence margin as share of MFN tariff rates.
tariff peaks, specific tariffs, and number of distinct tariffs (see
descriptions below). Source: International Trade Centre
Tariff dispersion
Square root of the variance of tariff rates | 2009 or most
The variance is calculated at the 6-digit level of the Harmonized
Schedule.
Pillar 2: Efficiency of customs administration 3.03 Documents to import goods

Number of all documents required to import goods | 2009
This variable takes into account all documents required to
2.01 Burden of customs procedures import the goods. It is assumed that the contract has already
How would you rate the level of efficiency of customs pro- been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents
cedures (related to the entry and exit of merchandise) in include bank documents, customs declaration and clearance
your country? (1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = extremely effi- documents, port filing documents, import licenses, and other
cient) | 2008, 2009 official documents exchanged between the concerned parties.
Documents filed simultaneously are considered different docu-
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey ments but with the same time frame for completion.
2008, 2009
Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2010
2.02 Customs services index

Extent of services provided by customs authorities and 3.04 Cost to import goods
related agencies (0 = minimum; 12 = maximum) | 2009 Cost (US$ per container) associated with all the procedures
This variable is based on the 15 questions in the Global Express required to import goods | 2009
Association (GEA)’s survey that capture different aspects of the This variable measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in
services offered by customs and related agencies. The services US dollars. All the fees associated with completing the proce-
included are the following: clearance of shipments via electron- dures to export or import the goods are included. These include
ic data interchange; separation of physical release of goods costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance
from the fiscal control; full-time (24 hours / 7 days a week) and technical control, terminal handling charges, and inland
automated processing; customs working hours adapted to com- transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade
mercial needs; fee for services in normal service hours; inspec- taxes. Only official costs are recorded.
tion and release of goods arriving by air by the operator’s facili-
ty; automated risk assessment as primary basis for physical Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2010
examination of shipments; multiple inspections (inspections by
agencies other than customs), and the promptness of those
3.05 Time to export goods
inspections; exemptions from full customs formalities for ship-
ments of minimal value; exemptions from duties and taxes for Number of days necessary to comply with all procedures
shipments of minimal value; clearance of shipments by a third required to export goods | 2009
party; appeal of customs decisions to a higher level or an inde- The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it
pendent tribunal; and use of reference prices or arbitrary uplifts is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be
to invoice values. The maximum score an economy can obtain accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is
is 12. chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer
wastes time and that each commits to completing each remain-
Source: Global Express Association ing procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed
in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time
292 between procedures—for example, during loading of the
cargo—is included in the measure.
Pillar 3: Efficiency of import-export procedures
3.01 Efficiency of the clearance process

3.06 Documents to export goods
Efficiency of the clearance process by customs and border
control agencies (1 = very low; 5 = very high) | 2010 Number of documents required to export goods | 2009
This variable assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of the This variable takes into account all documents required to
clearance process by customs and other border control agen- export goods. It is assumed that the contract has already been
cies in the eight major trading partners of each country. agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents include
Respondents to the Logistics Performance Index survey were bank documents, customs declaration and clearance docu-
asked to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of clearance ments, port filing documents, import licenses, and other official
in the country in which they work, based on their experience in documents exchanged between the concerned parties.
international logistics, on a 1–5 scale (1 for the lowest score, 5 Documents filed simultaneously are considered different docu-
for the highest) compared with generally accepted industry ments but with the same time frame for completion.
standards or practices. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2010
Source: The World Bank, Logistics Performance Index 2010
3.07 Cost to export goods
3.02 Time to import goods Cost (US$ per container) associated with all the procedures
Number of days necessary to comply with all procedures required to export goods | 2009
required to import goods | 2009 This variable measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in
The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it US dollars. All the fees associated with completing the proce-
is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be dures to export or import the goods are included. These include
accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance
chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer and technical control, terminal handling charges, and inland
wastes time and that each commits to completing each remain- transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade
ing procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed taxes. Only official costs are recorded.
in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2010
between procedures—for example, during unloading of the
cargo—is included in the measure.

Pillar 4: Transparency of border administration
4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports

In your country, how common is it for firms to make undoc-
umented extra payments or bribes connected with imports
and exports? (1 = common; 7 = never occurs) | 2008, 2009
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

2008, 2009

4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index 5.06 Quality of roads
Index of the perceived level of public-sector corruption (0 = How would you assess roads in your country? (1 = extreme-
very high; 10 = very low) | 2009 ly underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient by interna-
The Corruption Perceptions Index score relates to perceptions tional standards) | 2008, 2009
of the degree of public-sector corruption as seen by business
people and country analysts and ranges between 0 (high) and Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
10 (low). 2008, 2009
Source: Transparency International

5.07 Quality of port infrastructure
How would you assess port facilities in your country? (1 =
extremely underdeveloped; 7 = well-developed and efficient
Pillar 5: Availability and quality of transport by international standards) | For landlocked countries, this
measures the ease of access to port facilities and inland
infrastructure
waterways. | 2008, 2009

5.01 Airport density
2008, 2009
Number of airports per million population | 2008
Number of airports with at least one scheduled flight in 2008
per million population.
Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser Pillar 6: Availability and quality of transport services
5.02 Transshipment connectivity index 6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index

Type of transshipment connections available to shippers Quantity of services provided by liner companies | 2009
from each country/economy on bilateral routes (0 = low The Liner Shipping Connectivity Index is an indicator of liner
connectivity; 100 = high connectivity) | 2008 shipping connectivity, based on indicators of service supply per
This index aims at reflecting the geographical aspects of the country. The index is comprised of a list of quantitative indica-
liner service supply and is based on the type of connections tors for service parameters available in each country. The vari-
between countries ranging from a first- to a fourth-order con- ables included in this index are: number of ships, liner compa-
nection. In the absence of direct liner shipping between two nies, liner services, twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) capacity,
countries, the cargo will have to be transshipped in a port of a and maximum ship size.
third or even fourth country in order to reach the destination Source: UNCTAD, Transport Section, Trade Logistics Branch,
country. A first-order connection is a connection without trans-
shipment, a second-order connection is a connection with one
transshipment, and so on. First-order connections have the 6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment
most positive impact on cargo movement. Therefore, the type Ease of arranging competitively priced international ship- 293
of connections per country has been weighted as follows: first- ments (1 = very low; 5 = very high) | 2010
order connections are multiplied by 1.0, second-order connec-
This variable assesses the ease and affordability associated
tions by 0.5, third-order connections by 0.33, and fourth-order
with arranging international shipments. Respondents to the LPI
connections by 0.25. The score is the sum of the four connec-
survey were asked to evaluate the ease and affordability associ-
tion types.
ated with arranging international shipments to or from eight
Source: United Nations Conference and Trade and Development countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct busi-
ness. Performance was evaluated using a scale from 1 to 5 (1
for the lowest score, 5 for the highest), based on their experi-
5.03 Paved roads ence in international logistics and in accordance with generally
Paved roads as percentage of total roads | 2006 or most accepted industry standards or practices.
Paved roads are those surfaced with crushed stone (macadam)
and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete, or
with cobblestones. This indicator shows paved roads as a per- 6.03 Logistics competence
centage of all the country/economy’s roads, measured in Competence and quality of logistics services (e.g., transport
length. operators, customs brokers) (1 = very low; 5 = very high) |
Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators Online 2010
(retrieved on February 2, 2010); national sources This variable evaluates the competence of the local logistics
industry. Respondents to the LPI survey were asked to evaluate
the competence of the local logistics industry in the eight coun-
5.04 Quality of air transport infrastructure tries (major trading partners) with which they conduct business.
How would you assess passenger air transport infrastruc- Performance was evaluated using a scale from 1 to 5 (1 for the
ture in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = lowest score, 5 for the highest), based on their experience in
extensive and efficient by international standards) | 2008, international logistics and in accordance with generally accepted
2009 industry standards or practices.
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey Source: The World Bank, Logistics Performance Index 2010
2008, 2009
6.04 Tracking and tracing ability
5.05 Quality of railroad infrastructure Ability to track and trace consignments (1 = very low; 5 =
How would you assess the railroad system in your country? very high) | 2010
(1 = extremely underdeveloped; 7 = extensive and efficient This variable assesses the ability to track and trace international
by international standards) | 2008, 2009 shipments (consignments). Respondents to the LPI survey
were asked to evaluate the ability to track and trace internation-
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey al shipments (consignments) when shipping to or from eight
2008, 2009 countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct busi-
ness. Performance was evaluated using a scale from 1 to 5 (1
ence in international logistics and in accordance with generally
accepted industry standards or practices.
6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Frequency of shipments reaching the consignee within the Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2009 (retrieved
scheduled delivery (1 = very low; 5 = very high) | 2010 January 4, 2010)
This variable assesses how often shipments reach the con-
signee within the scheduled delivery time. Respondents to the
7.04 Internet users
LPI survey were asked to evaluate the timeliness of shipments
in reaching destination when arranging shipments to eight Internet users per 100 population | 2008
countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct busi- Internet users are people with access to the worldwide net-
ness. Performance was evaluated using a scale from 1 to 5 (1 work.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
ence in international logistics and in accordance with generally
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2009 (retrieved
accepted industry standards or practices.
January 4, 2010)
Source: The World Bank, Logistics Perception Index 2010
7.05 Fixed telephone lines
6.06 Postal services efficiency Main telephone lines per 100 population | 2008
To what extent do you trust your country’s postal system to A main telephone line is a telephone line connecting the sub-
have a friend mail a small package worth US$100 to you? (1 scriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone
= do not trust at all; 7 = trust completely) | 2008, 2009 network and that has a dedicated port in the telephone
exchange equipment.
2008, 2009 Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2009 (retrieved
January 4, 2010)
6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector
Index of commitments in the transport sector under the
7.06 Government Online Service Index
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) | 2009
The indicator measures the extent of commitments for trade- The Government Online Service Index assesses the quality
related services in the transportation sector under the General of government’s delivery of online services (0 = low; 1 =
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It covers the following high) | 2009
sectors: air transport services, maritime transport services (only The Index captures a government’s performance in delivering
for non-landlocked countries), rail transport services, road trans- online services to the citizens. There are four stages of service
port services, and services auxiliary to all modes of transport. delivery (emerging, enhanced, transactional, and connected).
Passenger transport has been excluded across all sectors. Only Online services are assigned to each stage according to their
subsectors where commitments to opening up completely have degree of sophistication, from the more basic to the more
been taken into account and the results have been weighted by sophisticated. In each country, the performance of the govern-
2007 global trade data. ment in each of the four stages is measured as the number of
294 services provided as a percentage of the maximum services in
Source: International Trade Centre and authors’ calculations the corresponding stage. Examples of services include online
presence, deployment of multimedia content, governments’
solicitation of citizen input, widespread data sharing, and use of
social networking. For more details about the methodology
Pillar 7: Availability and use of ICTs employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator,
please consult the UN’s Global E-Government Survey 2010’s
dedicated page at
7.01 Extent of business Internet use http://www2.unpan.org/egovkb/global_reports/10report.htm.
To what extent do companies within your country use the
Internet in their business activities (e.g., buying and selling Source: United Nations, UN E-Government Survey 2010:
goods, interacting with customers and suppliers)? (1 = not Leveraging e-Government at a Time of Financial and Economic
at all; 7 = extensively) | 2008, 2009 Crisis

2008, 2009
Pillar 8: Regulatory environment
7.02 Mobile telephone subscriptions
Mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2008 8.01 Property rights
According to the World Bank, mobile cellular telephone sub- Composite indicator capturing the degree of protection of
scriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service property rights and intellectual property from the Global
using cellular technology, which provides access to switched Competitiveness Index 2009–2010
telephone technology. Postpaid and prepaid subscriptions are This indicator is the average of two variables: Property rights:
included. This can also include analogue and digital cellular sys- How would you rate the protection of property rights, including
tems but should not include non-cellular systems. Subscribers financial assets, in your country? (1 = very weak, 7 = very
to fixed wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging strong) and Intellectual property protection: How would you
services are not included. rate intellectual property protection, including anti-counterfeiting
measures, in your country? (1 = very weak, 7 = very strong).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World This composite variable corresponds to composite indicator
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2009 (retrieved 1.A.1 from the GCI.
January 4, 2010); national sources
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness
Report 2009–2010
7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers
Total broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population |
2008
The International Telecommunication Union considers broad-
band to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256 kilo-
bits per second or faster, in both directions. Broadband sub-
scribers refers to the sum of DSL, cable modem, and other
broadband (for example, fiber optic, fixed wireless, apartment
LANs, satellite connections) subscribers.

8.02 Ethics and corruption 8.05 Domestic competition
Composite indicator assessing the level of ethical standards Composite indicator measuring the intensity of domestic
and corruption from the Global Competitiveness Index competition and the quality of related policies from the
2009–2010 Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010
This indicator is the average of two variables: Diversion of pub- This indicator is the average of eight variables: Intensity of local
lic funds: In your country, how common is diversion of public competition: How would you assess the intensity of competi-
funds to companies, individuals, or groups due to corruption? (1 tion in the local markets in your country? (1 = limited in most
= very common; 7 = never occurs) and Public trust of politi- industries; 7 = intense in most industries); Extent of market
cians: How would you rate the level of public trust in the ethical dominance: How would you characterize corporate activity in
standards of politicians in your country? (1 = very low; 7 = very your country? (1 = dominated by a few business groups; 7 =
high). This composite variable corresponds to composite indica- spread among many firms); Effectiveness of anti-monopoly poli-
tor 1.A.2 from the GCI. cy: To what extent does anti-monopoly policy promote competi-
tion in your country? (1 = does not promote competition; 7 =
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness effectively promotes competition); Extent and effect of taxation:
Report 2009–2010 What impact does the level of taxes in your country have on
incentives to work or invest? (1 = significantly limits incentives
to work or invest; 7 = has no impact on incentives to work or
8.03 Undue influence
invest); Total tax rate, defined as a combination of profit tax (%
Composite indicator capturing the degree of undue influ- of profits), labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other
ence in the judicial system and among government officials taxes (% of profits); Number of procedures to start a business;
from the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 Time required to start a business, defined as number of days
This indicator is the average of two variables: Judicial independ- required to start a business; and Agricultural policy costs: How
ence: To what extent is the judiciary in your country independ- would you assess the agricultural policy in your country? (1 = it
ent from influences of members of government, citizens or is excessively burdensome for the economy; 7 = it balances the
firms? (1 = heavily influenced; 7 = entirely independent) and interests of taxpayers, consumers, and producers). This com-
Favoritism in decisions of government officials: To what extent posite variable corresponds to composite indicator 6.A.1 from
do government officials in your country show favoritism to well- the GCI.
connected firms and individuals when deciding upon policies
and contracts? (1 = always show favoritism; 7 = never show Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness
favoritism). This composite variable corresponds to composite Report 2009–2010
indicator 1.A.3 from the GCI.
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness 8.06 Efficiency of the financial market
Report 2009–2010 Composite indicator measuring the efficiency of the domes-
tic financial sector from the Global Competitiveness Index
2009–2010
8.04 Government efficiency
This indicator is the average of six variables: Financial market
Composite indicator capturing the efficiency of the govern- sophistication: How would you assess the level of sophistica-
ment from the Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 tion of financial markets in your country? (1 = poor by interna- 295
This indicator is the average of four variables: Wastefulness of tional standards; 7 = excellent by international standards);
government spending: How would you rate the composition of Financing through local equity market: How easy is it to raise
public spending in your country? (1 = extremely wasteful; 7 = money by issuing shares on the stock market in your country?
highly efficient in providing necessary goods and services); (1 = very difficult; 7 = very easy); Ease of access to loans: How
Burden of government regulation: How burdensome is it for easy is it to obtain a bank loan in your country with only a good
businesses in your country to comply with governmental business plan and no collateral? (1 = very difficult; 7 = very
administrative requirements (e.g., permits, regulations, report- easy); Venture capital availability: In your country, how easy is it
ing)? (1 = extremely burdensome; 7 = not burdensome at all); for entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to find ven-
Efficiency of legal framework in setting disputes: How efficient ture capital? (1 = very difficult; 7 = very easy); Restriction on
is the legal framework in your country for private businesses to capital flows: How restrictive are regulations in your country
settle disputes? (1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = highly efficient); relating to international capital flows? (1 = highly restrictive; 7 =
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations: How not restrictive at all); Strength of investor protection index on a
efficient is the legal framework in your country for private busi- scale of 0–10 (best), defined as a combination of the extent of
nesses to challenge the legality of government actions and/or disclosure index (transparency of transactions), the extent of
regulations? 1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = highly efficient); director liability index (liability for self-dealing), and the ease of
Transparency of government policymaking: How easy is it for shareholder suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and
businesses in your country to obtain information about changes directors for misconduct). This composite variable corresponds
in government policies and regulations affecting your industry? to indicator 8.A from the GCI.
(1 = impossible; 7 = extremely easy). This composite variable
corresponds to composite indicator 1.A.4 from the GCI. Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness
Report 2009–2010
Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness
Report 2009–2010
8.07 Openness to foreign participation
This variable is calculated as the average of five variables:
Ease of hiring foreign labor, Prevalence of foreign owner-
ship, Business impact of rules on FDI, Restriction on inter-
national capital flows, and Openness to multilateral trade
rules.
Ease of hiring foreign labor

To what extent does labor regulation in your country limit
the ability to hire foreign labor? (1 = very much limits hiring
foreign labor; 7 = does not limit hiring foreign labor at all) |
2008, 2009

2008, 2009
Prevalence of foreign ownership 9.02 Business costs of crime and violence

How prevalent is foreign ownership of companies in your Does the incidence of crime and violence impose costs on
country? (1 = very rare; 7 = highly prevalent) | 2008, 2009 businesses in your country? (1 = significant costs; 7 = no
costs) | 2008, 2009
2008, 2009 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
2008, 2009
Business impact of rules on FDI

To what extent do rules governing foreign direct investment 9.03 Business costs of terrorism
(FDI) encourage or discourage it? (1 = strongly discourage Does the threat of terrorism impose costs on businesses in
FDI; 7 = strongly encourage FDI) | 2008, 2009 your country? (1 = significant costs; 7 = no costs) | 2008,
2009
2008, 2009 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
2008, 2009
Restriction on international capital flows

How restrictive are regulations in your country relating to
international capital flows? (1= highly restrictive; 7 = not
restrictive at all) | 2008, 2009

2008, 2009
Openness to multilateral trade rules

Openness to multilateral trade rules index (0 = lowest; 100 =
highest) | 2009
This index evaluates the overall participation of countries in mul-
tilateral trade rules or instruments (MTRs). These rules are all
internationally elaborated legal standards currently regulating
trade in specific areas. MTRs are primarily comprised of con-
ventions and treaties that countries ratify or accede to, and
international model laws that are incorporated into national law.
The index is based on ITC’s LegaCarta system, which analyzes
the position of each country (accession/nonaccession and incor-
poration/nonincorporation) regarding some 238 MTRs as well as
296 450 protocols or amendments overseen by 25 different interna-
tional organizations. For the purposes of this index, 40 core
MTRs were selected, and each was rated with a score depend-
ing on its importance and relevance to trade. The 40 core
instruments belong to seven categories (contracts, customs,
dispute resolution, governance, intellectual property, invest-
ment, and air transport). Each category is given an equal weight
in the calculation of the index. Selection of the core instru-
ments is based on their importance and relevance to trade and
their universality. The importance and relevance to trade of an
instrument is determined by taking into account several criteria
including: the impact of its provisions on international trade
(reduction of transactional costs, trade facilitation, harmoniza-
tion, transparency, predictability, creation of a business-friendly
business climate, support of private-sector activities, and
encouragement of foreign direct investment), and the opinion
of international legal experts and the views of the international
bodies administering these instruments. Universality means
that the selected MTRs can potentially be applied by all coun-
tries, notwithstanding their geographical position or economic
level. For example, maritime transport conventions, however
important, were not taken into account because of their weak
relevance for landlocked countries; treaties dealing with securi-
ties and insider trading were not included because they do not
represent a priority in countries that have not developed sophis-
ticated financial markets. Accession to the WTO Agreements is
not taken into account in this index as WTO accession does not
depend exclusively on the will of a nonmember state to join the
WTO.
Source: International Trade Centre, based on data from the

LegaCarta database
Pillar 9: Physical security
9.01 Reliability of police services

To what extent can police services be relied upon to enforce
law and order in your country? (1 = cannot be relied upon
at all; 7 = can always be relied upon) | 2008, 2009

2008, 2009
About the Authors

About the Authors
Sean Doherty Geneva with a specialization in monetary and financial

Sean Doherty is Associate Director and Head of the economics, and an MA in Economics from the University
Logistics and Transport industry community at the World of British Columbia, in Vancouver. Prior to joining the
Economic Forum, where he previously managed both the Forum, he worked for the World Trade Organization and
Mining and Metals Industry Programme and the Caterpillar Inc. During his studies, he was a Member of
Chemicals Industry Programme. Immediately prior to join- the Board of Junior Entreprise Genève. He is also Co-
ing the Forum, he was an independent consultant on Founder of Procab Studio S.A., an IT company based in
strategic marketing for TNT Express. His main profession- Geneva.
al experience is as a consultant for Booz & Co. and for
IBM Business Dynamics. He began his career with short Robert Z. Lawrence
stints as a trainee engineer at BAE Systems Regional Robert Z. Lawrence is the Albert L. Williams Professor of
Aircraft and at the United Nations Office for Outer Space Trade and Investment at the John F. Kennedy School of
Affairs. Mr Doherty received a Master of Aeronautical Government at Harvard University and a Nonresident
Engineering from Imperial College, a Master of Structural Senior Fellow with the Peterson Institute for International
Molecular Biology from the University of London, and an Economics. He was appointed by President Clinton to
MBA from the Collège des Ingénieurs in France. serve as a member of his Council of Economic Advisers
in 1999. He held the New Century Chair as a Nonresident
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and founded
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director and Senior and edited the Brookings Trade Forum. Lawrence has
Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at been a Senior Fellow in the Economic Studies Program at
297
the World Economic Forum, where she researches and Brookings (1983–91), a professorial lecturer at the Johns
writes on issues of national competitiveness, in particular Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
related to the Arab world. She is lead author or editor of a (1978–81), and an instructor at Yale University (1975). He
number of regional and topical reports and papers. Earlier has served as a consultant to the Federal Reserve Bank
on, she oversaw the economic modeling for some of the of New York, the World Bank, the OECD, and UNCTAD.
Forum’s scenario projects and was charged with develop- He is the author of more than 100 papers and articles on
ing the economics section of the program for the World topics in the field of international economics, particularly
Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos. Before join- global integration, trade in the Middle East, and the
ing the Global Competitiveness Network, Dr Drzeniek impact of trade on the labor market. He is also the author
Hanouz worked for several years with the International or coauthor of several books, including Blue Collar Blues:
Trade Centre in Geneva, where she was in charge of rela- Is Trade to Blame for Rising US Income Equality? (2008),
tions with Central and Eastern European countries. In this US-Middle East Trade Agreements: A Circle of
capacity, she advised governments and developed and Opportunity (2006), Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation
implemented programs to strengthen the international (2006), Anchoring Reform with a US-Egypt Free Trade
competitiveness of businesses in the region. Dr Drzeniek Agreement (2005), Has Globalization Gone Far Enough?
Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the The Costs of Fragmented Markets (2004), Crimes and
University of Münster and holds a PhD in International Punishment? Retaliation under the WTO (2003), and
Economics from the University of Bochum, both in Globaphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade (1998).
Germany.
Eva Trujillo Herrera
Thierry Geiger Eva Trujillo Herrera is a Research Analyst with the Global
Thierry Geiger is Associate Director and Economist with Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
the Global Competitiveness Network and a Global Her responsibilities include the computation of a range of
Leadership Fellow at the World Economic Forum. His indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and
responsibilities include the construction and computation studies. Her main areas of expertise are Global Politics
of a range of indexes, as well as analysis for a number of and International Trade. Ms Trujillo Herrera holds an MA
regional and topical projects. His main areas of expertise in Applied Economics from Northern Illinois University, in
are econometrics, trade, and finance, while his geographi- the United States. Prior joining the Forum, she worked as
cal focus is Asia. He is a co-author of The Global a consultant for the International Trade Centre (ITC/WTO/
Competitiveness Report, The Global Information UNCTAD) in Geneva, Switzerland. During her studies she
Technology Report, and The Global Enabling Trade Report was an intern at the United Nations Conference on Trade
series. He is also a contributor to The Financial and Development (UNCTAD), also based in Geneva, in
Development Report and co-editor of The Ukraine the Creative Industries Program.
Competitiveness Report series. A Swiss national, Mr
Geiger holds a BA in Economics from the University of
Acknowledgments
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the following organizations
for their invaluable support of this Report.
Agility is one of the world’s leading providers of integrated logistics to businesses and govern-
ments. It is a publicly traded company with $6.8 billion in annual revenue and more than 34,000
employees in over 550 offices and 120 countries. Agility brings efficiency to supply chains in
some of the globe’s most challenging environments, offering unmatched personal service, a
global footprint, and customized capabilities in developed and emerging economies alike.
Agility has three business divisions: Agility Global Integrated Logistics (GIL) is headquartered
in Switzerland and provides supply chain solutions to commercial customers large and small.
Agility Defense & Government Services (DGS), based in Washington, offers logistics services to
governments, relief agencies and international institutions worldwide. Agility Infrastructure group
companies primarily focus on opportunities in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, providing
infrastructure support in the areas of industrial real estate, customs optimization, and airline
services.
For more information visit our website: www.agilitylogistics.com
Brightstar Corp. is a multi-billion dollar innovator in value-added demand generation distribution

and integrated supply chain solutions in the converging wireless and IT industries. With sales
and distribution facilities on six continents, Brightstar offers leading wireless and IT manufactur-
ers the largest global reach, enabling the right product to be in the right place, at the right time.
299
Brightstar’s supply chain solutions are used by the world’s top network operators and retailers to
improve financial results and turn their supply chains into a competitive advantage.
Deutsche Post DHL is the world’s leading mail and logistics services group.
The Deutsche Post and DHL corporate brands offer a one-of-a-kind portfolio of logistics
(DHL) and communications (Deutsche Post) services. The Group provides its customers with
both easy-to-use standardized products as well as innovative and tailored solutions ranging from
dialog marketing to industrial supply chains. Over 500,000 employees in more than 220 coun-
tries and territories form a global network focused on service, quality and sustainability. With
programs in the areas of climate protection, disaster relief and education, the Group is committed
to social responsibility. In 2008, Deutsche Post DHL revenues exceeded €54 billion.
The postal service for Germany. The logistics company for the world.
FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio
of transportation, e-commerce and business services. With annual revenues of $38 billion, the
company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing collec-
tively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. Consistently ranked
among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 290,000
team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and
professional standards and the needs of their customers and communities. For more information,
visit news.fedex.com.
GeoPost consolidates the Express service subsidiaries of Groupe La Poste, one of the world’s
largest operators in the transportation and services sector and a Fortune 500 company with a
history dating back more than 700 years. GeoPost is a major force in Express throughout Europe
as demonstrated by its top ranking DPD road transport network. GeoPost operates in over 230
countries on behalf of over 300,000 customers worldwide and is no.1 in France and no.2 at the
European level on the express parcel market with a consolidated turnover figure of 3.292 billion
euros in 2008. GeoPost Intercontinental is the global expansion vehicle of the GeoPost group.
Acknowledgments
The Global Express Association represents international express delivery companies that serve
over 220 countries, carrying over 30 million packages each day, all of them guaranteed to be
delivered within specified time frames. Express delivery operators provide integrated, door-to-
door services, including not only transportation systems in which the location and progress of
packages is constantly tracked but also cross-border clearance and collection of payments from
customers. Express delivery operators make it possible for businesses of any size to compete
effectively in the modern global marketplace, serving their customers across a continent or
around the world.
Although the efficient transportation links provided by express delivery companies can benefit
a national economy of any nature, they are critical to knowledge-based economies, those
engaged in production of high-value goods, and those comprising primarily small and medium
size enterprises.
More information about GEA and its members is available at www.global-express.org or
from info@global-express.org.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA), founded in April 1945, is the prime vehicle for
inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure, and economical air services. Today
IATA represents 250 airlines comprising 94 percent of international scheduled air traffic.
The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint technical cooperation agency of the United
Nations and the WTO. ITC enables small business export success in developing countries by
providing, with partners, sustainable and inclusive trade development solutions to the private
sector, trade support institutions and policy makers.
300
The Stena Sphere consists of the three parent companies, Stena AB (publ), Stena Sessan AB
and Stena Metall AB and their subsidiaries. The Stena Sphere generated total revenues of SEK
55,787 million in 2008. Income before tax amounted to SEK 2,231 million. The business idea is
to use our knowledge about trade, ships, service, industry, and finance to make money in the
business areas of shipping, ferry lines, offshore drilling, real estate, recycling and finance and to
look after our clients in such a way that we contribute to their development as well as the devel-
opment of society.
TNT provides businesses and consumers worldwide with an extensive range of services for their
mail and express delivery needs. Headquartered in the Netherlands, TNT offers efficient network
infrastructures in Europe and Asia and is expanding operations worldwide to maximise its net-
work performance. TNT serves more than 200 countries and employs more than 163,000 people.
Over 2008, TNT reported €11.1 billion in revenues and an operating income of €982 million. TNT
is officially quoted on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. TNT recognises its social responsibility
and has formed partnerships with the United Nations World Food Programme and the United
Nations Environment Programme to fight hunger and pollution in the world. Our efforts are
being recognised: in 2008, TNT again reached the highest score of all companies included in the
Dow Jones Sustainability Index and in the Carbon Disclosure Project in the carbon intensive sector.
A transport and logistics company, wholly-owned by the South African government. It has
around 48,000 employees and assets in excess of ZAR 100 billion. It is investing over ZAR 80
billion during the next five years on revitalizing and extending its infrastructure by widening and
deepening ports, building a new pipeline, buying hundreds of new locomotives and addressing a
maintenance backlog, especially at its rail freight division. Its operating divisions are Freight Rail,
National Ports Authority, Port Terminals, Pipelines and Rail Engineering.
Acknowledgments
UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world
trade and economy, particularly focusing on sustainable development.
The organization carries out three key functions:

It is a forum for intergovernmental deliberations and consensus building.
It undertakes research, policy analysis and data collection.
It provides technical assistance tailored towards developing countries, in particular the least
developed countries and of economies in transition.
The UNCTAD secretariat works together with member Governments and donors and interacts
with organizations of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental and governmental
institutions, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, research institutes and
universities worldwide.
UPS is the world’s largest package delivery company and a global leader in supply chain and
freight services, offering an extensive range of options for synchronising the movement of goods,
information and funds. Headquartered in Atlanta, USA, UPS serves more than 200 countries
and territories worldwide. UPS’s stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (UPS) and the
company can be found on the Web at www.UPS.com.
The Volkswagen Group is the biggest car manufacturer in Europe. It unites nine brands under
one roof. They all offer a remarkable range of vehicles, which extends from low-consumption
vehicles such as the Volkswagen “BlueMotion” or the Seat “ecomotive” vehicles to premium
cars from Audi, to luxury class models such as the Bugatti Veyron and ultimate sports cars from
the Lamborghini brand. As a result, the Volkswagen Group sold more than six million vehicles in
2009. But Volkswagen offers more than unique products. With over 370,000 employees and 301
more than 50 factory sites worldwide, the company is actively committed to social and environ-
mental responsibility. The Volkswagen Group and its past progress stand for an approach to busi-
ness that looks beyond the company's own products to take account of its social responsibility.
Volkswagen is "Driving Ideas".
The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries
around the world. We are not a bank in the common sense. We are made up of two unique
development institutions owned by 185 member countries—the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
Each institution plays a different but supportive role in our mission of global poverty reduction
and the improvement of living standards. The IBRD focuses on middle income and creditworthy
poor countries, while IDA focuses on the poorest countries in the world. Together we provide
low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries for education, health,
infrastructure, communications and many other purposes.
The World Customs Organization (WCO), with its 174 Members across the globe responsible for
processing approximately 98% of world trade, is the only global intergovernmental organization
uniquely focused on customs matters. Recognized as the voice of the international customs
community, the WCO is particularly noted for its competence in areas covering the development
of global standards, the simplification and harmonization of customs procedures, the security of
the trade supply chain, the facilitation of world trade, customs enforcement and compliance
programmes, coordinated border management, the international Harmonized System goods
nomenclature, customs valuation, origin, and sustainable customs capacity building initiatives.
For more information visit www.wcoomd.org or send an email to information@wcoomd.org.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization dealing with the global
rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly,
predictably and freely as possible.
cover.web:GETR 2010 cover 5/3/10 11:23 AM Page 1
Engaging in international trade has long been viewed as key to national prosperity and
The Global Enablng Trade Report 2010

well-being. In the current context of the global economic crisis, further enabling trade
across borders will be essential to strengthening the forces that drive recovery, just as
trade has played a central role in spreading the downturn across the globe.
Against this background, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 measures and analyzes
institutions, policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around the world,
highlighting for policymakers a country’s strengths and the challenges to be addressed.
The Global Enabling Trade Re-
The Report includes the most current data and recent analysis of the factors enabling
trade in industrialized and emerging economies. port 2010
Report 2010
The Report presents the rankings of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI), developed by the
World Economic Forum in collaboration with international trade experts and leaders
from the logistics and transport industry. It is a comprehensive index intended to
capture the full range of issues that contribute to impeding trade, ranking nations
according to factors that facilitate the free flow of goods across national borders and
to destination. The printed short version of the Report contains detailed profiles for 23
selected countries, while the full electronic version details the results for all 125
economies covered—4 more than last year.
Written in a nontechnical language and style, the Report appeals to a broad audience that
includes policymakers, business leaders, and members of the academic community. It
provides a yardstick to measure the extent to which countries have in place the
necessary attributes for facilitating the free flow of goods, and it aims to provoke
dialogue among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the
present crisis and, ultimately, raise the prosperity of the world’s citizens.
The full Report can be downloaded at www.weforum.org/getr.
Lawrence | Drzeniek Hanouz | Doherty | Moavenzadeh

ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-84-5

Global Enabling Trade Report 2010

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The Global Enablng Trade Report 2010

The full Report can be downloaded at www.weforum.org/getr.

Lawrence | Drzeniek Hanouz | Doherty | Moavenzadeh

Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University

World Economic Forum

The Global Enabling Trade

Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010 is World Economic Forum

Professor Klaus Schwab All rights reserved. No part of this publication

LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT TEAM

Katerina Soulounia, Team Coordinator,

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK

Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist,

A special thank you to Hope Steele for her

The terms country and nation as used in this

Part 1: The Enabling Trade Index Results 1

1.1 Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade: The Enabling 3

Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles 33

Technical Notes and Sources 291

About the Authors 297

The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Belgium

Czech Republic Guatemala

Iceland Korea, Republic of

Indonesia Kyrgyz Republic

Forum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce

Stockholm School of Economics, Russia State Planning Commission

Slovenia Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI)

Business Unity South Africa Uganda

United Arab Emirates

Dubai Competitiveness Council

Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

Over the past 20 years, preferential trading agreements (PTAs) Notes

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

Figure 1: Composition of the four subindexes of the ETI

Domestic and foreign Efficiency of customs Availability and quality of

Efficiency of import- Availability and quality of

Transparency of Availability and

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

ETI 2010 ETI 2009 ETI 2010 ETI 2009

Singapore 1 6.06 1 Guatemala 69 3.97 58

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2010

Singapore 1 6.06 1 5.97 1 6.56 7 5.74 2 6.00

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

Serbia 67 3.98 42 4.53 64 4.06 76 3.47 89 3.85

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2010: Market access

Albania 21 4.96 4 6.10 78 2.67

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade

Luxembourg 73 3.91 62 4.76 90 2.23

1.1: Fostering Recovery by Facilitating Trade