A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

FASTEST FINGER FIRST INDICATOR

In partial fulfillment for the award of degree B Tech in

Electronics And Communication Engineering

Session 2010-2011

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mrs. Vandana Shishoo Krity Vats
(HOD of ECE) Divya Uniyal
Garima Sharma
Year: 4th year
Branch: ECE

Name of faculty
Manish Sharma
(Minor Project Incharge)

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering

Rajasthan College Of Engineering For Women
Bhankrota, Jaipur
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. KRITY VATS, Ms. DIVYA UNIYAL and Ms. GARIMA SHARMA
of 4th year (7th sem) branch ECE has submitted a minor project on ‘FASTEST FINGER
FIRST INDICATOR’.

Mrs. Vandana Shishoo Examiner Mr. Manish Sharma

(HOD of ECE) (Project Supervisor)

Date:
Place: Jaipur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We fall short of words to thank everyone who has helped us in bringing this report to
completion. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mrs. Vandana Shishoo (HOD of
ECE) for providing us the opportunity to do this project. We further would like to sincerely
and whole heartedly thank the supervisor Mr. Manish Sharma (lecturer of electronics
and communication), Rajasthan College Of Engineering For Women, Jaipur, for his
valuable guidance and for giving us the chance to undertake this project. A special word
of thank should go to all the faculties of electronics and communication for providing the
resources and guidance to execute the project work successfully. Last but not the least
we would like to thank all our friends and colleagues for helping us throughout the work
directly or indirectly.

Signature of student
Krity Vats
Divya Uniyal
Garima Sharma
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Circuit Diagram
3. Components Used
4. Project Description
5. Basic Electronics Components
6. IC’s Used In FFFI
7. Working
8. Advantages of FFFI
9. Applications of FFFI
10. Soldering instructions
11. Precautions
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Quiz-type game shows are increasingly becoming popular on television these days. In
such games, fastest finger first indicators (FFFIs) are used to test the player’s reaction
time. The player’s designated number is displayed with an audio alarm when the player
presses his entry button.

In the buzzer round of quiz contests, the question is thrown open to all the teams. The
person who knows the answer hits the buzzer first and then answers the question.
Sometimes two or more players hit the buzzer almost simultaneously and it is very
difficult to detect which of them has pressed the buzzer first. In television shows, where
the whole event is recorded, the actions are replayed in slow motion to detect the first hit.
Such slow motions are possible only where huge funds are available to conduct the
show. For this reason buzzer rounds are avoided for quiz contests held in colleges.

This project is an electronic quiz buzzer that is affordable by the colleges and even
individuals. This project is useful for a 4-team quiz contest, although it can be modified for
more number of teams. This system is sensitive. The circuit can detect and record the
first hit contestant among all the contestants that may appear to be simultaneous. JK
master slave flip flop is the heart of this project. The complimented output of all JK flip
flops is given to NAND gate input. The output of the NAND gate is fed to NOT gate. Here
in this project, NOT gate is realized from NAND gate.

The output of this NOT gate is fed to CLK pins of all JK flip flops through four Push-to-ON
switches. LEDs are connected to output pin of all JK flip flops through a transistor driver.
Whenever any switch is pressed first, the corresponding flip flop’s output goes high and
makes the LEDs blink.

This project uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply. Full wave rectifier is used to rectify
the ac output of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 COMPONENTS USED

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:

IC1 … 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

IC2 … 74LS75 4-BIT BISTABLE LATCH

IC3 … 74LS20 DUAL 4-INPUT NAND GATE

IC4 … 74LS147 9-LINES TO 4-LINES PRIORITY

ENCODER

IC5 … 74LS04 HEX INVERTOR

IC6 … 74LS47 BCD TO SEVEN SEGMENT DECODER

IC7 … NE555 TIMER

RESISTORS:

R1- R5 … 1K

R6 … 330W

R7 … 100K

R8 … 10W

VR1 … 10K
CAPACITORS

Ceramic Capacitors:

C1 … 0.033m

C2 … 0.01m

C3 … 0.047m

Electrolyte Capacitor:

C4 … 47m, 35V

MISCELLANEOUS

COMMON ANODE 7-SEGMENT LED DISPLAY

S1- S5 PUSH TO ON SWITCHES

SPEAKER - 8W, 1W

 
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Quiz-type game shows are increasingly becoming popular on television these

days. In such games, fastest finger first indicators (FFFIs) are used to test the
player’s reaction time. The player’s designated number is displayed with an audio
alarm when the player presses his entry button.

 The circuit presented above determines as to which of the four contestants first
pressed the button and locks out the remaining three entries. Simultaneously, an
audio alarm and the correct decimal number display of the corresponding
contestant are activated.

 When a contestant presses his switch, the corresponding output of latch IC2 (7475)
changes its logic state from 1 to 0. The combinational circuitry comprising dual 4-input
NAND gates of IC3 (7420) locks out subsequent entries by producing the appropriate
latch-disable signal.

 Priority encoder IC4 (74147) encodes the active-low input condition into the
corresponding binary coded decimal (BCD) number output. The outputs of IC4 after
inversion by inverter gates inside hex in-verter74LS04 (IC5) are coupled to BCD-to-7-
segment decoder/display driver IC6 (7447). The output of IC6 drives common-Anode 7-
segment LED display (DIS.1, FND507 or LT543),

 The audio alarm generator comprises clock oscillator IC7 (555), whose output drives a
loudspeaker. The oscillator frequency can be varied with the help of preset VR1. Logic 0
state at one of the outputs of IC2 produces logic 1 input condition at pin 4 of IC7, thereby
enabling the audio oscillator.

 IC7 needs +12V DC supply for sufficient alarm level. The remaining circuit
operates on regulated +5V DC supply, which is obtained using IC1 (7805).

 Once the organizer identifies the contestant who pressed the switch first, he
disables the audio alarm and at the same time forces the digital display to ‘0’ by
pressing reset pushbutton S5.

 With a slight modification, this circuit can accommodates more than four
contestant
IDENTIFYING BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:

When a beginner to electronics first looks at a circuit board full of components he/she is
often overwhelmed by the diversity of components.

Electronic component are classed into:

 Passive devices
 Active devices

A Passive Device is one that contributes no power gain (amplification) to a circuit or

system. It has not control action and does not require any input other than a signal to
perform its function. In other words, “A components with no brains!”
Examples are Resistors, Capactitors and Inductors.

An Active Devices are components that are capable of controlling voltages or currents
and can create a switching action in the circuit. In other words, “Devices with smarts”
Examples are Diodes, Transistors and Integrated circuits.
Most active components are semiconductors.
 1. RESISTOR:

Circuit symbol:  

Function:

Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with
a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

Connecting and soldering:

Resistors may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when
soldering.

Resistor values - the resistor color code:

Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega .

1 is quite small so resistor values are often given in k and M .
1k = 1000     1 M = 1000000 .

Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands.

Each colour represents a number as shown in the table.

Most resistors have 4 bands:

 The first band gives the first digit.

 The second band gives the second digit.
 The third band indicates the number of zeros.
 The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor, this may
be ignored for almost all circuits

Tolerance of resistors (fourth band of color code):

The Resistor
The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the color
Colour Code
code. Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a
Colour Number
percentage.
Black 0
For example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of ±10% will have a Brown 1
value within 10% of 390 , between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 + 39 = Red 2
429 (39 is 10% of 390). Orange 3
Yellow 4
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance: Green 5
silver ±10%,   gold ±5%,   red ±2%,   brown ±1%. Blue 6
If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is ±20%. Violet 7
Grey 8
Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise White 9
resistor values are rarely required.

This is the most common component in electronics. It is used mainly to control current
and voltage within the circuit. One can identify a simple resistor by its simple cigar shape
with a wire lead coming out of each end. It uses a system of color coded bands to identify
the value of the component (measured in Ohms) .A surface mount resistor is in fact mere
millimetres in size but performs the same function as its bigger brother, the simple
resistor. A
Potentiometer is a variable resistor. It lets you vary the resistance with a dial
or sliding control in order to alter current or voltage on the fly. This is opposed
to the “fixed” simple resistors.

2. CAPACITORS:

Circuit symbol:  

Function:

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it
takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC
supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because
capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

Capacitance:
This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large capacitance means that
more charge can be stored. Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is
very large, so prefixes are used to show the smaller values.

Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, µ (micro), n (nano) and p (pico):

 µ means 10-6 (millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F

 n means 10-9 (thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1µF
 p means 10-12 (million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF

Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many types of capacitor
with different labelling systems.

There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two groups, polarised and
unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.

The size of a capacitor generally determine how much charge it can store. A
small surface mount or ceramic cap will only hold a minuscule charge. A cylindrical
electrolytic cap will store a much larger charge. Some of the large electrolytic
caps can store enough charge to kill a person. Another type, called Tantalum
Capacitors, store a larger charge in a smaller package.
 3. INDUCTORS:

Adding electrical current to a coil of wire produces a magnetic field around itself. This is
how the inductor works. It is charged with a magnetic field and when that field collapses it
produces current in the opposite direction. Inductors are used in Alternating Current
circuits to oppose changes in the existing current.
Most inductors can be identified by the "coil" appearance. Others actually look like a
resistor but are usually green in colour.

4. Antenna Coil:

This consists of several turns of insulated copper wire wound on a plastic tube. It is used
in this kit for transmitting radio waves. The coil has four tappings on it. The leads can be
identified by the spacing in between.
 5. DIODES:

Circuit symbol:  

Function:

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol
shows the direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a
valve and early diodes were actually called valves.

 Forward Voltage Drop

Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its way through the diode, rather like a person
pushing through a door with a spring. This means that there is a small voltage across a
conducting diode, it is called the forward voltage drop and is about 0.7V for all normal
diodes which are made from silicon. The forward voltage drop of a diode is almost
constant whatever the current passing through the diode so they have a very steep
characteristic (current-voltage graph).

 Reverse Voltage

When a reverse voltage is applied a perfect diode does not conduct, but all real diodes
leak a very tiny current of a few µA or less. This can be ignored in most circuits because it
will be very much smaller than the current flowing in the forward direction. However, all
diodes have a maximum reverse voltage (usually 50V or more) and if this is exceeded the
diode will fail and pass a large current in the reverse direction, this is called breakdown.
Ordinary diodes can be split into two types: Signal diodes which pass small currents of
100mA or less and Rectifier diodes which can pass large currents. In addition there are
LEDs (which have their own page) and Zener diodes (at the bottom of this page).

Connecting and soldering:

Diodes must be connected the correct way round, the diagram

may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it
really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is marked by a line
painted on the body. Diodes are labelled with their code in small
print, you may need a magnifying glass to read this on small signal
diodes!

Small signal diodes can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless
you are using a germanium diode (codes beginning OA...) in which case you should use
a heat sink clipped to the lead between the joint and the diode body. A standard crocodile
clip can be used as a heat sink.

Rectifier diodes are quite robust and no special precautions are needed for soldering
them.
Testing diodes:

One can use a multimeter or a simple tester (battery, resistor and LED) to check that a
diode conducts in one direction but not the other. A lamp may be used to test a
rectifier diode, but do NOT use a lamp to test a signal diode because the large current
passed by the lamp will destroy the diode!

 Signal diodes (small current):

Signal diodes are used to process information (electrical signals) in circuits, so they are
only required to pass small currents of up to 100mA.

General purpose signal diodes such as the 1N4148 are made from silicon and have a
forward voltage drop of 0.7V.

 Rectifier diodes (large current):

Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), a process called rectification. They are also used elsewhere in circuits
where a large current must pass through the diode.

All rectifier diodes are made from silicon and therefore have a forward voltage drop of
0.7V. The table shows maximum current and maximum reverse voltage for some popular
rectifier diodes. The 1N4001 is suitable for most low voltage circuits with a current of less
than 1A.

 Zener diodes

Circuit symbol:   

  Zener diodes are used to maintain a fixed voltage. They

are designed to 'breakdown' in a reliable and non-
destructive way so that they can be used in reverse to maintain a fixed voltage across
their terminals. The diagram shows how they are connected, with a resistor in series to
limit the current.

Zener diodes can be distinguished from ordinary diodes by their code and breakdown
voltage which are printed on them. Zener diode codes begin BZX... or BZY... Their
breakdown voltage is printed with V in place of a decimal point, so 4V7 means 4.7V for
example.

Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage and maximum power:

 The minimum voltage available is 2.4V.

 Power ratings of 400mW and 1.3W are common.

6. LEDs (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE): 

Circuit symbol:

  

Function:

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Connecting and soldering:

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be
labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c,
for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight
flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger
electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very
slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.

Testing an LED:

Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!

It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will
pass through and burn it out.

LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe

value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most
LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the correct
way round.

Colours of LEDs:

LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white
LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.

The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the colouring
of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available in uncoloured
packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The
coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent

LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another. They are used as
indicator devices. Example: LED lit equals machine on. The general purpose silicon
diode emits excess energy in the form of heat when conducting current. If a different
semiconductor material such as gallium, arsenide phosphide is used, the excess
energy can be released at a lower wavelength visible to human eye. This is the
composition of LED. They come in several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared
Light which cannot be seen by the human eye.
 7. SWITCH :

Circuit symbol for a

simple on-off switch

This is a mechanical part which when pressed makes the current to flow through
it. If the switch is released the current stops flowing through it. This helps to control a
circuit.

8. TRANSISTORS:

Function:

Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the
small output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or
other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing
current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage.

A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off
with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).

The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.
.
Types of transistor:

There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP,

with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of
semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most
transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest
Transistor circuit symbols
type to make from silicon. If you are new to electronics it is
best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors.

The leads are labelled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).

The transistor performs two basic functions.

1) It acts as a switch turning current on and off.
2) It acts as a amplifier.
This makes an output signal that is a magnified version of the input signal.
Transistors come in several sizes depending on their application. It can be a
big power transistor such as is used in power applifiers in your stereo, down to
a surface mount (SMT) and even down to .5 microns wide (I.E.: Mucho Small!)
such as in a microprocessor or IntegratedCircuit.

 NPN Transistor:
Bipolar junction perform the function of amplifications where a small varying voltage or
current applied to the base (the lead on the left side of the symbol) is proportionately
replicated by a much larger voltage or current between the collector and emitter
leads. Bipolar junction refers to sandwich construction of the semiconductor,
where a wedge of "P" material is placed between two wedges of "N" material. In
this NPN construction a small base current controls the larger current flowing
from collector to emitter (the lead with the arrow).
  PNP Transistor:
Similar to NPN transistors, PNP's have a wedge of "N" material between two wedges of
"P" material. In this design, a base current regulates the larger current flowing from
emitter to collector, as indicated by the direction of the arrow on the emitter lead. In CED
players, PNP transistors are used less frequently that the NPN type for amplification
functions.

9. PCB’s:

PCB stands for printed circuit board which are used for wiring up of the components of
a circuit. PCBs are made of paper phenolic FR2 grade (low cost, for low frequency and
low power circuit assembly) and glass epoxy FR4 grade (for high frequency, high power
circuits) copper clad laminates (available in 1.6mm, 2.4mm and 3.6mm thickness).
Singlesided PCBs have copper foil only on one side while double-sided PCBs have
copper foil on both side of the laminate. Thickness of copper foil is 35 micrometer
minimum on cheaper PCBs and 70 micrometer on slightly costlier PCBs. Tracks
(conductive paths) are made by masking (covering) the track part of copper with etch-
resist enamel paint (you can even use nail polish) and later dipping the laminate in ferric
chloride solutions to dissolve all copper except under the masked part. Holes in PCBs are
drilled after etching is over. The tracks on two sides of a PCB are joined using printed
through hole (PTH) technique, which is equivalent to using slotted copper rivets for
joining tracks on both sides. On cheaper PCBs, PTH are not provided, only Pads (i.e.
circular copper land with centre hole) are provided and you have to join the tracks on both
sides by soldering a copper wire to the pads with a copper wire. In singlesided PCB
components are mounted on the side which has no track (called component side). In a
double-sided PCB the component side is defined (marked before hand) or it
will show component outline (also called silk screen) Green masking is the process of
applying a layer of green colour insulation varnish on all parts of tracks except near the
holes, to protect the tracks from exposure to atmosphere and thus prolong its life and
reliability.

10. BATTERIES:

Symbol of batteries shows +ve terminal by a longer line than the –ve terminal. For low
power circuit dry batteries are used.

11. SPEAKERS:

These convert electrical signals to acoustic vibrations. It comprises a permanent

magnet and a moving coil (through which electrical signal is passed). This moving coil is
fixed to the diaphragm which vibrates to produce sound.

12. ICs (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS):

Integrated Circuits are usually called ICs or chips. They are complex circuits which have
been etched onto tiny chips of semiconductor (silicon). The chip is packaged in a plastic
holder with pins spaced on a 0.1" (2.54mm) grid which will fit the holes on strip board and
breadboards. Very fine wires inside the package link the chip to the pins.
Pin numbers:

The pins are numbered anti-clockwise around the IC

(chip) starting near the notch or dot. The diagram shows
the numbering for 8-pin and 14-pin ICs, but the principle is the same for all sizes.

IC holders (DIL sockets):

ICs (chips) are easily damaged by heat when soldering and their short pins
cannot be protected with a heat sink. Instead we use an IC holder, strictly
called a DIL socket (DIL = Dual In-Line), which can be safely soldered onto the
circuit board. The IC is pushed into the holder when all soldering is complete.

IC holders are only needed when soldering so they are not used on breadboards.

Commercially produced circuit boards often have ICs soldered directly to the board
without an IC holder, usually this is done by a machine which is able to work very quickly.
Please don't attempt to do this yourself because you are likely to destroy the IC and it will
be difficult to remove without damage by de-soldering.

Integrated Circuits, or ICs, are complex circuits inside one simple package. Silicon
and metals are used to simulate resistors, capacitors, transistors, etc. It is a space
saving miracle. These components come in a wide variety of packages and sizes.
You can tell them by their "monolithic shape" that has a ton of "pins" coming out
of them. Their applications are as varied as their packages. It can be a simple timer, to
a complex logic circuit, or even a microcontroller (microprocessor with a few
added functions) with erasable memory built inside.
 IC’s USED IN FFFI

BCD TO 7-SEGMENT DECODER/DRIVER(SN54/74LS47)

The SN54/74LS47 are Low Power Schottky BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Drivers

consisting of NAND gates, input buffers and seven AND-OR-INVERT gates. They offer
active LOW, high sink current outputs for driving indicators directly. Seven NAND gates
and one driver are connected in pairs to make BCD data and its complement available to
the seven decoding AND-OR-INVERT gates. The remaining NAND gate and three input
buffers provide lamp test, blanking input / ripple-blanking output and ripple-blanking input.
The circuits accept 4-bit binary-coded-decimal (BCD) and, depending on the state of the
auxiliary inputs, decodes this data to drive a 7-segment display indicator. The relative
positive-logic output levels, as well as conditions required at the auxiliary inputs, are
shown in the truth tables. Output configurations of the SN54/ 74LS47 are designed to
withstand the relatively high voltages required for 7-segment indicators.
These outputs will withstand 15 V with a maximum reverse current of 250 mA. Indicator
segments requiring up to 24 mA of current may be driven directly from the SN74LS47
high performance output transistors. Display patterns for BCD input counts above nine
are unique symbols to authenticate input conditions.
The SN54/74LS47 incorporates automatic leading and/or trailing-edge zero-blanking
control (RBI and RBO). Lamp test (LT) may be performed at any time which the BI /RBO
node is a HIGH level. This device also contains an overriding blanking input (BI) which
can be used to control the lamp intensity by varying the frequency and duty cycle of the
BI input signal or to inhibit the outputs.
• Lamp Intensity Modulation Capability (BI/RBO)
• Open Collector Outputs
• Lamp Test Provision
• Leading/Trailing Zero Suppression
• Input Clamp Diodes Limit High-Speed Termination Effects
HEX INVERTER (SN54/74LS04)
 WORKING OF FFFI

 When a contestant presses his switch, the corresponding output of latch IC2
(7475) changes its logic state from 1 to 0.
 The combinational circuitry comprising dual 4-input NAND gates of IC3 (7420)
locks out subsequent entries by producing the appropriate latch-disable signal.
 Priority encoder IC4 (74147) encodes the active-low input condition into the
corresponding binary coded decimal (BCD) number output.
 The outputs of IC4 after inversion by inverter gates inside hex inverter 74LS04
(IC5) are coupled to BCDto-7-segment decoder/display driver IC6 (7447).
 The output of IC6 drives common anode the active-low input condition into the
corresponding binary coded decimal (BCD) number output.
 The outputs of IC4 after inversion by inverter gates inside hex inverter 74LS04
(IC5) are coupled to BCD to- 7-segment decoder/display driver IC6 (7447).
 The output of IC6 drives common anode 7-segment LED display (DIS.1, FND507
or LT543).
 The audio alarm generator comprises clock oscillator IC7 (555), whose output
drives a loudspeaker.
 The oscillator frequency can be varied with the help of preset VR1. Logic 0 state at
one of the outputs of IC2 produces logic 1 input condition at pin 4 of IC7, thereby
enabling the audio oscillator.
 IC7 needs +12V DC supply for sufficient alarm level. The remaining circuit
operates on regulated +5V DC supply, which is obtained using IC1 (7805).
 Once the organiser identifies the con contestant who pressed the switch first, he
disables the audio alarm and at the same time forces the digital display to ‘0’ by
pressing reset pushbutton S5.
 With a slight modification, this circuit can accommodate more than four
contestants.
  ADVANTAGES OF FFFI

 Fastest Response
 Highly Sensitive
 Wide supply range (3V to 15V)
 High noise immunity
 Low cost and reliable circuit
 APPLICATIONS FFFI

 Colleges / Schools for Quiz competitions

 Joel Events / Games
 SOLDERING INSTRUCTIONS

Cleaning for soldering:

 Ensure that parts to be soldered and the PCB are clean and free from dirt or
grease.
 Use isopropyl alcohol with the help of non-static bristol brush for cleaning.
 Use lint-free muslin cloth for wiping or alternatively use mild soap solution followed
by thorough rinsing with water and drying.

Tips for good Soldering:

 Use 15 to 25 watt soldering iron for general work involving small joints and for
CMOS IC’s, FETS and ASIC’S use temprature controlled soldering station
ensuring that the tip temperature is maintained within 330-350 deg. centigrade.
 For bigger joints use elevated temperature as per job.
 Before using a new tip, ensure that it is tinned and before applying the tip to the
job, wipe it using a wet sponge.
 Use 60 : 40 (tin : lead) resin core (18-20 SWG) solder.
 Ensure that while applying the tip to the job, the tip of the soldering iron is held at
an angle such that the tip grazes the surface to be heated and ensure that it does
not transfer heat to other joints/components in its vicinity at the same time heating
all parts of joint equally.
 Heat the joint for just the.right amount of time, during which a very short length of
solder flows over the joint and then smoothly withdraw the tip.
 Do not carry molten solder to the joint.
 Do not heat the electronic parts for more than 2-4 seconds since most of them are
sensitive to heat.
 Apply one to three mm solder which is neither too less nor too much and adequate
for a normal joint.
 Do not move the components until the molten solder, at the joint has cooled.
Tips for de-soldering:
 Remove and re-make if a solder joint is bad or dry.
 Use a de-soldering pump which is first cocked and then the joint is heated in the
same way as during soldering, and when the solder melts, push the release button
to disengage the pump.
 Repeat the above operation 2-3 times until the soldered component can be
comfortably removed using tweezers or long nose pliers.
 Deposit additional solder before using the de-soldering pump for sucking it in case
of difficulty in sucking the solder if it is too sparse as this will hasten the de-
soldering operation.
 Alternatively, use the wet de-soldering wick using soldering flux which is nothing
but a fine copper braid used as a shield in coaxial cables etc. and then press a
short length of the wick using the tip of the hot iron against the joint to be de-
soldered so that the iron melts the solder which is drawn into the braid.
 Do not allow the solder to cool while the braid is still adhering to the joint.
 Allow it to cool and check for continuity.
 PRECAUTIONS

 Mount the components at the appropriate places before soldering. Follow the
circuit description and components details, leads identification etc. Do not start
soldering before making it confirm that all the components are mounted at the right
place.
 Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short circuit.
 Do not sit under the fan while soldering
 Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where you want it.
 Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may damage the
components or board.
 The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have a dry or a cold
joint.
 Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure about the voltage either
dc or ac while operating the gadget.
 Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it may short circuit with
the other components. To prevent this use sleeves at the component leads or use
sleeved wire for connections.
 Do not use old dark colors solder. It may give dry joint. Be sure that all the joints
are clean and well shiny.
 CONCLUSION

This project is an electronic quiz buzzer. Fastest finger first indicators (FFFIs) are used to
test the player’s reaction time. The player’s designated number is displayed with an audio
alarm when the player presses his entry button. In the buzzer round of quiz contests, the
question is thrown open to all the teams. The person who knows the answer hits the
buzzer first and then answers the question. Sometimes two or more players hit the
buzzer almost simultaneously and it is very difficult to detect which of them has pressed
the buzzer first. In television shows, where the whole event is recorded, the actions are
replayed in slow motion to detect the first hit. Such slow motions are possible only where
huge funds are available to conduct the show. For this reason buzzer rounds are avoided
for quiz contests held in colleges.

But this indicator reduces the probability of any error in detecting who pressed the buzzer
first. Thus, in this report we have concluded all the components for the set up of this
indicator.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.electronicsforu.com/efylinux/circuit/feb2003/Fastest%20Finger
%20First%20Indicator.pdf
 http://www.scribd.com/doc/36947944/Fastest-Finger-First-Indicator
 http://www.projectguidance.com/
 http://www.electro-tech-online.com/