Tunnels improves connections and shortens

lifeline.
They improve life above the ground and may
affect the economic growth enormously.
Moving traffic underground.
Utilization of underground space for storage ,
power ,water treatment , civil defense and
other activities.
It is very expensive and requires high technical
skills and is risky too.
 NOTATIONS

The word “chainage” is used to identify a point along the

axis of the tunnel.
CROSSECTION

 The shape of the section is called as profile.

 Out of the various section namely circular
rectangular , D- shape , horse shoe etc. , in
which mouth profile is generally preferred.
 The ratio of adjacent curvatures radiuses
should be <5.
 Geometry of the mouth profile is found out
with the help of r1, r2, r3.
According to this-
POSSIBLE PROCEDURE

 Choose r1
 Cosd=b/2√3
 Evaluate r3 =1/sind (a + c- (√r1*r1-b*b/4))
 Choose r2 . e.g.. r2/r3=5
ALIGNMENT
 Proper alignment depends on the several
aspects: geotechnical, hydrological, traffic,
risk management issues.
 Like to avoid bad rock and ground water etc.
 The alignment also depends on the methods
of the excavation :
-drill & blast
-tbm
 Straight alignment more than 1.5km should
be avoided.
 Few last meters should have gentle curve.
 COSTING AND PLANNING
COSTS:-
• Costs for the construction of tunnels not only
depends on technical features like ground, current
rates but also on –
project culture
law and standards
legal procedures
tendering
contract
risk management
Approximate method of cost for
construction of tunnel by HOEK

These costs does not include cost of concrete

lining tunnel driving.
For:-
6m ≤ d ≤ 16m

Where
d= tunnel span in meter
 PLANNING:-
Planning of tunnel is staged and addressed in several aspects:
 Financing
 Site investigation
 Water rights
 Disaapropriation
 Waste disposal
 Tendering
 Construction
 Design
 operation
 Maintenance
 Management of accidents.
 COST AND TIME MANAGEMENT
 Reasons for the overshooting of budgeted costs:-
political pressure e.g. towards low cost
lack of cost control
overtaxing of involved companies and persons
even optimistic interpretation of geology.

Costs are mainly estimated in two stages:-

pre project costing

cost to completion