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Chpter5 Radioactivef5
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Define Isotopes are atoms with the same proton number but
Isotopes different nucleon number.
• Isotopes of an element contain the same number of
Example: protons and the same number of electrons. So
1
1 H hydrogen
isotopes have the same chemical properties
chemical reactions involve the electrons in an
2 atom.
1 H deuterium
• However they have different physical properties
3 because their mass is different.
1 H tritium
• Some isotopes exist naturally. Isotopes can also
be made artificially.
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Spark counter
• The spark counter consists of a
wire gauze and a thin wire below it.
• A high voltage is applied between
the gauze and the wire. The
voltage is adjusted until it is just
below the value required to
produce sparks. The spark can be seen and
• When a radioactive source is heard.
brought near the wire gauze, the • Spark counters are
radiation ionizes the air below it. suitable for alpha particles.
The motion of the ions to the gauze Beta particles and gamma
and the wire causes sparks to be rays produce too few ions
produced. to produce sparks.
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Example 3 Example 4
232 208
Strontium-90
90
( 38 Sr ) decays to Th decays to Pb ,
90 82
90
yttrium-90 ( 39Y ) by emitting a by emitting alpha particles and
radioactive particle. beta particles. Determine the
(a) write an equation for this number of alpha particles and
decay. beta particles being emitte?
(b) What particle is emitted
during the decay?
Example 5
238
The uranium isotope 92 U decays
into a stable lead isotope through
successive emissions of 8 alpha
particles and 6 electrons. What is
the proton number and the
nucleon number of the lead
isotope?
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Explain The half-life T1/2 of a radioactive substance is the time for half of
half-life the radioactive nuclei to decay
Determine 256 → 128
the half- T1/2
life from a
decay T1/2= radioactive
curve decay
T1/2 = 3 hours
Example 1 Example 2
The radioactive atoms in a The half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days. A
substance decay to become stable radioactive sample contains 64 g of
atoms. It was found that after 288 s, iodine-131. Determine the mass of
6.25% of the atoms have not iodine that has decayed and has not
decayed. What is the half-life of the decayed after 24 days.
substance?
Example 3 Example 4
A sample of lead-211 of mass 96 g The figure shows the decay curve for
has a half-life of 36.1 minutes. a radioactive sample.
(a) What fraction of the sample has
not decayed after 108.3 minutes?
(b) What is the mass of the decayed
products after this period of time?
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(b)
• Contain a weak radioactive source such as americium-241.
• Alpha particles emitted from the source and ionized air molecules.
The ionized air molecules conduct electricity and a small current
flows in the smoke detector.
• When smoke enters the detector, the soot particles in the smoke
absorb some of the alpha particles.
• This causes a decrease in the current that flows in the smoke
detector and trigger the alarm.
• Americium-241 has a long half-life, 460 years so that the substance
will last longer.
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(b)Thickness control
• A radioactive sends
radiation through the sheet
material as it comes off the
production line. Beta
radiation are used for thin
sheets. A radiation
detector on the other side
of the sheet measures the
intensity of the radiation
passing through the sheet. • If the sheet is too thin, the reading
• The amount of radiation of the detector increases.
received by the detector • A signal is sent from the roller
depends on the thickness control to the rollers so that the
of the rubber sheet. pressure on the sheets can be
reduced.
(c) detecting leaks in
underground water pipes.
• A radioactive substance
which emits beta particles
is added to a fluid in a
pipeline to measure the
flow rate in the pipeline
and to find leaks.
• The radiation produced by
the radioactive substance • A larger increase in the count rate
can be detected with a GM will indicate that there is leak in
tube counter placed above that area.
ground.
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Define • The atomic mass unit it the unit of mass for atoms
atomic and subatomic particles such as the proton, neutron
mass unit an electron
a.m.u • 1 atomic mass unit or 1 u is
1
of the mass of the
12
carbon-12 atom.
• The mass of one carbon-12 atom is 1.99265 x 10-26 kg
1
∴ 1u= × 1.99265 × 10 − 26 kg
12
1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
• another reaction:
235
92U + 01n→141
56 Ba + 92
36 Kr + 30 n + energy
1
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Example
of a chain
reaction
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Another example:
2 3 4 1
H + H ⇐ He + n + energy
1 1 2 0
1H + He → He + H + energy
2 3
2 2
4 1
1
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Relate the • Both nuclear fission and fusion release a large amount
release of of energy. The source of this energy is from the loss
energy in a of mass in nuclear reactions.
nuclear • The sum of the masses of the particles before the
reaction reaction is more than the sum of the masses of the
with a particles after the reaction.
change of
mass • Mass defect is
according sum of the masses – sum of the masses
to the before reaction after reaction
equation
E = mc2 • Mass and energy can be exchanged one for the other.
• A loss of mass in a nuclear reaction means that the
mass had changed to energy.
• The relationship between the mass and the energy:
E = mc2
Where E = energy released, in joules, J
m = loss of mass or mass defect, in kg
c = speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Example 1
Below is an equation for the decay of
radium-226.
226
88 Ra → 222
86 Rn + 2 He + energy
4
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Example 2
Below is an equation involving the
fission of Uranium-235 by a fast
moving neutron.
U + 01n→141
235
92 56 Ba + 36 Kr +30 n + energy
92 1
Example 3
A possible fusion reaction is
represented by the following
equation:
2
1 H + 12H →13 H + 11H
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Heat Heat energy from the very hot gas is used to boil the
exchanger: water into steam
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Turbines: The turbines are rotated by the flow of steam under high
pressure
Process:
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