Truss Work

 Truss (1) layout
Usually the height of truss is recommended to be in the range (1/12-1/8), we chose truss height
1.9m which is about (1/10.8). And slope = 18.4% which is good for drainage.
Loads;
1. Snow loads: snow load was taken to be = 1.4 kn/m2.

2. Live loads: for roof truss= .75 kn/m2
3. Dead load: weight of truss is calculated by computer program,
 Weight of metal deck = 0.1 kn/m2 according to sheets manuals,
 Weight of finishing (fall ceiling, mechanical and electrical) = 0.25 kn/m2
 Purlins self weight = 0.1 kn/m2
 Truss self weight is calculated by SAP program.
Dead load = 0.45 kn/m2
4. Wind loads: wind load was calculated according to British code.(details in )
Point loads on joints:
For internal joint →Tributary area = 1.93 x 8.2 = 15.99 m2
For external joint →Tributary area = 8 m2
D.L Int.j =.45x15.99 7.19 kn

Ext.j=.45x8 3.6 kn
L.L Int.j =.75x15.99 11.99 kn
Ext.j=.75x8 6 kn
S.L Int.j =1.4x15.99 22.4 kn
Ext.j=1.4x8 11.2 kn
W.L Wy: Int.j = -7.56 kn
-.482x15.99xcos11.2 -3.77 kn
Ext.j = -.482x8xcos11.2 ±1.5 kn
Wx: =± .
482x15.99xsin11.2
Results from SAP:
 Deflection:
Maximum deflection should not exceed L/360 = 4.22 cm
From SAP2000:
Maximum deflection = 2.25 cm < max O.K
Table: Steel Design 1 - Summary Data - AISC-LRFD99, Part 1 of 2

Frame DesignSect DesignType Status Ratio Pu
KN
1 TS4X4X5/16 Column No Messages 0.195103 -32.226
2 TS2.5X2.5X3/16 Column No Messages 0.375563 51.349
3 TS2.5X2.5X3/16 Column No Messages 0.071025 -9.941
10 TS4X4X3/16 Beam No Messages 0.877974 382.755
18 TS4X4X5/16 Brace No Messages 0.185005 -17.521
27 TS2.5X2.5X3/16 Brace No Messages 0.658291 -101.658
Frame DesignSect DesignType Status Ratio Pu
KN
28 TS2.5X2.5X3/16 Brace No Messages 0.043506 16.315
32 TS2.5X2.5X3/16 Brace No Messages 0.658291 -101.658
 Check sections manually for truss 1:

Take two elements;
 Element 20 (TS 4x4x5/16)
Compression force= 474Kn=106 kips, fy=50 ksi, fu=65 ksi, L=1.93m=6.33 ft
KL 1× 6.33× 12
Slenderness ratio = ¿ <¿ 200
r 1.48
=51.3 ¿ 200 OK
KL fy 1× 6.33× 12 50
λc= √( ) = √( ) = 0.678
rπ E 1.48× π 29000
λc ¿1.5
Then; Fcr= .658 λc 2fy = 41.24 ksi
ΦcPn= .85xAgxFcr= 0.85x5.36x41.24 = 187.9 kips
187.9 >106 kips OK
 Element 30 (TS 2.5x2.5x3/16)
Tensile force= 78.4 Kn=17.3 kips, fy=50 ksi, fu=65 ksi, L=2.69m=8.83 ft, Ag= 1.64 in2
Yield criterion:
ΦTn=0.9xfyxAg = 0.9 x 50 x 1.64 = 73.8 kips >17.2 kips OK
Fracture criterion:
Ae = 0.85 Ag =1.39 in2
ΦTn=0.75xfuxAe = 0.75 x 65 x 1.39 = 67.9kips >17.3 kips OK
L 8.83 ×12
Slenderness ratio = = ¿ 300
r 0.93
= 113.9 ¿ 300 OK
 Element 17 (TS 4x4x3/16)
Tensile force= 473 Kn=104 kips, fy=50 ksi, fu=65 ksi, L=1.9m=6.23ft, Ag= 2.77 in2
Yield criterion:
ΦTn=0.9xfyxAg = 0.9 x 50 x 2.77 = 124.6 kips >104 kips OK
Fracture criterion:
Ae = 0.85 Ag =2.35 in2
ΦTn=0.75xfuxAe = 0.75 x 65 x 2.35 = 114.5kips >104 kips OK
L 6.12 ×12
Slenderness ratio = = ¿ 300
r 1.54
= 47.7 ¿ 300 OK
 Design of Purlins and Sag rods:
 Purlines
WD= WD- Self weight of truss= .45 kn/m2
W(S or L) => S¿ L so snow load control: WS= 1.4kn/m2
WU= 1.2x.45 +1.6x1.4= 2.78 kn/m2
Spaces between Purlines = 1.93m so W total/m =1.93x2.78 =5.36 kn/m
Fx/m= 5.36 x sin11.2= 1.04 kn/m
Fy/m= 5.36 x cos11.2= 5.26 kn/m
Mu= Wl2/8 = 5.26x8.22/8 = 44.2 kn.m = 31.96 kip.ft
Mn= 31.96/.9= 35.5 kip.ft
Zx=Mnx12/fy=8.52 in3
 Choose W8x10
 Sag Rods;
1 1
Spacing between sag rods = (bay)= x 8.25=2.75m
3 3
Tu horizontal on purlins = 1.04 kn/m
Sag rod will be design on top rod so tributary area for load will be from top to peak of the truss.
Wu=2.78 kn/m
Tu= 2.78 x (2.75x7.73) x sin11.2=11.4 kn= 2.51 kips
2.51
Require Ag= =0.069 in2
.75 x .75 x 65
Use for all sag rods Φ1/2’’ (Ag=0.196 in2) at spacing 2.75 m.
Welded connection:
Pu = 78.5 KN = 17.72 kips
Pu/ in weld = 17.27/(2..5*4) = 1.73 kips/in
Use E70 fillet weld and try 3/16” thickness (minimum from table J2.4 LRFD)
 ΦRn = 0.75 (0.707 × 3/16 × [0.6×70 (1+0.5sin351.5)] = 5.11 kips / in > 1.73 O.K
Check strength of base metal
 ΦRn = ΦFbm = 0.9×0.6×fy×t = 0.9×0.6×50×3/16=5.06 kip/in > 1.73 O.K
Cut off connection:
Bolted connection with two gusset plate above and under the tube section:
Use A325 bolts and the threads are included in shear plan => fv = 48 kis
Try Φ ¾” diameter bolts
Ru = 405 KN = 89.1 kips (tension)
Φ Rn = 0.75 × 48 × (л ×0.752 /4) × N ≥ 89.1 kips
 N = number of bolts = 5.6 => so use 6 Φ 3/4” bolts (3 in each side)

To find plate thickness (t) Check bearing, yielding and fracture and choose max t:
1. Bearing:
 Edge bolts : ΦRn= 0.75( 1.2×2×t×65) ≤ 1.75(2.4×0.75×t×65)
= 117t > 87.75t (control)
 Interior bolt: ΦRn= 0.75( 1.2×2.5×t×65) ≤ 1.75(2.4×0.75×t×65)
= 146t > 87.75t (control)
 So total ΦRn = 6 × 87.75t = 526 t > 89.1 kips
t > 0.17 in => t= 1/4”
2. Yielding:
ΦRn= 2(0.9×50×4in×t) > 89.1 kips => t> 0.25 => t=1/4”
3. Fracture:
ΦRn= 2(0.75×Ae×65) > 89.1 kips
 Ae = [4-(3/4+1/8)]t = 25t/8
ΦRn= 2(0.75×25t/8×65) > 89.1 kips => t > 0.3” = 5/16”
Take t = 5/16”
Check fracture for tube section:
Ru=89.1kips , Ag=2.77in2
An= 2.77-2×(3/4+1/8)×3/16=2.442 in2 , Ae= UAn = 0.75×2.44=1.83 in2
ΦRn= 0.75×65×1.83=89.3kips >89.1 kips O.K

Base plate:
Fy= 50ksi , fc’=28Mpa=4Ksi , Pu=177.6KN=39.1Kips
Dimension of base plate:
Column dimension = 40×40 cm2
Bearing on less than full area of concrete => use 6” ×7.5” base plate
15.752
Pp=0.85×4×(6×7.5) ×
√ (7.5 ×6)
≤1.7×4×(6×7.5)
= 359 kips > 306 kips (control)
Φc Pp = 0.6×306 = 183.6 kips > 177.6 KN O.K
Thickness of base plate (t):
2 Pu
t ≥ L(
√ 0.9 BNfy
), L = max of(m,n,λn’)
n= (B-0.8×4)/2 =(6-0.8×4)/2 = 1.4
m= (N-0.95×4)/2 =(7.5-0.95×4)/2 = 1.85
λn’= 1×1/4×√ (4 × 4) = 1
2× 39.5
 t = 1.85 (
√ 0.9× 6 ×7.5 ×50
) = 0.365”
Check bearing:
Tension in tube = 338.5 KN = 75 kips
Use Φ7/8” anchorage bolts => N= 75/[0.75 × 48 × (л ×(7/8)2 /4)]=3.46
 so use 4Φ7/8” bolts
ΦRn = Φ×2.4×d×t×fu => t= 75/(0.75×2.4×7/8×65) =0.73”
So use 1” thickness of base plate
Weld size:
75 kips < 0.75×(0.707×w) ×[(2×3.75×0.6×70)+(4×0.6×70×1.5) => w > 0.249in , Use ¼ in
 Truss (2) layout
Point loads on joints:
For internal joint →Tributary area = 2.14 x (6.9+5.15)/2 = 12.9 m2
For external joint →Tributary area = 6.45 m2
D.L Int.j =.45x12.9 5.8 kn

Ext.j=.45x6.45 2.9 kn
L.L Int.j =.75x12.9 9.67 kn
Ext.j=.75x6.45 4.84 kn
S.L Int.j =1.4x12.9 18.1 kn
Ext.j=1.4x6.45 9.03 kn
W.L Wy: Int.j = -.482x12.9 -6.1 kn
xcos11.2 -3.05 kn
Ext.j = -.482x6.45 ±1.21 kn
xcos11.2
Wx: =± .482x12.9
xsin11.2
Frame DesignSect DesignT Status Ratio Pu(KN)
ype
4 TS4X4X5/16 Column No Messages 1.043684 Pu

5 TS2.5X2.5X3/16 Column No Messages 0.813513 KN
11 TS2X2X3/16 Beam No Messages 0.461858 -13.105
17 TS2X2X3/16 Brace No Messages 0.612059 10.965
18 TS2X2X3/16 Brace No Messages 0.765675 26.583
 Design of Purlins and Sag rods:
 Purlines
WD= WD- Self weight of truss= .45 kn/m2
W(S or L) => S¿ L so snow load control: WS= 1.4kn/m2
WU= 1.2x.45 +1.6x1.4= 2.78 kn/m2
Spaces between Purlines = 2.14m so W total/m =2.14x2.78 =5.95 kn/m
Fx/m= 5.95 x sin11.2= 1.16 kn/m
Fy/m= 5.95 x cos11.2= 5.84 kn/m
Mu= Wl2/8 = 5.84x6.92/8 = 34.7 kn.m = 25.1 kip.ft
Mn= 25.1/.9= 27.9 kip.ft
Zx=Mn x 12/fy=6.69 in3
 Choose W6x12
 Sag Rods;
1 1
Spacing between sag rods = (bay)= x 6.9=2.3m
3 3
Tu horizontal on purlins = 1.16 kn/m
Sag rod will be design on top rod so tributary area for load will be from top to peak of the truss.
Wu=2.78 kn/m
Tu= 2.78 x (2.3x6.41) x sin11.2=7.96 kn =1.75 kips
1.75
Require Ag= =0.048 in2
.75 x .75 x 65
Use for all sag rods Φ 1/4’’ (Ag=0.049 in2) at spacing 2.3 m.

Truss Work

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Truss Work

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 Truss (1) layout

1. Snow loads: snow load was taken to be = 1.4 kn/m2.

Dead load = 0.45 kn/m2

4. Wind loads: wind load was calculated according to British code.(details in )

Point loads on joints:

For internal joint →Tributary area = 1.93 x 8.2 = 15.99 m2

For external joint →Tributary area = 8 m2

D.L Int.j =.45x15.99 7.19 kn

Maximum deflection should not exceed L/360 = 4.22 cm

Maximum deflection = 2.25 cm < max O.K

Table: Steel Design 1 - Summary Data - AISC-LRFD99, Part 1 of 2

 Check sections manually for truss 1:

 Element 20 (TS 4x4x5/16)

Compression force= 474Kn=106 kips, fy=50 ksi, fu=65 ksi, L=1.93m=6.33 ft

Then; Fcr= .658 λc 2fy = 41.24 ksi

ΦcPn= .85xAgxFcr= 0.85x5.36x41.24 = 187.9 kips

187.9 >106 kips OK

 Element 30 (TS 2.5x2.5x3/16)

ΦTn=0.9xfyxAg = 0.9 x 50 x 1.64 = 73.8 kips >17.2 kips OK

Ae = 0.85 Ag =1.39 in2

ΦTn=0.75xfuxAe = 0.75 x 65 x 1.39 = 67.9kips >17.3 kips OK

ΦTn=0.9xfyxAg = 0.9 x 50 x 2.77 = 124.6 kips >104 kips OK

Ae = 0.85 Ag =2.35 in2

ΦTn=0.75xfuxAe = 0.75 x 65 x 2.35 = 114.5kips >104 kips OK

 Design of Purlins and Sag rods:

WD= WD- Self weight of truss= .45 kn/m2

W(S or L) => S¿ L so snow load control: WS= 1.4kn/m2

WU= 1.2x.45 +1.6x1.4= 2.78 kn/m2

Spaces between Purlines = 1.93m so W total/m =1.93x2.78 =5.36 kn/m

Fx/m= 5.36 x sin11.2= 1.04 kn/m

Fy/m= 5.36 x cos11.2= 5.26 kn/m

Mu= Wl2/8 = 5.26x8.22/8 = 44.2 kn.m = 31.96 kip.ft

Mn= 31.96/.9= 35.5 kip.ft

Tu horizontal on purlins = 1.04 kn/m

Tu= 2.78 x (2.75x7.73) x sin11.2=11.4 kn= 2.51 kips

Pu = 78.5 KN = 17.72 kips

Pu/ in weld = 17.27/(2..5*4) = 1.73 kips/in

Check strength of base metal

 ΦRn = ΦFbm = 0.9×0.6×fy×t = 0.9×0.6×50×3/16=5.06 kip/in > 1.73 O.K

Cut off connection:

Try Φ ¾” diameter bolts

Ru = 405 KN = 89.1 kips (tension)

Φ Rn = 0.75 × 48 × (л ×0.752 /4) × N ≥ 89.1 kips

 N = number of bolts = 5.6 => so use 6 Φ 3/4” bolts (3 in each side)

= 117t > 87.75t (control)

 Interior bolt: ΦRn= 0.75( 1.2×2.5×t×65) ≤ 1.75(2.4×0.75×t×65)

= 146t > 87.75t (control)

 So total ΦRn = 6 × 87.75t = 526 t > 89.1 kips

t > 0.17 in => t= 1/4”

ΦRn= 2(0.75×Ae×65) > 89.1 kips

ΦRn= 2(0.75×25t/8×65) > 89.1 kips => t > 0.3” = 5/16”

Check fracture for tube section:

An= 2.77-2×(3/4+1/8)×3/16=2.442 in2 , Ae= UAn = 0.75×2.44=1.83 in2

ΦRn= 0.75×65×1.83=89.3kips >89.1 kips O.K

Fy= 50ksi , fc’=28Mpa=4Ksi , Pu=177.6KN=39.1Kips

Dimension of base plate:

Column dimension = 40×40 cm2

= 359 kips > 306 kips (control)

Φc Pp = 0.6×306 = 183.6 kips > 177.6 KN O.K

Thickness of base plate (t):

n= (B-0.8×4)/2 =(6-0.8×4)/2 = 1.4

m= (N-0.95×4)/2 =(7.5-0.95×4)/2 = 1.85

Tension in tube = 338.5 KN = 75 kips