COMPENDIUM OF EQUATIONS

Unified Engineering Thermodynamics

I. Equation of State:

pv = RT or p = RT for a thermally perfect gas

II. Expressions for Work:

A. Work for a simple compressible substance

V2

W=
p ext dV
V1

B. Work for a simple compressible substance undergoing a quasi-static process

V2

W=
pdV
V1
C. Work for an isothermal, quasi-static process of a simple compressible substance

v  p
W = mRT
ln 2  = mRT
ln 1 
 v1   p2 

D. Work for an isobaric quasi-static process of a simple compressible substance

W = p(V2 -V1 )

E. Work for a quasi-static adiabatic process

W = - (U2 -U1 )

F. Work for quasi-static adiabatic process of an ideal gas

W = -mcv(T2 -T1 )

III. Forms of the First Law of Thermodynamics

A. Most general forms

E = Q – W,
e = q – w, dE = Q – W, and de = q - w

B. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy

U = Q - W
u = q – w, dU = Q - W, and du = q - w

C. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, in terms of enthalpy

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 H = U + pV therefore dH = dU + pdV + Vdp

so dH =
Q -
W + pdV + Vdp

or dh =
q -
w + pdv + vdp

D. For quasi-static processes where changes in kinetic and potential energy are not
important.

dU =
Q – pdV or du =
q – pdv

dH =
Q + Vdp or dh =
q + vdp

E. For quasi-static processes of an ideal gas where changes in kinetic and potential energy
are not important.

mcvdT =
Q – pdV or cvdT =
q – pdv

mcp dT =
Q + Vdp or cp dT =
q + vdp

IV. The First Law of Thermodynamics as a Rate Equation

A. Most general form

dE c.v. ˙
= Qc.v.
W˙ c.v. + m˙ in ein
m˙ out eout
dt

 rate of change   rate of heat   rate of work   rate of energy   rate of energy 
 =  
  + 
 
 of energy in c.v.   added to c.v.   done   flow in to c.v.   flow out of c.v. 

B. For a steady flow process

d
= 0 and m˙ in = m˙ out = m˙
dt

Q˙ c.v.
W˙ c.v. = m˙ (eout
ein )

or

Q˙ c.v.
W˙ c.v. = m˙ [(IE + KE + PE ) out
( IE + KE + PE ) in ]

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C. For a steady flow process neglecting changes in potential energy

 c2   c2  
Q˙ c.v.
W˙ c.v. = m˙ 
u + 

u + 
 2 out  2 in 

or
2 2
c 2 c1
q1
2
w1
2 = u2
u1 +

2 2
written in terms of external or shaft work
2 2
c c
q1
2
w s1
2 = (u2 + p2v 2 )
( u1 + p1v1 ) + 2
1
2 2
or in terms of shaft work and enthalpy
2 2
c 2 c1
q1
2
w s1
2 = h2
h1 +

2 2

D. Steady flow energy equation for an ideal gas

 c 22   c12 
q1
2
w s1
2 = c p T2 + 
 c p T1 + 
 2   2

E. Steady flow energy equation for an ideal gas for an adiabatic process with no shaft work

c2 2 c2
c pT 2 + = c p T1 + 1
2 2

The quantity that is conserved is called the stagnation temperature.

c2  TT 
1 2 
TT = T + or = 1+ M usin g a = RT 
2c p  T 2 

It is also convenient to define the stagnation enthalpy, hT

c2
hT = c p T +
2
so we can rewrite the Steady Flow Energy Equation in a convenient form as

q1
2
w s1
2 = hT 2
hT1

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 F. Steady flow energy equation for an ideal gas for a quasi-static adiabatic process with no
shaft work

pT  
1 2  
1
= 1+ M 
p  2 

G. For a uniform state, uniform flow process from time t1 to time t2

  c2  c2   c2  c2
m2  u + + gZ  m1 u + + gZ  +
mout  h + + gZ 
min  h + + gZ = Qc.v.  W s,c.v.
  2
t2  2
t1   2
out  2
in
c.v.

H. For a steady process in terms of molar flow rates and enthalpy per mole (neglecting
changes in kinetic and potential energy)

n˙ out hout 
n˙ in hin = Q˙  W˙ s

V. Other relationships

A. Relationship between properties for quasi-static, adiabatic processes for thermally

perfect gases

pv
= constant
 
1 
p2  T2  
1
T2  v1  P2  v1 
=  and =  and = 
p1  T1  T1  v 2  P1  v 2 

B. Thermal efficiency of a cycle

net work
w
= =
heat input qcomb.

C. Quality, x, for two-phase systems

mass vapor v
v f
x = = or v = (1
x)v f + xv g
total mass v fg

D. Entropy

dT dv
ds = c v +R
T v

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 For the case of a thermally perfect gas then
T
dT v
s  s0 =
c v
T
+ Rln 
 v0 
T0

or in situations with cv = constant

T v
s
s0 = c v ln  + Rln 
 T0   v0 

So for the case of a thermally perfect gas then

T
dT  p
s  s0 =
cp T
 Rln 
 p0 
T0

or in situations with cp = constant

T  p
s
s0 = c p ln 
Rln 
 T0   p0 

VI. Nomenclature

a speed of sound (m/s)

c velocity (m/s)
cp specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg-K)
cv specific heat at constant volume (J/kg-K)
e energy (J/kg)
E energy (J)
h enthalpy (J/kg)
hT total or stagnation enthalpy (J/kg)
H enthalpy (J)
m mass (kg)
n number of moles (moles)
p pressure (kPa)
pT total or stagnation pressure (kPa)
q heat (J/kg)
Q heat (J)
R gas constant (J/kg-K)
s entropy (J/K)
S entropy (J/kg-K)
t time (s)
T temperature (K)
TT total or stagnation temperature (K)
u internal energy (J/kg)
U internal energy (J)
v specific volume (m3 /kg)
V volume (m3 )

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w work (J/kg)
ws shaft or external work (J/kg)
W work (J)
X quality

ratio of specific heats, cp /cv
 thermal efficiency
 density (kg/m3 )

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