1

om;aumif;oRD;aumif;
t&Sifo'<arRm',(usdKufvwf=±kH;a'gifh)
vlom;wa,muf vlb0ukd pa&mufvmjyDqdkxJu rdbESpfyg;qkdwm r±Sdrjzpf ±Sdvm&rSmyg
a±S;acwfpmayawGrSmawmh -umzl;ponfwkd@rSm yËdoaE<aea-umif; zwf±+rdyg.? ,QKacwfrSmawmh
ykHwlyGm;qkdwmvnf; -um;ae&./acwf.wdk;wufvGef;aoma-umifh rdbawGajymufoGm;rSmukdawmif
pkd;&drfrdyg.?
vlom;rdbESpfyg;rS rD;±+;oef@pif zGm;jrifvmaom vlb0ukdomv#if ESpfoufrdyg.?
avmurSm arar azaz vk@d ac:vkduf&wJ@t&omavmuf aumif;wJ@t&om ±Sdr,frxif
yg/ om;aumif; oRD;aumif;wkd@&J@ESpfvkH;om;xJrSm arar azaz vkd@ac:qkd&wJ@ tcGifhxl;-uD;ukd vuf
vGwfqkH;±+H;oGm;&rSmukd pkd;&drfa-umif;-urd.?
rdbESpfyg;uG,fvGefavaom tcg-urS rdbrsm;&J@*k%faus;Zl;awGudk trSwf&jyD; wm0ef
ausatmif rðypkvkduf&wJ@om;awG oRD;awG aemifwawGtvDvDeJ@ tcGifhta&;awG qkH;±+H;oGm;&wJ@
yk*~dKvfawG trsm;-uD;awG@bl;yg.?
arar azaz vkd@awmif 0atmifrac:vkduf&wJ@om;oRD;awG arar azazwkd@.*k%faus;Zl;
awGukd ausauseyfeyf rqyfvkduf&wJ@ om;oRD;awG rdbESpfyg;uG,fvGefumrS om;rkdufyg oRD;rkdufyg
[k atmf[pfikdau|;jyD; &ifxkremjzpfaewmukdvnf; oem;p&mawG@&.?
aemifrS “w” &wJ@ aemifwrsdK;qkdwm b,fawmhrS raumif;yg vuf±SdypPKy`efrSm jzpfay:
aewJ@ tcGifhta&;awGukd vufv$wftqkH;±+H;rcHbJ vufawG@usus tokH;cswwfaom om;aumif;
oRD;aumif;awGom TvkdaemifwrsdK;awGe@J auG@uGif;&rSmyg?
ouf±Sdxif±Sm;±Sdaeaom aus;Zl;-uD;vSwJ@ rdbawGukd ukd,fwkdifðypkvkyfau|;jyD; rdbrsm;
pdwfcsrf;omatmif om;oRD;usifh0wfig;yg;ESifhtnD aqmif±Gufay;Ekdifaom om;aumif; oRD;aumif;
awGukdomv#if ynm±Sdolawmfaumif;awG csD;rGrf;ygvdrfhrnf?
avmurSm om;aumif;oRD;aumif;awG±Sdovkd om;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGvJ rsm;pGmawG@&./rdb
awGi,fpOfu au|;arG;cJ@wmawGukdvnf;owdr& rdbawGi,fpOfu ðypkapmifha±Smufc@J wmawGudk
vnf;owdr&bJ om;qkd;oRD;qkd;awG&@J oEWmefrSm olwkd@ukd,fwkdifvkyfau|;&jyDqkd&ifææ
cifAsm;-uD;wkd@±Sdaewm tdrfrSm0efxkyf0efydk;-uD;awGbJ ae&mwuma±Smufygw,f ajymwJ@
twkdif;rvkyfbl; vl-uD;vkdvJraewwfbl; au|;wmpm; pum;rrsm;eJ@ ponfjzifh rdbESpfyg;ukd qkH;r
-o0g'ay;aeaom i&J-urJh om;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGukdvJ rsm;pGmawG@&.?
rdbvkyfpmukd tjidrfhpm;xkdifpm;jyD; cHrajym em;raxmif rdbawGtjyifoGm;&if ±SdwmawG
 2
tukefvpfjyD; taygifqkdifoGm;aygif w0ufaps;eJ@a&mifpm;jyD; rl;,pfaq;. om;aumifawG jzpfae
aom om;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGukd raumif;jrpfxm/ aumif;&mnGefvwf qkH;rwwfaom rdbESpfyg;vJ
&ifememeJ@ &Jpcrf;tyfjyD; cyf-urf;-urf;qkH;rum om;vdrRm oRD;vdrRmjzpfatmif aqmif±Gufaewmukd
vJ -udefzefrsm;pGm awG@&bl;yg.?
tqkd;eJ@ taumif;/ taumife@J tqkd;[m rvGJraoG ñuHawG@&rJ@ avmu"Hw&m;awGr@kd
oifvlom; cHEkdif&nf±SdjyD; u|rf;usifvdrRmyg;eyfpGm ukdifwG,faqmif±GufEdkifjcif;onf oif.ukd,fydkif
t&nftcsif;wckjzpfyg.?
tqkd;avmu"Hw&m;awGrS ±kH;xGufatmifusdK;pm;jyD; taumif;avmu"Hw&m;awG rdrd
ukd,frSmwnfaeatmif owdw&m;vufukdifxm;I ^m%fjzifhqifjcifum rSefrSefuefuef qkH;jzwf
aqmif±GufEkdifrSomv#if om;aumif;oRD;aumif; jzpfrSmaocsm.?
jrwfAk'<vufxufawmf tcgu ±SifawmfjrwfAk'< ukd,fawmfwkdif om;qkd; oRD;qkd;awGudk
vdrRm,Ofaus;atmif qkH;r -o0g'awG rdef@awmfrlonftxJrSm od*Fgvowk@d om;ta-umif;uawmh
pdwf0ifpm;p&m taumif;qkH;ygbJ vkdufemtwk,lp&mawG usifh-uHtm;xkwf&rJhw&m;awG a±Smif
-uOf&rJ@w&m;awG tjynfheJ@qkdawmh pm±+oltaqG oifudk,fwdkif od*Fgvae&m0ifjyD; cHpm;apjcifyg.
od*Fgvowkd@om;av;&J@ ESpfvHk;om;xJrSm ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<. tqkH;trw&m;awG udef;
0yfaejyD; waoGrodrf;vkdufemI ukd,fwdkifusdK;pm;tm;xkwfcJ@vkd@ vl@abmifvl@avmurSmpD;yGm;OpPm
awGrsm;pGmeJ@ olaÏ;bGJ@xl; cH,l&wJ@tqifhrsdK;xda&mufoGm;w,f?
pm±+oltaqG oifvJ,QKb0rSm pD;yGm;OpPmawGeJ@jynfhpkH aemifwrvGefb0rSmvJ ok*wd
b0ukd a&mufapcsifwJ@qENawG±Sd&if ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<a[m-um;awmfrlwJ@ od*Fgavm0g'okwfw&m;
awGukd aoaocsmcsmvkdufem,kH-unfjyD; ukd,fwkdifusdK;pm;tm;xkwfvdkuf&if ,QKb0csrf;oma&;ESihf
aemifb0csrf;oma&; qkdwJ@tcGifhxl;-uD;[m ajr-uD;vufcwfrvGJa&mufvmrSmyg?
jrwfAk'<vufxufawmftcgu Am&m%oDjynfrSm tv,ftvwf-uG,f0wJ@ rdom;pk
wpk±Sdw,f om;wa,mufxGef;um;vmawmh od*Fgvvkd@trnfay;jyD; wOD;wnf;aomom;av;rk@d
cspfrkd;awGapGjyD; tvdkvdkuf tñudufaqmifum ajymor#,kH awmif;or# tukefay;wJ@twGuf
t±G,fa&mufvmawmh ajymqkdqkH;r&cufvmw,f?
i,fi,fwkH;u tvkdvkdufrdonfhtwGuf qkdqkH;r& cufaejcif;jzpf./ i,fi,fuom; -uD;
aomftm;rjzpfbJ usm;jzpfaeawmh rdbrsm;tcufawG@ae&./ i,fi,fuoRD; -uD;aomfxD;rjzpfbJ
rD;jzpfaeawmh rdbrsm;tcufawG@&./ om;i,f oRD;i,f i,f±G,fpOftcgrSm cspfvkd@tvkdvdkufrd&if
ESpf&ma&mufwwf./ wu,fcspf&if pnf;eJ@urf;e@Jtvkdvkdufoifh.?
od*Fgv owkd@om;av;ukd rdbrsm;rS cspfv@dk tvkdvkdufrdonfhtwGuf cspf&m ra&mufbJ
ESpf&ma&mufae./ t±G,fa&mufvmawmh rdbajympum;em;raxmifbJ ckdif;csifwmckdif; vkyfcsifwm
vkyf./ *spfwpfwpf ayawaweJ@ i,faomfom; -uD;aomftm;rjzpfbJ usm;jzpfae.?
 3
rdbrsm;rSm jrwfAk'<. t&d,maomwmyefrsm;jzpf-u./ om;jzpfoluawmh cyfqdk;qkd;
cyfayayeJ@ ajymraumif; qkdraumif; om;qkd;av;jzpfae./ zcif-uD;onf om;cspftm; ±Sifawmf
jrwfAk'<ukd zl;ar#mfbkd@ t-udrfrsm;pGmwkdufwGef;ygaomfvnf; ta-umif;trsdK;rsdK;jyjyD; jiif;qefae.
t±Sifarm*~vmef rax&fjrwf-uD;ESifh t±Sifr[mu\y rax&fjrwf-uD;wk@d xH
oGm;a&mufzl;ar#mfjyD; w&m;pum;awG qkH;rpum;awG em,lbkd@ tvDvDwkdufwGef;aomfvnf;
tcgcgjiif;qefae.?
om;qkd;twGuf zcif-uD;pdwfraumif;±kHrSwyg; bmrSrwwfEdkifyg 'Dvdke@J bJ &ufudkvpm;
vukdESpfpm;jyD; tcsdefawG-umvmawmh zcif-uD; usef;rma&;awGcsdK@wJ@vmjyD; uG,fvGeftedpPa&muf
bkd@tcsdefa&mufvmw,f?
rdbarwWmu tvGef-uD;rm;avawmh om;qkd;twGuf pdwfrcsEdkifbJ uG,fvGeftedpP
a&mufcgeD;tcsdefrSm aemufqkH; qkH;rpum;awG ajymqkdb@dk ac:vkdufw,f?
cspfom; zcifvJ ,QKuG,fvGefb@dk tcdsefeD;uyfvmjyD cspfom;ukd aemufqkH;pum;taeeJ@
rSm-um;cJ@csifygw,f aocsmpGmem;axmifjyD; ±kdaopGmvkdufemyg zcifuG,fvGefwJ@tcsdefupjyD; eHuf
apmapmxum vrf;ray:xGufjyD; ta±S@/ taemuf/ awmif/ ajrmuf/ atmuf/ txuf/ qkdw@J t&yf
ajcmufrsufESmukd ±Sdckd;bkd@rSm-um;jyD; r-umcifrSmbJ uG,fvGefoGm;ygw,f?
zcif-uD;&J@ &nf±G,fcsufuawmh om;qkd;av;vrf;ray:xGufI ae@pOfae@wdkif;±Sdcdk;ae&if
wae@ae@awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;±Sifukdawmfjrwf-uD; qGrf;cH-uGawmfrlvmwmESifhawG@±SdjyD; ±Sifawmfjrwf
bk&m;&J@ qkH;r-o0g'awG em,l&&if om;qkd;av;b0rS vGwfajrmufjyD; om;vdrRmav;jzpfum avm
uvl@abmifrSm csrf;ompGmae&vdrfhr,fv@dk ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;pGmeJ@ om;cspftwGuf y&d,,fvkyfjyD;
t&yfajcmufrsufESmukd ±Sdcdk;cdkif;jcif;jzpfyg.?
od*Fgvowkd@om;vJ qkd;ayrJ@ zcif&@J aemufqkH;pum;ukdawmh em;axmifygw,f eHuf
apmapmxv#uf qHyifawGa&pGwfjyD; vrf;ray:xGufum ta±S@t&yfupjyD; ±Sdckd;awmhwmbJ ta±S@
t&yfjyD;awmh awmift&yf±Sdckd;w,f awmift&yfjyD;awmh taemuft&yf±Sdckd;w,f taemuft&yf
jyD;awmh ajrmuft&yf±Sdckd;w,f ajrmuft&yfjyD;awmh atmuft&yf±Sdckd;w,f atmuft&yfjyD;awmh
txuft&yf±Sdckd;w,f?
zcif-uD;&J@aemufqkH;pum;ukdem;axmifjyD;ae@pOfae@wkdif; ±Sdckd;ae./ ESpf&uf okH;&uf-um
aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;±Sifudk,fawmfjrwf-uD;qGrf;cH-uGawmfrlvmwmeJ@awG@qHkawmhwmbJ om;cspf
twGuf y&d,,fjzifh pDpOfxm;aom zcif&@J qENuawmh ,ae@jynfh0avjyD?
vdrRm,Ofaus;jcif;ukd tvkd±dS-uwJ@ avmuom;awGtwGuf ae@xl;ae@jrwfwae@qdk&if
vJrrSm;ygbl; avmuvlom;awG vlESihfwlatmif vlyDoatmif vl@usifh0wfw&m;awGudk vkdufem
aqmif±Gufbkd@ od*Fgavm0g' okwfawmf-uD;ukd a[mawmfrlaomae@wae@jzpfv@dk ygbJ?
cHrajym em;raxmif ajymcsifwmajym vkyfcsifwmvkyf *spfwpfwpf ayawaweJ@ qkdqkH;
 4
r&cufaeaom od*Fgvowkd@om;av;b0rS &wemokH;yg;ukd -unfnkdukd;uG,faom rdbwk@d . *k%f
aus;Zl;ukd txl;em;vnfI ,Ofaus;vdrRmaom om;vdrRmav; od*gF v owkd@om;tjzpf a&muf
aomae@qkd&ifvJrrSm;ygbl;?
“ cspfom;od*Fgv oifbmawGvkyfaewmvJ===========´ [k ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<rS
rdef@-um;awmfrlaomtcg ”
jrwfpGmbk&m; t±Sifbk&m;.'umawmf wynfhawmf&@Jzcif-uD;onf aocgeD;tcsdefaemuf
qkH;rSmaom pum;ukd vdkufemaomtm;jzifh aqmif±Gufaeygw,fbk&m;[kav#mufxm;.?
“cspfom;od*Fgv oifhzcif oifhtm;bmawGrsm; rSmoGm;ygovJ=====´”
jrwfpGmbk&m; wynfhawmf&@J zcif aocgeD;aemufqkH;tcsdefrSm cspfom;o*Fgv igaowJ@
ae@upjyD; eHufapmapmxumvrf;ray:xGufI ta±S@/ awmif/ taemuf/ ajrmuf/ atmuf/ txuf/
t&yfajcmufrsufESm±Sdckd;ygvkd@ rSmoGm;ygw,fbk&m; zcif&J@ aemufqkH;pum;ukd vkdufemaomtm;jzifh
t&yfajcmufrsufESmukd±Sdckd;aejcif;jzpfygw,fbk&m;?
cspfom;od*Fgv oifhtaz ±Sdckd;apcsifwJ@ t&yfajcmufrsufeSmqkdwm oif,QK ±Sdcdk;aewJ@
t&yfajcmufrsufESmr[kwfbl;qkdjyD;= rmwm ydwm 'domykAŠm paomygVdawGe@J cef;cef;em;em; wef
qm qifjyD; od*Fgavm0g'okwf-uD;ukda[m-um;cJhwmyg?
ygVda-umufwJh pmzwfy&dwfowfawGtwGuf jrefrmbmompum;jzifh a±S;q&mawmf-uD;
awG a&;xm;wJh uAsmvuFmawGeJ@ wefqmqifjyD; zwfvG,frSwfvG,fatmifpDpOfxm;ygw,f?
cspfom;od*Fgv qifyifawGa&pGwfjyD; ta±S@t&yfrSm±SdwJh awmawmifopfyifawGudk ±Sdcdk;
aevkd@ oiftwGufbmaus;Zl;rsm;rSmvJ
‘ta±S@t&yfqkdwm rdbESpfyg;ESifhwlw,f’
‘rdbESpfyg;qkdwm tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;w,f’
rdbaus;Zl;qkdonfrSm
trd[lonf/ vlwkd@jynf0,f/ Ek@d &nfwkdufau|;/ i,fuarG;vnf;/ Ekd@au|;wif±Hk/ rqyf
wkHwnfh/ vl@bkHXme/ vl@avmuY/ rdudkvuf,m/ zukdvuf0J/ tjrJaqmif±Guf/ zckH;xufY/ wifv#uf
vkyfau|;/ rjywfarG;vJ/ aus;Zl;*k%fqdkif/ rukefEdkifbl;wJh?
rdbESpfyg;ukd zckH;ESpfzufay:wifjyD; woufvHk;vkyfau|;wmawmif aus;Zl;awGrukef
Ekdifbl;wJh tJ'Davmufaus;Zl;rsm;wJh rdbawGqkdwm om;oRD;awGukd =
ukd,fusifhoduQmysufpD;jyD; tusifhpm&dwWcsdK@±Gif;aeolawG zJ/ t&uf/ rl;,pfaq;/ avmif;
upm;ESifh taysmftyg;vkdufpm;olawGESihf raygif;rdatmif wm;jrpfwwfw,f/
ukd,fusifhoduQmESifhjynfhpHkjyD; tusihfpm&dwWaumif;olawG ynmusdK;pm;I vlr+qufqH
a&; tqifajyjyD; ,Ofaus;odrfarG@aom rdwfaqGaumif;awGESihfom aygif;oif;qufqHbkd@ nGef-um;
wwfw,f/
 5
ynmawGusdK;pm;jyD; q&m0efb@JG awG/ tif*sifeD,mbGJ@awG/ uGefjyLwmynm±Sifb@JG awG/
pD;yGm;a&;ynm±SifbGJ@awGESifh ynmwwfaom om;aumif; oRD;aumif; wa,mufjzpfapcsifw,f/
ynmawGjynfhpkHvkd@ pD;yGm;a&;aqmif±Gufawmhr,fqdk&if rdbOpPm"exJrS aiGa-u;t&if;
tESD;xkwfay;um atmifjrifaompD;yGm;a&;orm;wa,mufjzpfapcsifw,f/
t±G,fa&mufvmvkd@ -uif,ma±G;&awmhr,fqkd&ifvJ oifhawmfrhJ tdrfaxmifbufudka±G;
cs,fum csrf;ajr@aomtdrfaxmifwcktjzpf aqmif±Gufay;-uw,f/
'Dwm0efawGESifhtnD rdbrsm;rSm om;oRD;awGtay: wm0efa-uatmif aqmif±GufchJyg.
'ga-umifhrkd@ o*FZm q&mawmf-uD;r/S
“raumifjrpfxm/ aumif;&mnGefvwf/ twwfoifap/ ay;a0ESD;,if;/ xdrf;jrSm;jcif;v#if/
0wfig;tif zcifr,fwkd@wm” [k bk&m;a[mESifhtnDvuFmpDchJwm/
tJ'ga-umifh rdbESpfyg;qkdwm wkE+dif;vkd@r&atmif *k%faus;Zl;awG tvGefrsm;vSygw,f
om;vdrRm oRD;vdrRmjzpfcsifaom om;oRD;awGrS tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;aomrdbawGudk======
i,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0xJu toufESpfq,f0ef;usifa&mufatmif au|;arG;cJhwhJ
au|;aus;Zl;awGukdowd&aomtm;jzifh rdbESpfyg;touf-uD;vmaomtcg aumif;rGefwhJt[m&
awGeJ@ jyefvnfau|;arG;apmifha±Smuf&r,f/
i,f±G,fpOftcgu om;oRD;awG&@J udpPrSefor#udk atmufajcodrf;aqmif±Gufay;cJhwhJaus;
Zl;awGukd owd&jyD; rdbESpfyg; touf-uD;vmaomtcg rdbwkd@. udpP-uD;i,ftoG,foG,fudk aus
auseyfeyf-uD;aqmif±Gufay;&r,f/
rdbwkd@. avmuDtarG avmukwW&mtarG tarGESpfrsdK;vkH;ukd cH,lxkdufwhJ om;aumif;
oRD;aumif; jzpfatmifusdK;pm;tm;xkwf&r,f/
rdbrsm;uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufaomtcg uG,fvGefolrdbrsm;tm;&nfpl;I ukodkvfaumif;
r+ðyvkyfum tr#twef;ay;a0&r,f/
rdbwkd@. rsdK;±kd;pOfqufukd pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh jrifhonfxufjrifhatmif rSefuefaom"rRawG
ukd ykdrdk,kH-unfvmatmifESifh rdbwdk@ðycJhaom tvª0wfudkvnf; pOfqufrjywfaqmif±GufEdkif&r,f/
Tw&m;awGukd ±kdaoav;pm;pGm vkdufemaqmif±GufEkdifaom om;aumif; oRD;aumif;
rsm;onf ta±S@t&yfESifhwlaom aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd ±Sdckd;jcif;jzpfw,fvkd@ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<a[m
jyrS od*Fgvowkd@om;av; aus;Zl;±Sifzcif-uD;&J@ &nf±G,fcsufukd oabmaygufvmw,f/
“au|;arG;rysuf/ aqmif±GufpDrH/ arGcHxkdufap/ vªr#a0I/ apmifhavrsdK;EG,f/ 0wfig;oG,fusihf
bG,fom;wkd@wm(usifhbG,foRD;wkd@wm)[k a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awG bk&m;a[mESifhtnDvuFmpDchJwm?

cspfom;od*Fgv awmift&yfrSm±SdwhJ opfyifawmawmifawGukd ±Sdckd;aevkd@ oifhtwGufbm

aus;Zl;rsm;rSmvJ awmift&yfqkdwm q&meJ@wlw,f vrf;rSefa&mufatmif oGefoifqHk;rwwfwJh
 6
q&mqkdwm wynfhtwGuf tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;vSw,f/
“q&mqkdwm wynfhawGtay:rSm”
ynmvkdvm;wJh wynfhawGudk apwemtjynfht0xm;jyD; t"dy`g,fawGukd em;vnfatmif
Oyrm Oyar,awG pkHvifpGmeJ@ ñud;ñud;pm;pm; oifay;wwfw,f/
,Ofaus;odrfarG@r+uif;rJhI qkdqHk;r&cufaeaom wynfhqdk;rsm;ukdvnf; ,Ofaus;odrfarG@I
vdrRmaom wynfhaumif;wa,mufjzpfvmatmif qkH;rwwfw,f/
rdrdwwfxm;wJh ynmawGukd wynfhawGtay:rSm tpuae tqkH;wkdifatmif apwem
tjynfht0xm;jyD; q&mpm;rcsef oifay;wwfw,f/
wynfhawGtay: usa&mufvmrnfh ab;&eftaygif;ukdvnf; twwfynmawG oifay;
aomtm;jzifhumuG,fay;ovkd q&m. t±Sdeft0geJ@vJ umuG,fapmifha±Smufwwfw,f/
ynmpkHaeaom rdrdwynfhrsm;ukdvnf; rdrd rdwfaqGrsm;xH tyfEHSI tvkyftukdifrsm; t
pOfajyatmif pDpOfaqmif±Gufay;wwfw,f/
“twwfvnf;oif/ yJhjyifqHk;r/ ody`rcsef/ ab;&efqD;um/ oifh&mtyfykd@/ q&mwk@d usihfzkd@
0wfig;jzm/ ”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDcJhwm/
cspfom;od*Fgv wynfhawGtay:rSm tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;vSwJh q&m;orm;awGudk wynfh
awGuvJ wm0efausatmif ðypk vkyfau|; apmifha±Smufoifhw,f/
“wynfhqkdwm q&mawGtay:rSm”
q&m&J@ vufatmufrSm ae-uwJh wynfhawG nDnDnmnm xx-uG-uG vkH;v0d&d,ESihf
jynfhpkHjyD; ynmoifcsdefrSm q&mxH eHuf/ ae@/ n/ okH;-udrf rjzpfrae qnf;uyfcpm;&r,f/
q&m qkH;rwJh -o0g'tESpfom&ESifh twwfynmawGudk ,kH-unfav;pm;r+ tjynfht0e@J
em,lrSwfom; vufcHusifhokH;-u&r,f/
q&mta0;u vmaomtcg wynfhawG nDnDnmnm xay;jyD; r*Fvmygq&m[k vuf
tkyfcsDum c&D;OD; óudqkdr+ukd ±dk±kdaoaoòyvkyf-u&r,f/
q&m&J@ udpP-uD;i,f toG,foG,fukd wynfhawGtm;vkH; apwemtjynfht0eJ@ nDnDnm
nm aqmif±Gufay;&r,f/
q&moifay;wJh twwfynmrsm;ukd usufwefusuf zwfwefzwf rSwfwefrSwfjyD;t-udrf
aygifrsm;pGm ausnufatmifavhvmI wwfajrmufatmif oif,l&r,f/
Tw&m;awGESifhtnD jynfhpHkatmifaqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onf awmift&yfESifhwlwhJq&mukd
±Sdckd;uawmh&ma&mufw,fvkd@ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<a[m-um;jyorS od*Fgvowkd@om;av; zcif. &nf
±G,fcsuf awmift&yf ±Sdckd;csif;ukd oabmaygufvmw,f/
“nDnmx-uG/ qkH;rem,l/ vmrlóudpD;/ xHeD;vkyfau|;/ oifawG;tH±Gwf/ wynfh0wf
rc|wfig;ckom ”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmfawGvuFmpDcJhwm/
 7
cspfom;od*Fgv taemuft&yfrSm±SdwJh opfyifawmawmifawGudk ±Sdcdk;aevk@d oift
wGuf bmaus;Zl;rsm;rSmvnf; taemuft&yfqkdwm ZeD;r,m; oRD;om;awGeJ@wlw,f tdrfwtdrf
pD;yGm;OpPmawGcsrf;ombkd@ ZeD;aumif;wa,muf±Sdbkd@uvnf;ta&;-uD;wmygbJ/
“opPm±SdaomZeD;aumif;wa,mufqkdwm”
tdrfr+udpP rSefor#ukd EkdifEkdifeif;eif; aumif;pGmpDrHwwfw,/f
cifyGef;jzpfol ±SmazGvmaom OpPm"ersm;udk vkHòcHatmifapmifha±Smufwwfw,/f
rdrdcifyGef;rSwyg; wjcm;trsdK;om;rsm;tay: pdwfr0ifpm;bJ opPm±Sd±Sdapmifhxdrf;wwfw,f/
vifbuf r,m;buf aqGrsdK;rsm;ukdvnf; r#r#ww ay;urf;wwfw,f/
ysif;&dr+uif;jyD; udpPrSefor#udk wufwuf-uG-uGaqmif±Gufwwfw,f/
“tdrfwGif;r+vkyf/ odrf;xkyfaocsm/ rdp>m-uOfa±Smif/ av#mfatmifjzef@csD/ ysif;&drrl/ 0wfig;ql
tdrfolusifhtyfpGm”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmfawGvuFmpDchJwm/
cifyGef;tay:wm0efausaomZeD;aumif;wa,muf&±Sdxm;aom trsdK;om;rSmvJ rdrdbufrS
wm0efausbkd@ta&;-uD;ygw,f/
“opPm±SdaomcifyGef;qkdwm”
rdef;rukdEkdifw,fqkdwm vlodatmif *k%f,lcsifwJh pdwf"gwfeJ@ vla±S@ola±S@rSm rdrdZeD;r,m;
ukd raxrJhjrif odrfzsif;,kwfnH@ ESdrfhcswJhpum;awGeJ@ rajymqkd&bl;/
rdrd±SmazGvkd@&±SdvmwJh pD;yGm;OpPm"eawGukdvnf; ,kH-unfpGmtyfESHjyD; tdrfwGif;r+udpPrSefor#
ukdvnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pDrHcef@cGJb@dk tyfEHS&r,f/
rdrdZeD;r,m;rSwyg; wjcm;trsdK;oRD;rsm;tay: azgufjyefr+uif;jyD; opPm±SdaomcifyGef;aumif;
wa,mufjzpfatmif usdK;pm;tm;xkwf&r,f/
rdrdpD;yGm;a&; tpOfajyaomtcg ZeD;r,m; oRD;om;awGukd topfay:vmaomt0wfawG
ESifh vuf0wfwefqmponfwkd@ukdvnf; 0,f,lqifjref;ay;&r,f/
rdrdZeD;r,m;ukd ac:a0:ajymqkdaomtcg ,Ofaus;odrfarG@ em;0ifcsdKaom pum;vkH;vSvS
awGeJ@ ac:a0:ajymqkdqufqH&r,f/
Tusifh0wfw&m;awGESifhtnD aqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onf taemuft&yfESifhwlaomZeD;r,m;
ukd ±kdaoav;pm;&ma&mufw,fvkd@ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'< a[mumjyrS od*Fgvowkd@omav; aus;Zl;±Sif
zcif-uD;&J@ &nf±G,fcsufukd oabmaygufw,f/
“rxDrJhuif;/ tyfESif;OpPm/ rdp>mrrSm;/ 0wfpm;qif,if/ jrwfEkd;usif/ ig;tifvifusihf&m”
[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmfawGvuFmpDcJhwm/

cspfom;od*Fgv ajrmuft&yfrSm±SdaewJh opfyifawmawmifawGukd±Sdckd;aevk@d oihftwGuf

 8
bmaus;Zl;rsm;rSmvJ ajrmuft&yfqkdwm rdwfaqGawGeJ@wlw,f/
pD;yGm;OpPm±SmazGwJhtcgrSm rdwfaqGaumif;awG±Sdb@dk vk@d w,f rdwfaqGaumif;qkdwm rdrdESihf
rdrd rdom;pktay: aumif;usdK;csrf;omawGudk vkdvm;wwfw,f/
“rdwfaqGaumif;qkdwm”
rl;,pfarhav#mhaeaomrdrdudk ab;aygif;pkHrusa&mufatmif apmifha±Smufwwfw,f?
rdrd&J@ pD;yGm;OpPm &wemawGukd &efolrsdK;ig;yg;ab;rSvJ umuG,fapmifha±Smufwwfw,f/
a-umuf±GH@ xdyfvef@aeaom yk*d~Kvftaygif;. tm;ukd;tm;xm;&mvJjzpfw,f/
rdrd tay:usa&mufvmrnfh ab;&efukdvnf; toufpGef@jyD;umuG,fapmifha±Smufwwfw,f/
rdrd&J@ om;oRD;ajr;jrpfpOfqufudkvnf; rdwfaqGaumif;yDopGm apmifha±Smufwwfw,f/
“rdrdtay:aus;Zl;rsm;wJhrdwfaqGukd”
rdwfaqG&J@ vdktyfaomtultnDudk apwemrSefjzifh ay;urf;csD;ajrmuf&r,f/
rdwfaqGukd rdrdESifh wef;wl&nfwl tcGihfta&;ay;jyD; qufqH&r,f/
rdwfaqG.tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;uJhokd@ aqmif±Gufay;&r,f/
rdwfaqGESifh ajymqkdqufqHaomtcg tcsdKomqkH;pum;vkH;awGeJ@ajymqkdqufqH&r,f/
rdrd&J@ rdwfaqGukd ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwfpGmeJ@ rSefuefaompum;awGukdom ajymqkd&r,f/
Tusihf0wfawGESifhtnD rdwfaqGudk av;av;pm;pm; qufqHjcif;onf ajrmuft&yfudk±dScdk;jcif;
jzpfw,fvkd@ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'< a[m-um;jyorS aus;Zl;±Sifzcif-uD;&J@ &nf±G,fcsufukdem;vnfvm./
“ay;urf;csD;jrSifh/ ukd,fESifh,SOfxm;/ pD;yGm;aqmif±Guf/ E+wfjrGufcsdKom/ opPmrSefap/ 0wfig;awG
usifhavrdwfo[m”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDcJ@wm/

cspfom;od*Fgv atmuft&yfrSm±SdaewJh ajr-uD;awGukd ±Sdckd;aevkd@ oifhtwGufbmaus;Zl;

rsm;rSmvJ atmuft&yfqkdwm ukd,fhtdrfrSmckdif;bkd@ac:xm;wJh um,vkyfom;awGESifhwlw,f pD;yGm;
csrf;omwkd;wufbkd@ um,vkyfom;awG&@J ulnDyef@ykd;r+ opPm±Sdr+uvnf; ta&;-uD;ygw,f/
“rdrd tvkyf±Siftay:opPm±SdwJh um,vkyfom;qkdwm”
rdrdtvkyf±Sif tdyf,m0ifjyD;rS tdrf.vkHòcHa&;ukd aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;jyD;tdyfwwfw,f/
rdrdtvkyf±Sif tdyf,mrxcif apmapmxum eHufcif;0wW&m;rsm;ukd pDpOfay;wwfw,f/
rdrdtvkyf±Sif ray;aomypPnf;ukd bmwckrS r,lbJ tvkyf±Sifay;aomypPnf;udkom,lwwfw,f/
rdrdtvkyf±Sifukd uJh&J@jypfwifr+awG ròyvkyfbJ ±Gifvef;ESpfoufpGm tvkyfukdvkyfwwfw,f/
rdrdtvkyf±Sif&J@ *k%faus;Zl;ukd y&dowftv,frSm csD;rGrf;pum; ajymjywwfw,f/
“tdyfaomfaemufus/ xaomfa±S;um;/ ay;rS,ltyf/ aphpyfaqmif±Guf/ aus;Zl;jrGuf/ ig;csufvkyf
om;0wf”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDcJhwm/
“rdrdtay:aus;Zl;rsm;wJhum,vkyfom;awGay:rSm”
 9
tvkyform;wa,muf&J@ vlr+a&;ESifhvkyftm;cukd oifhawmfatmifcsdefpjyD; vkyfcrSefrSefay;&r,f/
tvkyform;wa,muf. vkyftm;ESihfpGrf;aqmif&nfukd rSefrSefuefuef tokH;cswwf&r,f/
tvkyform;wa,muf rusef;rm&if aq;0g;"gwfpmESihf aq;ukor+ukd pDpOfaqmif±Gufay;&r,f/
rdrdpm;aumif;aomufzG,fawG&±Sdvmv#if ukd,fcsnf;omrpm;bJ tvkyform;ESihf r#a0pm;&r,f/
vlrsdK;tvkduf owfrSwfxm;aom ae@-uD; &uf-uD;rsm;wGif vkyftm;ctjynfhay;I tm;vyf&uf
tjzpfowfrSwfay;&r,f/
Tusifh0wfawGESifhtnD aqmif±GufEdkifjcif;onf atmuft&yfESifhwlwJh rdrd&J@um,vkyfom;awG
tay: oem;nSmwm axmufxm;&ma&mufaoma-umifh atmuft&yfukd ±Sdckd;w,fv@dk ac:w,f[k
±SifawmfjrwfAk'< a[m-um;jyorS aus;Zl;±Sifzcif-uD;&J@ &nf±G,fcsufukdoabmaygufvmw,f/
“0pGmau|;arG;/ òya&;pD&if/ emv#ifukap/ iSa0&om/ tcgukdv$wf/ vkyf±Sif0wf rc|wfig;ckom/”[k
a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awG bk&m;a[mESifhtnD vuFmpDcJhwm/

cspfom;od*Fgv txuft&yfrSm±SdwhJ rkd;aumif;uif-uD;ukd±Sdcdk;aevkd@ oifhtwGufbmtusdK;±Sd

rSmvJ txuft&yfqkdwm &[ef;oHCmawGeJ@wlw,f &[ef;oHCmqkdwm vlom;awGtwGuf
vrf;rSefukd nGefjyqkH;rwwfwJhtwGuf tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;vSygw,f/
“&[ef;oHCmqkdwm vlom;awGtay:rSm”
ukdusifhoduQmawG rysufpD;&atmif raumif;aom 'kp&kdufw&m;awG rxGef;um;atmif
a[mnGefjyoqkH;rwwfw,f/
ukdusifhoduQmawGESifh jynfhpkHatmif aumif;aomokp±kdufw&m;awG ykdjyD;xGef;um;vmatmif
a[mnGefjyo qkH;rwwfw,f/
vlom;awG tod^m%f wkd;wufvmatmif r-um;bl;ao;aom w&m;topfawGudk a[m
nGefjyo qkH;rwwfw,f/
a[mjyD;om;w&m;awGukdvJ ukd,fwkdifrSefrSefuefuef usifhusHtm;xkwfEdkifatmif ±Sif;vif;jy
o a[maz:nGef-um;wwfw,f/
pGef@v$wftepfemcHjcif;qkdwJh 'geukdvJ òyvkyfyg ukdusifhoduQmjynfhpkHjcif;qkdwJh oDvukdvnf;
aqmufwnfyg[k ewfjynfa&mufa-umif; tusifhw&m;awGukdvJ a[mjywwfw,f/
owW0gawGtm;vkH; usef;rmcsrf;om-uygap 'kuQ cyfodrf;uif;jidrf;I at;csrf;-uygap[karwWm
bm0emawG yGm;rsm;wwfw,f/
“raumif;jrpfxm/ aumif;&mnGefvpf/ topfa[musK;/ embl;xyfrH/ ewfxHwif&m/ arwWm
vnf;òy/ &[ef;r+ ajcmufckvGefaocsm”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDchJwm/
“cspfom;od*Fgv aus;Zl;rsm;wJh&[ef;oHCmawGtay:rSm”
'dk@tdrf-uGvmwJh q&mawmfawG OK;yZif;awG ukd&ifawG usef;rm-uygap csrf;om-uygap ab;
 10
&efuif;-uygap[k arwWmpdwf tjynfht0xm;&r,f/
&[ef;oHCmawG oDwif;okH;awmfrlaom ausmif;wkdufo@dk oGm;I &[ef;oHCmwkd@. a0,sm0pP
udpP-uD;i,f toG,foG,fukd arwWmtjynfht0jzifh aqmif±Gufay;&r,f/
&[ef;oHCmawG jrifaomtcg ±kdaopGm±Sdckd;-uyg qGrf;cH-uGvm&if qGrf;jynfhpkHatmif vª-uyg
[k òrd@wGif;±GmwGif;Y arwWmjzifh ajymqkdv+H@aqmfay;&r,f/
&[ef;oHCmrsm;ukd qGrf;/ ouFef;/ ausmif;/ aq;/ ypPnf;av;yg;jzifh vdktyfv#if tvªcHawmf
rlyg[k/ rdrdtdrfwcg;zGifhxm;jyD;zdwfac:ouJho@dk / zdwfrHxm;&r,f/
rdrdwkd@ bmom omoem a&a±Swnfwef@ckdif_rJa&;twGuf rdrdwkd@ykdifqkdifaom pD;yGm;OpPmxJrS
wwfEkdifoavmuf ay;urf;vª'gef;&r,f/
Tusifh0wfawGESifhtnD aqmif±GufEdkifjcif;onf txuft&yfESifhwlaom &[ef;oHCmawG
ukd±Sdcdk;jcif;jzpfw,f[k ±SifawmfjrwfAk'< a[mumjyorS aus;Zl;±Sif zcif-uD;&J@ &nf±G,fcsufudk em;
vnfoabmaygufvmw,f/
“arwWmpdwfouf/ aqmif±Gufcspfusif/ cifrifE+wfcsdK/ vdkv#ifzdwfxm;/ wwftm;vªap/ 0wf
ig;axG/ ðyav'g,um”[k bk&m;a[mESihftnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awG vuFmpDcJhwm/
“ta±S@rdb/ awmifuq&m/ aemufrSmr,m;/ ajrmufum;rdwfaqG/ atmufajcvkyfom;/
xufum;oHCm/ rSwfom;yg/ ajcmufjzm±Sdcdk;enf;/”
od*Fgvowkd@om;av;/ jrwfAk'< aocsmuse a[mumjywJ@ t&yfajcmufrsufESm±Sdckd;enf;
ukd tvGefoabm-uum woufywfvkH;vkdufemusihfoHk;&ef qkH;jzwfvkduf./
jrwfAk'<±Sifawmfjrwfukd vufq,fjzmxdyfrSmrkd;jyD; ±Sdckd;OD;wifv#uf ±Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
wynfhawmf om;rkdufod*Fgvonf ,QKawmh zcif&nf±G,fcsufawG zcifjzpfapcsifwJhqENawGudk jznfh
qnf;ay;rJh om;vdrRmjzpfygjyDbk&m; [k ±Sdcdk;OD;wifum/ jrwfAk'<ukd woufywfvkH; -unfndkqnf;uyf
ukd;uG,faom Oygoum[lI owfrSwfawmfrlygbk&m;[kav#mufxm;av./
od*Fgvowkd@om;av; jrwfAk'< a[mjyonfh t&yfajcmufrsufESm±Sdckd;enf;twkdif; vufawG@
usus vkdufemusifhokH;onfhtwGuf wwd,t±G,frSm ukaÉrsm;pGm -uG,f0wJ@ olaX;-uD;bG@J xl;ukd&
±Sdw,f/ "eOpPmawG -uG,f0vmawmhvJ 'ge oDv awG usdK;pm;tm;xkwfEkdifonfhtwGuf uG,fvGef
tedpPa&mufaomtcg ewfjynfa&mufjyD; ewfcsrf;omukd tjynfht0cHpm;&w,f/
pm±+oltaqG oifvJ od*Fgvvkd t&yfajcmufrsufESm±Sdcdk;enf;ukd usifhoifh usihfxdkufyg.
wu,fusifhjyD; wu,fvkdufem&if oifvJ-uD;yGm;csrf;omrJh vlwa,mufjzpf&efaocsm. vlom;
wkdif; vkdufemusifhokH;tyfaom usifh0wfjzpfyg./

vlyDocsifol vlom;wkd@twGuf t&yfajcmufrsufESm±Sdckd;enf;xJu a±S@rSmrdb/ qkdw@J ta±S@

rsufESm±Sdcdk;enfukd od*Fgvukd,fpm; xyfqifh±Sif;vkduf&if acwfvli,fawG ykdjyD;em;vnfvdrhfr,f om;
 11
aumif; oRD;aumif;awG ykdwkd;vmvdrfhr,f[k ar#mfvifhyg./
o*FZmq&mawmf-uD;&J@
“au|;arG;rysuf/ aqmif±GufpDrH/ arGcHxdkufap/ vªr#a0I/ apmifhavrsdK;EG,f/ 0wfig;oG,f
usifhzG,fom;wkd@wm(usifhzG,foDR;wk@d wm)”
vuFmpum;vkH;av;awG tpOftwkdif;a&;om;rSmyg/ zwf,l rSwfom; vkdufemrnfqdk&if EGHepf
aeonfh ywWjrm;wvkH;ukd EGHrSaz:jyD; ta&mifwifvkdufv#if ta&miftaoG;vSyaom tzkd;wefaom
ywWjrm;wvkH;jzpfvmovkd rdbtay: qkd;oGrf;csifaom om;oRD;rsm;rSmvJ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;
pmtkyfzwfjyD; tzkd;xkdufwefaom ywWjrm;uJho@dk EGHESifhwlaom qkd;wJ@pdwfawG y,fajymufoGm;um
wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif; jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
“au|;arG;rysuf”
au|;arG;rysufqkdwm rysufruGufjyefau|;arG;&r,fv@dk qkdygw,f b,fol@ukdau|;arG;&rSmvJ
vkd@ar;&ifawmh aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd [k ajym&ygvdrfhr,f/
rdbESpfyg;qkdwm om;oRD;awGtay:rSm [kd=====i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0xJu touf
ESpfq,f0ef;usift±G,fa&mufvmonfhwdkifatmifau|;arG;apmifha±SmufcJh&wJhau|;aus;Zl;awGqdkwm
qyfIrukefEkdifatmif om;oRD;awGtay:rSm aus;Zl;rsm;vSyg./
“Ekd@csdKwkdufau|;cJ@&wJ@aus;Zl;awG”
“om;oRD;awG 0Œ0ŒvifŒvif pm;aomuf&atmif yifyifyef;yef; ±SmazGcJh&wJh aus;ZlawG”
“rdrdwkd@jzpfovkdompm;jyD; om;i,foRD;i,fwkd@udk 0atmifau|;arG;cJhwJh aus;Zl;awG”
“aps;o,fvm&ifaomf‚if; qkdifa&muf&ifaomf‚if; om;oRD;rsufESmt&dyftuJ-unfhjyD; ydkuf
qHtdyfxJ ±Sdwmav;xkwfay;jyD; 0,fau|;cJh&wJ@ aus;Zl;awG”
“rkH@bkd;ykdufqHukdvnf; ae@pOfae@wkdif; ay;cJhwJhaus;Zl;awG”
“om;oRD;awGtcsdefrSefrSefpm;bk@d eHufpm npmukd ae@pOfae@wkdif; csufau|;cJhwJhaus;Zl;awG”
rdbaus;Zl;awGum; qyfIrukefEkdifatmif rsm;vSygbd xkdaus;Zl;awGukd atmif;arhowd&jyD; rd
bawGtouf-uD;vmaomtcg om;oRD;awGrS wzefjyefjyD; au|;arG;apmifha±Smufjcif;onf wm0ef
ausaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif;wkdif;&J@ wm0efjzpfyg./
okd@aomf om;oRDwkdif; wm0efausatmif au|;aus;Zl; jyefqyfEkdifovm;qkd&if om;oRD;wkdif;jyef
rqyfEkdifyg wm0efukdodwwfaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif;awGom jyefqyfEkdifI wm0efrhJaom aus;
Zl;w&m;ukd em;rv,faom om;qkd;oRD;qkdawGukdvnf; avmurSmrsm;pGmawG@&yg./
aus;Zl;odwwfwJh om;aumif;oRD;aumifawG rdbaus;Zl;ukd ykdjyD;odvmatmif aus;Zl;rod
wwfwJhom;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGvJ om;vdrRmoRD;vdrRmjzpfjyD; aus;Zl;qyfwwfatmif vlavmurSmaewJ@
wcsdK@vlom;awGawmifraqmif±GufEkdifwhJudpPawGukd wd&p>mefjzpfwJhaus;om;uaqmif±GufoGm;wm
 12
ukd rSwfwrf;wifxm;wJh tavmif;awmfau'g&aus;rif;Zmwfukd -unfnkdcHpm;-unfh&atmif/
jrwfpGmbk&m;±Sif om0wÎdjynf aZw0efa±$ausmif;awmf-uD;rSm oDwif;okH;pOftcgu aus;Zl;
±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd òypkvkyfau|;aeaom &[ef;awmfwyg;ukd ta-umif;òyI a[m-um;awmfrlchJaom
w&m;wyk'fjzpfyg./
rdbukdòypkvkyfau|;aeaom&[ef;ukd oHCmhy&dwfowftv,fokd@ac:I “cspfom;&[ef; oif
vlyk*~dKvfwkd@ukd òypkvkyfau|;aew,fqdkwm rSefygovm;´”
rSefygw,f jrwfpGmbk&m;/
“cspfom;&[ef; xkdvlyk*~dKvfrsm;onf oifcspfom;ESifhbmawmfygovJ===´
jrwfpGmbk&m; wynfhawmf. aus;Zl;±Sifrdbrsm;jzpfygw,fbk&m;/
±SifawmfjrwfAk'<rS om"k/ om"k/ om"k/ okH;-udrfokH;cg 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omac:qkdI cspfom;&[ef;
rdbwkd@ukd òypkvkyfau|;jcif;onf twkdif;xuftvGefaumif;aypG a±S;wkef;u wd&p>mefjzpfwhJ aus;
awmifrS rdbukdvkyfau|;cJhbl;jyD [ktwdwfaqmifaom pum;wcGef;ukd rdef@awmfrlvkduf&m/ oHCm
awmfrsm;rSawmif;yefav#mufxm;aoma-umifh/ rdbaus;Zl;qyf w&m;a'oemukd ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<
a[m-um;awmfrlcJjhcif;jzpfyg./
Ak'<acwfrwkdifrD a±S;vGefavaomtcgwkH;u &mZò*dvfjynf rm*"rif; tkyfcsKyfaeaomtcsdefrSm
&mZò*dvfòrd@. ta±S@ajrmufbuft&yfrSm omvd'Nd,trnf±Sdaom ykÀm;±Gm-uD;w±Gm±Sd. xkd±Gm-uD;
rSm aumod,a*gwW trnf±SdwJhykÀm;-uD;onf v,faygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmykdifqkdif-uG,f0./
oav;pyg;cif;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm pkdufysdK;jyD; oav;pyg;awGrSnhfaomtcg om;&Jwd&p>mef
zsufqD;r+rSumuG,f&efol&if;iSm;ykÀm;awGukd tcpm;eJ@ v,fapmifhtjzpf iSm;csxm;aomtcsed fjzpf
w,f v,fapmifhykÀm;awGvJ v,fxJrSmyif wJxkd;jyD; tjrJapmifha±Smufae./
omvd'Nd,±Gm-uD;&J@ ta±S@Sajrmuf&yfbufrSmvJ awmawmifawGajrmufrsm;pGmeJ@ tcuft
vufawGeJ@jynfhpkHaom vufyHawmtkyf-uD;wck±Sdav. aus;iSufom&umwkd@twGuf tvGef tm;
ukd;&m tvGefom,mzG,faumif;aom awmtkyf-uD;jzpf./
opfwyifaumif; iSufwaomif;em;Ekdif. qkdonfhtwkdif; aus;aygif;rsm;pGm rSDckdtm;xm;&m
awmtkyf-uD;jzpf. tavmif;awmfau'g&aus;rif;vJ xkdvufyHawmrSmyif aus;taygif;ukdtkyfcsKyf
um rif;tjzpfaqmif±Gufaecsdefjzpf./
vufyHawmY tvkdvkdusa&mufaygufaeaom oav;ESHwkd@ukdpm;okH;um csrfompGmae-u&
. wckaomumvtcsdefrSm tvkdvkdaygufaeaom oav;ESHrsm;ukefoGm;ojzifh tpmopfudk±SmazG
&ef aus;waumiftm;pkHprf;ap./
qufom;aus;vJ tpmopfudk±SmazGaomtcg omvd'Nd, ±Gm-uD;wGif oav;pyg;cif;rsm;
rSJ@ikduf0if;0gaea-umif; pkHprf;od±SdjyD; tavmif;awmfaus;rif;tm; ta-umif;-um;./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;OD;aqmifI aus;y&dwfowftaygif;wkd@vJ aemufwae@ eHufvif;
 13
csdefupjyD; omvd'Nd,±Gm aumod,ykÀm;-uD;. ol&if;iSm; tcpm; csxm;aom v,fuGufxJrSm
qif;oufjyD; oav;ESHwkd@ukd pm;okH;-u./
ol&if;iSm;ykÀm;vJ tm;±Sdoavmuf [pfatmfajcmufygaomfvnf; ra-umufr±G@H bJ quf
vufpm;aomufaewmawG@&awmh ol&if;iSm;ykÀm;pOf;pm;w,f 'Dvkdomae@pOfae@wdkif; 'Daus;tkyf
vmpm;aomufae&if oav;cif;awmh ysufpD;awmhrSmbJ/
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;xHta-umif;r-um;&if 'DysufpD;qkH;±+H;r+awG. wefbkd;ukd tpm;jyefa&mf&
vdrfhr,f v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;xHoGm;jyD; tusdK;ta-umif;ajymjy./
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD; u|efawmf tcpm;jzifh apmifh&wJhv,fxJwGif aus;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm
qif;oufvmI oav;ESHawGukdpm;aomufzsufpD;aeygw,f u|efawmftpGrf;ukefajcmufaomfvnf;
ra-umufr±GH@qufpm;aeaoma-umifh -umvm&if oav;cif;awG ysufpD;rSmpkd;wJhtwGuf ykÀm;-uD;
xH vmta-umif;-um;&jcif;jzpfyg./
ykÀm;-uD; oifhv,fawGukdpm;aomufzsufpD;wJhaus;taygif;wkd@wGif waumifaomaus;u
awmh tawmfudkxl;jcm;yg./
ukd,fvkH;ukd,fxnfrSmwjcm;aus;awGeJ@ ykdjyD;-uD;yg. teDa&mifE+wfoD;eJ@ ykdjyD;vSyyg. v,f
qHar$;ta&mifokH;rsdK;wkd@jzifh -unfh±+Ir0atmif tvGefESpfoufzG,faumif;yg. wjcm;aus;awGrSm
tpmAkduf0atmifompm;jyD; jyefoGm;-uw,f/
tJ'DvSywJhaus;-uD;u Akduf0atmifpm;wJhtjyif oav;ESHawGudk acsaxmufrSmvJnSyf e+wfoD;
rSmvJcsDjyD; ae@pOfae@wkdif; jyefoGm;wmawG@&w,fvkd@ v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;ukd ajymjyav./
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;vJ tavmif;awmfaus;rif;&J@ta-umif;ukd -um;vkduf&awmh tawmfudk
pdwf0ifwpm;jzpfvm. /
v,fapmifhykÀm; oif tJ'DvSywJh aus;-uD;ukd &atmifzrf;ray;Ekdifbl;vm;====´
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD; u|efawmf&atmifzrf;ay;Ekdifygw,f bmjzpfvkd@vJqdkawmh tJ'DvSywJhaus;
-uD;onf pnf;urf;tvGef±Sdyg. wjcm;aus;awGrSm [kdae&m 'Dae&m ckHysHv$m;pm;aomufayrJh vSy
wJhaus;-uD;uawmh 'Dae@'Dae&mrSmpm;&if aemufae@vJ'Dae&mrSmyif ief;oyfjyD;pm;avh±dSyg./
'g@a-umifhrkd@ 'DvSywJhaus;-uD;ukd ausmhuGif;axmifzrf;&if rdEdkifygw,fv@dk v,fapmifhykÀm;rS
tmrcHay;vkdufw,f v,fapmifhykÀm;vJ v,fuGif;okd@jyefvmjyD; tavmif;awmfaus;rif;pm;ae-u
ae&mrSm ausmhuGif;axmifxm;vkduf./
aemufwae@eHufcif;tcsdefwGif tavmif;awmfaus;rif;onf aus;taygif;ukd OD;aqmifI
omvd'Nd,±Gm ykÀm;-uD;. oav;cif;okd@jyefvmjyD; rdrdpm;ae-uae&mokd@ qif;oufvdkufaomtcg
v,fapmifhykÀm;axmifxm;aom ausmhuGif;rSm rdygawmh./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;vJ rdrdrSm rkqkd;axmifxm;aomausmhuGif;rSm rdaejyDqdkwmodayrJh
csufcsif; ±kH;uef xjyefjcif; rðyao;bJ tomndrfaew,f wu,fv@dk rsm; ,QKxjyefvkduf&if usefw@J
 14
aus;y&dwfowfawG tpm0atmifrpm;&bJ xjyefoGm;rSmqkd;vkd@ ndrfaejcif;jzpf./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;onf wd&p>mefb0rSmawmif acgif;aqmif;aumif;wa,mufyDopGm
rdrdtusdK;xuf olwyg;tusdK;ukd ykdjyD;tav;xm;um aqmif±GufwmawG@&w,facgif;aqmifaumif;
wa,muf. ±Sdoifh±Sdxkdufaom t&nftcsif;wck jzpfyg./
aemufvkdufi,fom; aus;y&dwfowfrsm; tpm0avmufwhJ tcsdef-urS tarmifaus;om;
wkd@ ig@rSmrkqkd;axmifxm;aomnGwfuGif;rSmrdaejyD/ vufyHawmt&yfudkjyefvmEkdifrvm;qkdwmawmh
aocsmpGmrod&yg ig@&J@ rdb om;oRD; aqGrsdK; rdwfaqGrsm;ukd ðypkapmifha±SmufjyD; nDnDnGwfnGwf ae
-uygvdk@ qkH;r-o0g'ay;jyD; jyefckdif;vkduf./
aus;y&dwfowftaygif;vJ 0rf;eJaomursm;pGmeJ@ vufyHawmokd@ jyefoGm;-uw,f/ v,f
apmifhykÀm;vJ aus;taygif; xjyefoGm;wm awG@&awmh rdrdaxmifxm;wJ@ ausmhuGif;ukd-unfhvdkuf
aomtcg tvGefvSyaom aus;-uD;ukd rdaewm awG@&./
v,fapmifhykÀm;0rf;omtm;&jzpfjyD; v,fuGif;xJokd@tjrefoGm;um tvGefvSyaomaus;
-uD;tm; ausmhuGif;rS òzwf,ljyD; v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;xH oGm;a&muftyfESHvkduf./
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;vJ tavmif;awmfaus;rif;ukd jrifjrifjcif; rdrd om;t&if;uJ@o@dk cspfcifwhJ
arwWmpdwfawG jzpfay:vmjyD; tavmifawmfaus;rif;tm; ,QKvkdar;-um;./
“tarmifaus;om;”
wjcm;aomaus;awGrSm tpmawGukd Akduf0atmifompm;jyD; jyefoGm;-uw,f tarmifaus;
om;rSmawmh tpmukd Akduf0atmifpm;onfhtjyif E+wfoD;rSmvJcsD ajcaxmufrSmvJ nSyfv@dk ae@pOf
ae@wkdif; jyefoGm;w,fvkd@ -um;od&yg./
tarmifaus;om; toifESifhusEfkyf b,fvdk&efòid;awG±Sdvkd@ usKyf&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awGudk wrif
oufoufzsufpD;aewmvm;===´
okd@r[kwf oifwkd@aewJ@awmtkyf-uD;xJrSm -uma±SpGmokH;aqmifbkd@twGuf &nfrSef;jyD; pyg;
avSmif&ef pyg;usDawGrsm;±Sdygovm;=====´
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;rS ar;vmawmh tavmif;awmfaus;rif;vJjyefajzyg./
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD; oifESifhu|Ekfyf bm&efòid;rSr±Sdygbl; oifhtusdK;pD;yGm;awG ysufpD;atmif zsuf
pD;aewmvJr[kwfygbl; u|Ekfyfaeaom vufyHawmrSm pyg;avSmif&ef pyg;usDrsm;vJr±Sdygbl;/
oifhv,fxJrS oav;ESHawGcsDoGm;vd@k vufyHawmokd@a&mufaomtcg/ u|EkfyfrSm
“au|;a[mif;ukdvnf;qyf&yg.”
“au|;opfvJtwkd;tyGm;cs&yg.”
“a±$tkd;aiGtdk;awGukdvJòrwf&yg.”[kpum;-uD;okH;cGef;ukd ajym-um;vdkuf./
tarmifaus;om; ±Sif;prf;ygtkH; au|;a[mif;qyf&w,f au|;opftwkd;tyGm;cs&w,f a±$tdk;
aiGtkd;òrwf&w,fqkdwm vlom;awG&@J tvkyfyg oifwkd@aus;om;awGu b,fvkdrsm; au|;a[mif;
 15
qyfygovJ b,fvkdrsm;au|;opftwkd;tyGm;csygovJ b,fvkdrsm;a±$tkd;aiGtkd;òrwfygovJ em;vnf
atmif±Sif;jyygtkH;====´
“v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;”
au|;a[mif;qyf&w,fqkdwm 'DvdkygykÀm;-uD; u|EfkyfaewJh vufyHawmrSm u|Efkyfi,fpOf
awmifaus;uav;b0xJu òypkau|;arG; apmifha±SmufvmwJh rdcifzcif aus;Zl;±Sifwkd@ ±Sd-uyg. rdcif
zcifaus;Zl;±Sifwkd@onf ,QKtcg ouf±G,f-uD;&ifhvmjyDjzpfI tpm±SmazG rpm;aomufEdkifawmhygbl;/
rdrdi,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0u au|;arG;cJhwJh au|;aus;Zl;awGukd jyefqyfaomtm;jzifh
oifykÀm;-uD;v,fxJrScsDoGm;aom oav;ESHtcsdK@ukd rdcifzcifaus;Zl;±Sifwkd@tm; au|;arG;aomtm;
jzifh rdrdtay:wif±Sdaeaom au|;a[mif;awGukd jyefqyfae&jcif;jzpfyg./
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;onf tavmif;awmfaus;rif;ajymjyaom rdbvkyfau|;jcif;onfau|;a[mif;
jyefqyfjcif;jzpfa-umif;-um;&awmh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjyD; om"kokH;-udrfac:qkdum aumif;csD;-o
bmay;av./
“v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;”
au|;opftwkd;tyGm; csxm;w,fqdkwm 'DvkdygykÀm;-uD; u|EfkyfaewJhvufyHawmrSm u|Ekfyf.
i,f±G,fao;wJh om;i,foRD;i,fawG±dS-uygw,f ,QKtcgrSm tawmiftvufrpkHao;awmh tpm±Sm
azGrpm;aomufEkdifao;ygbl;/
oifykÀm;-uD;v,fxJrScsDoGm;aom oav;ESHtcsdK@ukd om;i,foRD;i,fwkd@ukdau|;arG;aomtm;
jzifh aemifwcsdef u|Efkyftouf-uD;vm&if u|Efkyftm; wzefjyefjyD;vkyfau|;vdrhfr,fvkd@ ar#mfvifhcsuf
awGeJ@ au|;opftwkd;tyGm;csxm;&jcif;jzpfyg. /
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;onf tavmif;awmfaus;rif; ajymjyaom om;oRD;ukdau|;arG;jcif;onf
au|;opftwkd;tyGm;csxm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; -um;&awmh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjyD; om"koHk;-udrfac:
qkdum aumifcsD;-obmay;av./
“v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;”
a±$tkd;aiGtdk;òrwf&w,fqkdwm 'DvkdygykÀm;-uD; u|EfkyfaewJhvufyHawmrSm om;axmufoDR;
cHr±SdwJ@ ouf-uD;±G,ftkdaus;awG trsm;-uD;±Sdygw,f xkdom;axmufoDR;cHr±SdwhJouf-uD;±G,ftdkaus;
wkd@onf ,QKtcg tpm±SmazG rpm;aomufEdkifawmhyg/
oifykÀm;-uD;v,fxJrScsDoGm;aom oav;ESHtcsdK@ukd ouf-uD;±G,ftkd aus;taygif;wk@d tm;
au|;arG;vª'gef;aomtm;jzifh aemifoHo&mc&D;rSm csrf;csrf;omom aebkd@ta&;ukd ar#mfawG;jyD; 'ge
a±$tkd;-uD;ðrwfESHaejcif;jzpfyg./
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;onf tavmif;awmfaus;rif;ajymjyaom ouf-uD;±G,ftkdaus;taygif;
ukdau|;arG;ðypkapmifha±Smufjcif;onf aemifoHo&mpm;okH;bkd@twGuf 'gea±$tkd;aiGtkd;awGðrwfxm;
jcif; jzpfa-umif;-um;&awmh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjyD; om"ktvDvDac:um aumif;csD;-obmay;./
 16
v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;onf ol@y&dwfowfawGac:qkdum tkd====y&dwfowftaygif;wk@d oif
wkd@'DvSywJ@aus;-uD;ukd -unfh-uprf;ygtkH; wd&p>mefjzpfayrJh vlom;tcsdK@ rusihfEkdifaomtusihfw&m;
awGukd 'DvSywJhaus;-uD; usifhaewmawG@&yg. /
Taus;rif;ukd jrif&olwkdif; rdrdaqGrsdK;uJhokd@cspfcifESpfouf-uw,f wd&p>mefjzpfayrJh olawmf
aumif;awGcsD;rGrf;tyfaom jrifhjrwfaom tusifheJ@jynfhpkHw,f vlawGeJ@ykdxl;jyD; usifhEkdifwhJ twGuf
-unfnkdbG,f tifrwefaumif;vSyg./
tarmifaus;om; oifhaqGrsdK;awG tmvkH;ESihfwuG tpmpm;aomuf&ef tvkd±dSonfhtcg
wkdif; Toav;cif;rSoav;ESHawGukd okH;aqmifawmfrlyg oifaus;om;&J@ rdcifzcifwkd@tm; vkyfau|;
csif;qkdwJh tvGefjrifhjrwfwJh pum;awG-um;&vkd@ oiftm;tvGefcspfcif-unfnkdygI Toav;cif;ukd
oiftvkd±SdovkdokH;aqmif&ef vª'gef;ygw,f[kajymqkd./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;. ajcaxmufYrdxm;aomausmhuGif;wk@d udkajzI t-udrfw&mcsuf
xm;aomqDjzifh ausmhuGif;a-umifhjzpfay:vmaom 'ef&mwkd@ukd t-udrfrsm;pGm okwfvdrf;I a±$tif;
jyifY wifxm;um ylaZmfr+ukd ðyav./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;vJ v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;ukd ykÀm;-uD; oifhtdrfrSm tdyfjcif; pm;jcif;
aomufjcif; tr+awGukd u|EfkyfðyvkyfchJygjyD/
vlabmif vl@avmurSmaewJh oifykÀm;-uD;vJ oif&J@ aemifb0csrf;oma&;ukd &nfrSef;jyD;
&aoh &[ef; ykÀm;awGukd au|;arG;ay;urf;vª'gef;I 'geqkdwJha±$tkd;-uD;ukdvJ ðrwfESHyg/
oifwkd@tm; i,fpOfawmifaus;uav;b0xJu ðypkau|;arG;apmifha±Smufvmaom aus;Zl;
±SifrdbESpfyg;tm; ±kdaopGm ðypkvkyfau|;-uyg[k w&m;a[mav./
tarmifaus;om; ,ae@onf u|EfkyftwGuftvGefusufoa&±Sdaomae@wae@jzpfyg. aus;
iSuftaygif;. rif;jzpfaom toifaus;om;ukdvJ jrifawG@&. toifaus;rif; a[m-um;aom jrifh
jrwfaomw&m;ukdvnf;em-um;&./
u|EfkyfvJ ,ae@upjyD; &aoh &[ef; ykÀm;awGtm; vª'gef;ay;urf;jcif;qkdwJ@ ukodkvfaumif;
r+awGukd rarhav#mhaom owdw&m;jzifhðyvkyfygrnf/ aus;Zl;-uD;rm;vSwJh rdcifzcifwkd@udkvJ touf
xufqkH; ðypkvkyfau|;apmifha±Smufygrnf[k/ uwdpum;ajym-um;av./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;vJ v,f±SifykÀm;-uD; rdrdukdvªxm;aom y,fwaxmiftwkdif;t
±Snf±Sdaom v,fuGif;rsm;rS ±Spfy,fr#udkomvufcHjyD; usefv,frsm;ukd ykÀm;-uD;tm; jyefvnfay;
tyfvkduf. v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;vJ v,fuoif;ðyvkyfI ykdifjcm;owfrSwfay;./
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;tm; yef;eH@omwk@d jzifhylaZmfI toifaus;rif; oifvmvrf;ukd ar#mf
rSef;I rsuf&nfawG,kdpD;v#uf apmifhar#mfaeaom oifhrdcifzcifaus;Zl;±SifawGESifh ZeD;r,m;oRD;om;
eJ@rdwfaqGtaygif;wkd@xH oav;ESHrsm;csDum jyefoGm;ygawmh[k cspfcifaom tavmif;awmfaus;rif;
ESifh auG@uGif;&rnfhtwGuf 0rf;enf;pum;ajymqkdum jyefv$wfvkduf./
 17
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;vJ vufyHawmokd@jyefa&mufaomtcg om;aumif;wa,mufqHk;
±+H;&jyDqkdwJhtodeJ@ 0rf;eJausuGJaomua&mufaeaomrdcifzcifaus;Zl;±SifESifhaus;y&dwfowftaygif;
tm; ESpfodrfhapI oav;ESHwkd@ukdau|;arG;um 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfap./
toifaus;rif; ausmhuGif;Yrdaeaom oifhtm; rkqkd;wkd@ab;&efrS tb,fo@dk aomenf;
vrf;jzifhvGwfajrmufvmygovJ======´
tkd=====aus;taygif;wkd@ touftEW&,fab;rS v$wfajrmufvmwJh ta-umif;&if;u
awmh v,f±SifykÀm;-uD;ESifh vly&dwfowfwkd@tm;/ rdbwkd@ukdðypkvkyfau|;jcif;onf rdrdtay:wif±dS
aeaom au|;a[mif;awGukd jyefqyfjcif;ESifhwlygw,f/
tvªcHyk*~dKvfwkd@tm; au|;arG;ay;urf;vª'gef;jcif;onf aemifoHo&mpm;okH;bkd@ 'gea±$tdk;-uD;
ðrwfxm;wmESifhwlygw,f / omi,foDR;i,fw@dk tm; au|;arG;apmifha±Smufjcif;onf au|;opftwkd;
tyGm;csxm;jcif;ESifhwlygw,f [k pum;-uD;okH;cGef;ukd±Sif;vif;a[mjyonfhtwGuf touftEW&m,f
ab;rSv$wfajrmufvm&jcif; jzpfw,f/
oifaus;om;taygif;wkd@vJ Tw&m;okH;yg;ukd toufxufqkH; vkdufemusifhusHtm;xkwfI
om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfatmifusdK;pm;-uyg[k qkH;r-o0g'ay;av./
omvd'Nd,±Gmu vlom;jzpfwhJaumod,ykÀm;-uD;vJ tavmif;awmfaus;rif;&J@w&m;awmf
ukd tvGefESpfoufonfjzpfI rdrdvJudk,fwdkifusifhum vlom;taygif;ukdvnf;usifhap./
pm±+ol toifvlom; oifvJ vlom;xJu vlwa,muf jzpfonfhtm;av#mfpGm vlyDocsif
,ifjzifh vlom;awGusifhxkdufaom tusihfawGukd usifhrSomv#if vlyDornfjzpfyg./
wd&p>mefjzpfwJh aus;uawmifrS rdbaus;Zl;ukdem;vnfao;w,fqkd&if tod^m%fydk±dSwhJ vl
om;awGu rdbaus;Zl;ukd ykdjyD;em;v,f oifhyg./
rdbawGau|;arG;apmifha±SmufcJhwhJ au|;aus;Zl;awGukd em;rvnfaomom;oRD;rsm;rSm wd&p>mef
xufrkdufaom om;oRD;rsm;jzpfrSm aocsmyg./
wd&p>mefxuf rkdufrJaom om;oRD;rjzpf&avatmif/ vlyDoaom vljzpf&avatmif aus;
Zl;-uD;rm;aom rdcifzcifwkd@ukd au|;arG;apmifha±Smuf&r,fqkdwmodapcsifvkd@ o*FZmq&mawmf-uD;
rS “au|;arG;rusuf” qkdwJhvuFmav;pD&ifa&;om;cJhwmyg/
±SifawmfjrwfAk'<. rdbaus;Zl;qyfw&m;a'oem jyD;qkH;aomtcg cspfom;&[ef; rdbwk@d
ukdðypkvkyfau|;jcif;onf a±S;olawmfaumif;ynm±SdawG. tusifhomjzpfw,fvkd@ jrwfAk'<rde@f awmf
rlonfhtwGuf rdbukdðypkvkyfau|;aeaom &[ef;awmfav; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjyD; jrwfAk'<quf
Ia[m-um;aom opPmav;yg;w&m;tqkH;Y aomwmywWdzdkvfYwnfav./
pm±+oltaqG oifvJ Tpmayukdzwf±+jyD; rdbukdðypkvkyfau|;csifwJh olawmfaumif;pdwf
awGjzpfay:vmjyD; om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfatmifusdK;pm;ygvkd@wkdufwGef;yg.?
 18
“aqmif±GufpDrH(1)”
(1)”
(1)
aqmif±GufpDrH qkdwm rdbawGtouf-uD;vkd@ jzpfay:vmrJhudpPrSefor#udk aqmif±Gufay;&
r,fvkd@qkdygw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@aqmif±Gufay;&rvJqkd&if rdbawGqkdwm [kd===i,fpOfawmifaus;u
av;b0xJu om;oRD;udpPrSefor#ukd aqmif±Gufay;cJhjcif;a-umifhjzpfw,f/
“uav;b0 okH;ESpf av;ESpf t±G,fxd rpiftvdrf;vdrf;uyfaeaom om;oRD;i,fawGudk
oef@±Sif;a&;vkyfay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“a&csdK;ay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“t0wfav#mfay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“xrif;csufau|;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“ynmwwfjzpfbdk@ ausmif;ykd@ay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“pD;yGma&;vkyfjcifvkd@ t&if;tESD;xkwfay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“t±G,fa&mufvkd@ tdrfaxmifcsay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“vlrkdufukdraygif;eJ@ vlvdrRmukdaygif;vk@d oifay;wmvJ rdbygbJ”
“qkd;vkd@rdkufvkd@axmifxJa&muf&if xkwfay;&wmvJ rdbygbJ”
rdbawGqkdwm om;oRD;awG&J@udpPrSefor#ukd r±GHr±Sm ra-umufr±GH@ owWd±Sd±Sd aqmif±Gufay;cJ@
w,f/ 'kd@touft±G,f -uD;&ifhvm&if 'kd@om;oRD;awG 'kd@udpPrSefor#ukd aqmif±Gufay;-uvdrhfr,fv@dk
ar#mfvifhxm;-uw,f/
om;vdrRmoRD;vdrRmawGukd &±Sdydkifqdkifxm;wJh rdbawGrSmawmh aysmfrqkH; armfrqkH; wðyH;ðyH;eJ@
0rf;omp&mjrifuGif;awG awG@&wm -unfEl;ESpfoufzG,faumif;vSyg./
om;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGeJ@ óuHawG@&wJ@ rdbawGrSmawmh om;qkd;tar wayayeJ@ qkdonfhtwkdif;
qkd;onfh rkdufonfh om;rkduf oRD;rkdufw@dk . rkdufrJaom trlt&m ðyusifhr+awGukdvJ rdbrsm; &ifeifh
bG,f&m cHpm;r+awGeJ@ 0rf;eJausuGJbG,fjrifuGif;awGukd awG@±Sd&yg./
rdrdwkd@i,fpOftcgu rdbrsm;rS wm0efausatmif aqmif±Gufay;cJhovdk rdbawGtouf-uD;
vmvkd@ rdrdwkd@ðypkcGifhóuHvmv#if wm0efausatmifðypkrS om;aumif;oRD;aumif;yDorSmyg/
rdbrsm;rS om;oRD;q,fa,mufavmufudk wm0efausatmif aqmif±GufEkdifwm awG@&ayrJ@
om;oRD;rsm;rS rdbESpfyg;ukd wm0efausatmif aqmif±GufEkdifwmawmh ±Sdawmh±Sdw,f ±Sm;w,fv@dk
ajym&rvkdjzpfaejyD/
pD;yGm;OpPm jynfhpkHwJ@om;oRD;awG rdbawG rusef;rmwJhtcg aq;±kHaumif;aumif;rSm ae@apmifh
eyfpfawG napmifh eyfpfawG iSm;jyD;xm;wmukd vla±S@ola±S@rSm *k%f,lbG,f ajymqkdae-uw,f ukd,f
wkdifb,fESpf&ufðypkapmifha±SmufygovJvd@k ar;&if ajzbkd@tawmfcufygvdrhfrnf/
ukd,fwkdifðypk apmifha±Smufbkd@ arhae-uwmvm; 'gr r[kwfod&ufeJ@ rodcsifa,mifaqmifae
 19
-uwmvm; rdrdwkd@ i,fpOftcgu rdbrsm;rS r±GHr±Sm aqmif±Gufay;cJhwJh udpPawG jyefowd&jyD; ukd,f
wkdif apwemtjynfht0eJ@ ESdyfe,fðypkapmifha±Smufoifhyg./
rdbawGtkdrif;rpGrf;jzpfvkd@ rdbudpPawGukd om;oRD;awG jyefvnfaqmif±Guf&awmhr,fqdk&if
rvdrRmaom om;rkduf oRD;rkdufwkd@&J@ oEWmefrSmplatmifhajymwmwrsdK; apmif;ajrmif;jyD;r-um;w-um;
ajymwmu wrsdK;ESifh rvkyfcsif vkyfcsifeJ@ vkyfae-uwmukdvnf; rsm;pGmawG@&yg./
rdrdwkd@tay: i,fpOftcgu aqmif±Gufay;cJhwJh udpPawGukdarhjyD; E+wfvSefxdk;um ±k@H &if;-urf;
wrf;aompum;rsm;ukd ajymqkdaeoHawGudkvnf;-um;ae&yg./
rdbqkdwm *k%faus;Zl;tvGef-uD;rm;aoma-umifh teEW*kd%f;0ifvd@k awmif orkwfxm;-uwm
rdbu u±k%ma'goeJ@qlayrJh bmtjypfrSrjzpfygbl;/
om;oRD;awGuom aus;Zl;-uD;rm;vSwJh rdbrsm;. tjypfudk ajym&ifawmh b0wkdif; b0wkdif;
rSm raumif;usdK;awGay;jyD; 'kuQyifv,fa0cJh&wJ@ Zmwfvrf;awG ajrmufrsm;pGm±dSyg./
r[m0ifrSmygwJh omvdukrm&rif;om;av;ESifh aomfurmvma'0Dwkd@. Zmwfvrf;uawmh
oifcef;pm,lp&mawG 0rf;eJausuGJp&mawG a±Smif-uOf&rJhw&m;awG tjynfhe@J yg/
twdwfZmwfvrf;uawmh Ak'<bmomxGef;um;wJ@ **Fgjrpfurf;ab;u ±Gmav;w±GmrSpcJhyg.
**Fgjrpfurf;ab;u±Gmav;w±GmrSm em*gqdkwhJ Ak'<bmom0iftrsdK;oRD;i,frdom;pkwpk±Sd. Ak'<bmom
0ifwkd@xkH;pHtwkdif; eHufapmapmxum ae@pOfae@wkdif; ±GmOD;rSm±Sdaom ausmif; uef bk&m;wk@d tm;
oef@±Sif;a&;ðyvkyfum ukokdvf,l-u./
wae@awmh em*gtrsdK;oRD;av;ESihf ol@rdcifw@dk ±GmOD;rSm±Sdaom ausmif;uefbk&m;wk@d tm; oef@
±Sif;a&;vkyfjyD; jyeftvmrSm oRD;jzpfolem*gav;rSm yifyef;jyD;AkdufpmwmESifh tarht&ifjrefjreftdrfjyef
I rdcifðywfxm;aom qHðywfukd AkdufpmpmESihfaomufaomtcg zdwfw0uf pOfw0uf jzpfukef./
oli,fcsif;jzpfolawG upm;&efvmac:aomtcg yk*HawG cGufawGZGef;awG wkd;vkd@wef;vef;xm;
umvkdufoGm;./ rdcif-uD;jyefvmawmh oRD;jzpfolem*g. pnf;urf;rJhyHkawG awG@&awmh oRD;ukdvSrf;ac:
um u±k%ma'gojzifh qlawmh./
oRD;em*g trsdK;oRD;aumif;qkdwm pnf;urf;±Sd±dS pepfwus pm;aomuf&w,f pm;aomufjyD;&if
vJ pif-u,fpGm a&jzifhaq;jyD; odrf;qnf;&w,f ,QKawmh-unfhprf; zdwfw0uf pOfw0uf yk*HcGufawG
wkd;vkd@wef;vef;eJ@ pnf;r±Sd urf;r±Sd vkyfcsifovkdvkyfw,f 'DvkdtusifhrsdK;qkdwm olawmif;pm;rawG
&J@tusifhomjzpfw,f vkd@ olawmif;pm;rESihfEd+if;jyD; u±k%ma'goeJ@qlvkdufw,f/
oRD;jzpfolem*gvnf; rdcifjzpfol. u±k%ma'goESifhqlwmukd oabmraygufbJ ol@udkolawmif;
pm;rESifh E+dif;jyD; qlwmukd pdwfqkd;jyD; rdcifukd taromolawmifpm;r usrolawmif;pm;r r[kwfbl;
vkd@ E+wfvSefxkd;um jyefajymw,f/
tarESifhoRD; pdwfqkd;wkef;ajym-uqkd-uwmqkdawmh tr+rJhtrSwfrhJe@J oRD;jzpfolem*grS rdcifjzpfol
tm; rawmif;yefrdcJhbl; 'Dae&mrSm awmif;yefcJh&if tjypfawGausygw,f/
 20
aus;Zl;±Sifrdcifukd wcGef;cHajymvkdufwhJ tukodkvfuHuawmh em*gqkdwJ@ trsdK;oRD;av;&Jh
b0oHo&m wa±SmufvkH; qkd;usdK;awGay;jyD; 'kuQawG yifv,fa0ykHuawmh tawmfukd a-umufp&m
aumif;vSygbd/
em*gtrsdK;oRD;av;t±G,fa&mufvmawmh oufwl±G,fwl yef;bJvkyfief;vkyfukdifaom trsdK;om;
av;wOD;ESifh ta-umif;ygw,f olwkd@ZeD;armifEHSpkHwGJrSm tifrwef wGJbufnDaom ZeD;armifEHSjypf.
armifuvªrl r,f-unfjzL r,fuvª'gef; armif±$ifvef;[k Ak'<bmomukd t±kd;pGJ-unfndkaom ZeD;
armifESHjzpfyg./
“bk&m; w&m; oHCmESifh uH/ uH.tusdK;ukd ,kH-unfr+uvnf;wlw,f”
“±kd;om;ajzmifhrwfcsif; ukd,fusihfoduQmoDvuvnf;vkHðcHw,f”
“pGef@-uJay;urf;wJhtcgrSmvJ pdwfxm;-unfjzL oabmwl-uw,f”
“tod^m%fynm t&m&mukd qkH;jzwf&mrSmvJ nDnDnmnm oabmwl-uw,f”
o'<g/ oDv/ pm*/ ynm/ t&m&mwlaom ZeD;armifEHSjzpfavawmh Ak'<omoem0if &[ef;awmf
awGukd qGrf; ouFef;/ ausmif;/ aq;/ ypPnf;av;yg;wkd@jzifh zdwfrefjyD; omoemðyvkyfief;awGudk ukd,f
wkdifusdK;pm;tm;xkwfaeaom ukokdvfðybufZeD;armifESHjzpfw,f/
em*gqkdwJh trsdK;oRD;av;uawmh aus;Zl;±Sifrdcifukd tarom olawmifpm;rvk@d wcGef;cHajym
vkdufwJh tukokdvfuHESifh ZeD;armifESH twlðycJhwJhukokdvfuH/ xkd ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuHESpfckvHk;yg
vm./ cifyGef;jzpfol trsdK;om;av;uawmh ZeD;armifESH twlðycJhwJh ukodkvfuHwckomygvm./
arG;zGm;jcif;onf ao;jcif;aemufqkH;±Sdajc. qkdonfhtwkdif; vlb0rSm rae&vk@d ao-uaom
tcg rdrdwkd@ðycJhbl;wJh ukokdvfuH tukodkvfuHawGu ðyvkyfcJholowW0gawGtay: tusdK;oufa&muf
r+awG jzpfay:vmwmuawmh/ avmu&J@ obm0w&m; wckjzpfyg./
em*gtrsdK;oRD;av;&J@ cifyGef;jzpfol trsdKom;av;uawmh ukokdvfawGom ðyvkyfchJonfh
twGuf oD[kdVfEkdifiH tEk&m"yl& ðrd@awmf-uD;rSm 'kÏ*gr%d rif;-uD;&J@om;awmf omvdukrm&rif;om;
av;wyg; jzpfvm./
em*gqkdwJh trsdK;oRD;av;uawmh aus;Zl;±Sifrdcif-uD;ukd tarom olawmif;pm;r[k wcGef;
cHajymwJh tukokdvfuHu t&iftusdK;ay;vmawmh oD[kdEkdifiH tEk&m"yl&ðrd@teD; [av†mvqkdw@J
'Gef;p¾m;±Gm-uD;rSm olawmifpm;rav; wu,fjzpfvm./
rdbukd wcGef;cHajymwJh tukokdvfuH[m b,favmuf a-umufq&m aumif;ovJqdkwm
ac:qkdolukd,fwkdif olawmif;pm;r jzpfoGm;&wJh em*gqkdwJh trsdK;oRD;av;uoufaocHaeyg./
,QKacwfvli,fawGvJ rdbawGudk tdrfu bJ-uD; bm-uD; nm-uD;qkdjyD; ac:qkdaeoHawG
-um;ae&./ 'Dom;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGvJ wlaomtusdK;cHpm;&vdrfhrnf[kxifyg./
pm±+oltaqG rdbukdbJ-uD;[kac:qkdaom om;oRD;rsm; bmjzpfvmrnfxifygovJ oifudk
wkdif aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;jyD; ajz-unfhprf;ygtkH;======´
 21
avmurSm azaz arar vkd@ac:aumif;wJh t&omavmuf aumif;wJht&om ±Sdvdrhfrnfr
[kwfyg/ pm±+oltaqG oifvJtac:rrSm;bk@d ta&;-uD;yg./ tac:rSm;&ifawmh b0oHo&mrSm 'kuQ
awG&if0,fykdufjyD; aomua0'emawGrsm;pGmeJ@ em*gtrsdK;oRD;av;vkdolawmif;pm;rb0rsdK;ukda&muf
oGm;&if vljzpfayrJh vljzpf±+H;aomb0ukd &±SdoGm;jcif;jzpfyg./
omvdukrm&rif;om;av; t±G,fa&mufvmawmh zcifjzpfol 'kÏ*gr%drif;-uD;rS tdrfa±S@
rif;&mxl;tyfESif;&ef tcsdefa&mufvm./ tdrfa±S@rif;qkdawmh tdrfa±S@rif;. rdzk&m;wifajrmufb@dk &ef
vkdvmjyefw,f om;awmfomvdukrm&rif;om;av;tm; rdrdukd,fwkdif rdrdoabm-uaomtrsdK;oRD;
tm; pdwfwkdif;-u a±G;cs,fbkd@ tcGifhta&;ay;vkduf./
tEk&m"yl&ðrd@awmfrSm aexkdif-uwJh oRD;±Sifrsm;ukd a-umfjiSmarmif;cwfvkd@ ta-umif;-um;
apw,f omvdukrm&rif;om;av;ðrd@awmfo@dk vSnfhvnf-unfh±+aomtcg oRD;acsm±Sdolrsm;vSvSyy
jyifqifI jy-uyg omvdukrm&rif;om;av; óudufESpfoufaom trsdK;oRD;tm; tdrfa±S@rif;rdzk&m;t
jzpf wifajrmufr,f[k a-umfjiSmxm;./
trsd;oRD;i,fav;awGtwGuf tawmfpdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;aom a-ujiSmcsufwckjzpfyg.
tEk&m"yl& ðrd@olðrd@om;awGvJ tdrfa±S@rif;rdzk&m; a±G;cs,fyGJukdtawmfpdwf0ifpm;-u. oRD;acsm±Sdw@J
rdbawGvJ rdrdoRD; tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;jzpfa&;twGuf tðydiftqkdif vSvSyy jyifqif-u./
tdrfa±S@rif;om;av; ðrd@awmfvSnfhvnfjyD; -unfh±+onfhae@rSm ðrd@awmf±dSoDR;±Sifrsm; tvSqHk;
tacsmqkH;jzpfatmif jyifqifI jyo-u./
tdrfa±S@pHomvdukrm&rif;om;av;vJ vSvSyy jyifqifxm;aom trsdK;oRD;rsmtm; ðrd@awmf
tESH@ vdkufvH-unfh±+ygaomfvJ rdrdóudufESpfoufaom trsdK;oRD;wa,mufrS rawG@bl;jzpfae./
rdrdpD;vmaom&xm; ðrd@awmfukdvGefvmaomtcg a±S@qufarmif;&ef &xm;xdef;tm;nGef-um;
vkduf. &xm;xdef;vJarmif;vmvkdufwm 'Gef;p¾m;olawmif;pm;awGaewJh±Gm-uD;em;a&mufvm./
em*gqkdwJhtrsdK;oRD;av;olawmif;pm;rjzpfaewJh±Gmjzpfyg./
tJ'DtcsdefrSm olawmif;pm;rav; em*g wa,muf aomfuyifay:wufjyD; vli,fobm0
oDcsif;qkdaew,f olawmif;pm;rav; &wemokH;yg;ESifhpyfI qkdaeaomoDcsif;oHukd &xm;ay:rS tdrf
a±S@pHomvdukrm&rif;om;av; -um;vkdufawmh em;0rSm z&%myDwd *Grf;qDxdouJho@dk 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;omjzpfjyD; &xm;xdef;tm; oD;csif;oH-um;&mokd@armif;cdkif;vkduf./
vlrjrifbl;ao;aomfvnf; omvdukrm&rif;om;av;. ESpfvkH;om;xJrSmtoH-um;wmeJ@
u±k%mpdwfawG jzpfay:ae./ aomfuyifatmuf &xm;awGa&mufvmum 0ef-uD;trwf-uD;awG
rif;nDrif;om;awGukd awG@vdkuf&awmh olawmif;pm;rav;em*g tvGef xdwfvef@wkHv+yfoGm;w,f
a-umufa-umuf±GH@±GH@eJ@ aomfuyifay:rSm rwkHrv+yf&yfwnfaerd./
omvdukrm&rif;om;av;vJ aomfuyifay:-unfhvkdufaomtcg aomfuyef;awGxuf
tpaygif;rsm;pGm &uf&ufpufpuf vSyaeaom t±kdif;awmrSmyGifhaewJh awmyef;yGifhav; em*gqdkwJh
 22
tvSyef;av;ukd jrifjrifcsif;bJ &ifxJrSm az:rjyEkdifw@J cHpm;r+awG jzpfay:vmw,f/
a±S;twdwfb0wkef;u ukokdvfawG twlwlðycJhwJh ukokdvfðybufZESD;armifEHSav bk&m;
w&m; oHCm &wemokH;yg;ESifh uH/ uH.tusdK;ukd ,kH-unfr+uvnf;twlwl/ apmihfxdrf;cJhwhJ ukd,f
usifhoDvuvnf;twlwl/ pGef@usJay;urf;vª'gef;cJhwmvJ pdwfxm;-unfðztwlwl/ tod^m%fynm
od&mrSmvJtwlwl/
o'<g/ oDv/ pm*/ ynm/ t&m&mukd wlnDpGm vufwGJ aqmif±GufcJhwJh ukokdvfuHawGa-umifh
,QKypPKy`efb0rSm a&mifjyef[yfjyD; toH-um;awmh oem;u±k%m pdwfawGjzpfay:vmw,f/ ±kyfudkjrif
awmh jrifjrifcsif;bJ rcGJcsif&uf rcGmEkdifatmif jzpfay:vmw,f/
tdrfa±S@pHomvdukrm&rif;om;av;onf aomfuyifay:rSoRD;ysdKtm; atmufokd@ac:vkdufum
tdrfaxmif±Sd/ r±Sd/ ar;av./ trsdK;oRD;av;rSm tdrfaxmifr±Sda-umif; od&aomtcg aemufrSmygvm
aom 0ef-uD;r+;-uD;rwf-uD;awGukd TtrsdK;oRD;av;tm; tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;wifajrmufbkd@ trde@f ay;./
0ef-uD;r+;-uD;rwf-uD;awGvJ toifrif;om; acwWqdkifiHhygOD; 'DtrsdK;oRD;av;&J@ rsd;±kd;Zmwdudk
ar;y&aptkH;vkd@ajymqkdjyD; trsdK;oRD;av;&J@rsdK;±kd;Zmwdudkar;-uw,f ar;-unfhrS 'Gef;p¾m;olawmif;
pm; rsdK;qkdwmod&w,f/
toifrif;om; olawmif;pm;rsdK;qkdwm tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;ajrmufzkd@ b,fvkdrSroifhawmfygbl;
qkdjyD; 0ef-uD;awG r+;-uD;rwf&mawGu 0kdif;wm;-uw,f/ b,fvkdrS wm;r&wJhtqkH; zcifjzpfol 'kX*gr
%drif;-uD;ESifh rdcifjzpfolrdzk&m;-uD;wkd@xH ta-umif;-um;&w,f/
rdcifzcifwkd@vJ om;jzpfol tdrfa±S@rif;om;av;tm; ta-umif;rsdK;pkHjyjyD;wm;jrpfygaomfvnf;
b,fvkdrSwm;r&bl;jzpfaew,f/aemufqkH;awmh'Dolawmif;pm;trsdK;oRD;av;ukdyif aomfuyifay:rSm
awG@aoma-umifh aomfurmvma'0D[ktrnfay;um tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;tjzpfwifajrmufvdkuf&./
aus;Zl;±Sifrdcifukd taromolawmif;pm;r[k wcGef;cHajymwJh tukokdvfuHa-umifh ukd,fwdkif
olawmifpm;rjzpfvm&ovdk/ cifyGef;jzpfolESihf pdwfwlukd,fwl ðycJhwJhukokdvfuHa-umifh olawmif;pm;
rjzpf&aomfvJyJ tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;tjzpfudk &±SdchJyg./
aus;Zl;±Sifrdcifukd wcGef;cHajymwJh tukokdvfuHom rygvmcJh&if/ 'gr r[kwf ouf±dSxif±Sm;±Sd
aeaom rdcifzcifwkd@ukd tjypfrSyajymufatmif ±Sdckd;uawmhawmif;yefchJ&if 'Dvkdolawmif;pm;rav;
b0ukd a&mufvmrSm r[kwfygbl;/
“bk&m; yapPuAk'<g/ &[EWmESihf/ oHCmtrsm;/ rxdyg;ESifh/ ESpfyg;rdb/ xdwdkif;±Svdrhf/ ”
bk&m; yapPuAk'<g &[EWm oHCm rdb wk@d ukd 0pDuHESifh jypfrSm;rdcJhaomf “0pDab' xdwdkif;±SwJh”
a-umufp&m odyfaumif;ygw,f/ tarub,fvkd tazub,fvdkqdkjyD; tjypfajymwwfwhJ om;oRD;
awG aemufb0rSm jzpfay:vmrJh tusdK;qufawGukd pOf;pm;jyD;owdxm;oifhyg./
rdcifzcifaus;Zl;±SifawGukd um,uH/ 0pDuH/ raemuH/ qkdwJhuHokH;yg;ESifh rjypfrSm;rdatmif t
oufxufqkH; apmifhxdrf;EdkifrSomv#if 0pDab' xdwkdif;±SjyD; wu,folawmif;pm;rav;jzpfoGm;wJh
 23
em*gtrsdK;oRD;av;vkd b0rsdK;ra&mufb@dk txl;owdðyoifhyg./
o'<g-unfjzL pdwfwlukd,fwl ðycJh&aomukodkvfuHawGa-umifh omvdukrm&rif;om;av;
vJ tdrfa±S@rif;b0jzifh aysmfar$@bG,faumif;vSyg. aomfurmvma'0DvJ tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;b0jzifht
vGefaysmfar$@bG,f aumifvSyg. ukodkvf.tusdK;qufum; aysmf±$ifbG,faumif;yg./
okd@aomf rdcifukd wcGef;cHajymcJhwhJtukokdvftusdK;qufu xkdaysmf±$ifbG,faumif;wJhb0
av;awGaysmufqkH;jyD; &ifeifhbG,f&m cHpm;r+awGeJ@ñuHawG@&tkH;rSmayghav/
±Gufa[mif;awGa-uG ±GufopfawGvJvkd@ ESpfv&moDawG wajz;ajz;ukefqkH;vmovkd vlb0
&±Sdxm;wJ@vlom;awGvJ EkysdKr+awG ajymufqkH;jyD; tkdrif;&ifha&mfr+awG tcsdef-umvm&if aoqkH;jcif;
qkdwJh obm0 ed,mrwckukd vlom;wkdif; rjzpfrae ñuHawG@&rSmyg/
,QKvJ oD[kdVfEkdifiH. t±Sifocif 'kÏ*gr%d rif;-uD;vJ oufawmf±G,fawmf-uD;&ifhv@dk a&mf±Guf
0gavtwkdufrSm a-uGvGifh&ovdk ewf±GmpH uHukefawmfrlaomtcg/ a±S;tpOfvmuawmh zcifbk&if
ewf±GmpH uHukef&if om;jzpfol tdrfa±S@rif;om;ukd bk&iftjzpfwifajrmuf&wJhacwfyg/
,QKawmh 0ef-uD; r+;-uD; rwf-uD;awG pkaygif;wkdifyifjyD; a±S;xkH;tpOftvmwkdif;qkd&ifawmh zcif
ewf±GmpH&if om;jzpfol tdrfa±S@pHrif;om;ukd bk&ifwifajrmuf&wmjzpfw,f/ ,QK 'kd@wkdif;jynf&@J tdrf
a±S@pHukd,fawmfav;rSm olawmif;pm;rav;ukd tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;ajrmufxm;w,f/
'kd@wkdif;jynf&J@ tm;xm;rSDckd&m bk&ifrsdK;qufrSm olawmif;pm;rsdK;jzpfae&if wkdif;jynftwGuf
vJepfemw,f rsdK;±kd;tm;jzifh ajym&ifvJ olawmif;pm;bk&ifrsdK;vkd@tajymcH&vdrfhr,f/
'Dab;awGrS umuG,fwJhtaeeJ@ tdrfa±S@pH omvdukrm&rif;om;av;ukd omrefrif;om;
b0eJ@xm;jyD; 'kÏ*gr%drif;-uD;. nDawmf wd\ rif;om;ukd bk&iftjzpfwifajrmuf-u./
omvdukrm&rif;om;av;rSm bk&ifjzpfxdkufwhJ bkef;uHyg&rDawG tjynfhtpkH yg±dSygw,f
vuf vuQ%m ajc vuQ%mawG-unfhjyefawmhvJ wu,fhudk bkef;±SifuH±Sif yg&rD±SifjzpfEdkifwhJyk*~Kdvf
xl;wa,mufyg/
,QKawmh ZeD;jzpfol tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;av;&J@ tarukdwcGef;cHajymwJh tukokdvfuHu pGJcsoGm;
vkdufwm wkdif;jynf. t-uD;tuJ ±Sifbk&ifb0ukd r&±SdbJ omrefrif;om;av;b0eJ@bJaeoGm;&./
tdrfa±S@pHrdzk&m;av; aomfurmvma'0D. taromolawmif;pm;r[k rdcifudkwcGef;cHajymwJh
tukokdvfuHa-umifh rdzk&m; acgif-uD; b0eJ@vJa0;cJh&w,f/ rdrd&@J -uif,mawmfjzpfwJh bkef;uHyg&rD±Sif
omvdukrm&rif;om;av;vJ bk&ifb0eJ@a0;cJh&./
rdrdukd,fwkdifvJ olawmif;pm;rb0a&muf&w,f rdbawGukd cHajymwJhtukodkvfuHrSm awG;
-unfhava-umufp&maumif;avygbJ om;oRD;wkdif;txl;owdxm;bdk@vkdtyfvSyg./
,QKacwfawmh oDwif;u|wfcsdefrSm rdb q&m ouf-uD;0g-uD;yk*~KdvfawGukd tjypfawGrSyajymuf
atmif ±Sdckd;uawmhwJhtavhtxawG xGef;um;vmwm0rf;omp&mbJ a±S;jrefrm-uD;awGudk aus;Zl;
wifbkd@aumifygw,f 0pDab' xdwkdif;±S qkdwJh tjypfawGukd aESmif;vlawG rcHpm;&atmif pDpOfxm;
 24
ay;cJhwm tar#mftjrif-uD;vSyg./
pm±+oltaqG oif rdbawGudk pdwfe@J jypfrSm;rdygovm;/ E+wfeJ@aumajymqkdrdygovm;/um
,uHajrmufvufndk;xkd;jyD; tjypfawGajymcJhrdygovm;/ aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;jyD; em*gtrsdK;oRD;av;
vdk b0oHo&m wa±SmufvkH; 'kuQawGyifv,fa0cJh&wJh tjzpfrsdK;eJ@ róuHawG@&atmif oDwif;u|wf
csdefrSm rdb bkd;bGm; q&morm;ESifh ouf-uD;±G,ftkdwkd@tm; tjypfawGrS yajymufatmif ukd,fwdkif±dS
cdk;uawmhI om;aumif; oRD;aumif; jzpfatmifóud;pm;-uygvdk@ wkdufwGef;yg./

aqmif±GufpDrH(2)
(2)
rdbukdðypkvkyfau|;aom rSefuefwhJopPmpum;a-umifh tvGefjyif;aom tqdyfab;rS csrf;om
okc&±SdoGm;wJh ok0Àomr ZmwfawmfuvJ om;aumif;oRD;aumif; jzpfjcifol vlom;wkdif;t
wGuf twk,lp&mawG vkdufemusifhoHk;p&mawG tjynfheJ@yg/
ok0Àomr
±SifawmfjrwfAk'<vufxufawmftcgwHk;u rdbukdqGrf;cHau|;aom &[ef;wyg;ukd ta-umif;
ðyI igbk&m;vJ a±S;wkH;u trdtzwkd@ukd ðypkvkyfau|;cJhbl;.[k rde@f awmfrlvkduf&m/
rdbvkyfau|;aom&[ef;ESifh wjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm;rS===±Sifawmfjrwfbk&m; ±Sifawmfjrwfbk
&m;. a±S;twdwfu rdbvkyfau|;arG;jrLa-umif;ukd a[mawmfrlygbk&m;[k av#mufxm;awmif;yef
aoma-umifh ok0ÀomrZmwfawmfukd ±SifawmfAk'<a[mjycJhwmyg/
Am&m%oDðrd@-uD;&J@ reD;ra0;t&yfrSm aeom'*grqkdwhJ wHig±Gm-uD;w±Gm±Sd. xkd±Gmukdjzwf
pD;aeaom jrpf. wzufurf;rSmvJ wHig ±Gm-uD;w±Gm±Sd. ±GmESpf±Gm.t-uD;tuJ±Gmol-uD;rsm;onf
rdwfaqG&if;csmrsm;jzpf-u. oli,fcsif;wkd@.obm0twkdif; rif;u oRD;arG;cJh&if ighom;ESihfay;pm;rnf
igu oRD;arG;cJh&if rif;om;ESifhay;pm;rnf[k i,fi,fu *wdðycJh-u./
aeom'*gr±GmrS wHig±Gmol-uD;. ZeD;rSmom;wa,mufzGm;jrifvm. bGhJjzLykqdk;jzifhcHaom
a-umifh 'kulv[k trnfrSnfh-u. a±$a&miftqif;ESifhwlojzifh wifhw,fvSy./
jrpf.wzufurf;rSmaeaom wHig±Gmol-uD;. ZeD;rSm oRD;rdef;uav;zGm;jrifvm. aeom'
*gr±Gmwzufurf;rSmzGm;jrifaoma-umifh yg&dum[k trnfrSnhf-u. a±$a&miftqif;uJho@dk vSyaom
tqif;ESifhjynfhpkH./
'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@onf jA[RmjynfrS qif;oufvmaomyk*~dKvfrsm;jzpfaoma-umifh rdb
wkd@. olwyg;toufukd owf&aomwHigvkyfief;ukd uav;b0xJu pdwfr0ifpm;-uyg ig;t±Sifudk
owfbkd@tomxm; taoukdawmif a&mif0,fbkd@&ef 0goemryg-uyg rdbrsm;. u±k%ma'gojzifh
qlylr+rsm;ukdvnf; tjrJóuHawG@&./
'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@t±G,fa&mufvmawmh ESpfbufaomrdbwkd@. a±S;tcgu *wdxm;cJh
 25
onfhtwkdif; xdrf;jrSm;vufxyfbkd@ ajymqkdaomtcg 'kulvESihfyg&dumwkd@ twif;jiif;qHaomfvnf;
ZGwftwif; xdrfjrSm;vufxyfay;vkduf./
rdbwkd@tpDtpOfa-umifh ZeD;armifESH jzpfcJh&aomfvnf;yJ armifcspf ESrcspfeJ@ aevkdaoma-umifh
ESpfzufrdbwkd@ukd awmif;yefuawmhum [dr0EWmawmokd@oGm;I rd*orRwmjrpfteD;Y &aoh &[ef;
ðy&efxGufcGgvmcJh./
'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@ &aoh&[ef;ðy&ef xGufcGgvmwmukd óudodaeaom od-umrif;rS 0doóuH
ewfom;ukd apv$wfjyD; ausmif;ocFrf;wkd@ukd zefqif;ay;av./ o-um;rif;zefqif;ay;aomausmif;
ocFrf;rSm &aoh0wfI w&m;bm0emrsm;yGm;rsm;um ae-u./
'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@ twdwfb0wcku rsufpdukoaomq&mb0rSm aq;bkd;tcaus;aiGray;
aomolaX;-uD;wOD;tm; ESpfOD;oabmwl rsufpduG,faq;ay;cJhonfhtukokdvfuHu ,QKb0rSmvm
jyD;tusdK;ay;I rsufpduG,frnfhta-umif;ukd o-um;rif;rS odaoma-umifh olwkd@ukdðypkb@dk om;w
a,muf±Sdbkd@vkdonfhtwGuf o-um;rif;rSwkdufwGef;ajymqkd&./
t±Sif&ao@wkd@ t±Sif&aohw@dk rSm twdwftukokdvfuHa-umifh rsufpduG,frnfh tEW&,f±dSyg
w,f t±Sif&aohwkd@ukdðypkbkd@ om;wa,muf±dSbkd@vkdygw,f yg&dum&aohr OwkaoG;pif-u,faom
tcg 'kulv&aohrS yg&dum&aohr.csufudk vufjzifhokH;oyfyg [kwkdufwGef;./
o-um;rif;wkdufwGef;onfhtwkdif; 'kulv&aoh yg&dum&aohr. csufukdvufjzifhoHk;oyf
aomtcg bk&m;avmif;ewfom; ewfjynfrS pkawjyD; yg&dum&aohr. 0rf;-umwkdufY yËdoaEWae.
zGm;jrifvmaomtcg a±$tqif;uJ@okd@vSyaoma-umifh ok0Àomr[ktrnf&cJhwmjzpfyg./
awmwGif;om;av; ok0Àomronf wd&p>mefrsm;. tv,frSm -uD;jyif;vm&oljzpf./
tvGefa-umufp&maumif;aom usm;/ jcaoFh/ awm±kdif;wd&p>mefawG[m ok0Àomr. &if;ESD;aom
taz:rGefawGjzpf./
orif/ '&,f/ acsi,f/ qkdif/ qwfawGvJ ok0Àomr. rdwfaqG&if;csmawGjzpf./ vlom;
awGukdtvGefa-umufwJh udEM&D udEM&mawGvJ ok0Àomr uav;b0xJu a&csdK;ay;jcif; eH@omrsdK;
pkHukd vdrf;ay;jcif;jzifh apmifha±SmufvmcJh-u./
awmwGif;om;av; ok0Àomrukd tm;vkH;u 0kdif;cspf-u. ok0Àomr. arwWmtiftm;
uvJ tvGef-uD;rm;avaoma-umifh arwWma&mifjyef[yfum tvGeftEW&m,f-uD;jyD; a-umufp&m
aumif;wJh awm±kdif;wd&p>mefawGuvnf;cspf-u./
vlom;awGukd tifrwefa-umufwJh wd&p>mefi,fawGuvJ &if;ESD;cspfcif-u. udEM&D udEM&m
awGuvJ &if;&if;ESD;ESD; cspfcif-u. vlom;wa,muftay: wd&p>meftm;vkH;&J@ arwWm"gwfudk &,l
Ekdifjcif;onf ok0Àomr&J@ wavmuvkH;ukd &efolrdwfaqG rcGJbJcspfEkdifwJh rSefuefwhJ arwWm"gwf
a-umifhjzpfyg./
ok0Àomr owkd@om;av; wq,fajcmufESpft±G,fokd@a&mufaomtcg rdbwk@d opfoD;±Sm
 26
azG&m aomufa& okH;aqmifa& cyfaomae&m ESifh oGm;&mvrf;c&D;wkd@ukdvJ trSwftom;ðyxm;./
rdbrsm;wpkHwck tEW&m,fjzpfcJhaomf ±SmazG&eftwGufjzpf./
wae@aomtcg 'kulvESifhyg&dumwk@d onf om;i,fok0Àomrukd ausmif;ocFrf;Yxm;cJhjyD;
opfoD;±SmazGxGufcJh&m tjyefvrf;wGif rkd;-uD;av-uD; -ua&mufvmwmESifhwkd;av. awmifukef;rk@d r@dk
±Sdaom opfyif-uD;wyifatmufokd@ rkd;0ifcdk-u./
olwkd@.ukd,frS ac|;ESifha&maom rkd;a&wkd@onf awmifykd@twGif;okd@-uav./ awmify@dk twGif;
Yckdatmif;aeaom arGa[muf. ESmacgif;twGif;ok@d ac|;ESihfa&maom a&wkd@0ifa&mufvmaomtcg
arGa[mufonfpdwfqkd;I tqdyfESifha&maomtckd;awGr+wfxkwf./
awmifukef;ay:wGif rkd;ckdaeaom 'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@ rsufpdrsm;ok@d arGa[muftqdyfcdk;rsm;
-ua&mufojzifh rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;ajymufum arSmifrkdufaomb0ukda&mufoGm;. 'kulvuvJ
bmrSrjrif yg&dumuvJ bmrSrjrifqkdawmh om;i,fok0ÀomrtwGuf pkd;&drfylaqG;jyD;ikdau|;-u./
a&mufcsdefwefvkd@ jyefa&mufrvmaom rdbwkd@twGuf om;ok0Àomr pkd;&drfaomujzpfjyD;
rdbwdk@oGm;ae-uae&mrsm;ukd vkdufvH±SmazG. opfyif-uD;wyifatmufwGif rdbESpfyg;ikdau|;aewm
ukdawG@&. tarwkd@ tazwkd@[kvSrf;ac:aomtcg /
om;ok0Àomr 'DopfyifatmufudkrvmygeJ@ 'DopfyifatmufrSmtEW&m,f±Sdw,f tarwk@d
tazwkd@vJ 'DopfyifatmufrSm rkd;ckdrdv@dk rsufpdESpfuGif;tvif;rJhum uG,fcJh./
ok0ÀomrvJ awmifykd@ay:wGif rkd;ckdaeaom rdbwkd@tm; awmifykd@twGif;±Sd arGa[mufrS pdwf
qkd;I tpdwfcdk;vGwfojzifh rsufpduG,fchJa-umif;oabmaygufum EG,fóud;a±SòyvkyfjyD; rdbwk@d xHay;
v#uf rdrdxHa&mufatmif ac:av./
rsufpdrjrifaomrdbESpfyg;ukd-unfhjyD; ok0Àomrowk@d omav; ikdvnf;ikd. &,fvnf;&,f.
xkdokd@ ikdvnf;ikd &,fvnf;&,faomtcg ok0Àomrukd rdcifzcifwkd@uar;-u. cspfom;ok0Àom
r tb,fha-umifh ikdvnf;ikd &,fvnf;&,fygoenf;=======´
tkdrdcifzcifwkd@ oifwkd@i,f±G,fpOftcguyif rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;rJhcJhojzifh rsm;pGm0rf;enf;
I ikdau|;&ygonf ,QKtcg igonf aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd ðypkvkyfau|;cGifh&jyD ,ae@upjyD; aus;Zl;
±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd ukd,fwkdifðypkvkyfau|;&awmhrnfqkdwmodI tvGef0rf;omaoma-umifh &,fygonf
[kajym-um;avonf/
aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd ausmif;ocFrf;ok@d a&mufatmifac:aqmifvmjyD; rdbESpfyg;wk@d . nOfh
oef@pif&m ae@oef@pif&m ukdvnf;pDpOfay;. p-uF Hav#muf&mY‚if; usif-uD;usifi,ftdrfae&mukd‚if;
trSwftom;ñud;wef;wkd@ukd pDpOfay;./
aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg; rsufpduG,fonfhae@upjyD; ok0Àomrowkd@om;av;onf eHufapm
apmxum ausmifocFrf;wkd@ukd wysufpD;vSJokwfoif. rdbrsm;twGuf rsufESmopfa& 'efyl ponf
wkd@ukd tpOfoifhðyvkyfxm;. rd*orRwmjrpfo@dk oGm;a&mufum csdK;a& okH;a&wkd@ukd ae@pOfae@wdkif;a&
 27
tkd;jzifho,faqmifxm;./
&moDOwkat;aomtcg a&ylpDpOfI rdrdudk,fwdkifa&csdK;ay;. ajcvufwkd@ukd okwfoifay;.
tyl"gwf&&ef xif;wkd@ukd±SmazGI rD;zkdumrD;v+Hap. trdtzwkd@tm; aumif;rGefaomopfoD;opfOwd@k
ukd tm[m&jzpfatmif au|;arG;ðypkI rdbwk@d pm;I usefaomtoD;tESHukdrS rdrdokH;aqmif./
ok0Àomrowkd@om;onf rdbESpfyg;tm; ±kdaopGm±Sdckd;I rdbESpfyg; aemufwae@ okH;aqmif
&eftwGuf awmxJokd@ om;orifwkd@ESihftwl opfoD; opfO opfzk opfjrpfwd@k ukd ±SmazG&efxGufcGm.
udEM&D udEM&mwkd@uvJ aumif;rGefaomopfoD;wk@d ukd±SmazGumay;-u./
rdrdukdwkdifvJ rdcifzcifwkd@twGuf tm[m&jzpfrJh toD;tESHawGukd óud;pm;±SmazG cl;,l. wd&
p>mef -uD;i,f toG,foG,fuvnf; 0kdif;0ef;cl;ay;-u./
ok0Àomr a&cyfqif;aomtcgrSmvJ om;oriftaygif;wkd@onf aomufa& okH;aqmifa&
wkd@ukd ausmif;ocFrf;ta&muf 0kdif;0ef;o,faqmifay;-u./awmwGif;om;av; ok0Àomrb0rSm
awmwGif;wd&p>mefawGESifh cifrif&if;ESD;zG,fjrifuGif;um; tHh-obG,faumif;yg./
ausmif;ocFrf;jyefa&mufaomtcg rdbESpfyg;tm;±kdaopGm±Sdckd;I naecsrf; tcsdeftcgðy&aom
0wf-uD;0wfi,fwkd@ukdðypk. rdbESpfyg;tm; ajcqkyfvufe,fðyay;. opfoD;±SmazGaom awmwGif;t
awG@tóuHawGukdvJ om,memaysmfbG,faumif;atmifajymjy./ rdbwkd@. usif-uD;usifi,ftoG,f
oG,fukdvnf; r±GHr±Smðyvkyfay;./
pm±+oltaqG oifvJaus;Zl;±Sif rdbESpfyg;ukd ok0Àomrowkd@om;av; rdcifzcifaus;Zl;±Sif
wkd@tm; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omwm0efausatmif aqmif±GufaeouJokd@ aqmif±GufEkdifatmif usdK;pm;yg
vkd@wkdufwGef;yg./ ok0Àomrvkd om;aumif;wa,mufjzpfatmif aqmif±GufaewJh udpPawGudk t
wk,loifhyg./ vkdufemusifhusHtm;xkwfoifhyg./'grS oifvJom;aumif;wa,mufjzpfrSmaocsm./
awmwGif;om;av;ok0ÀomrESihf rdcifzcifwkd@. om,m-unfEl;bG,fjrifuGif;ESihf awmwGif;
wd&p>mefwkd@. aysmf±$ifzG,ftzkHzkHwkd@um; 0rf;enf;p&m ausuGJp&m wkHv+yfacsmufcsm;p&mawGe@J óuH
awG@&rJh ae@wae@ukda&muf±Sdvm./
Am&m%oDjynfwGif rif;tjzpftkyfpdk;aeaom yDVd,uQrif;-uD;onf orifom;ukdtvGefóuduf
aoma-umifh rdrdtkyfcsKyfaeaom wkdif;jynf. tm%mukd rdcifr,fawmf-uD;vufokd@ tyfESif;jyD; [dr
0EWmawmokd@ 0ifa&mufum om;orifw@dk udk owfjzwfv#ufpm;aomufae./
[r0EWmawmtwGif; wae&mESihfwae&m vSnhfvnfusufpm;um om;orifw@dk tm;acs&mcH
Ivkdufvm&m ok0Àomr owkd@om;av; a&cyfqif;&m rd*orRwm jrpfem;okd@a&mufvm. orif
acs&mawGjrpfurf;ab;wGif rsm;pGmawG@wmESihf òcHykwfuG,fum orifukd apmifhae./
naecsrf;tcsdefa&mufaomtcg ok0Àomr owkd@om;vJ rdcifzcif aus;Zl;±Sifw@dk twGuf
aomufa& okH;a& csdK;a&tvkd@iSm 0kdif;0ef;o,faqmifay;aom om;orifaygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ rd*orRwm
jrpfurf;okd@ a&cyfqif;vm./
 28
om;orifawG&J@ tv,faumifrSm eDndka&mif0wfpkHeJ@ a±$tqif;uJhokd@vSyaomok0Àom
r owkd@om;av;ukdawG@aomtcg yDVd,uQrif;-uD;rsm;pGmtH@-ooGm;. awm-uD;eufv,frSmvlom;
awGukd tifrwefa-umuf±GH@aom om;orifawG w±kH;±kH;ESifh a&cyfqif;vmaom awmwGif;om;av;
ok0Àomrukd vlavm ewfavm e*g;avm[k yDVd,uQrif;-uD; cGJcsm;r&jzpfae./
xkdtH@-obG,faumif;aomyk*~dKvf. teD;ok@d oGm;I ar;&ifvJ ewfjzpf&if aumif;uifo@dk jyef
oGm;ekdif. e*g;jzpf&ifvJ ajrv#dK;um ajymufoGm;Ekdif. wkdif;jynfjyefa&mufvkd@ 0ef-uD; r+;-uD; rwf-uD;
awGukd 'Dta-umif;ajymjy&if vufqkyfvufukdif rjyEkdifaom rdrdpum;tm; b,folrS ,kH-urnf r
[kwfyg vufqkyfvufukdifjyEkdifatmif xkdyk*~dKvfukd tqdyfvl;aom jrm;jrifhjypfjyD; rajy;Ekdifatmif ðy
vkyfjyD;rS ar;rnf[kqkH;jzwfvkduf./
om;orifawGvJ a&aomuftjyD; ok0ÀomrvJ a&csdK;jyD;I a&tkd;jzifha&cyfum om;o
rifawGESifh twl urf;ay:okd@wufvmaomtcg yDVd,uQrif;-uD;onf ok0Àomrtm; tqdyfvl;
aomjrm;jzifh ypfcwfvkduf./ tqdyfvl;jrSm;onf ok0Àomr. vuf,meHyg;rS 0ifI vuf0JeHyg;rS
xGufav. om;orifwkd@vJ tEW&m,f±dSjyDqdkwmodwmeJ@xGufajy;-u./
tqdyfjrm;'gefcH&aom ok0ÀomrvJ a&tkd;ukdtomcsum aus;Zl;±Sifrdbrsm;±Sd&mt&yf
okd@ OD;acgif;vSnfhI ±kdaopGm±Sdckd;jyD; ikdau|;v#uf vJ-uoGm;./
ok0Àomr. ikdau|;jcif;onf rdrdtwGufidkau|;jcif;r[kwf rdrdr±Sdawmhv#if rsufrjrifrdb
ESpfyg; 'kuQa&mufrnfukdpkd;&drfjyD; ikdau|;jcif;jzpfyg./
arwWmbm0emarhav#mhv#uf a&cyfqif;vmaom igtm; b,foljrm;jzifhjypfygoenf; T
awmxJY rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;ESifh ightm; &efol[lI r±SdcJhyg ightom;uvJ pm;aumif;aomtom; r
[kwfyg igukdjrm;jzifhjypfjyD; tb,fha-umifh ykef;aeygoenf;======´/
ydVd,uQrif;-uD; ok0Àomr ar;aompum;ukd -um;aomtcg vlom;pifppfqdkwmodvdkuf
&./ Tvlom;onf igtqdyfvl;jrm;jzifh jypfaomfvnf; pdwfrqkd;bJ cspfzG,faompum;ukdomqkd.
Tvlom;rSm jrifhjrwfaomvlom; jzpfwef&m. igoGm;ar;rS oifhawmfrnf[k ðcHykwfxJrS xGufvm
um ok0ÀomrESifhpum;ajym./
tarmifvkvif u|Ekfyfonf Am&m%oDwkdif;jynf-uD;. bk&ifyDVd,uQrif;-uD;jzpfygonf om;
orifwkd@ukd ±SmazGum rd*orRwm jrpfurf;em;okd@ a&mufvm. TawmxJwGif xl;qef;tH@-obG,f
aumif;aom oifhukdawG@&I vlavm ewfavm e*g;avm rcGJjcm;Ekdifojzifh jrm;jzifhjypfrdyg./
tarmifvkvif oifum;tb,folenf; tb,ft&yfrSvmygoenf; oifESifh oifhrdcifzcif
wkd@. trnfonf tb,fokd@ac:ygoenf;/[kar;av./
tqdyfvl;jrm;'gef&mjzifh emusifaoma0'emcHpm;ae&aom ok0ÀomrrS jrwfaomrif;-uD;
usef;rmcsrf;omygap u|EfkyfrdbESpfyg;rSm 'kulvESifhyg&dum[kac:ygonf ,QKtcgrsufpdESpfuGif;tvif;
r&awmhyg u|Efkyfemrnfuawmh ok0Àomr[kac:ygonf rsufpduG,faeaom aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;
 29
tm; ðypkvkyfau|;aeaom om;wa,mufjzpfyg./
xkdtcg yDVd,uQrif;-uD;onf ok0Àomrukd rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;tm;ðypkvkyfau|;aeaom ol
awmfpOf a,musFm;jrwftjzpfodav. rif;-uD;onfok0Àomrukdawmif;yefpum;qkd./
jrwfaomrif-uD; oifh&J@tqdyfvl;jrm;onf u|Efkyftm; emusifaom a0'emcHpm;&wmrSefaomf
vnf; aus;Zl;±Sifrsufrjrif rdbESpfyg;wk@d onf ,QKtcg aomufa&ESifh tpm;tpm rokH;aqmif&v#if
ao&awmhrnfhab;ukd awG;-unfhjyD; oifrif;-uD;&J@ tqdyfvl;jrm;xuf tpaygif;rsm;pGm igh&ifudkem
usifwJ@a0'emawG jzpfay:vmapyg./
rsufrjrifaus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;onf u|Ekfyf ausmif;ocFrf;ok@d jyefa&mufvmcsdef jyefa&mufrvm
&if rjrifrprf;ESifh awmxJvSnfhvnfum cspfom;ok0Àomr====cspfom;ok0Àomr[k wa-umf
a-umf[pfau|;v#uf atmf[pfikdau|;um ESpfvkH;uGJI aoyGJ0if&rnfhtjzpfudkawG;-unfhjyD;toifrif;
-uD;. tqdyfvl;jrm;xuf trdtzwk@d udkrjrif&aom pkd;&drfjcif;wnf;[laom aomujrm;utu|Efkyf
ay:rSm tq &maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm ykdjyD;emusifaoma0'emukdcHpm;&yg./
tarmifok0Àomr oifhvkdolawmfaumif;ukd jypfrSm;rdonfhtwGuf tEl;tnGwfawmif;yef
yg. oifhukdvnf; txl;-unfnkdvSyg. rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;ukd ðypkvkyfau|;aeaom a,musFm;jrwf
olawmfpOfukd tu|Efkyftqdyfvl;jrm;jzifh jypfrdonfhtwGuf txl;a-uuGJ0rf;eJ&yg. /
TtjypfawGrS ausajymufatmif u|Efkyfonf ,ae@rSpI Am&m%oD jynfh±Sifrif;-uD;b0ukd
tjyD;tykdifpGef@v$wfum oifh&J@aus;Zl;±Sifrsufrjrif rdbESpfyg;ukd u|Efkyf. rdbt&if;uJho@dk aowyef
oufwqkH; ðypkvkyfau|;ygrnf[k *wdpum;ajym-um;av./
ok0ÀomrvJ rdbwkd@twGuf pkd;&drfylaqG;&aom aomua0'em oufom&m&ap. t±Sif
rif;-uD; t±Sifrif;-uD;tm; ±Sdckd;yg. tu|Efkyf. rsufrjrif rdbESpfyg;ukd ðypkvkyfau|;rnf[k *wday;
onfhtwGuf txl;bJ0rf;ajrmufvSyg./
t±Sifrif;-uD; tu|Efkyf. rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;ukd om;jzpfol ok0ÀomrrS vuftkyfcsDrdk;±Sdcdk;
uawmhvkdufonfhta-umif; ajymjyvkdufyg tu|Efkyfav#mif;puf&m OD;acgif;t&yf±Sd vrf;av;rSoGm;
&if rdcifzcifwkd@aexkdif&m ausmif;ocFrf;ok@d a&mufygvdrfhrnf [k ajym-um;jyD; rdef;armoGm;av./
yDVd,uQrif;-uD;vJ rdrda±S@wGif pum;ajymqkdI owdvpf rdef;armoGm;aom ok0Àomrukd
aoqkH;oGm;jyDtxifESifh rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;ukd ðypkvkyfau|;aeaom vlom;jrwf ok0Àomrukd t
qdyfvl;jrm;jzifh jypfowfrdonfhtwGuf aemifwawGtvDvD&um 0rfeJausuGJr+awG rsm;pGmjzpfjyD;
-uD;pGmaomikdau|;jcif;jzifhikdau|;ae./
ok0Àomr. a±S;b0u r,fawmfjzpfbl;aom *E<mrmeawmifapmifhewfoRD;vJ ok0Àom
rukd tjrJapmifha±SmufjyD;-unfh±+aeavh±Sd. ,ae@ewfwkd@.pnf;pdrfawGukd cHpm;aewmESihf r-unhfrdbJ
,QKrS-unfhvkdufawmh om;ok0Àomr tqdyfjrm;rSefum arharsmaea-umif;awG@&./
*E<mrmeawmifapmifhewfoRD;onf csufcsif;a&mufvmum yDVd,uQrif-uD;tm; toifrif;-uD;
 30
toifrif;-uD;onf jrm;wpif;jzifh rdom;pkoHk;a,muftm; wðydifwnf; owfovkdjzpfyg. rsufrjrif
rdbESpfyg;tm; ðypkvkyfau|;&ef oifrif;-uD;rSmwm0ef±Sdygonf[k ajym-um;av./
yDVd,uQrif;-uD; 'kulvESifh yg&dumwkd@ukd ok0ÀomrxH ac:vmjyD; rdbESpfyg;ESihf rdrdopPmqkdrS
ok0Àomr jrm;qdyfrSoufomjyD; rdbESpfyg;vJ rsufpdjyefjrifrnfqkdwmodvkd@ wkdufwGef;jcif;jzpfyg./
yDVd,uQrif;-uD;vJ rdrdtjypfukd0HcHum ok0Àomr. rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;tm; toufxufqHk;
ðypkvkyfau|;ygrnf[k *wday;um aomufa&tkd;ukdxrf;I ok0ÀomrnGefjyxm;onfhvrf;twkdif;
ausmif;ocFrf;okd@oGm;av./
ausmif;ocFrf;okd@ a&mufvmaomtcg a&tkd;xrf;vmaom yDVd,uQrif;-uD;. ajceif;oHjyif;
aoma-umifh 'kulv&aohrS ol@om;ok0Àomr r[kwfbl;qkdwm odonfhtwGuf toifb,fol
vJ[k ar;av./ t±Sif&aoh u|Efkyfonf Am&m%oDwkdif;jynf.bk&ifjzpfygonf/
t±Sif&aohwkd@tm; tEl;tnGwfawmif;yefyg. oifwkd@.cspfvSpGmaom om;ok0Àomrukd
u|Efkyfjrm;jzifhjypfowfrdyg. ok0Àomrukd,fpm; rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;ukd rdrd.rdb&if;uJho@dk wouf
vkH;ðypkvkyfau|;ygrnf[k cGifhawmif;pum;ajym-um;. oifwkd@om; ok0ÀomruvJ oifw@dk tm;±kd
aopGm±Sdckd;vkdufa-umif;rSm-um;yg. oifwkd@om;ukdowfrdaom tu|Efkyftm; cGihfv$wfyg&efESihfu|Efkyf
tm; om;t&ifuJhokd@ oabmxm;jyD; ðypkvkyfau|;cGifhðyyg&ef awmif;yefav./
'kulvESifh yDVd,uQrif;-uD;wkd@ pum;ajymoH-um;I yg&dum&aohr óud;wef;ukdudkifI 'kulv
ausmif;okd@a&mufvm. 'kulv&aohrS tusdK;a-umif;ajymjyjyD; Am&m%oDrif;-uD;tm; trsufr
xGuf&ef owday;pum;ajym-um;./'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@onf om;jzpfol ok0Àomr. *k%faus;
Zl;awG ajymqkdumikdau|;-u./
t±Sif;rif-uD; t±Sifrif;-uD;onf u|Efkyfwkd@wkdif;jynf. t±Sifocifjzpfaoma-umifh u|Efkyfw@dk tm;
ðypkvkyfau|;jcif;onf roifhawmfyg t±Sifrif;-uD;ukd tu|Ekfyfwkd@±dSckd;yg. t±Sifrif;-uD;aomufawmf
a&vJokH;aqmifyg om;cspfok0Àomr qGwfcl;xm;aom opfoD;wk@d udkvJokH;aqmifawmfrlyg[k zdwf
rEWuðyav./
'kulvESifh yg&dumwkd@ pum;ukd-um;v#if yDVd,uQrif;-uD; tawmftH@-ooGm;. olw@dk .&ifESpf
oD;csmom;&wemukd owfvmaom&efoludkyif trsufrxGufbJ csdKomaompum;awGESihfajymqkd.
om;jzpfol ok0ÀomruvJ jrm;jzifhjypfolrdrdtm; ±kdif;pkdif;aompum;awGrajymqkdbJ om,mbG,f
pum;awGomajymqkdcJh./
'kulvESifhyg&dumrdbESpfyg;uvJ rdrdw@k dtwGufrpkd;&drfbJ om;jzpfolok0ÀomrtwGufom
pkd;&drfpum;ajymqkd. om;jzpfol ok0ÀomruvJ rdrdtwGufrpkd;&drfbJ rdbESpfyg;twGufompkd;&drf
pum;ajymqkd. Trdom;pkb0onf ta&twGuftm;jzifh okH;b0jzpfaomfvnf; ta&tcsif;tm;
jzifh wb0wnf;omjzpf. Trdom;pk. jrifhjrwfaomtusifh arwWm"gwfjynfh0ykHum; tH@-obG,f
±SdygaypG vlom;wkdif;vdkufemtwkcdk;oifhaom tusifhaumif;awGjzpfyg./
 31
'kulvESifhyg&dumwkd@u om;jzpfol ok0ÀomrxHykd@ay;&ef awmif;qkdvmonfhtwGuf yDVd
,uQrif;-uD;onf ok0Àomr±Sd&m rd*orRwm jrpfurf;okd@ac:aqmifvmcJh./
ok0ÀomrxHokd@a&mufaomtcg zcifjzpfaom'kulv&aohonf om;cspf. OD;acgif;ukdrdrd
aygifay:okd@wifI‚if; rdcifjypfolyg&dumonf &ifESpfoD;csmom;&wem. acsESpfacsmif;ukdrdrdaygifay:
okd@wifI‚if; om;jzpfol. rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;tm;ðypkvkyfau|;ykH rdbtay:wm0efausaom om;
aumif;wa,mufjzpfykHwkd@ukdajymqkdum om;jzpfoltm;zufv#uf oD;xefpGm ikdau|;-u./
om;jzpfolukd wtm;zufumikdau|;rS ok0Àomrowkd@om;av;&J@ cE<mukd,frSm ukd,faiG@±dSae
ao;a-umif;od-u&. 'kulvESifhyg&dumwk@d om;jzpfolok0Àomr toufraoao;bJowdarhajrm
aea-umif;od±Sdum opPmt"dXmefðy&ef qkH;jzwf-u./
“ rdcifyg&dum &aohr opPmt"dXmefðyykH”
ighom;ok0Àomronf rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;tm; ðypkvkyfau|;aom om;aumif;&wemw
yg;jzpfyg. tukokdvfawGukdrðyvkyfyg olawmfaumif;tusifhukdomusifhyg. rSefaompum;ukdomqkd
yg. ouf±G,f-uD;&ihfolwkd@tm; ±kdaoav;pm;. igonf ighxuf ighom;ukd cspfjrwfEkd;yg. igonf‚if;
om;.zcifonf‚if; ukokdvfaumif;r+ tjrJðyyg. TrSefuefaom opPmpum;a-umifh ighom;cspfok0
Àomr cHpm;ae&aom jrm;qdyfrS tjrefajymufuif;ygap[k opPmt"dXmefðyav./
“rdcifyg&dum.opPmt"dXmefpum;jyD;qkH;wmESifh ok0Àomr tenf;i,fv+yf±Sm;vm.”
“zcif'kulv&aoh opPmt"dXmefðyykH”
ighom;ok0Àomronf rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;ukdðypkvkyfau|;aeaom om;aumif;&wemw
a,mufjzpfyg. raumif;r+tukokdvfawGudkrðyvkyfyg olawmfaumif;tusifhukdomusihfyg. rSef
aompum;ukdomqkdyg. ouf±G,f-uD;&ifholwkd@tm;±kdaoav;pm;. igonf ightoufxuf ighom;
ukd cspfjrwfEkd;yg. igonf‚if; om;.rdcifonf‚if; ukokdvfaumif;r+ukdtjrJðyyg. TrSefuefwhJopPm
pum;a-umifh ighom;cspfok0Àomr cHpm;ae&aom jrm;qdyfa0'emrS tjrefajymufuif;ygap[k o
pPmt"dXmefðyav./
“zcif'kulv. opPmt"dXmefpum;jyD;qkH;wmESifh ok0Àomr rsm;pGmv+yf±Sm;vm.”
“b0a[mif;ur,fawmf A[kokEN&DewfoRD;opPmt"dXmefðyykH”
igonfrsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;tm;ðypkvkyfau|;aeaom cspfom;ok0Àomr rSwyg; wpkHwa,muf
aom cspfjrwfEkd;aomolonfr±Sdyg igaeaom *E<mrmeawmifY tvkH;pkHaomawmwkd@onf e@Homt
wdomjyD;ukef. eH@omr[kwfaom wpkHwckaomopfyifrnfonfr±Sdyg TrSefuefaomopPm t"d
Xmefpum;a-umifh ighom;ok0Àomr rsm;qdyfrSajymufapY rsufrjrifrdbESpfyg;vJ rsufpdESpfuGif; t
vif;&ygap[k opPmt"dXmefðyav./
“A[kokEN&DewfoRD; opPmt"dXmefðyjyD;aomtcg ok0Àomronf jrm;qdyfrSajymufI xxkdif
. rdcifzcifESpfyg;vJ rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;&-u.”
 32
om;jzpfol ok0ÀomrvJ rdbESpfyg;tm;zufI‚if; rdbESpfyg;rSvJ om;jzpfoltm;zufI‚if;
0rf;omvGef;vkd@ rsuf&nfðzdifðzdif-uav./ TjrifuGif;ukd-unfhjyD; yDVd,uQrif;-uD;tH@-ooGm;av./
tarmifok0Àomr avmurSm aoaewJhvl jyef±SifvmwmawG@&I rsm;pGmtH@-o&yg. oifh
&J@xl;qef;tH@-obG,faumif;wJh *k%faus;Zl;awGum; ajymr,kH óuHbl;rSodyg.[kajymav./
t±Sifrif;-uD; u|Ekfyfraoyg tqdyfjrm;'gef&ma-umifh arhajrmoGm;jcif;omjzpfyg. t±Sifrif;-uD;
rdbESpfyg;ukd±kd±kdaoao vkyfau|;olrSefor# ewfawGcspfI tEW&m,f wckck -ua&mufvm&if tum
tuG,fay;I ewfaq;jzifhvJ ukoay;wwfyg./ u|Ekfyfukdvnf; olawmfaumif;ewfawG aq;ukay;
onfhtwGuf toifrif;-uD;jypfvkdufaom jrm;'gef&myif r±Sdawmhyg[k jyav./
yDVd,uQrif;-uD; t-uD;t-u,ftH@-oae. jrm;qdyfxdrSefI aovkpJpJ a&mufaeaomvlw
a,mufukd rsufrjrif rdbESpfyg;tm; ðypkvkyfau|;aeyg. qkdwJh rSefuefwJh opPmpum;u u,fwif
vkdufwmukd ukd,fawG@óuHawG@vkduf&awmh yDVd,uQrif;-uD;. 0rf;omr+rSm az:rjyEdkifatmifjzpfav.
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfaeaom yDVd,uQrif;-uD;ESifh ok0Àomr rdom;pkw@dk onf ausmif;
ocFrf;okd@jyefoGm;um yDVd,uQrif;-uD;tm; ok0ÀomrrS rif;usihfw&m;q,fyg;ESifhtnD wkdif;jynf
ukdtkyfcsKyf&efw&m;a[m. yDVd,uQrif;-uD;vJ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvufcHI wkdif;jynfo@dk jyefum rif;
usifhw&m;q,fyg;ESifhtnD wkdif;jynfukdtkyfcsKyf.
ok0Àomrwkd@rdom;pkvJ awmxJwGif w&m;bm0emrsm; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfonfhtwGuf
psmeftbdnmOfrsm;ukd&. yDVd,uQrif;-uD;uG,fvGefaomtcg ewfjynfo@dk a&mufI ok0Àomrwk@d
rdom;pk uG,fvGefaomtcg psmeftbdnmOfw@dk . wefcdk;tmEkabmfa-umifh jA[Rmjynfo@dk a&muf./
vlom;tm;vkH; aus;Zl;±SdcJhbl;aom rdcifzcif aus;Zl;±Sifwkd@tm; ausaus eyfeyf usus ee
±kd±kd aoao ðypkvkyfau|;oifhyg./
rdbrsm;ukdðypkvkyfau|;wJhukodkvfuHonf tvGeftqdyfjyif;wJh ab;awGrS u,fwifEkdifw,f
qkd&if omrmefab;tEW&m,favmufuawmh ajymqkdbG,fyifr±Sdyg rdbudpPrSefor#ukdaqmif±Gufay;
rSomv#if ab;tEW&m,fawGuif;±Sif;jyD; om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfr,fqkdwm odapcsifv@dk o*FZm
q&mawmf-uD;rS aqmif±GufpDrH qkdwJhvuFmukd bk&m;a[mESifhtnD pDukef;xm;jcif;jzpfyg./

arGcHxkdufap
rdbtarGqkdwm avmuDtarG avmukwW&mtarGESpfrsdK;±Sd. rdbawGykdifqkdifwJh pD;yGm;OpPmawG
ukd rdbrsm;uG,fvGefonfhtcg a0csrf;jyD; cGJ,lwmrsdK;ukd avmuDtarG[kac:qkdI rdbawGvufxuf
rSm ðyvkyfxm;cJhwJh ukokdvfaumif;r+awGukd rdrdwkd@vufxufrSm qufvufaqmif±GufEdkifjcif;onf
avmukwW&mtarG[kac:./
xkdavmuDtarG avmukwW&mtarG ESpfrsdK;vkH;ukd cH,lxkdufEkdifatmifusdK;pm;rSomv#if avm
 33
utv,fwGif olawmfaumif;ynm±SdawG csD;rGrf;tyfaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfrSmaocsm./
avmurSm rdbawGuG,fvGefjyDqdk&if usef&pfcJhwJhom;oRD;awG rdbvufxufjzpfay:vmaom
ypPnf;OpPmrsm;ukd tnDtr# cGJa0um,l-u. r#wa-ueyf&if bmjy\emrS rjzpfyg rr#wvk@d avm
btpGef; a'gotpGef; rmetpGef; xGufvm&ifawmh pum;rsm;-u. &efjzpf-u. ±kH;a&muf &Jpcrf;
a&mufESifh rukefoifhwmawG ukef-u./
armifESr&if;csmawGvJ aocrf;jywf ±Sifcrf;jywf[k i&Ja&mufapwwfwJh a'goawG rmeawG
ukd tðydif-uJum -uD;rS rkdufae-uwJh rkdufuef;uef; -uD;rkduf-uD;awGudkvJ avmuvl@bHkrSmoem;p&m
owW0gawGtjzpf rsm;pGm óuHawG@ae&yg./
rdrdykdifwJ@ypPnf;OpPmawGqkdwm vl@b0rSm rae&vkd@ao-uwJhtcg rdrdaemufukd eJeJav;rS v+yf
jyD;vkdufvmrnf r[kwfyg usef&pfcJhwhJolawG cHpm;pHpm;bkd@ xm;cJh&yg. ZeD;r,m;oRD;om;ESihf aqGrsdK;
rdwfaqGawG qkdwmvJ ok\mefwp oif;csdKif;0vkdufykd@jyD; atmf[pfidkau|;v#uf jyefoGm;-uwm ol
ao igykd@ igaoolykd@ avmuobm0xkH;pHjzpfyg./
rdrdðyvkyfxm;wJh 'ge oDv bm0em paomukokdvfuHeJ@ avmb a'go rme paomtukodkvf
uHawGuawmh rdrdaemufukd t&dyfyrm vkdufvmjyD; ukokdvfuHrsm;aomyk*~dKvfawGrSm aumif;usdK;&
±SdrSmaocsmI tukokdvfuHawGrsm;wJhyk*~Kdvfuawmh raumif;usdK;awG&rSmaocsmyg./
vl@b0qkdwm ykcufESifh acgif;t-um; c%av;yg wkdawmif;vSaom umvav;rSm avmb
awG a'goawG rmeawGeJ@ ESpfyg;oGm;aer,fqkd&ifawmh vl@b0ukd&±SdayrJh vljzpf±H+;aom vl@b0om
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
tedpPqkdwJh rjrJwJhoabmw&m;ukd ukd,fwkdifrodao;or#awmh igodw,f igwwfw,f igh
avmufem;vnfwJhvl avmur±Sdbl;qkdwhJ rme&J@om;aumif jzpfaetkH;rSmaocsmyg./
igvnf;rjrJbl; igypPnf;OpPmawGvJ rjrJbl;[k aoaocsmcsm odwhJtcsdefa&mufvm&if rme
w&m;awG c0gcsum igrSm;jyDqkdwJh aemifwoHa0*awGukd &if0,fykdufjyD; aemifrSw&wJh aemifwrsdK;ukd
b,fawmhrS rjzpf&avatmif usdK;pm;tm;xkwfoifhyg./
vl@b0 c%av;ukd nD&if;tukd armif&if;ESrawG nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ aysmf±$ifbG,f vl@b0jzpf
atmif aESmif;vlom;awG pHjyerlemtjzpf vkdufemrSwfom;&atmif avmuDtarGjzpfwhJ rdbOpPmukd
rdbudpPawGukd trsm;qkH;aqmif±Gufay;aomom;oRD;awGomv#iftusdK;cHpm;cGihfykdrkd&±Sdoifhyg./
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmftcgu ZËdvolaX;-uD;Zmwfawmfuvnf; rSwfom;p&mawG
vkdufemp&mawG twk,lp&mawGrsm;pGmeJ@/ ±SufwwfwJh om;oRD;awGtwGufawmh ocFef;pm,lp&m
awG tjynfheJ@yg/
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmftcgu olaX;-uD;ig;OD;wGif wOD;tyg0ifjzpfaom ZËdvolaX;
-uD;rSm om;okH;a,muf±Sd. ZËdvolaX;-uD; touf-uD;vmaomtcg om;okH;a,mufudk ac:qkdjyD;
cspfom;wkd@ zcifvJtouf-uD;vmjyD zciftwGufaobkd@tcsdefeD;vmcsdefrSm zcifb0twGuftm;ukd;
 34
p&m w&m;awGtm;xkwfbkd@ &[ef;0wfcsifw,f/
cspfom;wkd@vJ t±G,fa&mufvmjyDqkdawmh ukd,fhtm;ukdudk;jyD; -uD;yGm;atmif usdL;pm;-uyg
zcif&J@tarGawGukdvJ tnDtr# cGJa0,l-uyg[k ajym-um;av./
ZËdvolaX;-uD;&J@ twdwfuHa-umifh tdrfaemufzufrSm tawmif±Spfq,fcef@±dSaom a±$awmif
-uD;±Sdaeawmh om;okH;a,muftm; tnDtr# cGJa0ay;&eftwGuf om;-uD;tm; a±$aygufc|ef;ay;jyD;
a±$awmif-uD;tm; aygufckdif;. om;-uD;vJ tm;±Sdoavmufaygufygaomfvnf; b,fvdkrSaygufr&
bJ a±$aygufc|ef;omjyefuefxGufvm./
om;-uD;aygufvkd@r&wmeJ@ om;vwftm;a±$aygufc|ef;ay;jyD;aygufckdif;jyef. om;vwfvJ a±$
aygufc|ef;jzifh tm;ukefaygufaomfvJ b,fvdkrSaygufr&bJ a±$aygufc|ef;omjyefuefxGufvm. om;
vwfaygufvkd@r&awmh om;i,ftm;aygufcdkif;jyef./
om;i,fonf a±$awmif-uD;tm; a±$aygufc|ef;jzifh tomt,maygufvdkufaomtcg a±$awmif
-uD;onf ajymhaomajr-uD;ukdaygufouJhokd@ tv$mvkduf tv$mvkduf uGm-uvm./
om;okH;a,muf a±$awmifaygufyHk jrifuGif;ukd-unfhjyD; ZËdvolaX;-uD;onf om;okH;a,muf
ukd -o0g'pum;ajymqkd. cspfom;wkd@ TtdrfaemufzufrSmaygufaeaoma±$awmif-uD;onf igESihfigh
om;i,fwkd@. ukokdvfuHa-umifh jzpfvmaoma±$awmif-uD;jzpf./
cspfom;i,fonf tukd-uD;ESifh tukdvwfukd r#r#ww ay;oifhwmay;jyD; oifw@dk v@l b0rSm
csrf;ompGmae-uyg ukokdvfaumif;r+awGukdvJ rarh rav#mh usdK;pm;tm;xkwfae-uyg [kajymqkdjyD;
&[ef;ðyum t±SifZËdvrax&f[k &[EWmrax&fwyg; tjzpf xif±Sm;cJhyg./
om;-uD;ESifh om;vwf bmjzpfv@dk a±$awmif-uD;ukd aygufvkd@r&wmvJ om;i,fuawmh bm
jzpfvkd@a±$awmif-uD;ukdaygufvkd@&wmvJqkdwhJ twdwfZmwfvrf;uawmh 'Dvkdyg/
u\ybk&m;±Sifvufxufawmftcgu ZËdvolaX;avmif;onf 'DZeD; 'Dom;okH;a,muf
ESifhyif a±$ywdrfonfjzpfcJh. u\ybk&m;±Sif y&dedAŠmefpHawmfrlaomtcg u\ybk&m;±Sif. o&D&
"gwfawmfawGukd "mwkr[ma±$apwDawmftjzpf wnfxm;ukd;uG,fbkd@ usdK;pm;tm;xkwf-u./
&[EWmrax&f-uD;wyg; OD;aqmifI a*gyutzG@J 0ifw@dk onf o&D&"mwkr[ma±$apwDawmf
-uD; tjrefwnfxm;jyD;pD;a&;twGuf ðrd@wGif;okd@ vSnfhvnfumE+d;aqmf-u./
a±$ywdrfonfrdom;pk tdrfa±S@a&mufawmh a±$ywdrfonfrdom;pkukd u\ybk&m;±Sif. o
&D&"mwka±$apwDawmftwGuf vkdtyfaoma±$udk vª'gef;&efarwWm&yfcH./
tvªcHyk*~dKvfawGa&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif ZËdvolaX;avmif;onf ZeD;jzpfolESihf pum;
rsm;&efjzpfae. ukvm;rEkdif &ckdifrJqkdonfhtwkdif; ZeD;rEkdifawmh tvªcHyk*~KdvfawGrJawmh./
'DrSmbmjzpfaeovJqkdwm bmrSrodbJ tvkdufuef;qkd;rodwJhtvªcHawG t±Sifbk&m;wk@d
"gwfawmfawG a&xJar#mjypfvkdufygvm;[k a±$ywdrfonf ZËdvolaX;avmif;onf bk&m;"gwfawmf
awGukd ±kdif;±kdif;pkdif;pkdif;ajym-um;vkduf./
 35
a±$ywdrfonf.ZeD;onf cifyGef;jzpfol. pum;ukd-um;aomtcg / cifyGef;jzpfoltm; ±Sif
±kdif;pkdif;vScsnfvm; tvGeftjypf-uD;wJh tr+-uD;ukd ±SifusK;vGefrdjyD / usrukdoabmrus&if ±kdufcsif
±kduf qJcsifqJygvm; bmjzpfvkd@jrwfpGmbk&m;"gwfawmfukd jypfrSm;&wmvJ/
tJ'DtjypfawG[m ±SiftwGuf b0qufwkdif; 'kuQawG a&mufawmhrSmbJ tjypfawGyajymuf
atmif &[EWmrax&f-uD;tm; ±Sdcdk;awmif;yefjyD; qkH;rpum;ukdem;axmifyg[kwdkufwGef;./
ZËdvolaX;avmif;a±$ywdrfonfvnf; ZeD;jzpfolajymrS xdyfvef@wkHv+yfjyD; &[EWmrax&f-uD;
tm; wynfhawmftjypfawG oD;cHawmfrlyg[k ±Sdcdk;awmif;yef. /
'umawmf ightay:rSm oifjypfrSm;ajymqkdrdwJhtjypfr±Sdyg oifjypfrSm;ajymqkdrdwmujrwfpGm
bk&m;&J@ o&D&"gwfawmfawGomjzpfw,f jrwfpGmbk&m;&J@ o&D&"gwfawGudkom ±Sdcdk;awmif;yefoifhyg
w,f[k &[EWmrax&fjrwf-uD;rS rdef@awmfrlvkduf./
t±Sifbk&m;wynfhawmf b,fvdk±dScdk;awmif;yef uawmh&rSmygvJbk&m;===´
'umawmf a±$yef;tkd;okH;vkH;ESihf a±$yef;ckdifokH;ck ðyvkyfjyD; jrwfpGmbk&m; o&D&"gwfawmfr[m
a±$apwDrSm XmyemI ±Sdckd;uawmhawmif;yefyg[k rdef@-um;awmfrl./
a±$yef;wdrfonf ZËdv olaX;avmif;onf o&D&"gwfawmfawGukdjypfrSm;rdwJh rdrd&@J tjypfawG
ajyajymufatmif o&D&"gwfawmf"mwkr[ma±$apwDawmfudkylaZmfuawmh&ef a±$yef;tkd;ESihf a±$yef;
ckdif okH;ckdifðyvkyfbkd@twGuf om;a±$ywdrfonfawGudk tultnDawmif;av./
om;-uD;jzpfoltm;tultnDawmif;aomtcg zcif Ttjypf[m zcifvGefusK;rdonfh t
jypfomjzpfygw,f u|efawmfvJtvkyfrtm;yg zcifomvkyfyg[kajymavonf/
om;vwfjzpfoltm; tultnDawmif;aomtcg zcif Tjypfr+[m zcif&J@ E+wfrapmifhpnf;
aoma-umifhomjzpfygw,f zciftjypfe@J zcifomvkyfyg[k ajymavonf/
ti,fqkH;om;tm; tultnDawmif;aomtcg zcif/zcif&J@udpPqkdwm om;&J@udpPomjzpfyg
w,f/zcif&J@wm0ef[m om;wm0efygbJ/ ukd-uD;ukdvwfwkd@ rulnDEkdifayrJh tm;ri,fyge@J zcif a±$yef;
tkd;okH;vkH;ESifha±$yef;ckdifokH;ckdifjyD;qkH;atmif om; zcifESifhtwl ðyvkyfygrnf[k *wday;av./
om;i,fonf zcifESifhtwl a±$yef;tkd;ESifha±$yef;cdkifwkd@udk twlwuGðyvkyfay;. zcifjzpfol
ZËdvolaX;avmif;onf o&D&"gwfawmfawGukd jzpfrSm;rdaom tjypfawGrS yajymufatmif o&D&"g
wka±$apwDawmf-uD;wGif a±$yeftkd;ESifha±$yef;ckdifw@dk udk XmyemoGif;I ±Sdckd;ylaZmfav./
a±$ywdrfonf ZËdvolaX;avmif;onf a±$ywdrfonfb0rS uG,fvGefaomtcg u\ybk&m;
±Sif. o&D& "gwfawmfawGukd a&xJar#mvkdufygvm;[k ajymcJhwJh 0pDtukokdvfuH tusdK;ay;aom
a-umifh arG;jyD;v#if arG;jyD;jcif; ckESpfb0awmif a&xJtar#mcH&./
“0pDab' xdwkdif;±S wJh a-umufp&maumif;vSyg.”
“bk&m;/ yapPuAk'<g/ &[EWmESihf/ oHCmtrsm; rxdyg;ESifh/ ESpfyg;rdb/ xdwkdif;±Svdrhf”
 36
bk&m;/ yapPuAk'<g/ oHCm ESihf rdbESpfyg;ukd 0pDuHjzifh jypfrSm;rdcJhaomf 0pDab' xdwdkif;±SwhJ
,QKvJ a±$ywdrfonf ZËdvolaX;avmif;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;"gwfawmfawG a&xJar#mvkdufygvm;[k
ajymcJhrdwJh 0pDuH[m rdrdukd,fwkdif arG;zGm;jyD;v#if arG;zGm;jyD;csif; ckESpfb0 a&xJtar#mcH&./
aemufqkH;b0rSm Am&m%oD olaX;oRD;wOD; rdbrsm;rS oRD;cspftm; tvSrysufatmif bkHck
ESpfqifhrSmxm;aomfvJyJ 0dZ…m"kd&f wOD;ESifh arSmufrSm;um rayghryg;jzpfjyD; om;av;wa,mufzGm;jrif
vm. b,folrS rodatmif tkd;xJxnfhjyD; a&xJar#mckdif;vkduf&./
uav;.bkef;uHa-umifh jrpfa&wGiftkd;repfðryfbJ a&pD;vrf;a-umif;twkdif;ar#mvm&m a&csdK;
qdyfwckteD;okd@ a&mufvm. a&csdK;qdyfwGif a&csdK;aeaom trsdK;oRD;ESpfa,mufrS tkd;ukd yxrjrif
aomtrsdK;oRD;onf ightkd;[kajymqkd. 'kwd,trsdK;oRD;rS tkd;xJwGifygaomypPnf; ighypPnf;[kajym./
a&tkd;ukdq,f,laomtcg tkd;xJwGif cspfzG,faomuav;i,fukdawG@-u. uav;i,fudk ol
&oifhonf ig&oifhonf[k jiif;ckHr+jzpf-u. aemufqkH;awmh ±Sifbk&ifxHa&mufjyD; jynfh±Sifrif;. t
qkH;tjzwfukd cH,l-u&./
,QKar#mvmaomtkd;onfightkd;[kqdkaomtrsdK;oRD;tm; tkd;ukd,lap/ tkd;xJwGifygaomypPnf;
igypPnf;[k ajymaomtrsdK;oRD;tm; uav;ukd,lap[k qkH;jzwfay;vkduf./
uav;&aom trsdK;oRD;onf ±Sifr[mupPnf;. qGrf;'umrjzpf. t±G,fa&mufvm&if t
±Sifr[mupPnf;xHwGif ±Sifomra%ðyay;rnf[k &nf±G,fcsufjzifh uav;i,fukd arG;jrLvm. cspfp
zG,fuav;i,fukd qHyifawGvdrfuspfaeojzifh ZËdv[kemrnfay;av./
uav;i,fq,fESpfcef@t±G,fwGif t±Sifr[mupPnf; rax&fjrwftm; tyfESHvdkuf. t±Sif
r[mupPnf;rax&fjrwfvJ uav;i,f. tem*gwfukdqifcsif-unfhvkdufaomtcg pnf;pdrfOpPmawG
rsm;pGmcHpm;jyD;rS &[ef;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k jrifawmfrlojzifh wuUokdvfjynfrS ukefonfwOD;jzpfaom rdrd
'umxHwGif tyfESHI ynmoifap./
ZËdvt±G,fa&mufvmaomtcg ukefonfolaX;onf c&D;oGm;p&m±Sdojzifh ZËdvtm; ukef
ypPnf;ESifh a&mif;&rnfhwefbkd;rsm;ukdrSm-um;jyD; c&D;xGufcGmoGm;./ukefonfolaX;. wq,fhESpf-um
a&mif;rxGufaomypPnf;rsm;ukd ZËdvonf w&ufwnf;jzifh ukefatmifa&mif;vkduf./
vlbkef;-uD;u ewfrsm;raeEkdifqkdonfhtwkdif; ðrd@apmifhewfrsm;onf aps;0,folrsm;tm; ZËdv
qkdifwGifom0,f,l&ef wefckd;jzifh pDpOfxm;-u. aps;0,folrsm;vJ ZËdvqkdifrSvJGI usefqdkifrsm;Y
0,f,l&ef qENr±Sd-uyg ZËdv bkef;uH-uD;bkd@ tcsdefa&mufvmum ukefypPnf;rsm; wae@wnf;jzifh
a&mif;ukefoGm;jcif;jzpf./
twdwfuðycJhaom bk&m;"gwfawmfawG a&xJar#mvkdufygvm;qkdwJhtukokdvfuHawG jyD;qkH;vkd@
a±$yeftkd;ESifha±$yef;ckdifukd o&D&"gwk r[ma±$apwDawmf-uD;tm; vª'gef;cJhwJh ukokdvfuHawGutusdK;
ay;bkd@ tcsdefwefvmjyD jzpfyg./
ukefonfolaX; c&D;oGm;&mrS tdrfjyefvmaomtcg wq,fhESpf-umpkykHxm;aom rdrdukefypPnf;
 37
awG rawG@awmhojzifh cspfom;ZËdv ukefypPnf;awGukd oifzsufpD;vkdufygovm;[kar;./
tkd==zcifrzsufpD;yg ukefypPnf;tm;vkH; ,refae@u w&ufwnf;jzifh aps;0,folrsm; 0,f,lvkd@
a&mif;ukefoGm;yg. a&mif;&aiGESifhpm&if;yg twdt-utyfESH./
ukefonfolaX;vJ rsm;pGmtH@-ooGm;. rdrd. wq,fhESpf-um a&mif;rukefaom ypPnf;rsm;ukd
w&ufwnf;jzifh ukefatmifa&mif;vkdufaom ZËdv. bkef;uHESifhta&tcsif;ukd tvGefoabm-u.
Tyk*~Kdvfum; tm*a,musFm;aywnf; awmufrnfhrD;cJ w&J&Jjzpf./
ZËdv owkd@om;. bkefuHESifht&nftcsif;um; woufvkH;qif;&JpGmae&rnfr[kwf csrf;om
pGmae&rnfhyk*~Kdvf[k,kH-unfum t±G,fa&mufaeaom rdrdoDR;ESihf xdrf;rsm;vufxyfay;vkduf./
ukefonfolaX;onf oRD;ESifhorufw@dk twGuf jcH0if;-u,fxJwGif tdrfopfwvkH;ygaqmufay;
. tdrfwufr*FvmyGJwGif ZËvwkd@ZeD;armifESH tdrfopfay:okd@ajccsonfESifh wðydifeuf xl;qef;tH@-o
bG,fawGjzpfvm. vlawGvJtH@bG,fbeef;jzpf-u./
tdrftaemufbufY tawmif±Spfq,fcef@±Sd a±$awmif-uD;onf xl;qef;tH@-obG,fay:xGuf
vm. twdwfa±$yef;wdrfonfb0u u\ybk&m;±Sif. o&D&"gwk a±$apwDawmf-uD;tm; a±$yef;
tkd;ESifha±$yef;ckdif vª'gef;cJhaom ukokdvfrStusdK;ay;um a±$awmif-uD;ay:vmjcif;jzpf./
ZËdv tdrfaemufbufrSm a±$awmif-uD;ay:aygufwJhta-umif; wwkdif;jynfvHk; [kd;av;=w
a-umfa-umfjzpfoGm;. wkdif;jynf. jynfh±Sifbk&ifrif;jrwfvJ -um;odum ZËdvtm; eef;awmfo@dk zdwf
ac:. ta-umif;pkHar;jref;um ZËdvtm; olaX;bGJ@ESifh olaX;taqmifta,mifypPnfrsm; csD;ajrmuf
I olaX;&mxl;ay;tyfav./
'ge±Sifwkd@. ukokdvfuHonf tH@-obG,faumif;ovkd tukokdvfuHuvnf; a-umufp&m
aumif;vSyg. ukokdvfuH tukokdvf ESpfcka&maxG;ygvmaom ZËdvb0ukd-unfhjyD; oHa0* &oifh
yg. ukokdvf tukokdvf tusdK;ESpfyg;vkH;ay;wwfw,fqkdwm owdxm;oifhyg./
ZËdvonf ,QKb0rSmvJ twdwfb0u ZeD;ESihf 'Dom;okH;a,mufESifhyif jyefvnfqHkawG@&yg
. olaX;pnf;pdrfukd tjynfht0cHpm;jyD; touf-uD;vmaomtcg yg&rDjynfhcsdefa&mufvmawmh b0
rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf &[ef;ðyjcifpdwfjzpfay:vm./
&[ef;b0wGif aESmifóud;rJh vGwfvwfpGmae&atmif om;okH;a,mufukd tarGcGJay;aejcif;jzpf
yg. om;-uD; om;vwf wkd@a±$awmifukdaygufv@dk r&jcif;onf twdwfa±$yef;wdrfonfb0u zcif.
a±$yef;tkd;ESifh a±$yef;ckdif vª'gef;a&;udpPudk tultnDawmif;aomtcg 0kdif;rvkyfbJ jiif;qefchJonfht
wGuf ,QKb0 a±$awmif-uD;ukd b,fvkdrS aygufvkd@r&jcif;jzpf./
om;i,fjzpfol. a±$awmifudkaygufv@dk &jcif;onf twdwfa±$yef;wdrfonf b0u zcif.a±$
yeftkd;ESifh a±$yef;cdkif vª'gef;a&;udpPukd tultnDawmif;aomtcg zcifudpPonf om;udpPomjzpf.
zcif.wm0efonf om;wm0efomjzpf.[k v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ aqmif±Gufay;cJh. zcifESihf pdwfwludk,f
wl aqmif±GufcJhwJhukokdvfuHa-umifh om;i,fa±$awmifukdaygufvkd@&jcif;jzpf./
 38
olaX;-uD; ZËdvZmwfwGif rdb.udpPrSefor#ukd aqmif±Gufay;aom om;i,fomv#if tarG
tm;vkH;&oGm;. tukd-uD;ESifhtukdvwfwkd@onf nDi,fay;or#ESihfom auseyfESpfoufchJ&./
pm±+oltaqG oifwkd@avmuDtarGcGJbkd@ óuHvmv#if rdbESpfyg;ukd ukd,fwdkifudk,f-u ðypkvkyf
ukdif au|;arG;ol rdbESpfyg;. udpPrSefor#udk ausauseyfeyf-uD; aqmif±Gufay;aeaom om;aumif;
oRD;aumif;awGukdom a±G;cs,fay;oifhyg./
,QKacwfuawmh rdbtarGukd om;oRD;rSefor#wpk&cGifh±Sdwmqkdawmh w&m;. rw&m;. oifh
awmf. roifhawmf. tomacgufxm;jyD; r& t& ,lwmawG@&./ t±Sufr±Sdaom om;oRD;awG.
oabm obm0 wckomjzpfyg./
avmuvl@abmifwGif vl@usifh0wfukd em;vnfI vlyDoaom vlom;rsm;rSm obm0usus
pif;pm;jyD; vkyfoifhaom tvkyfukdomvkyf&efESifh rvkyfoifhaom tvkyfrsm;ukdrvkyfrd&ef a0befydkif;
jcm;wwfaom tod^m%f±Sdbkd@vkdyg./
rSefrSefuefuef ususee qkH;jzwfEdkifaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif;rsm;jzpfygapvkd@wdkufwGef;yg./
“avmukwW&mtarG”
avmukwW&mtarGqkdwm rdbawGvufxufu vª'gef;cJhaom ausmif;uefbk&m;apwDawG
rdbawG ukd;uG,fcJhaom q&mawmfawG rdbawG aqmif±GufcJhaom bmoma&;vkyfief; vlr+a&;vkyf
ief;awGukd usef&pfcJhwJhom;oRD;awGvufxufrSmausmif;uefbk&m;apwDawG a[mif;EGrf;ysufpD;ae&if
topfwzef ðyjyifjcif; rdbrsm; ukd;uG,fcJhaom q&mawmfrsm;ukd qufvufukd;uG,fjcif; rdbrsm;
aqmif±GufcJhaom bmoma&;vkyfief; vlr+a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukdqufvufaqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onf avm
ukwW&mtarGukd cH,ljcif;jzpfyg./
rdbawG. avmuDtarGavmukwW&mtarGtarGESpfrsdK;vkH;ukdcH,lEkdifrSomv#ifom;aumif;oRD;
aumif;[k ac:qkdEkdifyg. om;aumif;oRD;aumif;awG rsm;rsm;ay:aygufapjcifwhJ qENawGe@J o*FZm
q&mawmf-uD;rS bk&m;a[mESifhtnD “arGcHxdkufap”qkdwhJvuFav;pDukef;cJhwmjzpfyg./
“vªr#a0I”
0I”
rdbrsm;rSm igwkd@uG,fvGefaomtcg usef&pfaom igw@dk om;oRD;awGrS igwkd@twGuf&nfpl;jyD;
ukokdvfðyvkyfum tr#ay;a0vdrfhrnf[k uG,fvGefolrdbwkdif; ar#mfvifhxm;-u./
rdbawG toufxif±Sm;±Sd-uwJhtcsdefrSm tarpm;ygtHk; tazpm;ygtHk;[k ukd,fwdkifau|;arG;
vkd@&ayrJh uG,fvGefaomtcg ukd,fwkdifau|;vkd@r&awmhyg/aumif;aomb0a&mufae&ifawmh txl;
ðyvkyfp&mrvkdyg/ raumif;aomb0 taeqif;&J tpm;qif;&J t0wfqif;&J b0a&mufae&ifawmh
ukokdvfvkyf tr#a0ay;&efvkdyg./
jrifhjrwfI oDv±Sdaomyk*~KdvfawG yifhzdwfjyD; uG,fvGefoltm;&nfpl;I pm;p&m aomufp&m
awGvª'gef;&if tpm;taomufawGeJ@jynfhpHk. t0wftxnfouFef;awGukd vª'gef;&if t0wftpm;
awGeJ@jynfhpkH. ausmif;tp±Sdonfh aep&mtaqmufttkHawG vª'gef;&if aep&mtaqmuftOD;awG
 39
eJ@jynfpkH. Tvkdvª'gef;jcif;onfomv#if uG,fvGefolrdbtm; ay;urf;&ma&mufyg./
,QKacwfawmh vlwOD;wa,muf uG,fvGefjyDqkd&if vlaotavmif;em;rSm xrif; [if;ESifh
vbuf&nf rkH@ponfwkd@ukd au|;arG;aewmukdvJawG@&. vlaotavmif;r±SdwJhae&mawGrSmvJ vl
ao0wfaom t0wfwpkHukd csxm;jyD;ðyvkyfwmawG@&.
tokbydk@aqmifwJhtcsdefrSmvJ tokbaowWmxJokd@ xrif;xkwfawG aoolóudufwwfwhJ
tpm;taomuf tokH;taqmifawG ykdufqHawGukdvJ 0kdif;xJh-uwmawG@&. okb&mZmawGtwGuf
awmh 0rf;omp&mygbJ aooluawmh ukd,fwdkifrpm;Ekdif ukdwkdifr,lEkdifonfhtwGuf ypPnf;OpPmawG
ESifh pm;p&mawGukd r&rSmawmh aocsmyg.//
opfukdif;av;wnGef@csdK;um ok\mefrS 0dnmifaumifukd jyefac:vmw,fqdkwmvJawG@&.
rdrdwkd@ukd;uG,faom ax&0g'ESifh rukdufnDaom t,ltqawGukd vkyfaew,f qkdwmvnf; olw@dk
rod-uyg a±S;OD;vlawGtpOftqufvkyfvmvk@d aemufvlawG qufvkyfaejcif;jzpf. trSm;-umawmh
trSefoabmrsdK; jzpfaewmawG@&./
tJ'Dvkd a&mif0g;0g;rd±kd;zvm Ak'<bmom0ifawGukdvJ rsm;pGmawG@ae&yg. ukd,fpD;wJhEGm; t
xD;vm; trvm; aoaocsmcsm rodwJhyk*~KdvfawGeJ@wlyg. ukd,fukd;uG,w f Jh bmomukd aoaocsm
csm ravhvmbJ vlaor+ udpPwck ay:vm&if em;rvnfwJh vl-uD;u a±S@uae xif&mawGvkyfjy.
bmrSrodwJh aESmif;vli,fawGukd trSm;awGoifay;aewmukdvJ wcsdK@ae&mawGrSm awG@&yg./
rdbawGuG,fvGefaomtcg usefchJwJhom;oRD;awG ukokdvfvkyftr#a0wmawmh rjzpfraeðy
vkyf-uwmawG@&. EkdifiH&yfjcm;a&mufaeaom om;oRD;awGvJ bkef;-uD;ausmif;awGvkduf±SmjyD; bkef;
-uD;&atmifyifhum ukokdvfvkyftr#a0-uwmukdvnf; ukd,fwkdifóuHawG@&yg./
EkdifiH&yfjcm;a&mufaeaom jrefrmawGvJ ema&;udpP ay:vm&if 0kdif;0ef;ulnDaqmif±Gufwm
ukd 0rf;ajrmufbG,f awG@&yg. jrefrmawG&J@ cspfp&maumif;aom "avhwckudk qufvufxdef;xm;
EkdifwmawG@&onfhtwGuf csD;rGrf;p&mygbJ/
rdbrsm;uG,fvGefaomtcg om;oRD;tm±kH ypPnf;tm±kHawGeJ@ aomf‚if; rdrdukd,fwdkifðyvkyfchJ
aom tukokdvfuH wckckeJ@aomf‚if; roifhrwifh rav#ufywfw@J ESpfvkH;oGif;rdjyD;awmh *wdwdrf;jyD;
raumif;wJh b0ukda&mufaewJh om"u Zmwfvrf;awGvJ rsm;pGm±Sdaeyg./
aumif;aomb0a&mufae&ifawmh udpPr±Sdyg raumif;wJhb0a&mufae&ifawmh b,fom;
b,foRD; b,faqGrsdK;ursm; ightwGuf&nf;pl;jyD; ukokdvfvkyftr#a0ygrvJ[k om"kac:csifwhJpdwfawG
eJ@ ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;aeyg./
om;oRD;aqGrsdK;awG owdr&&if owd&atmifvJ zefwnf;wwf. tdrfrufay;wmwk@d teH@
toufay;wmwkd@ ±Sdwwfyg. bkef;uH-uD;rm;wJh yk*~KdvfawGukdawmh ukd,fxif±Sm;jyumav#mufxm;
awmif;yef-uwmawGvJ Zmwfawmfom"uawGe@J xif±Sm;±Sdyg./
rdbawG uG,fvGef&if ukokdvfvkyftr#ay;a0jcif;onf om;aumif;oRD;aumif;wkdif; rjzpfr
 40
ae ðyvkyf&rnfh wm0ef0wW&m;wckjzpfyg./
±SifawmfjrwfAk'< &mZ_*dK[fjynf a0VK0efausmif;awmf-uD;rSm oDwif;okH;pOftcgu jzpfysufchJ
aomZmwfawmfwckjzpfyg./ &mZ_*dK[fjynfESifh reD;ra0; Am&m%oDjynf-uD;wGif pnf;pdrfOpPm-uG,f0
aom olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESH±Sd-u./ tarGcHom;oRD;awmh/ wa,mufrSrxGef;um;yg/
olaX;-uD;o'Ngw&m;aumif;oavmuf olaX;uawmf-uD; o'Ngw&m;raumif;yg/ olaX;-uD;
onf/ ae@pOfae@wkdif;/ oHCmawmft±SifjrwfawGudk qGrf;avmif;./ c&D;oGm;{nfhonfawGudkvnf;
au|;arG;{nfhcH./ vmawmif;pm;-uaom zkH;awmif;,mpumawGudkvnf; pGef@usJay;urf;./
olaX;uawmf-uD;uawmh olaX;-uD; tvªtwef;udpPawGrSm 0goemryg o'Ngw&m;rGJ/ ESpf
ar#mwGef@wkdwJhpdwfawG rsm;wma-umifh/ 0kdif;0eff;ulnD vkyfukdifr+awG rðyvkyfbJ/ awmf&mrSmomtcsdef
ðzef;aewmrsm;./
wae@awmh olaX;-uD;rSm ta&;-uD; udpPwckjzifh c&D;oGm;p&m±SdwmESihf olaX;uawmf-uD;
tm;/ olaX;-uD;ae@pOf vkyfae-ujzpfaom oHCmawmf t±Sifjrwfrsm;tm; qGrf;avmif;wJhudpP/ c&D;
oGm;{nfhonfrsm;tm;au|;arG;{nfhcHjcif;udpPESihf vmawmif;pm;aomzkH;awmif;,mpumwk@d tm; pGe@f
usJay;urf;jcif;udpPawGukd/ igukd,fpm;rysufruGufaqmif±Gufygvkd@ rSm-um;jyD;/c&D;xGufcGmoGm;./
olaX;uawmf-uD;vJ olaX;-uD;rSmxm;onfhtwkdif;/ wygwfavmufawmh pdwfygvufygvkyf
yg. wm0eft& vkyfaewmjzpfvkd@ &uf-umvmwmeJ@tr# pdwfyg0ifpm;r+ enf;yg;vm./ e*kdxJudku
o'Ngw&m;r±SdwJhyk*~Kdvfqkdawmh tvªcHawGtay: apwemawGysufawmh./
oHCmawmfawG qGrf;cH-uGcsdefrSm tdrfwcg;ydwfum qGrf;0wfawGjzwfjypf./ c&D;oGm;{nfhonf
awGa&mufvm&ifvJ au|;arG;{nfhcHr+rðyawmhyg/
olawmifpm;zkH;awmif;,mpumawGvmawmif;&ifvJ eifwkd@ ESyfawGpm;ygvm; rpifawGpm;
ygvm;[k npfnrf;aom pum;awGeJ@ ajymqkdum qJqkd -udrf;armif;v$wf./ tJ'Dvkd ,kwf,kwfnhHnhH
ajymvkdufwJh tukokdvfuHawGuawm/holaX;uawmf-uD;&J@/b0 oHo&mwav#mufvHk;raumif;usdK;
awGeJ@ óuHawG@&rSmawmh aocsmvSyg./
±Gufa[mif;awGau|vkd@ ±GufopfawGvJovkdygbJ vl@b0rSmvJ vla[mif;vltdkawG aocsif;
w&m;awGeJ@ &ifqkdifjyD; ysufpD;oGm;&ovkd rdrduHtav#muf vlopfawG ay:vmwmvJ tusdK;w&m;
wckygbJ/ rdrdðyaomuH. aumif;usdK; raumif;usdK;ukdawmh vlom;wkdif;&ifqkdif&rSmyg/
olaX;-uD;eSifholaX;uawmf-uD;wkd@vJ ouf±G,f-uD;&ifhvd@k b0ed*kH;csKyf-uaomtcg ukodkvf
aumif;r+awGomvkyfcJhaom olaX;-uD;onf aumif;&mok*wdb0ukd &±SdcHpm;&./
olaX;uawmf-uD;uawmh rdrdukd,fwkdif ðyvkyfrdwhJtukodkuHawG tusdK;ay;um taeqif;
&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wfAvmewÎdeJ@ jydwWmr-uD;b0ukd &±SdcHpm;ae&./ rdrd 0pDuHt& usK;vGefchJaom
eSyfawGpm;ygvm;/ rpifawGpm;ygvm;[k ajymqkdcJhaom tukokdvfuHawG tusKd;ay;awmh./
rdrdukd,fwkdif tdrfóudtdrf-um; vrf;óudvrf;-um;awG vSnfhvnfjyD;/ rpifawG/ ESyfawG/ aoG;
 41
awGukd/ iwfiwfjywfjywfe@J ±SmazGpm;aomufae&./
taeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wfqif;&J/ b0rS olaX;uawmf-uD; wjzpfvJjywWmr-uD;onf
v$wfajrmufjcifvm./ rdrdðycJhaomtukodkvfuHawG owd&jyD; aemifwawG&ae./
b,fom;/ b,foRD;/ b,faqGrsdK;awGu/ ukodkvfvkyfjyD; tr#a0yghrvJ[k/ qifjcif-unfhjyef
awmhvJ/ ,QKb0rSmvJ/ om;oRD;u wa,mufrSr±Sdyg/ aqGrsdK;awGuvJ rdrduraumif;cJhawmh/ tr#a0
ay;rJhol/ wa,mufrS r±Sdjzpfae./
'kwd,b0 -unfhjyefawmhvJ om;oRD;u wa,mufrSr±Sd/ wwd,b0-unfhjyefawmhvJ om;
oRD;u wa,mufrSr±Sd/ pwkwÎb0 -unfhjyefawmhvJ om;oRD;u wa,mufrSr±Sd/ yOPrb0-unfhvdkuf
awmhrS ±Sm;±Sm;yg;yg; om;wa,mufudk oGm;awG@./
ig;b0 ajrmufu awmfcJhaomom;jzpfyg. b,fyk*~KdvfvJqkdawmh Ak'<±Sifawmfjrwf-uD;./
vuf,m,Ht*~om0u-uD; t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&fjzpfae./ ig[m t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&fjrwf
-uD;. ig;b0ajrmufu r,fawmfqkdawmh/ jydwWmr-uD; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfoGm;./
ig;b0avmufu awmfcJhaom om;jzpfolxHoGm;jyD; awmh/ t±Sifbk&m;&J@ ig;b0ajrmufu
r,fawmfonf ,QK taeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wfr±Sdaom jydwWmr-uD;jzpfaeygw,f/ ukodkvfvkyf
tr#a0ay;bkd@ awmif;yefav#mufxm;&ef xGufcGmvmcJh./
t±Sifom&dykwW&m/ t±Sifarm*~v†mef/ t±SiftEk±k'<g/ t±Sifuyd̀e/ rax&fjrwf-uD;av;yg;wk@d
onf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;oDwif;okH;awmfrlaom &mZð*d[fjynf a0VK0efausmif;awmf-uD;. reD;ra0;t&yf
rSm±Sdaom awmtkyfwGif;±Sd ausmif;wkdufwGif oDwif;okH;v#uf±Sd./
jydwWmr-uD;vJ ausmif;wkduf0 a&mufawmh ausmif;apmifhewfawGu/ t0wfrygaomjywWm
r-uD;tm;/ ausmif;wkdufwGif;okd@/ 0ifcGihfrðy wm;jrpfxm;./ bmudpPvJ/ b,foGm;rvkd@vJ/ b,fole@J
awG@csifvkd@vJ/ jydwWmr-uD;tm;/ 0ifcGifhrðyjcifwmeJ@/ ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh ppfaq;ae./
jydwWmr-uD;vJ/ ewfawGu 0ifcGifhrðycsifwmodwmESihf/ toifewfwkd@ u|efr[momref r[kwf
ygbl;/ 'Dausmif;wkdufrSm oDwif;okH;aeaom t±Sifom&dykwW&m rax&fjrwf-uD;./ ig;b0ajrmufu
r,fawmfjzpfa-umif; ajymqkdrS ausmif;wkduftwGif;ok@d 0ifcGihf&av./
ausmif;0if;twGif;okd@a&muf±Sdaomtcg/ t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&fjrwf-uD;tm; ±kdaopGm±Sdcdk;
jyD; t±Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfr[m/ t±Sifbk&m;./ ig;b0ajrmufur,fawmfjzpfygw,fbk&m;/ t±Sif
bk&m;./ ig;b0ajrmufu r,fawmf[m ,QKawmh/ twdwfb0u tukokdvfuHawGtusdK;ay;jyD;/t
aeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wfqif;&Jv#uf±dSygonfbk&m;/
ig;b0ajrmufu r,fawmf-uD;ukd/ oem;u±k%mxm;I/ taeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wf
qif;&Jb0rS/ v$wfajrmufatmif/ ukokdvfvkyftr#a0ay;ygtHk;bk&m;[k/ awmif;yefav#mufxm;./
t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&fjrwf-uD;vJ/ qifjcif-unfhvkdufawmh/ rax&fjrwf-uD;&J@/ ig;b0ajrmuf
u r,fawmf-uD;jzpfaewmukd aoaocsmcsm odvdkuf&w,f/
 42
ig;b0ajrmufur,fawmf-uD;/ r,fawmf-uD;twGuf/ ukokdvfvkyftr#ra0rdbl;/ om;jzpfol
awmif;yefygw,f/ r,fawmf-uD; qif;&Jr+taygif;rS v$wfajrmufatmif/ om;ukokdvfvkyf tr#a0ay;
yghr,f[k/ *wdpum;awG ajym-um;vkduf./
jydwWmr-uD;vJ/ ig;b0ajrmufu awmfchJaomom;rS ukokdvfvkyf tr#a0ay;rnf[k *wdpum;
&um/ om;jzpfol.'geukd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om/om"ktEkarm'em/ ac:qkd&awmhrnf[k/ tauseyf-uD;
auseyfum/ ar#mfvifhjcif;rsm;pGmjzifh/ ausmif;awmfrSjyefvmcJh./
aemufwae@wGif t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&fjrwf-uD;onf/ t±Sifarm*~v†mefrax&fjrwf-uD;ESihf
twlwuG/ ouFef;oyfy,fjyD;/ oydwfykdufum/ &mZð*dvfjynfh±Sif AdAŠdom&rif;-uD;./ eef;awmfa±S@wGif
tvªcHyk*~Kdvfwkd@./ xkH;pHtwkdif;/ puQKajENcsv#uf/ &yfawmfrl./
AdAŠdom&rif;-uD;onf/ t±Sifom&dykwW&mESifht±Sifarm*~v†mef/ rax&fjrwf-uD;ESpfyg;/ tvªcH-uG
vmwmawG@wmESifh/ eef;awmfay:rS/ qif;vmjyD;/ t±SifjrwfESpfyg;tm;/ ±kdaopGm vuftkyfcsDv#uf/
ypPnf;av;yg; bmrsm;tvkd±SdygovJ[k/ av#mufxm;av./
t±Sifar*~v†mef rax&fjrwf-uD;onf/ 'umawmfrif;-uD;/ t±Sifom&dykwW&m rax&fjrwf-uD;.
ig;b0ajrmufu r,fawmf-uD;onf/ ,QKtcg taeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wfr0wfEkdifaom tvGef
qif;&Jaom jydwWmr-uD;jzpfaeyg./
,refae@uausmif;a&mufvmjyD;/ om;jzpfol/ rax&fjrwfxH/ ukokdvfvkyfum tr#a0ay;bk@d
av#mufxm;awmif;yefwma-umifh/ toifrif;-uD;xH tvªcH-uGvmjcif; jzpfyg./ 'umawmfrif;jrwf
ypPnf;av;yg; vª'gef;awmfrlyg[krdef@awmfrl./t±Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfodygjyD[kav#mufxm;./
rax&fjrwfwkd@vJ eef;awmfa±S@rS jyef-uGoGm;./ AdAŠdom&rif;-uD;vJ/ tvªcHyk*~Kdvfw@dk . qENudk
oabmaygufum/ vkyfief;udpPukd u|rf;usifaom trwfwa,muftm;/ &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf
oifhawmfaomae&mwGif ausmif;opfav;vkH; aqmufvkyf&ef nGef-um;./
ausmif;aqmufjyD;aomtcg/ AdAdŠom&rif;-uD;onf/ &[ef;awmfwkd@ESifh tyfpyfaom tokH;t
aqmif ypPnf;rsm;ukd jynfhpkHatmifpDpOfI jrwfpGmbk&m; tr+;±Sdaom oHCmawmfrsm;a±S@arSmufwGif
t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&f-uD;tm; vª'gef;./
t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&f-uD;onf/ rdrdtvªcH&±Sdxm;aom ausmif;tp±SdaomvªbG,fypPnf;
rsm;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m;tr+;±Sdaom pwk'dom oHCmawmfjrwftaygif;tm;/ qif;&Jrsm;pGm cHpm;ae&
aom ig;b0ajrmufu r,fawmf-uD;tm; &nfrSef;I vª'gef;um tr#ay;a0./
om;jzpfol. tr#ukd ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;aeaom jydwWmr-uD;onf/ t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&f
jrwf-uD;./ tr#a0onfhwðydifeuf/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"ktEkarm'em ac:qkdav./
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac:qkdjyD;onfESihf wðydifeuf/ taeqif;&J/ tpm;qif;&J/ t0wfqif;
&Jb0rS v$wfajrmufum/ om;jzpfol t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&fjrwf./ ukokdvfaus;Zl;a-umifh/ ewfY
jzpfwJht0wfwHqmawG/ ewfYjzpfaomewfok'g< pm;zG,fawGESifh/ ewfAdrmefxufwGif ewfpnf;pdrf t
 43
jynft0 cHpm;um/ aysmf±GifbG,fb0ukd/ &±SdoGm;./
ewfpnf;pdrfukd tjynfht0 cHpm;aeaom/ t±Sifom&dykwW&m./ r,fawmfa[mif;jzpfaom
ewfoRD;onf/ rdrd csrf;csrf;omom aysmf±GifzG,fb0ukd &±SdcHpm;ae&jyDqkdwmukd/ ukokdvfvkyfI tr#
a0ay;aom om;jzpfoltm; today;jcifwmESihf vl@jynfokd@qif;vm./
ewfoRD;onf ewf0wfwefqmawG tjynftpkHESifh t±Sifarm*~v†mef rax&fjrwf-uD;xHo@dk
0ifa&mufum OD;cszl;ar#mfav./ rax&fjrwf-uD;rS/ ewfoRD; oifb,fukokdvfawG ðyvkyfchJv@dk TuJh
okd@ ewfpnf;pdrfawGukd cHpm;pHpm;&ygovJ[k ar;awmfrl./
t±Sifbk&m; wynfhawmfrajymy&apeJ@bk&m; wynfhawmfajym&rSm ±Sufvkd@ygbk&m;[k av#muf
xm;av./ ewfoRD;/ oifajymomajymyg[k rdef@awmfrlvkduf./ ewfoRD;vJ/ rax&fjrwf. trde@f udk r
vGefqefEkdifonfhtwGuf/ xkwfaz:ajym&avonf/
t±Sifbk&m;/ wynfhawmf ,Qifb0rSm bmukokdvfrS rðyvkyfcJhygbl;bk&m;/ ukodkvfðyvkyfaewJh
cifyGef;ukdvJ tultnDray;wJhtjyif/ cifyGef;ðyvkyfaewJh/tvª0wfawGukdvJ/ o'Ngw&m;rGJ ESajrmwGe@f
wkdonfhtwGuf/ zsufvkdzsufpD;vkyfcJhygw,fbk&m;/
xkdtukokdvfawGtusdK;ay;jyD;/ tvGefqif;&Jaom jydwWmb0 a&muf±Sdaevkd@/ t±Sifbk&m;ol
i,fcsif;/ wynfhawmf./ ig;b0ajrmufu om;jzpfol t±Sifom&dykwW&mrax&f ukokdvfvkyftr#a0
ay;vkd@/ ,QKvkdewfpnf;pdrfukd cHpm;pHpm;&ygonf[k av#mufxm;av./
t±Sifarm*~v†mef rax&fjrwfvJ/ ewfoDR;ajymwJh ta-umif;t&mawGukd/ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<tm;
av#mufxm;onfhtwGuf/ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<rS/ a0ae,sawGukd/ tusdK;rsm;EkdifonfhtwGuf/ Tw&m;
ukd/ a[m-um;jcif;jzpfyg./
TZmwfawmfonf/ rdbawGuG,fvGefonfhtcg/ qif;&Jaomb0 a&mufae&if om;oRD;awG
aqGrsdK;awG./ tr#a0oHukd ar#mfvifhw,fqdkwm xif±Sm;vSyg./ om;oRD;wkdif; rjzpfrae ukodkvfðy
vkyf tr#a0oifhyg./
rdbrsm;ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif; igwkd@uG,fvGef&if igw@kd om;oRD;awG igw@dk twGuf ukodkvf
vkyf tr#a0ay;vdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufukd jznfhqnf;ay;rSomv#if/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
rdbtwGuf wm0efausaom om;oRD;jzpfapcsifv@dk /o*FZmq&mawmf-uD;rS/ bk&m;a[mESifh
tnD/ “vªr#a0I” [kvuFmpDcJhjcif;jzpfyg./
apmifhavrsdK;EG,f(1)
(1)
rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fukd tqifh jrifhoxuf jrifhatmif aqmif±GufEdkifaom/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;rsm;
tjzpf/ rdbrsm;rS ar#mfvifhxm;-uyg./
ynmaa&;tm;jzifvJ bGJ@xl; *k%fxl;awG &±SdjyD; jrifhapcsifyg./ pD;yGma&;tm;jzifhvJ atmifjrif
 44
aompD;yGm;a&;orm; wa,muftjzpf jrifawG@csifyg./ bmoma&;tm;jzifhvJ bmom/ omoem.
tqkH;trukd ±kd±kdaoao vkdufemaqmif±Gufaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif;tjzpf jrifawG@vdkyg./
rsdK;EG,fukd apmifha±Smufbkd@ twGuf rdb/ OD;-uD;OD;av;/ a':-uD;a':av;awG&J@/ tcef;u¾u
vJ/ tawmfta&;-uD;yg./ rdrdwkd@rsdK;qufawGudk/ pnf;urf;±SdjyD; usifh0wfawGukd vkdufemwwfatmif/
tysif;awG/ tzsif;awG/ rjzpfapbJ/ wufwuf-uG-uG/ usdK;pm;aqmif±GufEkdifatmif/
aq;orm; bdef;pm;qkdwJh/ eHygwfzdk;&J@ om;aumifawGrjzpf&atmif/ ðyjyifxdrf;odrf;apmifha±Smuf
bkd@wm0efonf/ rdbESifh/ OD;-uD;OD;av;/ a':-uD;a':av;awG&J@/wm0efomjzpfyg./wm0efra-u&ifawmh
tvkdvkdufvkd@/ trkdufapmfum;onfh '%fudk/ cHpm;-u&ygvdrfhrnf/
“ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<. trsdK;tEG,fudkapmifha±Smufjcif;[lonf ”
1/rdbvufxufjzpfay:vmaom pD;yGm;OpPmrsm;ukd/ om;oRD;rsm;vufxufwGif/ qufvuf
xdef;xm;EkdifjyD;/ wkd;wufyGm;rsm;atmif aqmif±GufEdkifjcif;?
2/bkd;bGm;/ rdb/ om;oRD;/ ajr;/ jrpf pOfqufudk/ t"rRvrf;pOfokd@/ a&mufrnfhab;rSumuG,f
jyD;/ rSefuefaom "rRvrf;a-umif;ay:Yom/ tpOftjrJ &yfwnfEdkifatmif/ aqmif±GufEkdifjcif;?
3/ rdbwkd@vufxufwGif/ ðyvkyfcJhaom/ bmoma&; vlr+a&;rsm;./ tvªtwef; 0wfrsm;ukd
vnf;/ rdrdwkd@vufxufwGif/ qufvufaqmif±GufEkdifjcif;?
Tusifh0wfawGukd vkdufemxdrf;odrf; apmifha±SmufEkdifrSomv#if rdrdwkd@. rsdK;EG,fpOfquf
ukd t±Snfwnfwef@atmif/ aqmif±GufEdkifaom om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfEdkifyg./
rdbwkd@. pD;yGm;OpPmrsm;ukd/ apmifha±Smufxdrf;odrf;EkdifjyD;/ -uD;yGm;wkd;wufbkd@uawmh/ tarG
cHom;oRD;awG/ ynmwwfjzpfbkd@awmhvkdyg./ bGJ@xl;*k%fxl;awG &±Sdwmukd/ ynmwwf[kac:qkdovkd/
pmayawGukd/ A[kokwtjzpf/ avhvmvkdufpm;jyD;/ xl;jcm;aomtod^m%f±dSwJhyk*~KdvfawGudkvJ/avm
uESifh/ av#mfpGmtokH;cswwfaoma-umifh/ ynmwwf[kac:qkdyg./
todynmawG/ twwfynmawG/ -uG,f0rSomv#if/ rdbawG./ pnf;pdrfOpPmtarGawGudk
apmifha±Smufxdef;odrf;EkdifjyD;/ rdrdvufxufrSmvJ ykdI-uD;yGmwkd;wufatmif awG;ac:r+todynmawG
ESifh/ pD;yGm;jzpfatmif zefwD;wwfr+todynmawGudk/ rSefrSefuefuef/ tokH;cswwfbkd@vdkyg./
todynmawG/ twwfynmawG avhvmqnf;yl;r+ enf;yg;&ifawmh rdbtarGudkvJ/ r
xdrf;odrf;Ekdif/ rdrdwkd@ rsdK;EG,fpOfqufukdvnf; rxdrf;odrf;EkdifbJ/ vlvdrf vlnpfawG./ aoG;aqmifzsm;
a,mif;r+ukd/t[kwfxifjyD;/ wHv#yfukda&xifIa±$oriftvkdufrSm;um/b0ysufoGm;aomyk*~KdvfawG/
avmuwGif rsm;pGmawG@bl;yg./
jrwfAk'<vufxufawmftcgwHk;uvJ om;jzpfolukdynmoifray;bJ ighom;'Dwoufpm;r
ukefygbl;txifESifh ukaÉaygif;rsm;pGm aiGawGay;cJhayrJh/ ynmrwwfvd@k rxdrf;odrf;EkdifbJ cGufvufpGJ
umawmif;pm;cJh&aom/ r[m"eolaX;-uD;./ynmrwwfaom om;u oufaocHv#uf±Syd g./
qm;wkHq&mawmfa&;aomuAsmu/ vli,fawGrSwfom;&vG,fulvSyg./
 45
armifi,f&ifaoG;===embdao;avmh/
a±S;oa&mtcg/
jynfAm&m0,f/
ukaÉ-uG,fom;/
olaX;tm;v#if/
om;wa,mufjzpf/
cspfIwap/
tdrfrSmaeI/
pmayrus/
rdbpkaw@/
cE<ma±G@aomf/
ta±S@taemuf/
awmifajrmufb,frSm/
rodygjiSm;/
olaX;om;onf/
okdxm;rwwf/
t&yf&yfY/
ESHtyfOpPm/
±SdonfhiSmukd
rsmpGmu|efaygif;/
raumif;ckd;,l/
,lIajy;a±Smif;/
tdrfukda&mif;I/
axmif;axmif;a-uv#uf/
cGufvufpJGum/
awmifpm;ygvnf;/
eifomvlrdkuf/
'kp±kduf[k/
±kdufykwfvdkuf-u/
±GmrSxGufI/
awmrSmaoonf/
aumifawvif;w/
 46
óuduf.wnf;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmftcgwHk;u/ Am&m%oDjynfwGif/ ukaɱSpfq,f-uG,f0aom
r[m"eolaX;-uD;±Sd./ om;wa,mufom±Sdaoma-umifh/ tvGefcspfI/ tvdkvkdufxm;av./ ynm
oifcsdeft±G,frSm/ om;ukdcspfwJhpdwfeJ@/ om;yifyef;rSmqkd;vkd@/ ynmroif-um;apbJ/ ucsif;/ oDqdkcsif;
qkdwJh/ aysmf±Gifr+awGukdomoifay;av./
igwkd@rSm±SdwJh/ ukaɱSpfq,favmuf-uG,f0wJh ypPnf;OpPmawGukd/ igwkd@om; 'Dwoufpm;
rukefygbl;[k/ zcifjzpfol. tjrifusif;aom todynmjzifh om;jzpfoltm;/ vlom;awGtESpfouf
qkH;jzpfaom/ avmuDtm±kHumr*k%fawGESifh taysmf-uD;aysmfatmif pDpOfay;xm;./
r[m"eolaX;-uD;ESifh tjrifjcif;wl tusihfjcif;wlaom ukaɱSpfq,favmuf-uG,f0wJh
rdwfaqG olaX;-uD;rSmvJ oRD;wOD;±Sd. xkdolaX;vJ igwkd@&J@ pnf;pdrf"eawGudk igw@dk oDR; 'Dwoufpm;r
ukefygbl;[k/ ynmrJhaom tod^m%fjzifh/ oRD;ukd cspfvGef;vk@d tvkdvdkufum ynmoif-um; ray;bJ
aysmf±$ifr+eJ@ jynfhpkHaom/ avmuDtm±kH umr*k%fawGeJ@omaysmfar$@ap./
olaX;-uD;ESpfOD;onf/ t-uHjcif;uvnf;wl/ tusihfjcif;uvnf;wl/ toGifjcif;uvnf;
wlawmh/ t±G,fa&mufaeaom rdrdw@dk .om;ESihfoRD;ukd vl-uD;csif;aphpyfnSdEkdif;um/ xdrf;jrm;vufxyf
ay;vkduf./ ynmrwwf toGifwlvkd@ ZeD;armifESHjzpfoGm;aom pkHwJGjzpfyg./
ESpfzufrdbawG ouf±G,f-uD;&ifhvmvkd@ uG,fvGef-uwJhtcg TynmrJhaom ZeD;armifEHS
omv#if/ ESpfzufrdbrsm;. ukaÉwpf&majcmufq,faomtarGawGukd vuQH&±Sdum Am&m%oDjynf
wGif ukaÉw&mhajcmufq,f-uG,f0aom olaX;-uD;ZeD;armifESHjzpfvm./
avmuvl@abmifY ZeD;armifEHS pkHwJGawG±Sd-u&mwGif/ZeD;jzpfolu ynmrJhjyD;/ cifyGef;jzpfol
ynmwwf&ifvJ/rdrdwkd@. pD;yGm;OpPmawGukd ,kwfav#mhroGm;atmifxdrf;xm;Ekdifyg./ cifyGef;jzpfolu
ynmrJhjyD;/ ZeD;jzpfolynmwwf&ifvJ/ rdrdwkd@pD;yGm;OpPmawGukdxdrf;xm;Ekdifyg./
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;vkH; pD;yGm;a&;ukdvnf;em;vnfr,f/ vlr+qufqHa&;ukdvnf;aygif;oif;
qufqHwwfwJh tod^m%fynmawG wwfu|rf;vdrRmr,f qkd&ifawmh/ rdrdwkd@ pD;yGm;OpPmawG r,kwf
av#mhonfhtjyif/ armifwxrf;/ r,fw±Gufrkd@/ wkd;wuf-uD;yGm;atmif aqmif±GufEdkifwwfyg./
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;vkH;/ pD;yGm;a&;vJ em;rvnf/ vlr+a&;vJem;rv,f/ ynmrJhvlwef;pm;yg
jzpfr,fqkd&ifawmh/ armifuvJ rxdrfodrf;/ r,fuvnf; rapmifha±SmufEkdifjzpfjyD;/ pD;yGm;OpPmawGyg
ysufpD;qkH;±+H;I/ trsdK;ygaysmufysufoGm;Ekdifyg./
vl@b0rSm aysmfaysmf±$if±$if pdwfcsrf;omatmif aeEkdifbkd@twGuf pD;yGm;a&;aumif;jyD;/ OpPm
"eawG-uG,f0bdk@ ta&;-uD;yg./ pm;EkdifaomufEkdif tqifhe@J a&mifh&JwwfwhJyk*~KdvfawGvJ/ aysmf±$ifr+
awG&±SdwmawG@&yg./ odyfqif;&JjyD; pm;p&mr±Sdv@kd pm&dwWysufwhJvlawG avmuwGif±Sdovkd/
odyf csrf;omjyD;/ ra&mifh&JEkdifvkd@ pm&dwWysufysm;aewJhvlawGvJ/ avmuwGifrsm;pGmawG@&yg./
tlrawmifhrS oDvapmifhrnf pum;t&qkd&ifawmh/ pm;p&mr±Sdvkd@ qif;&Jvkd@ tusifhysufjcif;jzpfwm
 47
aocsmyg./ csrf;omvkd@tusifhysufwmeJyg./ qif;&Jv@dk tusifhysufwmrsm;pGmawG@&./
r[m"e.om; ukaÉw&mhajcmufq,f -uG,f0aomolaX;onf/ ±Sifbk&ifxH ae@pOfae@wdkif;
tcpm;0if&. t&uform;wpkwkd@onf olaX;-uD;ynmrwwfa-umif;od-uojzifh/ olaX;-uD;ukd t
&uform;jzpfatmif pnf;±kH;EkdifrSomv#if 'k@d t&uform;awGtwGuf pm;rukef aomufrukef aysmfyGJ
-uD;awG qifEGJ&rnfqkdwmod-u./
olaX;-uD;oGm;aeus vrf;teD;wGif pka0;t&ufaomufum t&ufcGufrsm;ukd pkajrmufI
olaX;-uD;tm; rdwfqufpum;ajymqkdjyD;/ touf&mausmf±Snfygap[k aumif;csD;-obmay;-uum/
t&ufjzifhzsm;a&mifaoG;aqmif-u./
olaX;-uD;onf pmayynmA[kokw r±SdonfhtwGuf/ t&ufonf vlom;twGufaumif;
usdK;ray; qkd;usdK;omay;onfqkdwmukd olaX;-uD;rodyg/
t&ufonf pD;yGm;OpPmysufwwf./ ckduf&efa'gojzpfwwf./ tema&m*grsm;wwf./ emrnf
ysufIvltxifao;wwf./ t±Sufta-umufuif;wwf./ tod^m%fynmawGqkwf,kwfwwf./
Tokd@qkd;usdK;awGukd/ vlom;tm;ay;wwfa-umif;ukd pmrwwfaomolaX;-uD; em;rvnf±Smyg/
olaX;-uD;aemufrS vkdufvmaom wynfhjzpfoltm; ighukdaumif;csD;-obmay;I/ vlpkvla0;
jzifh bmawGaomufaewmvJ[kar;av./ t&ufaomufaewmygolaX;-uD;/ b,fvdkt&om±Sdv@dk
aomuf-uwmvJ[k xyfar;aomtcg/ wynfhjzpfolonf t&ufukd csD;rGrf;cef;zGifhawmh./
olaX;-uD;vJ pdwf0ifpm;vmjyD;/ wynfhjzpfoltm; t&uf±Smckdif;um eJeJprf;aomuf-unfh./
eJeJuae wajz;ajz;rsm;vm./ aemufqHk;awmh t&ufpGJum t&uform;vkH;vkH;jzpfoGm;./ yxr
awmh vlut&ufukdaomuf./ aemufawmh t&ufuvlukdjyefaomufvm./
olaX;-uD;tm; t&ufjzifhaoG;aqmifaom t&uform;awGvJ olwkd@ t-uHatmifjrifum
t&uform;olaX;-uD;ESifh cGufwlarmhI pm;rukef aomufrukef aysmfyGJqifEGJae-uv#uf/ olaX;-uD;
tdrfwGif t&uform;awGeJ@ pnfum;ae./
t&ufukd tcsdefjynfhrl;,pfaeaoma-umifh t&ufa-umifhaiGaus;ukefonfhtjyif/ rl;,pfae
aoma-umifh/ pD;yGm;OpPmawGukd rapmifha±SmufEdkifbJ/ vkdjcifolawGxifwkdif; ,l-uum pnf;pdrf"eawG
ukefqkH;jcif;okd@ a&mufvm./
t&uform; tcsif;csif; rl;vmaomtcg wa,mufESifh wa,muf &efpum;ajymv#uf/
cdkuf&efa'gojzifh/ ±kduf-u/ ykwf-u/ xkd;-u aoma-umifh/ &efolawG ykdrsm;vm./
t&uform;onf/ tcdsefwefv@dk raomuf&&if/ *%Smrjidrfjzpfvm./ azmoGwfoGwf v
uQ%mrsm;vJ cE<mukd,fwGifawG@&./ toJa&m*grsdK;vJ cHpm;&wwf./
t&uform;qkdwm avmuwGif b,folurS rav;pm;yg/ jrifolwkd@rS a0;a0;a±Smif-uOfcsif
-u./ a±S@wGiftm;emyg;emajymqkdaomfvnf;/ uG,f&mwGifESmacgif;±+@H -u./ om;oRD;awGudkvnf;/ t
&uform;om;/ t&uform;oRD;[k/ tac:cH&um emrnfaygif;pkHysufwwfyg./
 48
t&uform;rl;vmjyDqkd&if/ t±Sufta-umufuif;um/ vrf;v,faumifwGif/ ykqdk;*Gif;okdif;
I/ atmfcsifovkdatmf/ t±Sufta-umufuif;rJhaompum;awGudk r±Sufra-umuf ajymqkdum/ t
&ufokdif;eif;v#uf/ t*Fg-uD;i,f toG,foG,fukd/ vSpfjy&efvnf;/ 0efrav;yg/
t&ufpGJvmaomyk*~Kdvf&J@ oEWmefrSm/ tod^m%fawG csKd@±Gif;vm./ rd+ifwkdifwkdif awGawGa0
a0 jzpfvm./ rdrdu olwyg;ukday;xm;onfh ypPnf;OpPmawGukdvJ/ aoaocsmcsm rrSwfrdawmh/ rdrd
&rnfhypPnf;OpPmukdvJ/ b,folxHrSmqkdwm aocsmpGm rrSwfrdonfhtwGuf -umawmh pD;yGm;OpPm
qkwf,kwfysufpD;jcifESifh/ óuHawG@&awmh./
ukaÉw&mhajcmufq,f -uG,f0aom t&uform;olaX;-uD;vJ t&uform;tjcHt&Hrsm;
pGmeJ@/ taysmf-uD;aysmfae./ ðrd@wGif;±GmwGif;ok@d oGm;vmonfhtcgrSmvJ/ t&uform;rsm;pGmeJ@ oGm;
vm&wmukdyif/ om,mESpfoufaerd./
t&ufqkdifrsm;okd@ vSnfhvnfum rdrdudk,fwdkif 'umcHI taumif;pm;t&ufrsm;ukd 0,f
cdkif;um ao&nfao&uf 'geukdðyav./ ao&ufaomufaecsdef oDjcif;jzifh{nfhcH-uaom tqkdawmf
rsmtm;vJ vufckwfvuf0g;wD;um atmf[pftm;ay;v#uf yef;ay;jcif; aiGa-u;ykdufqHay;jcif;jzifh/
vl@a±S@ol@a±S@wGifykdufqHayga-umif; okH;Ekdifðzef;Ekdifa-umif;/ -uGm;csifwmESifh aiGa-u;awGðzef;wD;-u./
pD;yGm;ysufatmif t&ufaomufaom t&uform;olaX;-uD;vJ aiGa-u;awGðzef;wD;yg
rsm;vmawmh/ 0ifaiGr±SdbJ/ xGufaiGom±SdonfhtwGuf/ rdrdbufrSygvmaom ukaɱSpfq,faomaiG
aus;awGeJyg;vm./ rdrdukd,fwkdiftdrfruyfbJ tjyiftjrJxGufaeaoma-umifh/ tdrfwGif;ypPnf;awGudk
vJ tdrfwGifckdif;xm;aomvlrsm;rS ckd;,lxGufajy;-u./
-umvmawmhrdrdbufrSygvmaomukaɱSpfq,fESifh/ ZeD;bufrSygvmaomukaɱSpfq,f
ukaÉw&mhajcmufq,faom aiGa-u;awGukefqkH;jcif;okd@a&mufvm./ aiGa-u;"eawGukefaomtcg
usef±Sdaeaom tdrfawG/ jcHawG ESifh v,f,mO,sOfawGukda&mif;csum/ aomuf-ujyef./
olawmif;pm;b0okd@a&mufatmifaomufaom t&uform;olaX;-uD;onf/ aemufqHk;
awmh bmypPnf;rSrusefwmESifh tdrf0,fxm;aomtdrf±SifrStdrfay:rSarmif;csumcGufvufpJGIawmif;
pm;&aomb0okd@ a&muf±SdoGm;./
jrwfpGmbk&m;±Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf-uD;onf omra%rsm;xHrS qGrfESihfqGrf;[if;rsm;ukdawmif;
pm;aeaom/ olaX;-uD;wjzpfvJ/ olawmif;pm;ZeD;armifudk-unfhjyD;ðyH;awmfrl./ ±SiftmeENmrSjrwfpGm
bk&m;tm;/ ±Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;/ b,fta-umif;a-umifh ðyH;awmfrlygoenf;[k av#mufxm;awmif;
yefaoma-umifh/ ±SifawmfjrwfrS rdef@awmfrljcif;jzpf./
cspfom;wkd@ omra%rsm;xHrS qGrf;ESihfqGrf;[if;ukdawmif;pm;aeaom TZeD;armifEHSonf
yxrt±G,frSm pD;yGm;±SmcJh&if r[molaX;-uD;jzpfEkdif./ 'kwd,t±G,fwGif pD;yGm;±SmcJh&if tv,ft
vwfolaX;jzpfEkdif./ wwd,t±G,frSmpD;yGm;±SmcJh&if pm;EkdifaomufEkdifaomolaX;wOD;awmhjzpfEdkif.
vl@b0ukd raysmfar$@vkd@ &[ef;ðy&ifvJ yxr t±G,frSm&[ef;ðy&if trsdK;om;onf t&[
 49
wWzkdvfwnfI/ trsdK;oRD;onf tem*grfjzpfEkdif./ 'kwd,t±G,f &[ef;ðycJh&if trsdK;om;onf tem
*grfrSmwnfI/ trsdK;oRD;onf ou'grdzkdvfYwnfEkdif./ wwd,t±G,frSm &[ef;ðycJh&if trsdK;om;
onf ou'g*grfYwnfI/ trsdK;oRD;onf aomwmywWdzkdvfYwnfEkdif./
,QK xkdZeD;armifESHonf ynmrwwf todynmrJhchJI/ avmuDvlom;wkd@./ pnf;pdrfcsrf;
omawGrS/ ysufpD;qkwf,kwfcJh&./ taysmftyg;awGomvkdufpm;jyD;/ ausmif;uefbk&m;awGESihfa0;cJh
aoma-umifh/ avmukwW&m csrf;omawGjzpfwhJ r*f/ zkdvf/ csrf;omawGrSvnf; a0;cJh&./
t±G,f±SdaomtcsdefawGrSm/ jrwfaomtusihfudkvJ rusihfchJ/ ypPnf;OpPmawGvJ r±SmazGchJonfh
twGuf/ pm;p&m ig; waumifrS v+yf±Sm;r+ rawG@&aom/ a&tenf;i,fom±Sdonfh a&tkdifysuf-uD;
em;Y/ óudifr+ifawGa0 ai;armIaeaom óud;-umiSuftkd-uD;uJhokd@ jzpf&av./
t±G,f±SdaomtcsdefrSm jrwfaomtusihfudkvnf; rusifhcJh pD;yGm;OpPmawGvJ r±SmcJhonfht
wGuf/ av;ndk@rSv$wfaom jrm;uJhokd@/ a±S;YokH;aqmifcHpm;bl;cJhonfwkd@ukdatmifarhowd&um wef;
wajymqkdjyD;/ tdyf-u&av./ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'< a[m-um;jyorS/ a0ae,srsm; w&m;xl;&-u./
Tr[m"eolaX;om;Zmwfawmfuawmh/ vlom;awGtwGuf ocFef;pm,lp&mawGtjynfh
eJ@yg/ om;oRD;awGukd cspfvGef;vkd@ tvkdvkdufwwfwJhrdbawG/ wl/ wlrawGudk/ cspfvGef;vk@d tvkdvdkuf
wwfwJh/ OD;-uD; OD;av;/ a':-uD;a':av;awG/ owdxm;oifhyg./
wu,fcspf&ifawmh ynma&;ukd av;av;pm;pm; oifay;oifhyg./om;oRD;yifyef;rSmqkd;vkd@/
wl/ wlrawGukd oem;vkd@qkdjyD;/ 'Dae@awmh uav;yifyef;aeygjyD/ ausmif;rwufyge@J awmhuGm[k/ cspf
ovdkvdkeJ@/ ESpfaeaom/ rdbawGESifh/ OD;-uD;OD;av;/ a':-uD;a':av;awG./ rSm;,Gif;aom t,ltq
awGukdvJ ysifoifhyg./
rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fpOfqufukd/ tpOftquf qufvufxdrf;odrf;Ekdifbkd@twGuf/ rdrdw@dk &@J rsdK;quf
opfawGukd/ ynma&;tm;jzifh jrifhwifaqmif±Gufay;rSomv#if/ ±SdjyD;aom pD;yGm;OpPmawGudkvJ quf
vufxdrf;xm;Ekdif./ tod^m%fawGjynfhpHkonfhtwGuf ukd,fwkdif-uD;yGm;atmifvJ aqmif±GufEdkif./
r[m"eolaX;vkd rdbawGrjzpfb@dk ta&-uD;yg./ aopm ±Sifpmavmufwwf awmfa&maygh
qkdwJh ynmwefbkd; em;rvnfaom rdbrsm;vJ rjzpfoifhyg/ pD;yGm;a&;raumif;vk@d om;oRD;awGudk
ausmif;rxm;Ekdifaom oem;p&mrdbawGvJ±dS-uyg./ rdrdwkd@awmh ±Sdwmav;eJ@ 0atmifpm;jyD;/ om;
oRD;awGukd ynmtarGay;aeaom rdbawGudkvJ 0rf;omp&mawG@&yg./
r[m"eolaX;om;av;vkd OpPmtarGomay;jyD;/ ynmtarGray;cJvkd@ ao&nfao&ufv@dk qdk
wJh/ aowwfwJhta&eJ@/aowwfwJht&ufukd/ aoatmifaomufjyD;/ cGufvufpJGum/ awmif;pm;&wJh
b0rsdK;a&mufI/tpmtm[m&jywfv#uf t&ufem-ua&m*gqkd;jzifh b0ysufpD;oGm;a-umif;ukdawmh
rdbwkdif;rarhoifhyg/
ynmtarGukd t"duxm;jyD;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGukd aqmif±GufEdkifatmif pDpOfay;EkdifrS
omv#if/ rdrdwkd@pnf;pdrfOpPmawGukd/-uD;yGm;onfxuf -uD;yGm;atmifaqmif±GufEkdifaomom;aumif;
 50
oRD;aumif;rsm;jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/?
apmifhavrsdKEG,f(2)
bdk;bGm;/rdb/ om;oRD;/ajr;/jrpf/pOfqufudk rSefuefaom "rRvrf;a-umif;ay:okd@ wufvSrf;Ekdif
atmif aqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdw@dk rsdK;EG,fukd apmifha±Smufonfrnfyg./
rsdK;EG,fwpkrSm rd±kd;zvm tpOftquf ukd;uG,fvmaom ukd;uG,fr+ tavhtxawGvnf;
±Sdyg./ bmomjcm;awGeJ@ vufxyfrdv@dk bmomajymufoGm;wJh yk*~KdvfawGvJ±Sdyg./ bmomajymuf
v#if/ rdrdwkd@,Ofaus;r+ygajymuf./ ,Ofaus;r+ajymufv#if/rdrdw@dk vlrsdK;ygajymufoGm;Ekdif./rdrdtrsdK;ukd
apmifha±SmufcsifwJh/trdsK;cspfwJhyk*~KdvfawG/bmomjcm;awGESifh aoG;raESmrdbkd@ta&;-uD;yg./
ppfwkdufjyD; omoemðywmESifh vlrsdK;ukdrsdKjyD; omoemðyaeaom/ jidrf;csrf;r+r±Sd/ qlyGufae
aom/ TurBm-uD;wGif/ jidrf;csrf;I {csrf;apaom/ cspfcifcsif;qkdwJh arwWmw&m;awG/ oem;-uifem
jcif;qkdwJh u±k%mw&m;awG/
vltjcif;jcif; remvkdjcif;uif;I 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfapwwfaom rk'dwm w&m;awG/
t&m&mukd cGifhv$wf vSpfvsL±+jcif;qkdwhJ OayuQmw&m;awG/ tjynfht0±Sdaom jidrf;csrf;aom T
bmomukd/ ukd;uG,fcGifh &jcif;onf/ vl@b0t&awmfyg./
rdrd. t&awmfaom jidrf;csrf;om,maomvl@b0ukd/ rjidrf;csrf;aomb0awGESihfrvJoifhyg
rdrdwkd@ bmomomoem. tqkH;trukd rdrdudk,fwdkif ESpfvkH;om;wGif tjrJwnfaeatmifusdK;pm;jyD;
rdrdrsdK;EG,fpOfqufukdvJ/ rSefuefaom "rRvrf;a-umif;ay:rS/ aoGzDroGm;&atmif/ aqmif±GufEdkifjcif;
onf/ rdrdbmom. ol&Jaumif;wa,mufjzpfyg./
rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fpOfqufukd rSefuefaom"rRvrf;a-umif;ay:okd@ a&mufatmifaqmif±Gufay;Ekdif
oluawmh/ yxrjrefrmEkdifiHukd pwifwnfaxmifoGm;aom/ taemf&xmbk&ifjzpfyg./
bk&iftaemf&xm./ rdb bkd;bGm; tpOftqufonf/ t&nf-uD;0g'rsm;ukdomukd;uG,f./
wkdif;oljynfom;awGvJ t&nf-uD;0g' ukd;uG,fol/ ewfukd;uG,fol/ rd±dk;zvmukd;uG,fr+awGESihf/ rsdK;pkH
vS./ t&nf;0g'. yefv$wfylaZmfyGJonf &mZ0ifwGif tusnf;wefvS./
taemf&xmbk&if rif;jzpfvmawmh/ T0g'qkd;awGudk pdwfysufvS./ rSefuefaom"rRawGudk
a[m-um;jyornfh yk*~KdvfawG r±SdwmESifh rdb bkd;bGm;rsm; pOfqufukd;uG,faom T0g'qkd;ukdom
pdwfrygh wyg qufvuf ukd;uG,fae&./
wae@awmh taemf&xmbk&iftwGuf r*Fvmtaygif;ESifh jynfhpkHaomae@wae@a&muf±dSvm
./ rSefuefaom"rRrsm;ukd a[m-um;jyornfh q&mjrwfESihf trSefw&m;ukdvdkvm;awmif;waeaom
taemf&xmbk&ifwkd@/ qkHqnf;cGifh&±Sdvm./
taomurif;w&m;-uD; omoemðycJhaom/ ukd;wkdif;ukd;XmewGif/ wcktygt0ifjzpfaom/ ok
0Àolrd oxkHjynfrS/ t±Sif"rR'\D ac: ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwfonf/ oufawmfi,fi,f±G,f±G,fESihf
yif/ &[ef;udpPjyD;aeaom &[efawmfwyg;jzpf./
 51
tem*wHo^m%fawmfjzifh omoemawmf wnfwef@jyef@yGm;a&;ukd/ -unfh±+aomtcg/ yk*Hjynf
±Sdtaemf&xmbk&ifESifh omoemðybufjzpfa-umif; od±Sd&./ taemf&xmbk&ifESihf vufwJGomoem
ðyv#ifax&0g'Ak'<omoem-uD; xGef;vif;awmufyrnfqdkwmodonfhtwGuf/ ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwf
onf aemufygoHCmawGESifh yk*Hjynf omoemðyc&D;-uGvm./
taemf&xmbk&ifESifh/ yk*Hjynfwae&mwGif qkH-uav&m/ taemf&xmbk&ifonf/ ±Sift&[Hr
ax&fjrwf./ -unfnkdbG,f&m *k%f&nfudkawG@&onfhtwGuf/ ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwfxHqnf;uyfav
./ ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwfrS ax&0g'Ak'<bmom./ ppfrSefaom"rRrsm;ukd a[mjyaomtcg/ 0g'opfudk
tvdk±Sdaeaom taemf&xmbk&if. qENrsm;um;/ ,ae@rSjynfh0avjyD/
ax&0g' &[ef;awmfawG./ ol@toufrowf/ ol@OpPmrcdk;/ tdrfaxmifrðy/ t&ufraomuf/
npmrpm;qkdonfh/ tenf;i,faom tusihfudkyif tawmf-unfndkae./ 'DxufykdjyD;&[ef;awmfawG
rSm/ -unfnkdp&mawG rsm;pGm±SdaewmawGod&&ifawmh/ taemf&xmbk&if ykdjyD;-unfnkdvmygvdrhfrnf/
yk*Hjynft&nf;-uD;0g'ESifawmh/ jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf;uGmjcm;aewmawG@&./ t&nf-uD;0g
'./ qkd;npfvSaom ,kwfrmaomtr+awGudk/ pdwfnpfaeaom taemf&xmbk&ifonf/ ppfrSefaom
"rRukda[mjyaom±Sift&[Hrax&fESifhaemufygoHCmwkd@tm;/yk*Hjynfo@dk yifhaqmifI ausmif;aqmuf
vª'gef;jyD; ukd;uG,fav./
ppfrSefaom"rRukd vufqkyfvufudkif&±Sdvmaom taemf&xmbk&ifonf/ yk*HjynfwGif -uD;
pkd;v#uf±Sdaom/ t&nf-uD;qkd;awGukd/ vl0wfvJckdif;um/ bk&ifeef;awmf. qif/ jrif;xm;aomae&m
rsm;wGif qifxdrf;/ jrif;xdrf;tjzpf tvkyfcef@xm;avonf/
anmifyif opfyifwkd@atmuf±dSaom/ ewfuGef;rsm;rS ewf±kyfawGukdvnf;/ ewfavSmifa-umif;
wckðyvkyfum/ ewf±kyfrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;I/ydwfxm;um ewfukd;uG,fr+ukdvnf; &yfpJap./Ak'<omo
emukd/ q&mjzpfol ±Sift&[H rax&fjrwfrS "rRpufjzifh nGefjy. 'umjzpfol taemf&xmbk&ifrS/tm
empufjzifh 0kdif0ef;ulnD./ q&m'umvufwJGnDyg./
±Sift&[H rax&fjrwfrSvnf;/ yk*Hjynfoljynfom;awGtm;/ ppfrSefaom ax&0g' Ak'<w&m;
awGukd/ a[mnGefjyo qkH;r-o0g' ay;ojzifh yk*Hjynfom;rsm;. ESpfvkH;om;wGif/ ppfrSefaomax&0g
'/ w&m;"rRrsm;jzifh v$rf;rkd;um/ yk*Hjynfoltrsm;pk Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpfvm-u./
taemf&xmbk&ifonf/ rif;q&mjzpfawmfrlaom/ ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwfxHokd@/ ±kdaopGmqnf;
uyf ±kdusdK;vufpkHrkd;I/ t±Sifbk&m;/ yk*Hjynf-uD;onf/ ,QKtcg tH@-obG,faumif;avmufatmif/ Ak'<
bmomukd/ ,kH-unfukd;uG,folawG/ rsm;vmyg.bk&m;/
t±Sifbk&m;./ 'umawmfrif;tm;vnf; yk*Hjynf-uD;ukd/ Ak'<w&m;awmfESifhtnD/ b,fenf;
b,fykH/ tkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf/ -o0g'ay;awmfrlygbk&m;[kav#mufxm;av./
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ oifhwkdif;jynfukd/ jrwfpGmAk'<a[m-um;awmfrlcJhaom/ r*FvokwfESihftnD
tkyfcsKyfEkdif&if/ oifhwkdif;jynf-uD; zGH@ðzd;a0pnfjyD;/ vlom;awGtm;vkH;/ ,Ofaus;odrfarG@apI/ ax&0g'
 52
Ak'<omoemawmf-uD; xGef;um;&m t"dua'o-uD;wck jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/[krde@f awmfrl./
taemf&xmbk&ifvJ/ q&mjzpfawmfrlaom ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwftm;/ wkdif;jynfudkw&m;aom
enf;vrf;jzifh pDrHuGyfuJtkyfcsKyfEkdif&ef r*Fvokwfw&m;awmfjrwfukd/ a[m-um;nGefjyawmfrlygbk&m;
[k ±kdaopGm ±Sdckd;OD;ckdufav#mufxm;awmif;yefav./
'umawmfrif;jrwf wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyf&mwGif wOD;wa,mufwnf;jzifh tkyfcsKyfI&onfr[kwf
'umawmf rif;jrwfESifhtwl vufwJGaqmif±Guf&rnfh yk*~Kdvfrsm; a±G;cs,f&mwGif rdrdudkusdK;ukdom
-unfhjyD; wkdif;jynftusdK;ukdr-unfhaom vlrkdufawGukd ra±G;cs,frdbkd@ta&;-uD;yg./
rdrdukd,fusdK;ukdom-unfhwwfaom vlrkdufawG[m/ um,uHtm;jzifhvJ vuf&JZuf&J rkdufjy
wwfyg./ 0pDuHtm;jzifhvJ/ rif;ESifhwuG wkdif;jynfukd tremyawG ajymqkdjyD; rdkufurf;wwfyg./ rdrd
ukd,fusdK;om tjrJwef;-uHpDwwfwJh raemuHjzifhvJ wkdif;jynf. b¾mawGukd/ rdrdb¾mjzpfatmif
rkdufrkdufurf;urf;/ tjrJwef; -uHpDaewwfyg./ TvkdvlrkdufawG tkyfpkzGJ@jyD; awmifhwif;vm&if wkdif;
jynftwGuf tEW&m,fqkd;eJ@ óuHawG@Edkifyg./
rdrdukd,fusdK;ukdpGef@v$wfjyD; wkdif;jynftusdK;ukdom aqmif±Gufwwfaom/ Xmewkdif;/ vkyfief;wkdif;
rSm/ -uGrf;usifvdrRmaom/ ynm±Sif ynm±SdawGudkom/ wkdif;jynftESH@a±G;cs,fcef@xm;oifhyg./
wkdif;jynftusdK;ukd-unfhwwfaom ynm±SdawG[m/ um,uHtm;jzifhvJ wkdif;jynf-uD;/ zG@H ðzd;wkd;
wufatmif/ tm;usdK;rmefwuf aqmif±Gufwwf./ 0pDuHtm;jzifhvJ om,mcsdKjrdefaom pum;awG
omajymqkdI/ oHaumif;/ wrefaumif;wa,muftjzpfaqmif±Gufwwfyg./
raemuHtm;jzifvJ/ olawmfaumif;pdwfjzifh/ wkdif;oljynfom;awGtay:/ arwWmtjynfht0
xm;um aqmif±Gufwwfyg./ Tvkdynm±Sd olawmfaumif;awG xGef;um;aygrsm;vmrSomv#if/
zGH@ðzd;wkd;wufr+ h jrefqefjyD;/ {csrf;om,mI aysmf±$ifbG,f taygif;ESifh jynfhpkHaom EkdifiHawmf-uD;
jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ oifhrdbawGudk ylaZmfvkyfau|;ouJhokd@/ wkdif;oljynfom;awGudk/ pm;0wf
aea&; usef;rma&; jynfhpkHatmif aqmif±Gufay;jcif;onf/ tmrdoylZmjzifh ylaZmfjcif;jzpfyg./
rdrdwkdif;oljynfom;awG/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ukd/ ±kd±kdaoao ,kH-unfwwfvmatmif/ pGe@f
v$wftepfemcHcsifwJh/ pdwf"gwftm;enf;aeaom/wdkif;oljynfom;awGukd/ ay;urf;jcif;qkdwhJpGef@v$wf
tepfemcHcsifwJh/ pdwf"gwfawG wzGm;zGm;ay:aygufvmatmif/
ukd,fusifhoduQm tm;enf;aeaom wkdif;oljynfom;awGukd/ ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;qkdwhJ/ukd,f
usifhoduQmawG jynfhpkHatmif/ aqmif±Gufay;EkdifrSomv#if/ "rRylZmtm;jzifhylaZmfaom/'umawmfudk/
rif;aumif;rif;jrwf[k/ wkdif;oljynfom;awGu/ csD;rGrf;axmyem/ðyygvdrhfrnf/
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ oifhwkdif;jynf oifhawmfav#mufywfaom t&yfa'ojzpfb@dk twGuf oif
ukdwkdif usdK;pm;pDrHaqmif±Gufwwf&rnf/ wkdif;jynfwGif±Sdaom v,f,mqnfajrmif;acsmif;uefawG
onf/ wkdif;jynf./ o,HZmwawGjzpfaoma-umi/fh tvGefta&;-uD;yg./
 53
q,fajrmif;acsmif;uefawG zG@H ðzd;wkd;wufatmif aqmif±Gufay;rSomv#if/ v,f,mawG
zGH@ðzd;wkd;wufjyD;/ pD;yGm;a&;awmifhwif;ckdifrmatmifusdK;pm;&rnf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;awGwdk;wuf
aumif;rGefatmif ðyjyifpDrHay;rSomv#if/ wae&mESifhwae&m a&mif;a&;0,fa&;awG vG,fulacsmarG@
vmjyD; zGH@ðzd;r+nDr#atmifaqmif±Gufay;Ekdif&rnf/
ynmwwf ynm±Sifrsm;ukd zdwfac:um bmoma&; ynma&;twGufausmif;awmf-uD;awG
wnfaqmufjyD;/ bmoma&; ynma&; zG@H ðzd;wkd;wufatmif aqmif±GufEkdif&rnf/ usef;rma&;twGuf
aq;ynm±Sifrsm;ukd/ csD;ajrmufum/ wkdif;oljynfom;awG toufa±S&mtemrJha&; aqmif±Gufay;Ekdif
rSomv#if/ oifhEkdifiHawmftwGuf usef;rma&;aumif;aom um,vkyfom;awGESifh wnfaqmufum
oifhwifhav#mufywfI/ aysmfar$@bG,faumif;aom EkdifiHawmf-uD;jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ wkdif;jynfwjynf zGH@ðzd;wkd;wufatmifaqmif±GufEdkifjcif;onf/ a±S;twdwf
ukokdvfawG±SdcJhaom/ bkef±Sif uH±SifawGrSom aqmif±Guftm;xkwfEkdifyg./ wkdif;jynf-uD;/ -uD;yGm;wkd;
wufatmif aqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onf/ tvGefrGefjrwfaom y&[dw vkyfief;awG jzpfaoma-umifh/ o
wd&wkdif;/ owd&wkdif; 0rf;ajrmufr+awGjzpfjyD; rdrdoEWmefrSm qGwfqGwfjzLaom olawmfaumif;wk@d .
ty&apwemrsdK;jzpfum/ -unfEl;ESpfouf&yg./
'umawmfrif;jrwf wkdif;oljynfom;awG t-um;tjrif A[kokwawG -uG,f0bkd@twGuf 0dZ…m
ynm&yfjzpfwJhpmayawGukd wu,fwwfatmif oif-um;pDrHay;Ekdif&rnf/ vufr+twwf/ pufr+t
wwfjzpfwJh/ odyH̀ynm&yfawGukdvJ/ acwfe@J &ifabmifwef;jyD;/ oif-um;EkdifatmifpDrHay;&rnf/
wkdif;jynfu xkwfjyefxm;aom pnf;urf;Oya'awGudkvnf; vkdufemwwfatmif aqmif±Guf
Ekdif&rnf/ ynmawG/Oya'awGukd u|rf;usifwwfajrmufrSomv#if EkdifiH-uD;om;yDornfjzpfyg./ EkdifiH
-uD;om;yDoaomyk*~KdvfawGomv#if/ ,Ofaus;odrfar$@aom/ oHwrefenf;ynmawG/ cspfzG,fom,m
zG,faompum;awGESifh/ obm0usus vdrRmyg;eyfpGmajymqkdwwfaom/ EkdifiHom;aumif;&wemrsm;
ay:xGufvmygvdrfhrnf/
'umawmfrif;jrwf rdbvkyfau|;jcif;qkdwhJ/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;wkd@&J@ tusihfudk olawmf
aumif;awGtm;vkH;ESpfouf-uyg./ rdrdrsdK;quf jyef@yGm;a&;ESihf/ rsdK;qufopf ±Sifoefa&;twGuf/ ZeD;
r,m;oRD;om;wkd@ukd/ pm;0wfaea&; usef;rma&; wifhawmifhwifhw,f xm;Ekdifbkd@/ ±+yfaxG;r+uif;wJ@/
orRmtmZD0-uaom pD;yGm;a&;ukd/ -uD;yGm;atmif/ aqmif±GufEkdif&ef/ 'umawmfrif;jrwf./wkdif;jynf
-uD;/ wnfjidrfat;csrf;bkd@ vkdtyfvSyg./
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ 'umawmfrif;jrwf./ wkdif;jynf-uD;/ jidrf;csrf;vkd@/ pD;yGm;OpPmawG 0ajym
vmv#if/ oifhwkdif;oljynfom;awG/ vleJ@wlatmif vlyDoatmif/ pGef@v$wftepfemcHjcif;qkdwhJ/ ay;
urf;jcif;ESifh/ ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwfjcif;qkdwhJ/ ukd,fusifhoduQmoDvukd/ apmifhxdrf;EkdifrSomv#if/ vlESihfwl
aomvlom;rsm;jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ bmoma&;/ tm;jzifhedrfhusaeaom aqGrsdK;rsm;tm;/pD;yGm;
 54
a&;tm;jzifh/ -uD;yGm;atmif/ ynma&;tm;jzifh xGef;um;atmif/ usef;rma&;tm;jzifhwdk;wufatmif
bmoma&;tm;jzifh zGH@ðzd;atmif pDpOfaqmif±Gufay;jcif;onf/ avmuwGif tjypfuif;aom vkyfoifh
vkyfxkdufaom olawmfaumif;awG ESpfoufaomtvkyfjzpfyg./
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ 'umawmfrif;jrwf. EkdifiHrSm/ ukd,fjzifht±Sufr±Sd ðyvkyfaomtr+awG/
E+wfjzifh ±kdif;±kdif;pkdif;pkdif; ajymqkdaom tusifhawG/ pdwf,kwfrmjzifh raumif;r+ukd -uHpDðyvkyfjcif;rS a0;
apcsif&ifawmh/ rl;&pfarhav#mhapwwfwhJ/ ao&nfao&uf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;wkd@ukd rSd0JokH;aqmifwwfwhJ
tavhtusifhawG/ rxGef;um;atmif usdK;pm;aqmif±Guf&ygrnf/
'Dao&nfao&ufESifh/ rl;,pfaq;0g;awG/ xGef;um;vmv#if/ wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; c|wfcsKH-ujyD;
a&m*gqkd;awG-ua&mufwwfw,f/ touf±Sifv#ufe@J arhav#mhaeol[m/ aooleJ@wlw,f/ oifhEdkifiH
ol/ EkdifiHom;awG/ aoolESifhwlatmif/ rjzpfapeJ@/ rarhrav#mhwJh yk*~KdvfawGomv#if/ touf±Sifole@J
wlwm/ oifhEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG/ rarhav#mhwhJ touf±SifoleJ@wlatmif/usdK;pm;um/ 'ge/ oDv/
bm0em ukokdvfw&m;awGukdvnf; rarhav#mhaom owdw&m; vufudkifxm;I wkd;wufyGm;rsm;
atmif/ usdK;pm;tm;xkwfoifhyg./
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ aus;Zl;-uD;rm;vSwJhrdb/ vrf;rSefudknGefjywwfwhJq&mESihf/ rdrdtkyfcsKyf
aomwkdif;jynfukd/ ±kdaoav;pm;&r,f/ a&rjynfhwJhtkd;omvkyfjyD;/ a&jynfhaomtkd;awG jidrfaeouJh
okd@/ igod/ igwwf/qkdwJh/ 0g-uGm;yv$m;r+rS uif;atmifaejyD;/
&wmav;eJ@ -unfEl;ESpfoufwwfwJhtusihfawG/ rdrdtay:aus;Zl;±SdcJhbl;wJholawGudkaus;Zl;
jyefqyfwwfwJhtusifhawG/ tm;vyfonfhtcsdefawGrSm/rSefuefwJh"rRawGukd/avhvmrSwfom;/em-um;
jcif;onf/ olawmfaumif;awG&J@ tusifhjzpfw,f/ tJ'DtusifhawGukd/ rdrdESihf wkdif;oljynfom;awGyg
vkdufemusifhokH;Ekdifatmifaqmif±Guf&r,f/
'umawmfrif;jrwf t&m&mukd cGihfv$wfoD;cHwwfwJh rGefjrwfwJhpdwfxm;awG/q&maumif;
awG&J@/rSefuefwJhvrf;nGefcsufawGESifhtnD/ qkH;r-o0g'ay;wmawGukd/ ±kdaopGmemcHrSwfom;I/ qkdqkH;
r&vG,fwJh*k%f±Sdaom yk*~KdvfawGrSm/ -uD;yGm;jcif;eJ@ jynfhpkHrnfh yk*~KdvfawGomjzpfyg./
rdrdwkd@ bkd;bGm;pOfquf ukd;uG,fvmaom/ &[ef;awmfawGukd/ rSefrSefzl;ar#mfjyD;/ rdrdrodao;
wJhw&m;awG/ b0rSvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf/ usihf-uHtm;xkwfykHenf;vrf;awGudk/ ±kd±dkaoao/ av;
av;pm;pm;/ ar;jref;av#mufxm;&r,f/
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ xl;wJhtod^m%fudk/ &±Sdvkdaomyk*~KdvfawG&J@oEWmefrSm/ rsufpd/ em;/ ESm/
v#m/ ukd,f/ pdwf/ qkdwJh ÁajENajcmufyg;/ wcg;ajcmufaygufukd/ owdqkdwJh wcg;±Gufe@J vkHðcHatmif
ydwfqkd@jyD;/ cspfcifjcif;qkdwJh arwWmw&m;awG/ oem;usifemjcif;qkdwJh u±k%mw&m;awG/ 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;omjzpfjcif;qkdwJh rk'dwmw&m;awG/ ynwfw&m;awGukd v#pfv#L±+jyD; ±kyfemrfqdkwhJy&rwfudk/ rSef
uefpGmodEkdifwJh OayuQmw&m;awGqkdwm/ jrifhjrwfaomtusifhw&m;awGjzpfw,f/
tJ'DjrifhjrwfwJh tusifhw&m;awGudk usihf-uHusdK;ukwftm;xkwfrSomv#if/ od/ y,f/ qkduf/ yGm;/
 55
qkdwJh/ opPmav;yg;ukd/ ukd,fwkdifudkusodjrifjyD;/ avmuDcsrf;omawGxuf tpaygif;rsm;pGm csrf;om
aom/ avb/ a'go/ rme/ paomw&m;awG r±Sdaom/ at;jidrf;csrf;omaom oEWdokc/qkdwhJ/ edAŠmef
csrf;omjrwfukd/ rsufarSmufðyEkdifrSmjzpfw,f/
'umawmfrif;jrwf/ edAŠmefcsrf;omukd/ ukd,fwkdifcHpm;EkdifwJh/ yk*~Kdvfxl;awG&J@ oEWmefrSmomv#if
avmu"Hw&m;±Spfyg;ESifh óuHawG@vmv#if/ wkHv+yfwwfwJhpdwfr±Sdbl;/ pkd;&drfjcif;r±Sdbl;/ &m*paomjrL
r±Sdbl;/ ab;&efr±Sdbl;vkd@/ ±SifawmfjrwfAk'<a[m-um;cJhw,f/ 'umawmfrif;jrwf?
rif;q&mjzpfawmfrlaom/ ±Sift&[Hrax&fjrwf./ nGef-um;jyo qkH;r-o0g'ay;awmfrlaom
r*Fvokwfvm/ usifh0wfawGESifhtnD/ taemf&xmbk&ifonf/ wkdif;jynfukdwnfaqmuf./ rSefuef
aomq&m./ tqkH;trESifhtnD/ ±kdaopGmvkdufemaom wynfhjzpfol. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr+w@dk a-umifh
wkdifjynf-uD;/ bufpkHzGH@ðzd;wkd;wufvm./
pD;yGm;a&;zGH@ðzd;r+ jy,k*fuawmh/ a±S;OD;vlom;awGrSm/ ,QKacwfvlom;awGvkd/ ZdrfcHypPnf;rsm;
r±Sdaoma-umifh/ rdrdcsrf;om-uG,f0vmwJh/ pnf;pdrf"eawGudk/ rdrdudk;uG,faombmomtwGuftokH;
csum/ vSnf;0if±kd;oHwnHnHyk*Hbk&m;aygif;[k/ ac:qkd&avmufatmif/ yk*Hbk&m;awGu/oufaoom
"u/ tjzpfwnf±Sdaeyg./
ynma&;tm;jzifh rsm;pGmzGH@ðzd;vm./ yk*H.oRD;ysdKawG a&cyfqif;vmwmawmif/ o'Ngydkif;qkdif
&m/ ±kyfwGufjcif;ta-umif;awGukdom/ ajymqkdvm-uonf[k/ a±S;pmayt& od&yg./ o'Ng/ oj*dKvf/
ukdawmh/ ±kd;±kd;omrmefjynfolawGawmif/ wwf-uonfqkdwJh/ oufaoom"uwckjzpfyg./
yk*Hacwfu/ o'NeDwd/ vkdusrf;rsdK;awGudk/ a&om;EdkifwJh/ t±Sift*~0Hovdk/ usrf;ðytausmfawG
vJ/ xGufay:vmcJhyg./ q&mESihf'um vufwJGnDnD aqmif±Gufaeaom yk*Hjynfynma&;rsm;pGmzG@H ðzd;
wkd;wufvmonfqkdwm/ Tom"uawGu oufaocHv#uf±Sdyg./
wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;jrifhvm&if/ ynma&;usef;rma&;awGvJ tvkdvkdjrifhvm./ ynmwwfawG
rsm;avav/ wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;/ a&±Snfwnfwef@avjzpfyg./ tar#mftjrif-uD;rm;aom taemf&
xmbk&ifukd &±Sdxm;onfhtwGufvJ/ yk*Hjynfoljynfom;awG uHaumif;vSyg./
wkdif;jynf./ u|J±kdif;ab;&efay:vmaomtcg/ tpGrf;tp±Sdaom/ ppfol-uD;awG/ rsm;pGm±Sdygv#uf
om;eJ@/ wa,mufrS rapv$wfbJ/ acgif;aqmifaumif; wa,mufyDopGmjzifh/ rdrdukd,fwdkif toufp
aw;jyD;/ wkdif;jynf. &efpG,fukd/ umuG,fay;cJhyg./
“rdrdtusdK;ukdpGef@v$wfjyD;/ wkdif;jynftusdK;ukdom-unfhcJhaom”
“yk*Hjynfoljynfom;awG&J@ oEWmefrSm pGe@f v$wftepfemcHcsifwJh/ pdwf"gwfawG wzGm;zGm;ay:
aygufvmatmif/ pHerlemjycJhaom”
“yk*Hjynfoljynfom;awGukd/ rSefuefaom"rRvrf;a-umif;ay:okd@/ a&mufatmifaqmif±Gufay;
cJhaom”
“yxrjrefrmEkdifiHukd/ pwifwnfaxmifchJaom”
 56
“jrefrmjynfoljynfom;awG&Jh/ ESpfvHk;om;ukd pGJukdifv+yfEkdifaom”
“vlom;jrwftaemf&xmbk&ifonf/ jynfoljynfom;awG&J@cspfjrwfEkd;r+ukd&cJhyg.”
bk&iftaemf&xm./ yk*Hjynfol jynfom;awGukd/ rSefuefaom "rR vrf;a-umif;ay:ok@d a&muf
atmifaqmif±GufcJhjcif;onf/ rdrdrsdK;EG,fudk apmifha±Smufaom/ rif;aumif;rif;jrwfjzpfyg./
apmifhavrsdKEG,f(3)
rdbwkd@. tvª0wfukd qufvufaqmif±Gufjcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fukd/ apmifha±Smuf
onfrnfyg./
rdrdwkd@./ bkd;bGm; rdbawGonf/ qGrf;/ ouFef;/ ausmif;/ aq;/ ypPnf;av;yg;jzifh/ rdrdw@dk udk;
uG,faom/ bmom omoemukd/ wwfEkdifoavmuf/ yef@ykd;vª'gef;cJhwmawG/ rsm;pGm±Sdyg./ om;oRD;
awGvufxufwGif/ qufvufaqmif±GufEdkifaom/ om;oRD;awG±Sdovkd/ rdbawG./ tvª0wfudk/ rod
csifa&mifaqmifI/ rvkyfcsifaom/ om;oRD;awGvJ/ avmuwGifrsm;pGm±Sdyg./
bkd;bGm;rdbwkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@ukd;uG,faom/ bmom omoemtwGuf/ wESpfw-udrf avmif;vª
&aom bkHavmif;qGrf;ESifh/ wESpfwcg oHCmawmft±Sifjrwfwkd@tm;/ rdrdtdrfokd@ yifhuyf&aomqGrf;
wvw-udrf/ vª&aomaomqGrf;/wygwfwcgvª&aomqGrf;/ ae@pOfae@wdkif;vª&aomqGrf;0wfawGudk/
rdrdwkd@ukd;uG,faomausmif;/ rdrdwkd@tdrfa±S@ESifhtdrfokd@/ tvªcH-uGa&mufvmaom/ oHCmawmft±Sif
jrwfwkd@tm;/ pOfqufrjywftvª0wfawGudk/ ðyvkyfcJhyg./
rdrdwkd@om;oRD;awGvufxufwGif/ bkd;bGm;rdbrsm;./ qGrf;0wfrsm;ukd/ qufvufaqmif±Guf
vª'gef;Ekdifjcif;onf/ wm0efa-uaom/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;rsm;jzpfyg./
bkd;bGm;rdbwkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@udk;uG,faom/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf/ 0gqkdumvwGif/0g
qkdouFef;uyfvªjcif;/ uxdefacwfumvwGif/ uxdefouFef;ESifhwuG/ t&HypPnf;rsm;ukd/ vª'gef;jcif;/
paom/ tvª0wfrsm;ukdvJ/ pOfqufrjywfðyvkyfcJhyg./
rdrdwkd@om;oRD;rsm;vufxufwGif/ bkd;bGm;rdbwk@d ./ 0gqkdouFef;ESifh uxdefouFef;wk@d udk/quf
vufaqmif±Gufvª'gef;Ekdifjcif;onf/ rsdKeG,fudkapmifha±Smufaom/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;yDoyg./
bkd;bGm; rdbwkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@ukd;uG,faom/ bmom omoemtwGuf/ ausmif;awGvJaqmuf
vkyfvª'gef;cJhyg./ bk&m;awGvJ wnfxm;ukd;uG,fcJhyg./ a&wGif;a&uefawGvJ wl;az:vª'gef;cJhyg./
vrf;awGwHwm;awGvJ wnfaqmufðyjyifvª'gef;cJhyg./ t&dyf&aomopfyifESifh a&csrf;pOfw@dk udk/apw
emxufoefpGmjzifh/ vª'gef;aqmif±GufchJyg./
rdrdwkd@om;oRD;awGvufxufwGif/ bkd;bGm;rdbwk@d .aqmufvkyfvª'gef;cJhaom/ ausmif;/ uef/
bk&m;/ vrf;wHwm;ESifh/ t&dyf&opfyif/ a&csrf;pOfw@dk udk/ qufvufðyjyifaqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onf/ 0wf
w&m;ausyGefaom/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;rsm;jzpfyg./
bkd;bGm;rdbwkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@ukd;uG,faom/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf/ usef;rma&;twGuf
acwfESifhtnD/ xGuf±Sdvmaom/ aq;0g;"gwfpmrsm;tm;/ vª'gef;jcif;/ usef;rma&; ppfaq;&ef vkdtyf
 57
aomtcg/ orm;awmf q&m0efawGudkyifhI/ ukoay;jcif;jzifh/ rGefjrwfaom ZD0dw'ge tvªawGudk
vnf;/ apwemokH;wef jyXmef;I vª'gef;cJhyg./
rdrdwkd@ om;oRD;awGvufxufwGif/ bkd;bGm;rdbwkd@/ oHCmawmft±Sifjrwfwkd@tm;/ vª'gef;cJh
aomusef;rma&;/ tpDtpOfukd/ qufvufaqmif±GufEkdifjcif;onf/ rsdK;qufukd/ aumif;pGmapmifhxdrf;
Ekdifaom/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;yDoyg./
bkd;bGm;rdbwkd@onf/ rdrdwkd@tvª0wfawGukd/ qufvufxdrf;odrf;Ekdifaom/ om;aumif;oRD;
aumif;awGukd/ a&muf&mb0rS/ om"ktEkarm'emac:qkdum/ aumif;csD;-obmay;-u./ tvª0wf
ukd/ zsufpD;aom/ om;qkd;oRD;qkd;awGtm;/ raumif;aom ok*wdb0okd@ a&muf&rnfhta-umif;ukd
qkH;r-o0g'ay;I/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;wa,mufjzpfvmatmif aqmif±GufcJhaom/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
tavmif;awmfb0u/ ZmwfawmfwckuvJ/ rsm;pGmwefbkd;±SdvSyg./
jrwfpGmbk&m; tavmif;awmfb0u/ Am&m%oDjynfwGif/ olaX;-uD;wOD;. om;jzpfvm./
zcifolaX;-uD;uG,fvGefaomtcg/ om;jzpfoltm;/ olaX;&mxl;ukday;av./
rdrdwkd@rdom;pk b¾mukd tpOftquf xdrf;odrf;vmaom/ b¾mxdrf;rS/ rdb/ bkd;bGm;awG
xm;cJhaom/ b¾mwkdufukd/ tavmif;awmfolaX;om;tm;/ zGifhjyaomtcg/ OpPm"eawGudk-unfhjyD;
uG,fvGefaom rdb bkd;bGm;awG/ ypPnf;OpPmawG/ r,loGm;EkdifbJ/ xm;cJh&w,f/
iguawmh ypPnf;OpPmawG &atmif,loGm;r,f[k ajymqkdum/ tvª r¾myf-uD;awGxdk;jyD;/
ae@pOfae@wkdif; t&yfav;rsufESmrSvmaom tvªcHyk*~KdvfawGukd/ t,kwf tvwf tjrwf ra±G; vª
'gef;um/ ,QK/ rsufarSmufb0rSmvJ/ ay;urf;&onfhtwGuf/ -unfEl;ESpfouf&yg./ aemifoHo&m/
a&muf&mb0wGif/ csrf;csrf;omomaeEkdifb@dk twGuf/ &duQm'gexkwf-uD;ukdvJ/ tjyD;tykdifxkwfcsDum/
,laqmifaejcif;jzpfyg.
0dnmOfxifvif;/ ouf±Sifjcif;um;/ aojcif; aemufqkH;±Sdacs./ qkdonfhtwkdif;/ olaX;-uD;t
ouf-uD;vmvkd@/ aocsif;w&m;ESifh eD;vmaomtcg/ om;jzpfoltm;/ iguG,fvGef&if/ cspfom;vuf
xufYvnf;/ Ttvª0wfukd rjywfapeJ@vdk@/ rSm-um;jyD;/ uG,fvGefaomtcg/ ewfjynfY/ o-um;rif;
jzpfv#uf/ ewfpnf;pdrfawGukd/ tjynfht0cHpm;&av./
bk&m;avmif;.om;vJ/ zcifrSmxm;onfhtvª0wfukd/ rjywfðyvkyfum/ rdrdaocgeD;tcsdefum
vrSm/ om;jzpfoltm;/ iguG,fvGef&if/ cspfom;vufxufYvnf;/ zcifwkd@&J@rsdK;EG,fpOfquftvª0wf
ukdrjywfapeJ@/ rSm-um;I/ uG,fvGefaomtcg/ vewfom;jzpfvm./
xkdvewfom;.om;vJ/ zcifrSmxm;onfhtwkdif;/tvª0wfukd/ rjywfðyvkyfum/ rdrduG,fvGef
cgeD;csdefrSm/ om;jzpfoltm;/ iguG,fvGef&if/ cspfom;vufxufYvnf;/ zcifwkd@&J@rsdK;EG,fpOfquftvª
ukdrjywfapeJ@/ rSm-um;I/ uG,fvGefaomtcg/ aeewfom;jzpfvm./
xkdaeewfom.om;vJ/ zcifrSmxm;onfhtwkdif;/ tvª0wfukdrjywfðyvkyfum/ rdrdb0wyg;
ajymif;cgeD;tcsdefrSm/ om;jzpfoltm;/ iguG,fvGef&if/ cspfom;vufxufrSmvJ/ zcifwkd@&@J rsdK;EG,fquf
 58
tvª0wfukd/ rjywfapeJ@[k/ rSm-um;I/ uG,fvGefaomtcg/ rmwvdewfom;jzpfvm./
xkdrmwvdewfom;.om;vJ/ zcifrSmxm;onfhtwkdif;/ tvª0wfukdrjywfðyvkyfum/rdrdtedpP
a&mufcgeD;aomtcg/ om;jzpfoltm;/ iguG,fvGef&if/ cspfom;vufxufrSmvJ/zcifwkd@&@J rsdK;EG,fquf
tvª0wfukd/ rjywfapeJ@[k/ rSm-um;I/uG,fvGefaomtcg/ yOPoDcewfom;jzpfvm./
rdbbkd;bGm;wkd@. rsdK;EG,fukdapmifha±Smufaom/ pOfqufrjywfvªvmaom/ tvª0wfudk/ om;
pOfajr;quf/ vª'gef;cJhaoma-umifh/ txufewfjynfokd@/ a&mufvm-uyg./
xkdyOPoDc.om;jzpfaom/ AdVm&aumod,vufxufrSm/ zcifjzpfolu/ rsdK;EG,fpOfquftvª
0wfukd/ rjywfvª'gef;bkd@/ rSmxm;cJhaomfvnf;yJ/ om;jzpfol AdVm&aumod,onf/ vkdufemjcif;r±Sdyg
AdVm&aumod,onf/ ypPnf;OpPmawG/ vª'gef;vkduf&vkd@/ ukefoGm;wmukdbJjrifae./
AdVm&aumod,wa,muf/ ay;vkduf&vkd@/ -unfEl;ESpfoufvkduf&wJht&omukd/ ray;bl;
rvªbl;wJhtwGuf/ em;rvnf±Smyg/ ay;vkduf&vkd@/ -unfEl;ESpfoufwJh t&omukd/ ay;vªbl;ol awG
omv#if/cHpm;wwfyg./ ay;vkduf&wJht&omukd/rcHpm;wwfaom/AdVm&aumod,onf/ ypPnf;OpPm
rsm;ukd ESajrmwGef@wkdI/ vª'gef;jcifiSm/ tvkdr±SdonfhtwGuf/ tvªr¾myfawGukdzsufpD;um/ tvªcH
awGukd/ ESifxkwfI/ rdbbkd;bGm;rsdK;EG,ftpOftqufðyvkyfchJaom/ tvª0wfukdzsufav./
bk&m;tavmif;jzpfaom/ o-um;rif;onf/ rdrdrsdK;EG,fpOfqufudkjyef-unfhaomtcg/ rdrdcs
rSwfcJhaom/ tvª0wfukd/ rzsufpD;bJ/ rsdK;EG,fukd apmifha±SmufcJhaom/ rsdK;quf/ ig;qufwdkifwdkif/ ewf
jynfwGif/ o-um;rif;/ vewfom;/ aeewfom;/ rmwvdewfom;/ yOPoDcewfom;/ awGjzpfvm./
,QK/ ajcmufqufajrmuf/ AdVm&aumod,vufxuf-urS/ tvª0wfawGzsufpD;um/ tyg,f
i&J/ -ua&mufrnfukd/ jrifawG@ojzifh/ usefewfom;av;a,mufukd/ ac:qkdum/ vl@jynfwGif/ rdrdw@dk ./
bkd;bGm;rdbrsdK;EG,ftpOftqufðycJhaomtvª0wfukd/ zsufpD;aeaom/ rsdK;EG,fudkrapmifha±Smufaom
ajcmufqufajrmufom;/ AdVm&aumod,ukd/ qkH;r&ef/ vl@jynfukdvmcJh-u./
o-um;rif;ESifh ewfom;av;a,mufonf/ wkdifyifEDS;aESmjyD;/ ykÀm;rsm;ta,mifaqmifum
Advm&aumod,/ olaX;-uD;xH/ tvªcHoGm;-u./ ykÀm;ta,mifaqmifxm;aom/ o-um;rif;-uD;
rS/ AdVm&aumod,xH/ yxrqkH;tvªcH0ifavonf/
“tdk==olaX;-uD;/ oifhxHrS/ xrif;tvªcHyg./”
“ykÀm;=TtdrfY/ oifhtm;ay;p&mxrif;r±Sd/ wjcm;tdrfukd/ oGm;tvªcHyg/”
“tkd==olaX;-uD;/ ykÀm;wkd@onf/ xrif;ukdtvªcHonf±Sdaomf/ vª'gef;jcif;iSmxkduf./”
“ykÀm;/ ightdrfY/ usufjyD;aomxrif;onf‚if;/ csufvwH@aomxrif;onf‚if;r±Sd/ wjcm;
tdrfokd@oGm;I/ tvªcHyg/”
“olaX;-uD;/ oifhtm;w&m;a[mrnf/ emavmh”
“ykÀm;/ oifhw&m;ukd/ igremjcif/ ightdrfrSxGufoGm;yg”
o-um;rif;onf/ AdVm&aumod,/ ESifxkwfaompum;ukd/ r-um;csifa,mifaqmifI/ olaX;
 59
-uD;/ olawmfaumif;awGqkdwm/ xrif;rcsufygaomfvnf;/ qGrf0wfjzifh&aomxrif;ukd/ vª'gef;jcif;
iSm/tvkd±Sd-uw,f/
oifolaX;-uD;onf/ xrif;csufygv#uf/ xrif;ukd/ rvª'gef;jcif;onf/ rav#mufywfyg/ olaX;
-uD;/ ESajrmjcif;/ ukokdvfukd arhav#mhjcif;a-umif/h Txrif;ukd/ oifrvª'gef;jcif;jzpf./ aumif;usdK;vkd
vm;aom/ olawmfaumif;ynm±SdawGuawmh/ TtvªrsdK;ukd/ ESpfouf-u./
AdVm&aumod, olaX;-uD;vJ/ o-um;rif;ta,mifaqmifxm;aomykÀm;ajymaompum;
ukd/ ESpfoufonfjzpfI/ ykÀm;oifhukdeJeJvªrnf/ tdrfxJokd@-uGyg[kzdwfac:av./ o-um;rif;vJ/ tdrf
xJokd@0ifI/ ygVd*gxmwkd@ukd/ ±GwfqkdIae./
xkd@aemufykÀm;ta,mifaqmifxm;aom/ vewfom;a&muf±SdvmjyD;/ olaX;-uD;xH/ xrif;
tvªcHjyef./ rvªcsifolxHukdrS/ tvªcHyk*~KdvfawG/ c% c%/ a&mufae./ AdVm&aumod,olaX;-uD;
onf/ aemuftvªcHyk*~Kdvftm;vJ/ ESifxkwfjyef./
“ykÀm; oifhtwGuf TtdrfYxrif;r±Sd/ wjcm;tdrfoGm;tvªcHyg/”
“olaX;-uD;/ tdrfxJwGif/ ykÀm;wa,muf/ *gxmawG ±Gwfzwfae./ tvªay;aeonfxifyg./”
“ykÀm;/ ol@bmawG±Gwf±Gwf/ oife@J rqkdifygbl;/ oifomoGm;yg/”
“olaX;-uD;/ ESajrmaomolonf/ iwfrGwfjcif;ab;rSa-umufonfjzpfIrvª/ rvªaoma-umifh/,QK
b0rSmvJ/ iwfrGwfjcif;ab;ESifh/ óuHawG@Ekdif./ aemifb0oHo&m/ tqufqufrSmvJ/ qif;&J@I/ iwf
rGwfjcif;ab;ESifh/ óuHawG@Ekdif./ olaX;-uD;/ ESajrmjcif;ukdpGef@v$wfI/ tvª'geukdðyyg/ aumif;aomok*
wd b0qkdwm/ tvª'geðyolwkd@./ cHpm;pHpm;&m/ ae&maumif;wckjzpfyg.[k a[mav./”
“ykÀm;oifhukdvJ/ xrif;eJeJvªrnf/ tdrfxJokd@-uGyg[k/ zdwfac:av./”vewfom;vJ/ o-um;
rif;ESifhtwl/ tdrfxJokd@0ifxkdifae./
xkd@aemufc%-umaomtcg/ ykÀm;a,mifaqmifxm;aom/ aeewfom;a&mufvmjyef./
“olaX;-uD;/ xrif;vªyg[k/ tvªcHav./”
“ykÀm;/ oifhtwGufxrif;r±Sd/ xGufoGm;avmh”
“olaX;-uD;/ olawmfaumif;awG ðyvkyfaom tvª'gersdK;ukd/ ol,kwfrmawG/ ðyvkyf&ef/ cJ&if;
vSyg./ olawmfaumifawG uG,fvGef&if ewfjynfokd@a&mufI/ olawmfaumif;tusihfudk/ rusihfEdkif
aomyk*~KdvfawG uG,fvGef&if/ csrf;omuif;I/ qif;&Jaom i&Jokd@a&muf&./ ay;urf; pGe@f -uJvª'gef;
jcif;onf/ i&Jokd@ra&mufyg[k a[mav./”
“olaX;-uD;onf/ w&m;ukdoabm-uaoma-umifh/ ykÀm;/ oifhukdvJxrif;eJeJvªrnf/ tdrf
xJokd@-uGyg[k/ zdwfac:avonf/ avewfom;vJ/ o-um;rif;wkd@ESifh twl0ifxkdifae./
xkd@aemufc%-umaomtcg/ ykÀm;a,mifaqmifxm;aom/ rmwvdewfom;a&mufvmjyef./
“olaX;-uD;/ xrif;eJeJvªyg[k tvªcHav./”
“ykÀm;/ oifhtwGuf/ bmxrif;rSr±Sd/ jyefavmh/”
 60
“olaX;-uD;/ vl@b0a&mufvmaom/ vlESihfwlaomyk*~Kdvf ynm±SdawGonf/ tenf;i,faom/ 'ge
ukdvJ/ -unfEl;pGmðy-u./ vlESifhrwlaom/ vlryDoaom/ ESajrmaomyk*~KdvfawGonf/ ypPnf;OpPmrsm;
pGm±Sdaomfvnf;/ vªjcif;iSmtvkdr±Sdyg/ uH/ uH.tusdK;ukd,kH-unfI/ tenf;i,fvªaomfvnf;/tusdK;
rsm;pGm&±SdEkdifyg.[k/ ajym-um;av./
“olaX;-uD;vJw&m;ukdoabm-uaoma-umifh/ ykÀm;/ oifhukdvJ xrif;eJeJvªrnf/ tdrfxJo@dk
-uGyg[k zdwfac:avonf/”rmwvdewfom;vJ/ o-um;rif;wkd@ESifhtwl/ tdrfxJ0ifxdkifae./”
xkd@aemuf c% -umaomtcg/ ykÀm;a,mifaqmifxm;aom/ olaX;-uD;.zcif/ yOPoDcewf
om;a&mufvmjyef./
“olaX;-uD;/ xrif;eJeJvªyg[k/ tvªcHav./”
“ykÀm;/ oifhtwGuf bmxrif;rSr±Sd/ oGm;avavmh/”
“olaX;-uD;/ olawmfaumif;tusihf/ okp±kdufw&m;awGehJ jynfhpkHaom/ qif;&JaomtrsdK;om;
onf/ rdrdvkyftm;jzifh ±SmazG&±Sdvmaom/ tenf;i,faomvªbG,fypPnf;ukd vª'gef;./ olwyg;wk@d ukd
t"rRESdyfqufI/ &tyfaom odef;oef;csDaom ypPnf;awG pkykHvªaomfvnf;/ w&m;ESihftnD &±Sdvm
aom vªbG,fypPnf;jzifh vª'gef;aom/ olawmfw&m;jynfh0aom/ qif;&Jom;tvª./ wq,fhajcmuf
pdwfwGif wpdwfr# rxkdufyg/”
“ykÀm;==t"rRenf;jzifh&±Sdvmaom ypPnf;awG todef;toef;ruvªaomfvnf;/w&m;
ojzifh&±Sdvmaom ypPnf; tenf;i,fudk/ vªaom'ge./ wq,fhajcmufpdwfv#if/ wpdwfawmif/ t
b,fha-umifh rxkdufygoenf;/”
“olaX;-uD;/ olwyg;awGukd/ t"rR ESdyfqufIaomf‚if;/ owfIaomf‚if;/ rsuf&nfusapI
aomf‚if;/ &vmaom ypPnf;rsm;onf/ rpif-u,faom ypPnf;rsm; jzpfaoma-umifh/ pif-u,foef@±Sif;
aomypPnf;rsm;jzifh/ tenf;i,fvª'gef;aom'geukd/ rrSDyg[kajymav./ ”
“olaX;-uD;vJw&m;ukdoabm-uaoma-umifh/ ykÀm;/ oifhvJxrif;eJeJvªrnf/ tdrfxJodk@
-uGyg[k/ zdwfac:avonf/ yOPoDcewfom;vJ/ o-um;rif;wkd@ESifh twlaeav./”
a-umifrsufvkH;ESifh/ wlaomrsufvHk;±Sdaom/ AdVm&aumod,olaX;-uD;onf/ tdrfYckdif;tyf
aom/ tdrfaprukdac:I/ TykÀm;wkd@tm;/ pyg;tenf;i,fay;I/ jyefvGwfvkduf[kckdif;ap./
“tdrfapronf/ ykÀm;wkd@tm;/ pyg;tenf;i,fpD csay;I jyefygawmh[kajym./”
“ykÀm;wkd@uvJ/ igwkd@tm;/ pyg;jzifh tvkdr±Sd[kajym./”
“olaX;-uD;xH ta-umif;-um;aomtcg/ qefukday;avmh[kqkdjyef./”
“tdrfapronf/ ykÀm;wkd@tm;/ qeftenf;i,fpD csay;I jyefygawmh[kajym./”
“ykÀm;wkd@uvJ/ igwkd@tm;/ qefjzifh tvkdr±Sd[kajym./”
“olaX;-uD;xH ta-umif;-um;aomtcg/ 'Dvkdqkd&if/ EGm;pmtwGufcsufxm;aom/ xrif;
ukd/ cl;Iau|;avmh[kqkdjyef./”
 61
“tdrfaprvnf;/ ykÀm;ig;a,muftm;/ EGm;pmtwGuf csufxm;aom xrif;ukdau|;./”
ykÀm;a,mifaqmifxm;aomewfw@dk onf/ tvGef-urf;aomEGm;pmxrif;awGudk/ cHwGif;xJ/
ikHxm;um/ v,facsmif;xJeifaomykHpHjzifh/ rsufvHk;jyL;/ rsufqHjyL;/ ðyvkyfum/ aoouJo@dk [efaqmif
jyD;/ vnf;av#mif;-uukef./
tdrfapronf/ ykÀm;wkd@./ aoaeaomtjcif;t&mukd/ xdyfvef@bG,fjrifawG@&I/ olaX;-uD;
ykÀm;awG/ tvGef-urf;aom/ EGm;pmxrif;eifI/ aoukefjyD[kajym./ xkdtcg-urS/ olaX;-uD;onf/
vlwkd@uJh&J@±+yfcsrSmukd/ pkd;&drfonfhtwGuf/ EGm;pmxrif;awG oGefckdif;um/ tvGefEl;nH@aom/ oav;x
rif;awGukd/ cl;xm;cdkif;av./
olaX;-uD;onf/ vlaygif;rsm;pGmukdac:I/ TtvªcHykÀm;ig;a,mufukd/ tvGefEl;nH@aom/o
av;xrif;wkd@jzifh/ au|;arG;vª'gef;ygaomfvnf;/ ykÀm;wk@d onf/ tvkd-uD;um/-uD;pGmaomxrif;vkyf
jzifh/ rsm;pGmpm;aoma-umifh/ v,fwGifeifI/ aoqkH;-uukef.[k/ ckHay:wGifwifxm;aom/ oav; x
rif;yk*Hwkd@ukdjyum/ rdrdtay: -ua&mufrnfhtjypfukd/ umuG,fIajym-um;av./
vlaygif;rsm;pGm a&mufvmaomtcg/ aocsifa,mifaqmifaeaom/ ykÀm;wk@d xvmum/
tkd===vltaygifwkd@/ TolaX;-uD;onf/ r[kwfrrSefaompum;ukd/ ±+pm;-uavmh/ igw@dk tm;/ oav;
xrif;ukdau|;.[k rkom;pum;qkd./ igw@dk tm;au|;aomxrif;onf/ EGm;ukdau|;aom/tvGef-urf;
aom/ EGm;pmxrif;omjzpf.[kqkdum/ cHwGif;xJwGif ikHxm;aom/ EGm;pm;aomxrif;ukdaxG;jy./
vlaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf/ olaX;rkduf/ oifonf/ rdb bkd;ab; bDbifwkd@./ vªjrJtpOf/ trsdK;
tEG,fukdvnf;/ zsufpD;./ tvªcHr¾myfudkvnf;zsufpD;./ tvªcHwkd@ukdvnf;/ ESifxkwf./,QK/ vnf;
El;nH@odrfarG@aom/ tvªcH ykÀm;awGudk/ tvGef-urf;aom EGm;pmxrif;ukdau|;./ oifuG,fvGef&if/
oifhtdrfrS/ ypPnf;awGukd/ oifhvnfyif;YpGJjyD; ,loGm;&vdrfhrnf[k/ uJh&J@±+yfcs-uukef./
xkdtcg o-um;rif;onf/ tkdvltaygif;wk@d ===TtdrfY ±SdaomOpPm"ersm;onf/ tb,f
yk*~Kdvfrsm;./ OpPm"ejzpfoenf;/ oifwkd@od-uoavm[kar;./ vltaygif;u rodyg[kqdk-u./ Tðrd@
Am&m%oDrif;vufxufwGif/ r[molaX;-uD;onf/ tvªr¾myfrsm;aqmufvkyfI/ tvª'geawGudk/
t-uD;t-u,fðy.[laomta-umif;ukd/ oifwkd@-um;bl;ygoavm[k ar;aomtcg/ -um;bl;yg.[k
ajym-um;av./
xkdtvª-uD;ukday;aom/ r[molaX;onf/ igyifwnf;/ ,QKtcg/ igonf/ ewfjynfwGif/o-um;
rif;jzpf./ ig. rsdK;EG,fukd apmifha±SmufI/ tvª0wfukd/ tjrJðyvkyfaom/ ighom;ajr;pOfquf/ ig;quf
wkdifwkdif/ vewfom;/ aeewfom;/ rmwvdewfom;/ yOPoDcewfom;jzpf-u./
tvª'geonf/ tusdK;rsm;pGm±Sd./ oifvltaygif;wkd@vnf;/ ewfjynfa&mufa-umif;tusihfjzpf
aom/ 'ge/ oDv/ukdusdK;pm;ðy-uyg[k ajymqkdum/ aumif;uifo@dk jyefwufI/ ewftoGifjy-u./ ewf
ig;OD;wkd@./ ta&miftvif;jzifh/ wðrd@vkH;ukdvif;ap./
AdVm&aumod, olaX;vnf;/ aemifw&um/ vuftkyfcsDI/ t±Sifo-um;rif;/ ,ae@rSpI/
 62
rdb bkd;bGm; bDbifwkd@./ rsdK;EG,fukd apmifha±Smufaom/ tvª0wfukd/ rysufruGuf/ ðyvkyfygrnf/ ,
ae@rSpI/ &vmaomypPnf;rsm;wGif/ a& &onfukdyif/ olwyg;tm;rvªbJ/ b,fawmhrS rokH;aqmifyg
[k/ 0efcHjcif;ukdðy./ xkdolaX;onf/ ajymonfhtwkdif;usifhI/ uG,fvGefaomtcg/ wm0wd Hom ewf
jynfYjzpfum/ ewfpnf;pdrfukd/ tjynfht0/ cHpm;&av./
rdb bkd;bGm; bDbifwkd@./ tvª0wfukd/ rzsufpD;bJ/ rdrdw@dk vufxufwGif/ qufvufaqmif
±GufEkdifjcif;onf/ rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fpOfqufukd/ qufvufapmifha±Smufaom/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpf
yg./ olawmfaumif;om;oRD;rsm;jzpfapcsifonfhtwGuf/ o*FZm q&mawmf-uD;rS/ bk&m;a[mESihf/t
nD/ apmifhavrsdK;EG,f/[k vuFmpDukef;a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfyg./
pm±+oltaqG/ oif Tom;aumif;oRD;aumif;pmtkyfukd zwf±+jyD;v#if/ vkdufemp&mawG/
a±Smif-uOfp&mawG/ twk,lp&mawGudk/ cGJjcm;odjrifb@dk vkdtyfyg./
1/ta±S@/ awmif/ taemuf/ ajrmuf/ atmuf/ txuf/ [kqkdtyfaom/ t&yfajcmufrsuf
ESmukd/ qHyifawG a&pGwfjyD;/ rSm;,Gif;pGm/ ±Sdcdk;aeaom/ od*Fgv owkd@om;av;ukd/ ±Sifawmf jrwfAk'<rS
a±S@rSm rdb/ awmifuq&m/ aemufrSmr,m;/ ajrmufum;rdwfaqG/ atmufacsu|efrSwf/ xuf&yfoH
Cm/ rSwfom;ygajcmufjzm±Sdckd;enf;/[k rSefuefaom"rRukd/ a[maz:nGefjyonfhtwGuf/ om;aumif;
wa,mufjzpfvmjyD;/ ukaÉ-uG,f olaX;-uD;b0ukd/ vufqkyfukdifukdif &±SdoGm;yg./
Tod*Fgvokwfonf/ ,QKb0tusdK;/ aemifb0tusdK;twGuf/ tvGefaus;Zlrsm;aoma-umifh
om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfvkdolwkdif;/ vkdufemusifhokH;tyfaom/ a'oemwckjzpfyg./
2/ tavmif;awmfau'g&aus;rif;onf/ rdbESpfyg;tm;ðypkvkyfau|;I/ rdrdtay:wif±dSaeaom
au|;a[mif;ukd/ ausauseyfeyf-uD; ay;qyfaeyg./ rsdKqufopf jyef@yGm;a&;twGuf/ om;i,foDR;i,f
wkd@ukdvnf;/ au|;arG;apmifha±Smuf./ouf-uD;±G,ftkd/ aus;xkdxkdtm;/±kdaopGm/ au|;arG;apmifha±Smuf
vª'gef;I/ aemifb0twGuf/ 'ge a±$tdk;-uD;ukdvnf;ðrwfESHaeyg./
om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfvkdolwdkif;onf/ aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd/ ðypkvkyfau|;&rnf/ rdrdrsdK;
quf/ om;oRD;wkd@tm;vnf;/ au|;arG;apmifha±Smuf&rnf/ vª'gef;ay;urf; pGef@-uJjcif;jzifhvnf;/aemif
oHo&m/ csrf;ombkd@ta&;/ 'gea±$tkd;ðrwfrSomv#if/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
3/ em*gqkdwJh/ trsdK;oRD;av;vkd/ taromolawmif;pm;r[k/ rdbukdwcGef;cHajymcJhwhJ/ tukodkvf
uHa-umifh/ b0wauG@rSm/ óuHawG@cHpm;cJh&wJh/ 'kuQawGukd/ &if0,fykdufv#uf/ rdrdukd,fwdkif/ olawmif;
pm;rb0a&mufum/ rdrd&J@tukokdvfuHa-umifh/ bkef;±Sif uH±Sif/ rdrdcifyGef;yg/ bk&ifb0ukdr&±SdbJ/ om
refrif;om;b0eJ@yJ/ b0ed*kH;csKyfcJh&wJh/ Zmwfvrf;uawmh/ a±Smif-uOf ocFef;pm,lbkd@yg/ em*gtrsdK;oRD;
av;vkd/ aus;Zl;±SifrdbESpfyg;ukd/ rjypfrSm;olrSomv#if/ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;jzpfEkdifyg./
4/ rdbrsm; rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;r&aomtcg/ ok0Àomr owkd@om;av;/ rdbrsm;i,fi,f
±G,f±G,feJ@/ rsufpdESpfuGif;tvif;ysufoGm;aoma-umifh/ 0rf;eJpGmikdrd./ rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;r&aom
rdbESpfyg;ukd/ ,ae@upjyD; igukd,fwkdifðypkvkyfau|;&awmhrnf[k/ -unfEl;ESpfoufpdwfawGjzpfay:vm
 63
jyD;/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&,frd./
pm±+oltaqG/ oifvnf;ok0Àomrukd twk,ljyD;/ rdbESpfyg;ukd/ ukd,fwkdifðypkvkyfau|;cGifh&
v#if/ tvGef0rf;ajrmufwJh pdwfawGeJ@/ ausaus eyfeyf-uD;/ ðypkvkyfau|;rSomv#if/ om;aumif;oRD;
aumif;jzpfrSmaocsmyg./
5/ rdbudpPukd trsm;qkH;aqmif±Gufay;aom/ om;oRD;awGomv#if/ rdbtarGukd/ cHxdkufw,f
qkdwJh/ ZÉdvolaX;-uD;&J@/ om;okH;a,mufukd/ tarG;ay;ykHZmwfawmfuvnf;/ ±Sufwwfaomom;
aumif;oRD;aumif;awGtwGuf/ rSwfom;p&mwcktjzpf rSwfom;apcsifyg./
6/ uG,fvGefaom aus;Zl;±SifrdbaqGrsdK;awGukd/ &nfpl;I/ jrifhjrwfaomtvªcHawGudk/ yifhzdwfjyD;
qGrf;/ ouFef;/ ausmif;/ aq;/ ypPnf;av;yg;vª'gef;I/ ukokdvfvkyf tr#ay;a0jcif;onf/ om;aumif;
oRD;aumif;wkdif;/ rkcsraoGvkyf&rnfqdkwmukdvnf;/ aocsmpGmrSwfom;apcsifyg./
7/ rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fjzpfaom/ om;oRD;awG/ ynmoif ray;vkd@/ ynmrwwfcJh&if/ rdbtarGudkvnf;
rxdrf;Edkif/ rdrdrsdK;qufukdvnf;rxdrf;Ekdifaom/ r[m"eolaX;om;.Zmwfawmfukdvnf;/om;aumif;
oRD;aumif;awGtwGuf/ b0ocFef;pm,lp&mtjzpfrSwfom;jyD;/ rdrdwkd@rsdK;qufawGukd/ ynma&;jrifho
xufjrifhatmif/ aqmif±Gufay;rSomv#if/ rdrdwdk@rsdK;qufa&a±Swnfwef@rnfqkdwmukdvnf;/ rSefuef
pGm/ oabmaygufxm;oifhyg./
8/ rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fawG/ rSefuefaom"rRvrf;ausmif;ay:rSm wnf±SdaerSomv#if/ rdrdrsdK;EG,fudkapmifh
a±Smuf&ma&mufyg./ vlom;jrwftaemf&xmbk&ifvkd/ t"rR0g'jzpfaom/ t&nf;0g'ukdEdSrfeif;I/rSef
uefaomax&0g' vrf;a-umif;ay:okd@/ rdrdjynfoljynfom;awG a&mufatmifwifykd@ Ekdifjcif;ukdvnf;/
rsm;pGma-ueyfjyD;/ twk,loifhyg./ om;aumif;oRD;aumif;wkd@ oEWmefrSm/ taemf&xmbk&ifvdkjrifh
jrwfaompdwf"gwfrsdK;ukd/ tm;usjyD;/ twk,lum usdK;pm;tm;xkwfoifhyg./
9/ rdbbkd;bGm;wkd@./ tvª0wfudk/ zsufpD;jcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdrsdK;EG,fukd/ zsufpD;onf[kac:yg./
AdVm&aumod,vkd/ om;qkd;wa,muf./ tusifhrsm;ukd a±Smif±Sm;I/ o-um;rif;/ vewfum;/ ae
ewfom;/ rmwvdewfom;/ yOPoDcewfom;/ wkd@vdk rdrdrsdK;qufukd/ raumif;aom 'kp±kduftusihfrS/
aumif;aom okp±kduftusifhawGusifhvmatmif/ qkH;r-o0g'ay;ykHawGukdtwk,ljyD;/ om;aumif;oRD;
aumif; jzpfcsifolwkdif;/ rdrdwkd@rsdK;EG,fxJrS/ tvª0wfudk/ zsufpD;aeaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;tm;/ tvª0wfudk
tqufrjywfðyvkyfEkdifatmif aqmif±Gufay;jcif;onfvnf;/ rdrdrsdK;EG,fudk apmifha±Smufaom/ om;
aumif;oRD;aumif;rsm;jzpfyg./
Tpmv$monf/ ynm±Sifrsm;twGuf/ r&nf±G,fyg/
rvdrRmol om;i,foRD;i,frsm; vdrRmap&efESifh/ vdrRmolrsm; ykdIvdrRmap&ef/ &nf±G,fyg./
t±Sifo'<arRm',(usKdufvwf=±kH;a'gifh)
 vlom;wkd@qkdifi&f m vl@usifh0wfrsm;
rdbusifh0wf
“raumifjrpfxm/ aumif;&mnGefvwf/ twwfoifap/ ay;a0ESD;,if;/ xdrf;jrSm;jcif;v#if/
0wfig;tif zcifr,fwkd@wm”
om;orD;usihf0wf
“au|;arG;rysuf/ aqmif±GufpDrH/ arGcHxdkufap/ vªr#a0I/ apmifhavrsdK;EG,f/ 0wfig;oG,fusihf
bG,fom;wkd@wm(usifhbG,foRD;wkd@wm)
q&musihf0wf “twwfvnf;oif/ yJhjyifqHk;r/ ody`rcsef/
ab;&efqD;um/ oifh&mtyfykd@/ q&mwk@d usihfzdk@
0wfig;jzm/ ”
“nDnmx-uG/ qkH;rem,l/ vmrlóudpD;/ xHeD;vkyfau|;/ oifawG;tH±Gwf/ wynfh0wf
rc|wfig;ckom ”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmfawGvuFmpDcJhwm/
“rxDrJhuif;/ tyfESif;OpPm/ rdp>mrrSm;/ 0wfpm;qif,if/ jrwfEkd;usif/ ig;tifvifusihf&m”
[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmfawGvuFmpDcJhwm/
“tdrfwGif;r+vkyf/ odrf;xkyfaocsm/ rdp>m-uOfa±Smif/ av#mfatmifjzef@csD/ ysif;&drrl/ 0wfig;ql
tdrfolusifhtyfpGm”[k bk&m;a[mESihftnD a±S;q&mawmfawGvuFmpDcJhwm/
“ay;urf;csD;jrSifh/ ukd,fESifh,SOfxm;/ pD;yGm;aqmif±Guf/ E+wfjrGufcsdKom/ opPmrSefap/ 0wfig;awG
usifhavrdwfo[m”[k bk&m;a[mESihftnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDcJ@wm/
“tdyfaomfaemufus/ xaomfa±S;um;/ ay;rS,ltyf/ aphpyfaqmif±Guf/ aus;Zl;jrGuf/ ig;csufvkyf
om;0wf”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDcJhwm/
“0pGmau|;arG;/ òya&;pD&if/ emv#ifukap/ iSa0&om/ tcgukdv$wf/ vkyf±Sif0wf rc|wfig;ckom/”[k
a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awG bk&m;a[mESifhtnD vuFmpDcJhwm/
“raumif;jrpfxm/ aumif;&mnGefvpf/ topfa[musK;/ embl;xyfrH/ ewfxHwif&m/ arwWm
vnf;òy/ &[ef;r+ ajcmufckvGefaocsm”[k bk&m;a[mESifhtnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awGvuFmpDchJwm/
“arwWmpdwfouf/ aqmif±Gufcspfusif/ cifrifE+wfcsdK/ vdkv#ifzdwfxm;/ wwftm;vªap/ 0wf
ig;axG/ ðyav'g,um”[k bk&m;a[mESihftnD a±S;q&mawmf-uD;awG vuFmpDcJhwm/
“ta±S@rdb/ awmifuq&m/ aemufrSmr,m;/ ajrmufum;rdwfaqG/ atmufajcvkyfom;/
xufum;oHCm/ rSwfom;yg/ ajcmufjzm±Sdcdk;enf;/”