Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Streetscape Design For Successful Street Trees
Streetscape Design For Successful Street Trees
Streetscape Design For Successful Street Trees
for Successful Street Trees
Pat Hart and Erin Schnieders
Urban Resource Group ‐ A Division of Kimley‐Horn and Associates
3001 Weston Parkway Cary, NC 27615 919‐677‐2000
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
“Given a limited budget, the most effective
expenditure of funds to improve a street
would probably be on trees”
Allan B. Jacobs ‐ Great Streets
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Restoring Order to the City
“The most important
principle of urban
design is spatial order.”
Henry Arnold
Trees in Urban Design
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Street Trees in Urban Design
• Create, Define, Reinforce,
and link urban spaces.
• Restore rich textural
detail.
• Resolves conflicting urban
scales.
• Breathes life into the City
through the use of light,
shadow, and color.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Street Trees today…
• Trees have always struggled to
survive in cities and are
increasingly losing the fight.
• Urban trees surrounded by
pavement have an average
survival rate of 7 years.
(Moll, 1989 Craul, 1992; American Forests, 1997)
• It is 32 years if planted in
narrow strips of green running
between the curb and sidewalk.
(Moll, 1989 Craul, 1992; American Forests, 1997)
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Negative Influences affecting
survivability and aesthetics
• Monoculture of tree
species planted
• Harsh urban conditions
– Extensive soil compaction
– Crown competition
– Large areas of pavement
– Lack of nutrients and water
– Underground utilities
• Lack of long term managed
care
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Opportunities to influence
survivability and aesthetics
• Plant a variety of trees
across an entire community
• Spend just as much money
below ground as above.
• Plan for the Long term …
“The Project is never
finished…it continues to
grow.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Current Street Tree Design
Technology
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Typical Street Tree Planting
• Less than 25 square feet area of
open ground surface.
• Does not accommodate for crown
growth, trunk growth, trunk flare,
zone of rapid root taper and root
zone.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Design and Planting Techniques
• Current
planting details
– Show minimal
underground
space.
– Minimal surface
area (tree grates)
– Minimal
uncompacted
soil.
– Crushed granite
stone mulch.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Design and Planting Techniques
• 5 major parts of the tree
that must be part of the
design:
– Crown Growth,
– Trunk Growth,
– Trunk Flare,
– Zone of Rapid Root Taper,
– Root Zone.
Credit: Hopper, L. 2007. Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Current technology
• Tree Root Paths
• Structural Soils
• Silva Cells
• Combination of
technologies
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Tree Root Paths
• Directs roots under
paving into more
favorable areas for air,
water, drainage and
nutrients.
• Connects tree roots, to
provide more stability
for street trees.
• Cost: $
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Structural Soil
• Aggregate based.
• Developed to handle
pavement loads.
• Allows for root
penetration and tree
growth.
• Minimal soil nutrients
available.
• Cost: $$
Credit: http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/outreach/csc/graphics.html.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Silva Cells
• Modular/stackable system.
• Vehicular rated.
• Increases uncompacted soil
volumes for large tree root
growth.
• Can be sized to treat water
quality volume of surrounding
impermeable surfaces.
• Cost: $$$
Figure Credit: Deep Root . 2007.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Silva Cells and Tree Root Paths
• Combines
technologies.
• Increases area of
uncompacted soils
and area for tree root
growth.
• Cost effective.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Case Studies and
Current Projects
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Downtown Durham, NC
• Existing Tree
Growth
Investigation prior
to Design.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Downtown Durham, NC
• Tree Root Paths.
• Variety of trees planted
within the project.
• Most tree were planted in
open tree pit.
• 13 city blocks – over 200
Street Trees.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Fayetteville Street, Raleigh, NC
• Continuous structural soil
trench with Bio Barrier (Ph1).
• Raised Granite Planters and
Suspended pavers.
• Phase 1 and 2 completed.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC
• Combination of Tree Root Paths and Silva Cells.
• Large Shade Trees in open planters along the business
side of the street.
• Construction to start 2009.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
“Lessons Learned”
• Design with all infrastructure in mind.
• Understand the project budget limitations.
• Apply the most appropriate technique or
combination of techniques given the site
conditions and budget.
• Tree selection and improved underground
root systems will directly affect survival,
function, and aesthetic character.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
How does this apply to the
Urban Forester?
• Become familiar with and a part of the
streetscape design and construction process.
• Take an active role and work with the project
landscape architect and other Departments.
• Research and stay current on new
technologies and new tree selections.
• Implement long term management practices
and maintenance policies.
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
“Growing a PLACE to excellence”
“There are people
among us who only
have our City to
experience life. We
must build great
experiences within
our City for them.”
Mayor Joseph Riley
Charleston, SC
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council
Questions?
North Carolina
Urban Forestry Council