Uncertainity Analysis

Energy Equation

dT
δρ C p =ϵ q }0 - h left (T - {T} rsub {a} right ) - ϵσ ( {T} ^ {4} - {T} rsub {a} rsup {4} ¿
dt
C p=ϵ q }0 - h left (T - {T} rsub {a} right ) - ϵσ ( {T} ^ {4} - {T} rsub {a} rsup {4} )} over {ρδ {dT} over {dt} ¿ ¿ A
 C p=f ¿

Now ,

∂C p ∂ Cp
ΔC p = ∆ ϵ+
∂ϵ }} ∆ {q} rsub {0} rsup { ∂C p ∂C p ∂C p
∂ q0 + ∆T + ∆ h+ ∆δ¿
∂T ∂h ∂δ

∂C p ∂
= ¿
∂ϵ ∂ϵ

¿ q }0 - σ ( {T} ^ {4} - {T} rsub {a} rsup {4} )} over {ρδ {dT} over {dt} ¿ ¿ 1

∂C p
}} = {∂} over {∂ {q} rsub {0} rsup {
¿
∂q 0

ϵ
¿
dT 2
ρδ
dt

∂C p ∂
= ¿
∂T ∂T

1
¿ ¿ 3
ρδ

∂C p ∂
= ¿
∂h ∂h

−( T −T a )
¿
( ρδ
dT
dt
) 4
∂C p ∂
= ¿
∂δ ∂δ

−1
¿
( )
ρ
dT 2
dt
δ
5

Now

∂C p
}} {∆ {q} rsub {0} rsup {
ΔC p ∂C p ∆ ϵ ∂q 0 ∂ C p ∆ T ∂C p ∆ h ∂C p ∆ δ
= + + + +
Cp ∂ ϵ Cp Cp ∂T C p ∂ h C p ∂ δ C p

∂C p ∂C p
Substituting values of ,
∂ ϵ ∂ q}}
0
, {∂ {C} rsub {p }} over {∂T} , {∂ {C} rsub {p }} over {∂ h} , {∂ {C} rsub {p }} over {∂δ ¿
¿
from Eq. 1,2,3,4 & 5

ΔC p
=¿
Cp

Substituting Cp from Eqn A

¿¿

ΔC p
=( q}0 - σ ( {T} ^ {4} - {T} rsub {a} rsup {4} )} over {ϵ {q} rsub {0} rsup { −h ( T −T a ) −ϵσ (T 4−T 4a ) ) ∆ ϵ+ ¿
Cp

ΔC p
=¿ ¿
Cp

Now the following estimates of uncertainties have been taken

Emissivity: The experiment was conducted in laboratory for both candle soot and pyromark and
experimental results for emissivity obtained through experiment are as follows. On basis of this
the uncertainty in values of emissivity (Δε) were obtained for candle soot and pyromark.
 Candle Soot and Pyromark Emissivity
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
emissivity (ε)

0.6 pyromark
0.5
candle soot
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Temp (°C)

Candle Soot
2
Temperature ( x i−x́ )
(°C) Emissivity
89.6 0.88 0.0001
202.6 0.9 0.0001
285.6 0.9 0.0001
408 0.88 0.0001

x́=0.89

∑ ( xi −x́ ) 2=0.0004
1 0.0004
σ=
√ n
∑ ( x i− x́ )2= 4 = √0.0001=0.01
3 σ =0.03

Candle Soot Δε=0.03

Pyromark
2
Temperature ( x i−x́ )
(°C) Emissivity
93.5 0.9 0.00006
322 0.94 0.00102
403 0.91 0.00004
498 0.9 0.00006
584 0.89 0.000324
x́=0.908

∑ ( xi −x́ ) 2=0.00148
1 0.00148
σ=
√ n
∑ 2
( x i− x́ ) =
5
=√ 0.000296=0.017205

3 σ =0.0516

Pyromark Δε=0.0.0516

Heat Flux: Heat Flux calibration was undertaken in Laboratory on Cone Calorimeter. Based on
this calibration the uncertainty in Heat Flux was obtained. The sample calculation shown here is
only for 35 kW/m2. Uncertainty in other Heat Flux values were also carried out on similar lines.

Time Heat Flux Time Heat Flux Time Heat Flux Time Heat Flux
32 34.322464 47 32.5535659 62 32.2090476 77 32.3561185
34.071749
33 7 48 32.5744075 63 32.192835 78 32.207309
33.815819
34 5 49 32.6230454 64 32.2061517 79 32.1650443
33.628798
35 4 50 32.4638151 65 32.3161683 80 32.3595903
33.537895
36 9 51 32.3051661 66 32.2432115 81 32.4464452
33.416301
37 2 52 32.399546 67 32.2148394 82 32.4562901
33.244911
38 4 53 32.4487597 68 32.2796899 83 32.4140199
32.988405
39 3 54 32.3734884 69 32.2970598 84 32.4192303
33.045149
40 5 55 32.1800941 70 32.2964784 85 32.4597619
33.015620
41 2 56 32.2895293 71 32.0168162 86 32.4632337
 32.853493
42 9 57 32.3254319 72 32.2501606 87 32.4406534
32.756218
43 2 58 32.2692636 73 32.3792802 88 32.4429734
32.829756
44 4 59 32.161567 74 32.2987929 89 32.4725028
32.790957
45 9 60 32.269845 75 32.2420543 90 32.4452879
32.651998
46 9 61 32.2565282 76 32.2408915 91 32.353804
32.407070
92 9 133 32.9698782 174 33.2709635 215 33.5054707
32.448183
93 8 134 33.0549945 175 33.2588095 216 33.5784219
32.409385
94 4 135 32.9380288 176 33.2368051 217 33.4909911
32.477131
95 8 136 32.970454 177 33.1482171 218 33.5014175
32.547774
96 1 137 33.0277796 178 33.2518605 219 33.6206921
32.599307
97 9 138 33.0086711 179 33.3242359 220 33.5836379
32.597569
98 2 139 33.0190919 180 33.3120764 221 33.5216833
32.519977
99 9 140 32.9374529 181 33.2842857 222 33.4446733
32.522297
100 9 141 32.9305039 182 33.2107475 223 33.5483167
32.557037
101 7 142 33.0897342 183 33.3392913 224 33.5836379
32.613781
102 8 143 33.0735216 184 33.3722924 225 33.4498837
32.584252
103 5 144 32.9449779 185 33.3306035 226 33.5008361
32.614939
104 1 145 33.078732 186 33.3468162 227 33.5905814
32.684418
105 6 146 33.0972591 187 33.3207641 228 33.5425249
32.683842
106 7 147 33.1568992 188 33.3224972 229 33.539629
32.614939
107 1 148 33.0966833 189 33.3433444 230 33.5558416
32.511871
108 5 149 32.9999834 190 33.4000886 231 33.5309468
32.713953
109 5 150 33.0069324 191 33.4249834 232 33.6612237
 32.781694
110 4 151 33.1088427 192 33.4498837 233 33.5714784
32.709318
111 9 152 33.1163677 193 33.390825 234 33.5813178
32.737109
112 6 153 33.0926301 194 33.4215116 235 33.5772647
32.744640
113 1 154 33.1962735 195 33.4203544 236 33.6577519
32.745215
114 9 155 33.1974308 196 33.4863621 237 33.4533555
115 32.804856 156 33.1817996 197 33.4394629 238 33.5905814
116 32.752165 157 33.0839424 198 33.513577 239 33.6513787
117 32.867392 158 33.2009025 199 33.5483167 240 33.6403821
32.928765
118 2 159 33.2842857 200 33.4203544 241 33.5384718
32.907342
119 2 160 33.2165393 201 33.3468162 242 33.6536988
120 32.800227 161 33.2310133 202 33.3763455 243 33.6849612
32.895764
121 1 162 33.2866002 203 33.4915725 244 33.7446013
32.946135
122 1 163 33.1956921 204 33.503732 245 33.6409579
32.848283
123 5 164 33.2564895 205 33.4377243 246 33.6733832
32.811805
124 1 165 33.2877575 206 33.4603045 247 33.679175
32.733056
125 5 166 33.3479734 207 33.5176301 248 33.6884385
32.866810
126 6 167 33.3277076 208 33.5321041 249 33.66933
32.877812
127 8 168 33.2159579 209 33.4990975 250 33.6687486
32.798488
128 4 169 33.3172868 210 33.4967829 251 33.6762791
32.851179
129 4 170 33.2744408 211 33.5384718 252 33.654856
130 32.990144 171 33.3763455 212 33.5500554 253 33.6253267
32.973931
131 3 172 33.2796512 213 33.3856091 254 33.5929014
32.894025
132 5 173 33.0648339 214 33.4880952 255 33.5992691
33.693648
256 9 297 33.6455925 338 33.6137431 379 33.5633721
33.678017
257 7 298 33.5106811 339 33.59232 380 33.5199446
258 33.638062 299 33.5824751 340 33.5239978 381 33.6282226
259 33.662381 300 33.6432724 341 33.6293798 382 33.6276412
33.697120
260 7 301 33.5998505 342 33.4689922 383 33.5662625
33.673383
261 2 302 33.5552658 343 33.4950443 384 33.5315227
33.601007
262 8 303 33.3722924 344 33.5216833 385 33.5737929
263 33.654856 304 33.5917442 345 33.585371 386 33.5772647
33.673964
264 6 305 33.6039037 346 33.5749502 387 33.5529457
265 33.679175 306 33.513577 347 33.5147342 388 33.5268937
33.630537
266 1 307 33.525155 348 33.4105094 389 33.5286268
33.594058
267 7 308 33.5952159 349 33.4244075 390 33.6056368
33.663538
268 2 309 33.535 350 33.539629 391 33.4394629
33.678017
269 7 310 33.5280509 351 33.5054707 392 33.465515
33.571478
270 4 311 33.4319324 352 33.4429347 393 33.5332614
33.605060
271 9 312 33.606794 353 33.6172204 394 33.6027409
33.685542
272 6 313 33.5483167 354 33.4527796 395 33.5187874
33.657751
273 9 314 33.5373145 355 33.4429347 396 33.3416058
33.623006
274 6 315 33.4915725 356 33.5680011 397 33.3207641
33.523416
275 4 316 33.5801606 357 33.638062 398 33.4742027
33.739972
276 3 317 33.6444352 358 33.5847951 399 33.4909911
33.555841
277 6 318 33.5761074 359 33.5187874 400 33.5378959
33.422668
278 9 319 33.5569989 360 33.5378959 401 33.4927298
33.540786
279 3 320 33.5836379 361 33.5929014 402 33.606794
33.693067
280 6 321 33.5407863 362 33.631113 403 33.5714784
33.665276
281 9 322 33.3751883 363 33.5025748 404 33.5193632
282 33.562214 323 33.4782558 364 33.5784219 405 33.5818992
 8
33.622430
283 8 324 33.5529457 365 33.6305371 406 33.6531174
33.693067
284 6 325 33.6316944 366 33.6450111 407 33.4973643
33.648488
285 4 326 33.3780842 367 33.5882669 408 33.4383001
33.570315
286 6 327 33.5477353 368 33.5847951 409 33.5529457
33.654274
287 6 328 33.5633721 369 33.6363289 410 33.5981118
33.683228
288 1 329 33.602165 370 33.6183776 411 33.5778461
33.578421
289 9 330 33.5222591 371 33.5512126 412 33.5407863
33.511838
290 3 331 33.5448394 372 33.4736213 413 33.5292082
33.646749
291 7 332 33.5187874 373 33.563948 414 33.6432724
33.711600
292 2 333 33.580742 374 33.6039037 415 33.5778461
293 33.700598 334 33.5471595 375 33.5471595 416 33.4915725
33.618953
294 5 335 33.5442636 376 33.5691584 417 33.5332614
33.610847
295 2 336 33.5303654 377 33.5859524 418 33.5957973
33.631694
296 4 337 33.654856 378 33.6316944 419 33.6363289
33.353189
420 4 461 33.3856091 502 33.4944684 543 33.3919823
33.445830
421 6 462 33.4134053 503 33.4186157 544 33.4215116
33.569739
422 8 463 33.4273034 504 33.4985216 545 33.3995072
33.474202
423 7 464 33.4452492 505 33.4718826 546 33.388505
33.405874
424 9 465 33.3618715 506 33.5106811 547 33.4058749
33.317286
425 8 466 33.4047176 507 33.5633721 548 33.4603045
33.527469
426 5 467 33.4730454 508 33.5616334 549 33.419773
33.576688
427 8 468 33.482309 509 33.5280509 550 33.338134
33.444673
428 3 469 33.3989313 510 33.4035604 551 33.3937154
 33.508942
429 4 470 33.4273034 511 33.4070377 552 33.4672536
33.491572
430 5 471 33.5014175 512 33.4394629 553 33.4244075
33.517630
431 1 472 33.4811517 513 33.4145626 554 33.3607143
33.389086
432 4 473 33.374031 514 33.3879291 555 33.3363953
33.497364
433 3 474 33.3601329 515 33.5054707 556 33.4550941
33.584795
434 1 475 33.3242359 516 33.5129956 557 33.4545127
33.552369
435 9 476 33.2640199 517 33.4979402 558 33.3861905
33.504307
436 9 477 33.3560797 518 33.4035604 559 33.3821373
33.476517
437 2 478 33.4076135 519 33.4220875 560 33.4990975
33.487519
438 4 479 33.486938 520 33.5419491 561 33.4886766
33.501417
439 5 480 33.4898339 521 33.4452492 562 33.4400388
440 33.434247 481 33.3473976 522 33.3138151 563 33.2808084
33.339291
441 3 482 33.4064563 523 33.3097619 564 33.4307752
33.412823
442 9 483 33.4388815 524 33.4956257 565 33.4516224
33.540210
443 4 484 33.4249834 525 33.4545127 566 33.4041417
33.474202
444 7 485 33.338134 526 33.4689922 567 33.405299
33.525736
445 4 486 33.2640199 527 33.4666722 568 33.5106811
33.529789
446 6 487 33.4782558 528 33.4637818 569 33.5158915
33.600426
447 4 488 33.4875194 529 33.4087708 570 33.4116667
33.537314
448 5 489 33.4313566 530 33.3757697 571 33.4105094
33.511256
449 9 490 33.5373145 531 33.4064563 572 33.4730454
450 33.561052 491 33.580742 532 33.5303654 573 33.4215116
33.478831
451 7 492 33.5755316 533 33.4354097 574 33.4255648
452 33.511838 493 33.4817276 534 33.3375526 575 33.4255648
 3
33.339867
453 1 494 33.3751883 535 33.4834662 576 33.4585659
33.506627
454 9 495 33.5263123 536 33.5378959 577 33.4550941
33.577846
455 1 496 33.4950443 537 33.4805703 578 33.4191971
33.551788
456 5 497 33.4875194 538 33.3178682 579 33.4186157
33.539053
457 2 498 33.4400388 539 33.4325138 580 33.4828848
33.530946
458 8 499 33.4967829 540 33.4863621 581 33.5216833
33.449302
459 3 500 33.5124142 541 33.4406202 582 33.4956257
33.363610
460 2 501 33.3995072 542 33.3734496 583 33.3555039

x́=33.3178

∑ ( xi −x́ ) 2=84.67978
1 84.67978
σ=
√ n
∑ √ 2
( x i− x́ ) =
552
=√ 0.153405=0.39167

3 σ =1. 17501 kW

Heat Flux (kW/m2 ) Δqo” (kW/m2 )

35 1.17501
40 1.24275
45 1.543715

Temperature : The calibration of thermocouple was carried out in laboratory and 3σ was
obtained to be 2 °C.

ΔT = 2 °C

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient (h): Heat Transfer Coefficient was estimated at
16 m-2K-1.and an uncertainity of approx 10% was assumed in h.

Δh = 2 m-2K-1
Thickness of the Plate (δ): The uncertainty in measurement of thickness was taken as the least
count of vernier caliper used for measurement

Δδ= 0.01mm
 Temperatur δ ΔCp/Cp
2 2
Time e dT/dt d T/dT.dt h qo"(kW/m ) ε (mm) A B C D E (%)
0 36.99
5 37.64
10 38.24
15 38.93
20 39.53
25 40.19
30 40.82
35 50.91
0.03441 0.00261
40 62.33 2.279 0 16 33.045 0.889892 4 7 0.036173175 0.008592 4 0.0025 5.079
0.03466
45 73.71 2.237 -.00431 16 32.180 0.889872 4 7 0.037543871 -0.01045 0.00354 0.0025 5.233
0.00606
60 106.21 2.118 -.00325 16 32.296 0.889815 4 0.03535 0.038567689 -0.00474 2 0.0025 5.293
0.03603 0.00860
75 137.13 1.997 -.00440 16 32.45 0.889761 4 9 0.039653872 -0.00844 7 0.0025 5.497
0.03673 0.01119
90 166.08 1.872 -.00322 16 32.52 0.889711 4 9 0.040999812 -0.00287 7 0.0025 5.630
0.03743 0.01377
105 193.66 1.803 -.00300 16 32.804 0.889663 4 6 0.04218392 -0.00115 3 0.0025 5.812
0.03817 0.01649
120 220.03 1.724 -.00255 16 32.990 0.889617 4 3 0.043692401 0.001309 7 0.0025 6.038
0.01944
135 245.29 1.645 -.00243 16 33.07 0.889573 4 0.03897 0.045591154 0.002534 4 0.0025 6.315
0.03981 0.02256
150 269.42 1.558 -0.0039 16 33.216 0.889531 4 3 0.047675335 -0.00157 2 0.0025 6.614
0.04073 0.02598
165 292.14 1.465 -.00483 16 33.258 0.889492 4 8 0.050236811 -0.00323 4 0.0025 6.982
0.04169 0.02953
180 313.36 1.372 -.00359 16 33.400 0.889455 4 7 0.052889989 0.001061 1 0.0025 7.358
 0.04278 0.03355
195 333.44 1.300 -.00435 16 33.437 0.88942 4 5 0.056190607 -0.0001 9 0.0025 7.823
0.04392 0.03777
210 352.22 1.205 -.00401 16 33.583 0.889387 4 4 0.059614795 0.001267 4 0.0025 8.317
0.04527 0.04276
225 369.85 1.144 -.00392 16 33.577 0.889356 4 2 0.064031562 0.002305 1 0.0025 8.938
0.04673 0.04816
240 386.55 1.070 -.00594 16 33.668 0.889327 4 1 0.068791193 -0.00147 5 0.0025 9.614
0.04840 0.05436
255 401.81 0.971 -.00563 16 33.679 0.889301 4 5 0.074495285 -0.00032 2 0.0025 10.41
0.05028 0.06131
270 415.89 0.922 -.00287 16 33.693 0.889276 4 3 0.0809977 0.005633 6 0.0025 11.35
0.05259 0.06987
285 429.12 0.838 -.00470 16 33.610 0.889253 4 5 0.089280828 0.002549 6 0.0025 12.50
Sample Calculation Table for 4 mm plate coated with Candle Soot with 35 kw/m2 Heat Flux in Cone Calorimeter
A=( ( q }0 - σ ( {T} ^ {4} - {T} rsub {a} rsup {4} )} over {ϵ {q} rsub {0} rsup { −h ( T −T a )−ϵσ (T 4 −T 4a ) ) ∆ ϵ )

B=¿

C= ( dTdt (−h−4 ϵσ T )−( ϵ q 3 } - h left (T - {T} rsub {a} right ) - ϵσ left ({T} ^ {4} - {T} rsub {a} rsup {4} right ) right ) {{d} ^ {2} T} over {dTdt}} over {left (ϵ {q} rsub {
0

D=¿

E= ( −1δ ) ∆ δ
ΔC p 2 2 2 2 2 1 /2
=( ( A ) + ( B ) + ( C ) + ( D ) + ( E ) )
Cp

Total Uncertainity in Cp (%)

14

12

10
Uncertainity (%)

8
Y-Values
6

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (s)