Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bio Materials - An Introduction
Bio Materials - An Introduction
Li Jianguo
Jianguo.li@stamariawater.se
Tel: 08-711 0888
Fax: 08-7740638
Jianguo.li@stamariawater.se
Evolution of Biomaterial Science
& Technology
• 1st generation (since 1950s)
Goal: Bioinertness
• 2nd generation (since 1980s)
Goal: Bioactivity
• 3rd generation (since 2000s)
Goal: Regenerate functional tissue
Some application of biomaterials
Application Types of Materials
• Skeletel system
• Joint replacement(Hip, knee) • Titanium , Stainless steel, PE
• Bone plate • Stainless steel, Co-Cr alloy
• Bone cement • PMMA
• Artificial tendon and ligment • Hydroxylapatie Teflon, Dacron
• Dental implant • Titanium, alumina, calcium phosphate
• Cardiovascalar sysem
• Blood vessel prosthesis • Dacron, Teflon, Polyurethane
• Heart valve • Reprocessed tissue, Stainless steel, Carbon
• Catheter • Silicone rubber, teflon, polyurethane
• Organs
• Artificial heart • Polyurethane
• Skin repair template • Silicone-collage composite
• Artificial kidney • Cellulose, polyacrylonitrile
• Heart-lung machine • Silicone rubber
• Senses
• Cochlear replacement • Platium electrodes
• Intraocular lens • PMMA, Silicone rubber, hydrogel
• Contact lens • Silicone-acrylate. Hydrogel
• Corneal bandage • Collagen, hydrogel
What is a Biomaterial?
A material intented to interface with
biological systems to evaluate, treat,
augment or replace any tissue, organ
or function of the body.
Biomaterials
• Polymeric biomaterials
• Bioceramics
• Metallic biomaterials
• Biocomposite
• Biologically based (derived) biomaterials
Biocompatibility
• Biocompatibility: The ability of a material
to perform with an appropriate host
response in a specific application.
• Host response: the reaction of a living
system to the presence of a material
Biocompatibility
• B=f(X1,X2......Xn)
• Where X: material, design, application etc.
Medical Device
• It does not achieve its principal intended
action in or on the human body by
pharmacological, immunological or
metabolic means, but it may be assisted in
its function by such means.
Polymerization
• Condensation: A reaction occurs between
two molecules to form a larger molecule
with the elimination of a smaller molecule.
• Addition: A reaction occurs between two
molecules to form a larger molecule
without the elimination of a smaller
molecule.
Polymeric Biomaterials: Adv &
Disadv
• Easy to make complicated • Leachable compounds
items • Absorb water & proteins
• Tailorable physical & etc.
mechanical properties • Surface contamination
• Surface modification • Wear & breakdown
• Immobilize cell etc. • Biodegradation
• Biodegradable • Difficult to sterilize
Polymeric Biomaterials
• PMMA
• PVC
• PLA/PGA
• PE
• PP
• PA
• PTFE
• PET
• PUR
• Silicones
Bioceramic: Advantages and
disadvantage
• High compression • High modulus
strength (mismatched with bone)
• Wear & corrosion • Low strength in tension
resistance • Low fracture toughness
• Can be highly polished • Difficult to fabricate
• Bioactive/inert
Bioceramics
• Alumina
• Zirconia (partially stabilized)
• Silicate glass
• Calcium phosphate (apatite)
• Calcium carbonate
Metallic Biomaterials:Advantages & Disadvantages
• Weaving
• Braiding
• knitting
Calcium phosphate-based
bioceramic
• Bone (ACP, DCPD, OCP &HA)
• Ca-P compounds
• Applications:
Bone fillers/HA-coatings/HA-PLA/In situ setting cement/tooth
paste/drug tablets
Hip joint prosthesis
• Ceramic head
• Metallic stem
• Polymeric socket
• Composite bone cement
Tissue engineering
• The application of engineering disciplines to either
maintain existing tissue structures or ti enable tissue
growth.
• From a material engineering pint of view, tissues are
considered to be cellular composites representing mltiphase
system:
Three main structural components:
1. Cells organised into functional units
2. The extracellular matrix
3. Scaffolding architecture
Polymer concepts in tissue engineering
•Aesthetic implant
•Spine
•HIP ?
Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a synthetic bone graft material that was invented
in 1986 by L. C. Chow and W. E. Brown, scientists at the American Dental
Association. The cement is a white powder consisting of equimolar amounts of ground
Ca4(PO4)2O (tetracalcium phosphate, TTCP) and CaHPO4 (dicalcium phosphate
anhydrous, DCPA). When mixed with water, the material forms a workable paste
which can be shaped during surgery to fit the contours of a wound. The cement
hardens within 20 min allowing rapid closure of the wound. The hardening reaction,
which forms nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) as the product, is isothermic and
occurs at physiologic pH so tissue damage does not occur during the setting reaction.
CPC was FDA approved for the treatment of non-load-bearing bone defects in 1996.
HA is the primary inorganic component of natural bone which makes the hardened
cement biocompatible and osteoconductive. Over time, CPC is gradually resorbed
and replaced with new bone. Because CPC is brittle, it is used for non-load-bearing
applications such as dental and cranio-facial applications. CPC has two significant
advantages over pre-formed, sintered ceramics. First, the CPC paste can be sculpted
during surgery to fit the contours of the wound. Second, the nanocrystalline
hydroxyapatite structure of the CPC makes it osteoconductive causing it to be
gradually resorbed and replaced with new bone. Recent work with CPC has focused
on improving mechanical properties, making premixed cements, making the cement
macroporous and seeding cells and growth factors into the cement.
Invention of CPC: Brown WE, Chow LC (1986) A new calcium phosphate water
setting cement. Brown PW, ed. Cements Research Progress. Westerville, OH:
American Ceramic Society; 352–379.
CPC Review: Friedman CD, Costantino PD, Takagi S, Chow LC. (1998)
BoneSourceTM hydroxyapatite cement: a novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal
tissue engineering and reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 43:428-
432, 1998.
Image Copyright 2007 by Wright Medical Technology, Inc. Used with permission.
Requirements of a Scaffold used
for tissue engineering
• Easy cell penetration, distribution, proliferation
• Permeability of culture medium
• In vivo vascularization (once implanted)
• Maintenance of cell phenotypes
• Adequate mechanical properties
• Controlled biodegradation
• Ease of fabrication