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Connection Design
Connection Design
• Slip-critical bolted connections can fail in two ways: (a) slip at the
connection; (b) bearing failure of the connection
Tightened
N =Tb
N =Tb
P
N =Tb
F=N Tb
F=N
N =Tb
Tb
P N = Tb
N = Tb
SLIP-CRITICAL BOLTED CONNECTION
• Slip-critical connections can resist the shear force using friction.
– If the applied shear force is less than the friction that develops between
the two surfaces, then no slip will occur between them
• Faying surfaces
– Unpainted clean mill scale, and blast-cleaned surfaces with Class A coating
– Unpainted blast-cleaned surfaces with Class B coating
– Hot-dip galvanized surfaces roughened by wire brushing – Class C
SLIP-CRITICAL CONNECTION
T
T
T
Bearing stresses in plate
BEARING CONNECTION
Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
Where, d = nominal bolt diameter
Lc= clear distance between holes or between the hole and the end of the member in
the direction of applied bearing force
Fu = tensile strength of the connected material
• The resistance factor bb for material in bearing due to bolts = 0.80
BEARING CONNECTION
• SPACING REQUIREMENTS
– Minimum spacing between centers of bolts in standard holes shall not
be less than three times the diameter of the bolt
– For sealing against penetration of moisture in joints, the spacing on a
single line adjacent to the free edge shall satisfy s ≤ (4.0 + 4.0 t) ≤ 7.0
– Minimum edge distances
Bolt diameter Sheared Rolled or
(in.) edge Gas Cut edge
5/8 1-1/8 7/8
3/4 1-1/4 1
7/8 1-1/2 1-1/8
1 1-3/4 1-1/4
1-1/8 2 1-1/2
1-1/4 2-1/4 1-5/8
1-3/8 2-3/8 1-3/4
BOLTED CONNECTION
• Example 1 Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member. For
the Service II load combination, the member is subjected to a
tension load of 200 kips. For the strength limit state, the member is
subjected to a maximum tension load of 300 kips.
– The tension member is a W8 x 28 section made from M270-Gr. 50
steel. Use A325 bolts to design the slip-critical splice.
– N=1
s
Connection Strength
Fillet weld
Fillet weld
WELDED CONNECTIONS
• Design of fillet welded connections
– Fillet welds are most common and used widely
– Weld sizes are specified in 1/16 in. increments
– Fillet welds are usually fail in shear, where the shear failure occurs along
a plane through the throat of the weld
L
Throat = a x cos45o
a = 0.707 a
a
Failure Plane
– Shear stress
P in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P
fv = 0.707 a L w
FILLET WELDED CONNECTIONS
• The shear strength of the fillet weld = e2 0.60 Fexx
– Where, = 0.80
e2
– F is the tensile strength of the weld electrode used in the welding process.
exx
It can be 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120 ksi. The corresponding electrodes
are specified using the nomenclature E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, and so on.
• E70XX is the most popular electrode used for SMAW fillet welds
– For E70XX, R n = 0.80 x 0.60 x 70 x 0.707 a Lw = 0.2375 a Lw kips
FILLET WELDED CONNECTIONS
• The shear strength of the base metal must be considered:
– Rn = v x 0.58 Ag Fy
where, v = 1.0
Fy is the yield strength of the base metal and Ag is the gross area in shear
T
Plan
Elevation
– If the thickness of the thicker part joined (T) is less than or equal to ¾ in.
amin = ¼ in.
– If T is greater than ¾ in. a min = 5/16 in.
– for plates with thickness 0.25 in., a = thickness of material - 1/16 in.
max
Tu 3.4 in.
f L2
L2
FILLET WELD DESIGN
• Connection layout
– Connection must be designed to minimize eccentricity of loading.
– The c.g. of the welded connection must coincide with c.g. of the member
L1
f L1 (d)
Tu 3.4 in.
f L2
L2
• The tension force Tu acts along the c.g. of the member, which is
1.65 in. from the top and 3.35 in. from the bottom (AISC manual).
– Let, f be the strength of the fillet weld per unit length.
Therefore, fL1 + fL2 = Tu
And fL2 x 3.35 - fL1 x 1.65 = 0 - taking moments about the member c.g.
– Therefore, L 1 = 2.0 L2
But, L1 + L2 = 15.0 in.
Design: L1 = 10.0 in. and L2 = 5.0 in.
FILLET WELD DESIGN
• Consider another layout
L1
f L1 (e)
Tu 5f 3.4 in.
f L2
L2
fL1 + fL2 + 5f = Tu
fL2 x 3.5 + 5f x 0.85 - fL1 x 1.65 = 0 - Moment about member c.g.
Additionally, L1 + L2 + 5 = 15.0 in.
Therefore, L1 = 7.6 in. and L2 = 2.4 in.