Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams: Issues To Address..
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams: Issues To Address..
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
• In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
--a temperature (T )
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?
Phase A Phase B
Nickel atom
Copper atom
Chapter 9 - 1
Chapter 9 - 2
1
Components and Phases
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are present in the mixture
(e.g., Al and Cu)
• Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that result (e.g., α and β).
Aluminum- β (lighter
Copper
phase)
Alloy
α (darker
phase)
Adapted from
chapter-opening
photograph,
Chapter 9,
Callister 3e.
Chapter 9 - 3
80 L
Temperature (°C)
(liquid)
water- 60 +
sugar L S
system (liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A (20°C,70)
2 phases
Adapted from 0
Fig. 9.1, 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
Callister 7e.
Co =Composition (wt% sugar)
Chapter 9 - 4
2
Phase Equilibria
Chapter 9 - 5
Phase Diagrams
• Indicate phases as function of T, Co, and P.
• For this course:
-binary systems: just 2 components.
-independent variables: T and Co (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
T(°C)
• Phase 1600 • 2 phases:
Diagram L (liquid)
1500
for Cu-Ni L (liquid) α (FCC solid solution)
system 1400 • 3 phase fields:
us L
1300 liq
uid
+ αs L+α
L lid
u
so α
1200 α Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
1100
(FCC solid Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
solution) OH (1991).
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni Chapter 9 - 6
3
• Note:The Ni-Cu alloy system shown in the
previous slide is a binary isomorphous
system;
• Note: Isomorphous : Having the same
structure. In the phase diagram sense,
isomorphicity means having the same crystal
structure or complete solid solubility for all
compositions.
Chapter 9 - 7
Phase Diagrams:
# and types of phases
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.
T(°C)
• Examples: 1600
A(1100°C, 60): L (liquid)
1 phase: α 1500
B (1250°C,35)
s Cu-Ni
uidu
B(1250°C, 35): 1400 liq us
phase
2 phases: L + α lid diagram
so
α α
L +(FCC solid
1300
1200 solution)
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase 1100 A(1100°C,60)
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
OH, 1991). 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 8
4
Phase Diagrams:
composition of phases
• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(°C) system
• Examples:
TA A
Co = 35 wt% Ni tie line dus
i
1300 L (liquid) l i qu
At T A = 1320°C: α
Only Liquid (L) B L+ s
TB idu
CL = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni) s ol
α α
At T D = 1190°C:
1200 L+ D (solid)
Only Solid ( α) TD
Cα = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20 3032 35 4043 50
At T B = 1250°C: CLCo Cα wt% Ni
Both α and L Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni here) (Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
Cα = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni here) International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Chapter 9 - 9
Phase Diagrams:
weight fractions of phases
• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni
• Examples: T(°C) system
Co = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line dus
i
At T A : Only Liquid (L) 1300 L (liquid) l i qu
α
W L = 100 wt%, W α = 0 B L+
us
At T D: Only Solid ( α) TB R S s olid
α
W L = 0, Wα = 100 wt%
L +α (solid)
1200 D
At T B : Both α and L TD
S 43 − 35
WL =
20 3032 35 40 43 50
= = 73 wt % CLCo Cα wt% Ni
R + S 43 − 32
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
R
Wα =
(Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of
= 27 wt% Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
R +S International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Chapter 9 - 10
5
The Lever Rule
• Tie line – connects the phases in equilibrium with
each other - essentially an isotherm
T(°C) How much of each phase?
tie line dus
l i qu
i Think of it as a lever (teeter-totter)
1300 L (liquid)
α
B L+ ML Mα
s
TB idu
s ol
α α
1200 L+ (solid)
R S R S
20 30C C
L o
40 C
α
50
M α ⋅S = M L ⋅R
wt% Ni Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),
Callister 7e.
ML S C − C0 R C − CL
WL = = = α Wα = = 0
M L + M α R + S C α − CL R + S Cα − CL
Chapter 9 - 11
6
Cored vs Equilibrium Phases
• Cα changes as we solidify.
• Cu-Ni case: First α to solidify has Cα = 46 wt% Ni.
Last α to solidify has Cα = 35 wt% Ni.
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure
Uniform C α:
First α to solidify:
46 wt% Ni 35 wt% Ni
Last α to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 13
60
Elongation (%EL)
Chapter 9 - 14
7
Binary-Eutectic Systems
has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
T(°C) system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system 1200
• 3 single phase regions L (liquid)
(L, α, β) 1000
• Limited solubility: α L + α 779°C L+β β
800
α: mostly Cu TE 8.0 71.9 91.2
β: mostly Ag 600
• TE : No liquid below TE α+β
• CE : Min. melting TE 400
composition 200
0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
• Eutectic transition Co , wt% Ag
L(CE) α(CαE) + β(CβE) Adapted from Fig. 9.7,
Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 - 15
8
EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (2)
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 200°C, find...
--the phases present: α + L Pb-Sn
--compositions of phases: T(°C) system
CO = 40 wt% Sn
Cα = 17 wt% Sn 300
L (liquid)
CL = 46 wt% Sn L+α
--the relative amount 220
200
α R S L+β β
of each phase: 183°C
CL - CO 46 - 40
Wα = = 100
CL - Cα 46 - 17 α+β
6
= = 21 wt%
29 100
0 17 20 40 46 60 80
Cα Co CL
CO - Cα 23 C, wt% Sn
WL = = = 79 wt% Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
CL - Cα 29 Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 - 17
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: I
• Co < 2 wt% Sn T(°C) L: Co wt% Sn
400
• Result: L
α
--at extreme ends
300 L
--polycrystal of α grains
i.e., only one solid phase. L+ α
200
α
α: Co wt% Sn
(Pb-Sn
TE
System)
100
α+ β
0 10 20 30
Co C , wt% Sn
Adapted from Fig. 9.11, o
Callister 7e. 2
(room T solubility limit)
Chapter 9 - 18
9
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: II
L: Co wt% Sn
• 2 wt% Sn < Co < 18.3 wt% Sn 400T(°C)
• Result: L
Initially liquid + α L
α
then α alone 300
L+α
finally two phases α: Co wt% Sn
α
¾ α polycrystal 200
TE
¾ fine β-phase inclusions α
β
100
α+ β Pb-Sn
system
0 10 20 30
Adapted from Fig. 9.12, 2 Co Co , wt% Sn
Callister 7e. (sol. limit at T room ) 18.3
(sol. limit at TE)
Chapter 9 - 19
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: III
• Co = CE
• Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure)
--alternating layers (lamellae) of α and β crystals.
Micrograph of Pb-Sn
T(°C) eutectic
L: Co wt% Sn microstructure
300 L
Pb-Sn
system
L+α
200 α 183°C L+β β
TE
100 160 μm
α+β β: 97.8 wt% Sn
Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e.
α: 18.3 wt%Sn
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
Adapted from Fig. 9.13, 61.9 C, wt% Sn Chapter 9 - 20
Callister 7e.
10
Lamellar Eutectic Structure
Chapter 9 - 21
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: IV
• 18.3 wt% Sn < Co < 61.9 wt% Sn
• Result: α crystals and a eutectic microstructure
L: Co wt% Sn
• Just above TE :
T(°C) α L
L
Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
300 α CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
L
Pb-Sn S
L+α Wα = = 50 wt%
system R+S
200 α R S L+β β WL = (1- Wα) = 50 wt%
TE S
R
• Just below TE :
100 α+β Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
primary α Cβ = 97.8 wt% Sn
eutectic α
eutectic β Wα= S = 73 wt%
0 20 40 60 80 100 R+S
18.3 61.9 97.8 Wβ = 27 wt%
Adapted from Fig. 9.16,
Callister 7e. Co, wt% Sn Chapter 9 - 22
11
Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic
300
L
Adapted from Fig. 9.8, T(°C)
α L+α
L+β β
Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.8
adapted from Binary Phase
200
TE
(Pb-Sn
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3,
T.B. Massalski (Editor-in- α+β
System)
Chief), ASM International, 100
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
Intermetallic Compounds
Adapted from
Fig. 9.20, Callister 7e.
Mg2Pb
12
Eutectoid & Peritectic
• Eutectic(共晶) - liquid in equilibrium with two solids
L cool α + β
heat
Chapter 9 - 25
Adapted from
Fig. 9.21, Callister 7e.
Eutectoid transition δ γ+ε
Chapter 9 - 26
13
Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
• 2 important T(°C)
1600
points δ
-Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L ⇒ γ + Fe3C γ γ +L
1200 1148°C
A L+Fe3C
-Eutectoid (B): (austenite)
Fe3C (cementite)
R S
γ ⇒ α +Fe3C 1000 γ γ
γ γ γ +Fe3C
α+
α
800 727°C = T eutectoid
γ B
R S
600
α+Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.76 4.30 Co, wt% C
120 μm
C eutectoid
Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
γ γ (Fe-C
γ γ +L
γ γ 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
γ γ 1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.29,Callister 7e.
α (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
αγ γ 800 r s 727°C Binary Alloy Phase
α
γ γ αRS Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
w α =s/(r +s) 600
w γ =(1- wα )
α + Fe3C Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
1990.)
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
α (Fe) Co , wt% C
0.76
C0
pearlite
w pearlite = w γ
Hypoeutectoid
w α =S/(R+S) 100 μm
steel
w Fe3C =(1-w α )
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 28
14
Hypereutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L (Fe-C
γ γ +L System)
γ γ
γ γ
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
γ γ 1000
γ γ γ +Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32,Callister 7e.
Fe3C (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
γ γ 800 r s Binary Alloy Phase
γ γ α R S
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
w Fe3C =r/(r +s) 600 α +Fe3C Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
w γ =(1-w Fe3C ) 1990.)
400
0 1 Co 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76
(Fe)
pearlite Co , wt%C
w pearlite = w γ
w α =S/(R+S)
w Fe3C =(1-w α ) 60 μmHypereutectoid
steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 29
Chapter 9 - 30
15
Chapter 9 – Phase Equilibria
Solution: a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite (α)
b) the amount of carbide CO = 0.40 wt% C
(cementite) in grams that Cα = 0.022 wt% C
forms per 100 g of steel CFe C = 6.70 wt% C
3
1600
δ
Fe3C Co − Cα 1400 L
= x100 T(°C)
Fe3C + α CFe3C − Cα γ γ +L
Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
0.4 − 0.022
= x 100 = 5.7g 1000
6.7 − 0.022 γ + Fe3C
800 727°C
R S
Fe3C = 5.7 g 600 α + Fe3C
α = 94.3 g 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα CO Co , wt% C CFe
3C
Chapter 9 - 31
Chapter 9 - 32
16
Alloying Steel with More Elements
C eutectoid (wt%C)
Ti Si
T Eutectoid (°C)
Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni
Chapter 9 - 33
Summary
Chapter 9 - 34
17
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 9 - 35
18