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Experimental Verification of The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle For Fullerene Molecules
Experimental Verification of The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle For Fullerene Molecules
Complementarity is one of the essential paradigms of tively, we define it as the momentum spread required to
quantum mechanics 关1兴. Two quantities are mutually comple- cover the full width at half maximum 共FWHM兲 of the dif-
mentary in that complete 共or partial兲 knowledge of one im- fraction curve.
plies the complete 共or partial兲 uncertainty about the other 关2兴 The setup of the experiment, shown in Fig. 1, is similar to
and vice versa. The most generally known case is the that described in a previous publication 关8兴. An effusive ther-
complementarity between position and momentum, as ex- mal fullerene beam is produced at about 900 K. The velocity
pressed quantitatively in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle spread was as large as ⌬ v / v ⬃0.6 and was taken into account
⌬x⌬p⭓ប/2. For neutrons the uncertainty relation has been in the numerical description of the experiment.
demonstrated already back in 1966 by Shull 关3兴. Following The molecular beam is collimated by two piezocontrolled
the growing experimental efforts in atom optics during the slits. The width of the first slit S 1 , is fixed at 10 m, while
last decade, the uncertainty principle has shown up implicitly the width ⌬x of the second slit S 2 —which is located at the
in several experiments and has also been explicitly investi- distance L 1 ⫽113 cm further downstream—can be varied to
gated in the time domain 关4兴. investigate the position-momentum uncertainty relation.
While being a physical phenomenon of interest in its own In order to also quantitatively describe the experiment the
right, the complementarity between momentum and position properties of the slits have to be known rather precisely. The
is also an important factor for practical purposes: for ex- slits 共Piezosysteme Jena兲 are made of two silicon edges
ample, it is applied for the preparation of transverse coher- mounted on piezo controlled flexure stages. We obtain infor-
ence in all experiments using collimated beams, a fact that mation about the slit opening in three different ways: from
can be mathematically phrased using the van Cittert-Zernike the applied piezovoltage, from the reading of a strain gauge
theorem 关5–7兴. mounted to the slits, and finally from the total number of
There are good reasons to believe that complementarity molecules passing through the slit at a given opening. While
and the uncertainty relation will hold, in principle, for all the piezovoltage can be kept stable to better than ⌬U/U
objects of the physical world and that these quantum prop- ⬍10⫺4 it is well known that piezos show creep, hysteresis,
erties are generally only hidden by technical noise for larger and nonlinearities. However, it turned out in the experiments
objects. It is therefore interesting to see how far this that the passive stability over a typical time of 1 h was of the
quantum-mechanical phenomenon can be experimentally ex- order of 50 nm, as can be judged from the stability of the
tended to the macroscopic domain. diffraction patterns. From a calibration of the hysteresis
Here, we report on an experiment investigating in a quan- curve, we determine the change of the slit opening as a func-
titative way the uncertainty relation upon diffraction at a tion of the piezovoltage. In order to know the absolute slit
single slit for a molecule as complex, massive, and hot as the width we determined the zero position by measuring the
fullerene C70 (m⫽840 amu) emerging from the oven with number of molecules passing through the slit, when it was
an internal and translational temperature of 900 K.
It is well known that the limit ប/2 of the uncertainty re-
lation ⌬x⌬p⭓ប/2 is only reached for particular wave pack-
ets, for example, of the Gaussian-type. Evidently, the wave
packet after passage through a rectangular slit is very differ-
ent from this minimal uncertainty shape. This is also re-
flected in the far-field distribution that is described by the
well-known sinc function rather than a Gaussian. It is there-
fore a matter of definition and convenience, which quantities
to take as a measure of the position and momentum uncer-
tainty in our case. Obviously, for a wave traversing a slit, one FIG. 1. Setup of the experiment. A thermal C70 beam is pro-
can take the slit width to be the measure of the spatial un- duced by sublimation of fullerene powder at 900 K. The beam is
certainty ⌬x. The momentum uncertainty ⌬p can be related narrowed by S 1 and diffracted by S 2 . S 1 is fixed at 10 m. The
to the angular spread due to diffraction at the slit. Quantita- width of slit S 2 is varied with ⫾30 nm accuracy for ⌬x⬍1 m.
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EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE HEISENBERG . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW A 65 032109
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OLAF NAIRZ, MARKUS ARNDT, AND ANTON ZEILINGER PHYSICAL REVIEW A 65 032109
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