The Cray-2 Presentation Team

1. ATASHI DAS
2. SIZZLE MISHRA
3. PRIYANKA RAJ
4. BINAY SIDDHARTH
6. AWINASH SINGH
7. SYED EJAZ EHMED
8. ABHINANDAN PATTNAIK
9. SATWIK KASYAP
10. AVISHEK SARANGI
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 INTRODUCTIO
N
THE CRI LOGO

1. CRAY RESEARCH INC. (CRI), FOUNDED

BY SEYMOUR CRAY JR. IN 1972, HAS
LEAD THE FOUNDATION OF VECTOR
SUPER COMPUTERS.

 COMPUTERS THAT PROUDLY CARRIED THE CRAY NAME CAN BE DIVIDED

INTO GROUPS OF RELATED ARCHITECTURAL FAMILIES AMONG WHICH THE
FIRST INCARNATION WAS THE CRAY-1

 THE CRAY-2 COMPUTING SYSTEM IS AN EVOLUTION OF THE CRAY-1 SYSTEM

AND PROVIDES AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
AT A COMPARABLE PRICE.

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 HISTORY BEHIND CRAY-2

 THE CRAY-1 WAS A MAJOR SUCCESS WHEN IT WAS RELEASED. IT

WAS FASTER THAN ALL COMPUTERS AT THE TIME, EXCEPT FOR THE
ILLIAC IV.

 THE FIRST CRAY-1 SYSTEM WAS SOLD WITHIN A MONTH FOR US$8.8
MILLION.

 IN 1979 CRAY STARTED A NEW VLSI TECHNOLOGY LAB, CRAY

LABORATORIES, FOR THE CRAY-2 IN BOULDER, COLORADO.

 CRAY-2 MODELS SETTLED ON A DESIGN USING LARGE CIRCUIT

BOARDS ABSOLUTELY PACKED WITH ICS.

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 HISTORY BEHIND CRAY-2

 TEAMS WORKED ON THE DESIGN FOR ABOUT TWO YEARS, BUT

BECAUSE OF THE DENSITY OF WORK, CRAY GAVE UP AND DECIDED
IT WOULD BE BEST IF THEY SIMPLY CANCELL THE PROJECT.

 LES DAVIS, CRAY’S FORMER DESIGN COLLABORATOR WHO HAD

REMAINED AT CRAY HEADQUARTERS, DECIDED IT SHOULD BE
CONTINUED AS LOW PRIORITY.

 AFTER SIX MONTHS CRAY CALLED THE MAIN ENGINEERS TOGETHER

FOR A MEETING AND PRESENTED A NEW SOLUTION TO THE
PROBLEM OF USING LARGE CIRCUIT BOARD.

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 HISTORY BEHIND CRAY-2

 CRAY ATTACKED THE PROBLEM OF INCREASED SPEED WITH THREE

SIMULTANEOUS ADVANCES

 MORE FUNCTIONAL UNITS TO GIVE THE

SYSTEM HIGHER PARALLELISM

 TIGHTER PACKAGING TO DECREASE SIGNAL

DELAYS

 FASTER COMPONENTS TO ALLOW FOR A

HIGHER CLOCK SPEED

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 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 FACTORS AFFECTING SUCCESSFUL OPERATION OF CRAY-2
ARE
 LARGE SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
 MULTI-PROCESSORS
 INTEGRATED FOREGROUND PROCESSING
 LIQUID IMMERSING COOLING

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

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Evolution of Super Computer
TYPICAL LOGIC MODULE, SHOWING THE TIGHT PACKING.

THE “POGO PINS” CONNECTING THE CARDS TOGETHER

ARE THE GOLD-COLORED RODS SEEN BETWEEN THE ICs

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 BACKGROUND PROCESSOR
It includes four identical background processor.
Each of the four identical Background Processors
contains registers and functional units to perform
both vector and scalar operations.

IT INCLUDES
Computation Section
Control Section
A High Speed Local Memory

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Computational Section
Twos complement integer and signed magnitude floating-point arithmetic
 Address and arithmetic registers
 Eight 32-bit address (A) registers
 Eight 64-bit scalar (S) registers
Eight 64-element vector(V) registers;
64bits per element

 Address functional units

 Add/subtract
 Multiply

Scalar and vector functional units

 Add/subtract
Shift
 Logical
Population/Parity
floating point functional units
Multiply/reciprocal/square root

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 LOCAL MEMORY

 16,38464-bit words 
Holds scalar and vector operands during computation 
 Temporary storage of vector segments
 Four clock period access time to first word
 Overlapping register accesses with common memory
accesses
 Replaces CRAY-1 B and T registers

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 Control Section
Characteristics
 128 Bits Instruction Code
 32 Bit program address register
 32 Bit Base Address register
 32 bit status register
 8 Instruction Buffer

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 Common Memory Characteristics

 256 million words

 64 data bits
 8 error corrections bit per word
 128 banks;
 2 million words per bank
 Dynamic MOS memory technology

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Foreground Processor

 The Foreground Processor supervises

overall system activity among the
Foreground Processor, Background
Processors, Common Memory and
peripheral controllers.
 Firmware control programs for normal
system operation and a set of diagnostic
routines for system maintenance are
integral to the Foreground Processor.
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INTEGRATED
FOREGROUND PROCESSING

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 SPECIAL FEATURES

 PRODUCTION MODEL HAD 4 PROCESSORS

 SAT IN A TANK OF COOLING LIQUID CALLED FLUORINERT, THE

LIQUID THAT IS USED FOR HEART TRANSPLANT. THIS LIQUID WAS
PUMPED THROUGH THE CRAY 2 AND THE HEAT OF THE MODULES
WAS CARRIED AWAY BY THE LIQUID WHICH WAS THEN COOLED BY
REFRIGERATION AND RECIRCULATED.

 THIS HELPED KEEP THE SYSTEM AT A UNIFORM, STABLE

TEMPERATURE AND WITHIN THE SPEED RANGE OF THE
SEMICONDUCTORS (THEIR SPEED IS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT)

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 SPECIAL FEATURES

 TO TROUBLE SHOOT THIS SYSTEM, YOU NEEDED TO DRAIN THE

COOLANT. HOW TO RUN IT AT A STABLE TEMPERATURE FOR
TROUBLE SHOOTING? - TURN THE POWER ON AND RUN THE
MACHINE FOR 2 MILLISECONDS, THEN TURN OFF THE POWER FOR
AT LEAST 1 SECOND. EXAMINE THE RESULTS.

 SPEED : 4.1 NS CYCLE (244 MHZ)

 MEMORY : UP TO 256 M WORDS

 64 OR 128 WAY INTERLEAVE DEPENDING ON CONFIGURATION

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 SPECIAL FEATURES

 64 OR 128 WAY INTERLEAVE DEPENDING ON CONFIGURATION

 ELIMINATES THE SPILL REGISTERS IN FAVOR OF A 16K WORD CACHE

 CACHE FEEDS ALL THREE COMPUTATIONAL COMPONENTS WITH 4-

CYCLE ACCESS TIME

 HAS 8 16-WORD INSTRUCTION BUFFERS

 FOREGROUND PROCESSOR CONTROLS THE I/O SUBSYSTEM, WHICH

HAS UP TO 4 HIGH SPEED ] COMMUNICATION CHANNELS (4 GB/S).

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 ADVANTAGES OVER CRAY-1

 THE SYSTEM HAD A VERY SMALL FOOT PRINT SITTING ON A 1.35M

DIAMETER CIRCLE AND RISING TO JUST 1.15M. THIS IS VERY
COMPACT IN COMPARISON TO CRAY-1

 PROTECTED BY LIQUID IMMERSING COOLING

 INCREASED SPEED WITH THE USE OF ONE FOUR GROUND AND

FOUR BACKGROUND PROCESSORS.

 HAD A HUGE MEMORY STARTING AT 512 MB AND RISING TO 4GB.

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 USES AND SUCCESSORS

 THE CRAY-2 WAS PREDOMINANTLY DEVELOPED FOR

THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENTS OF DEFENSE AND
ENERGY

 USES TENDED TO BE FOR NUCLEAR WEAPONS

RESEARCH OR OCEANOGRAPHIC (SONAR)
DEVELOPMENT

 CRAY-2 ALSO FOUND ITS WAY INTO CIVIL AGENCIES

SUCH AS NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER, UNIVERSITIES
AND CORPORATIONS WORLDWIDE
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LET’S LOOK INTO IT

THE FRONT VIEW

LET’S LOOK INTO IT

THE SIDE VIEW

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LET’S LOOK INTO IT

THE UPPER PART

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LET’S LOOK INTO IT

THE INSIDE VIEW

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Bibliography

 Cray research papers

 Google
 Wikipedia
Wouldn’t have been possible without Ours
loving Ambika Sir

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THANK YOU….
Cray -2 Presentation Team

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