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DETERMIMING ALLOWANCES

•The normal time for an operation does not

contain any allowances.
•It is not expected that a worker will work all
day without any interruptions.
•Allowances could be classified into three
categories:
1.Personal allowance: Every worker must be
allowed time for personal needs. The amount
of the allowance could be determined by
making a time study or a work sampling
study. 2 to 5 per cent is normally enough for
the personal allowance of an average worker.
2.Fatigue allowance: Some kinds of work
involve heavy physical exertions and are
performed under adverse conditions of heat
and humidity. Work of such a kind requires
rest for the operator. Fatigue may result from
mental and physical reasons.
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3.Delay Allowance:
• Delays may be avoidable or unavoidable.
Intentional delays are not considered in the
time standard.
•Unavoidable delays are caused by
machines, operators, or by outside factors.
•In the case of machine or equipment
breakdown, the worker is usually taken of the
job and the delays do not enter into the time
standard.
•Delays caused by minor adjustments,
breakage of tools, lost time due to material
variations, or interruptions caused by
supervisors must be included in the time
standard.
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APPLYING THE ALLOWANCES:

•Personal, fatigue and delay allowances are
applied as a percentage of the normal time.

100
Standard time = normal time ´
100 - allowance in percent

•It is better to state the number of minutes per

day available for allowance than just adding
the allowance in per cent to the normal time.
WHY?
•WHY DO NOT WE USE THE FOLOWING
FORMULA?:
Standard time = normal time + (normal time ´ allowance in per cent )

See page 309 for more details.