WATER AND WASTEWATER

ENGINEERING
Module I: Water quantities Requirement
DOMESTIC WATER DEMANDDrinking 5 litres
 It depends upon the habits, social status, Cooking 5 litres
climatic conditions and customs of people.
 In India, Average consumption per capita is
Bathing 55 litres
135litres/day as per IS 1172-1171.

Clothes 20 litres
washing
Utensils 10 litres
washing
House 10 litres
washing
135 litres

 In developed countries 350 litres/capita/dayis due to use of air coolers, air conditioners, maintenance of
lawns, automatic household appliances such as home laundries, dishwaters etc.
INTRODUCTION
 Types of Demand
 Domestic water Demand
 Commercial and Industrial demand
 Fire-demand
 Demand for public uses
 Compensate losses
WATER FOR DOMESTIC AND NON-DOMESTIC NEEDS
( ACCORDING TO MANUAL ON WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT BY MINISTRY OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT (MUD), NEW DELHI

Description Amount of water(lpcd)

1.For communities with population
upto 20,000
(a) Water supply through stand post 40 (min.)
(b) Water supply through house
service connections 70 to 100
2. For communities with population 100 to 150
20,000 to 1,00,000
3. For communities with population 150 to 200
above 1,00,000
 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEMAND
(WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS
OTHER THAN RESIDENCE AS PER IS 1172-1963
Type of building Consumption per capita per day (Litres)

(a) Factories where bathrooms are required to be provided 45

(b) Factories where no bathrooms are required to be provided 30

Hospitals including laundry per bed

(a) No of beds not exceeding 100 340

(b) No of beds exceeding 100 450
Nurses’ homes and medical quarters 135
Hostels 135
offices 45
Restaurants (per seat) 70
Hotel (per bed) 180
Cinema concert halls and theatres (per seat) schools
(a) Day schools
(b) Boarding Schools 45
135

Garden, Sports grounds 3.5 per sq.m.

Animals/ vehicles 45
 FIRE DEMAND ACCORDING TO NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE

Q = 4640√P (1-0.01√P)
Where
Q- Quantity of water required in litres/min
P- population of the town in thousands
 It is used when population of town is upto 2
lakhs
 If the population is > 2 lakhs , the provision of
54,600 litres/min is made with extra provision
of 9100 to 34,600 litres/min for a second fire.
 FIRE DEMAND ACCORDING TO FREEMAN
FORMULA

Q= 1135.5 (P/10) +10

 F= 2.8 √P
F- period of occurrence of fire in years
 FIRE DEMAND ACCORDING TO KUICHLONG’S FORMULA
(FOR INDIA)

Q = 3182 √P
 For residential cities following fire demand is
used:
 For town having low building – 2200 litres/min

 For town having higher building – 4500

litres/min
 For costly colonies or valuable market and
public places – 7650 to 13,500 litres/min
 For 3 –storied densely populated colonies –
upto 27,000 litres /min
 FIRE DEMAND ACCORDING TO BUSTON’S
FORMULA

Q= 5663 √P
 Limitation
 It does not considered type of locality,
buildings, public places or industrial area
 It gives same result for residential and
industrial area.
FIRE DEMAND ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO MANUAL ON WATER SUPPLY
AND TREATMENT BY MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT (MUD), NEW DELHI

Q = 100 √P
DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE
 Water requirements for public purpose

Purpose Water requirements

(litres/m2/day)
Public parks 1.4

Street washing 1.0-1.5

Sewer clearing 4.5

DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE
 Water requirements for Live stock
Live stock Water requirements (litres/m2/day)

Cows 68.25
Hog 18.20
Chickens 0.09
Goats 13.60
Horses 45.50
Sheep 13.60
DEMAND FOR PUBLIC USE
 Water requirements for Irrigation Purpose
Purpose Water requirements (litres/m2/day)

Public parks 16850

Private Gardens 16850
Roadside trees 28150
COMPENSATE LOSSES DEMAND
 Water lost due to defective pipe –joints, cracked and
broken pipes, faulty valves and fittings
 Water lost due to unauthorized and illegal connections

 15% allowance of the total quantity of water is made to

compensate for losses, thefts and wastage of water.
PER CAPITA DEMAND
 Per capita demand = Q/(P *365)

Domestic use 135 litres/capita/day

Industrial Use 40 litres/capita/day
Public use 25 litres/capita/day
Fire demand 15 litres/capita/day
Losses, wastage and thefts 55 litres/capita/day
270litres/capita/day
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DEMAND
 Size and type of community
 Standard of living

 Climatic conditions

 Quality of water

 Pressure in the supply

 System of supply

 Sewerage

 Metering

 Water rates

 Age of community

 Lawn sprinkling
VARIATIONS IN RATE OF DEMAND
 Maximum seasonal consumption: 130% of annual
average daily rate of demand
 Maximum monthly consumption: 140% of annual
average daily rate of demand
 Maximum daily consumption: 180% of annual average
daily rate of demand
 Maximum hourly consumption: 150% of average for
the day
 R.O.Goodrich formula

p- 180t-0.1
EFFECT OF VARIATION IN CONSUMPTION ON
DESIGN
 Filters and pumps
 It is designed for 1.50 times the average daily demand.
 Distribution mains
 It
is designed for the maximum hourly demand of the
maximum day.
 Multiplying factor – 1.8*1.5

 Sedimentation tanks and water reservoirs

 It is designed for the average daily rate of consumption.
DESIGN PERIOD
 The number of years for which the designs of water
works have been done is known as design period.
 The design period is between 22-30 yrs.

 Following factors should be kept in mind for design

period:
 Funds available for the completion of the project. If more
funds available the design period shall be less
 Life of pipe and other structural materials used in water supply
scheme.
 As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to
the materials used in water supply works.
 Rate of interest on loans taken to complete the project.
 Anticipated expansion rate of the town.
 DESIGN PERIOD FOR PROJECT
COMPONENTS
Component Design Period (years)
Storage by dams 50
Infiltration works 30
Pump sets
(i) All prime movers except electric 30
motors
(ii) Electric motors and pumps 15
Water treatment units 15
Pipe connections to the several 30
treatment units and other small
appurtenances
Raw water and clear water conveying 15
mains
Clear water reservoirs at the head 15
works, balancing tanks and service
reservoirs ( over head or ground
level)