CP551 Sustainable Development

(SD)

SD is the environmental,
economic and social well-being
for today and tomorrow.

Source: International Institute for Sustainable

R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010 Development (http://www.iisd.org/sd/)
 Module 1:

Components of SD:
environment, economy & society
Games and group discussions to
introduce the need for SD in
today’s world

R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
SD as defined by Brundtland Commission:

“Development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.“
- “Our Common Future”, 1987

Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland

Former Prime Minister, Norway
Former Chair/ World Commission on
Environment and Development
Responsible for the broad political concept of SD
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
SD as defined by Brundtland Commission:

“Development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.“
- “Our Common Future”, 1987

It is assumed in the above definition that the state

of technology and the social organizations today
are unable to meet present and future needs of
everyone, including the world’s poor.

R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 Some landmarks for background reading
Earth Summit — the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil in 1992, and Agenda 21

United Nations Commission on Sustainable

Development (CSD) established in Dec 1992

Earth Summit 2002 or World Summit on Sustainable

Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa
in 2002
United States did not attend it.

R. Shanthini
Earth Summit 2012 ???
20 Aug 2010
Three pillars model of SD

Economic Growth

sustainability

Environmental Social
Protection Equity
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Three pillars model of SD (expanded)
Techno-centric
Concerns
(Techno-economic
Systems)

sustainability
Eco-centric Socio-centric
concerns concerns
(Natural (Human
Resources & capital &
Ecological Social
Capacity) Expectations)
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Three pillars model of SD (expanded)

As the circles
overlaps Techno-centric
sustainability Concerns
is becoming
more and more
realizable
sustainability

Eco-centric Socio-centric
concerns concerns

R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
The Egg of sustainability:

ecosystem
Stresses & Stresses &
benefits benefits
from from
ecosystem people to
to people people ecosystem

R. Shanthini
International Union for the
20 Aug 2010 Conservation of Nature, 1994
 What is to be What is to be
sustained? developed?
Life support Economy
Ecosystem services Wealth
Resources Productive sectors
Environment Consumption

R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 Discussion Point 1:
Write a list of what is to be developed and
what is to be sustained from your point of
view considering your values and beliefs.

Also indicate for how long.

Take 10 mins.
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 What is to be What is to be
sustained? developed?
Life support Economy
Ecosystem services Wealth
Resources Productive sectors
Environment Consumption
Nature People
Earth Life expectancy
Biodiversity Education
Ecosystems Equity
Equal opportunity
Community
Cultures/Groups Society
Places Institutions
R. Shanthini
Social capital
20 Aug 2010 States/ Regions
 What is to be For What is to be
sustained? how developed?
Life support long? Economy
Ecosystem services Wealth
25 to
Resources Productive sectors
50
Environment Consumption
years?
Nature People
Earth Now Life expectancy
Biodiversity and in Education
Ecosystems the Equity
Equal opportunity
Community future?
Cultures/Groups Society
Places Forever Institutions
R. Shanthini ? Social capital
20 Aug 2010 States/ Regions
Topic for group discussion:

Sustainable Energy
Could we reach it without
re-organizing the entire
energy system of the
present?
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Popular Energy Sources:

Oil, Coal and Natural gas

They are unsustainable and

inefficient.

WHY?
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 How is electric power
produced using oil,
coal or natural gas?

R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 How is electric power
produced using oil,
coal or natural gas?
Combined
Diesel
Power Plant
engine
(GT & ST)
Gas Turbine
(GT) Steam Turbine
(ST)
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Steam / Gas
entry

Steam / Gas
outlet

Gas Steam Combined

Turbine Turbine Power Plant
15 Aug 2010 (GT) (ST)
R. Shanthini
(GT & ST)
 Gas Turbine Power Plant

fuel hot
Combustion gases
compressed
Chamber
air

Comp- Gas
ressor Turbine

Gen
gases
to the
air stack
 Gas Turbine to produce Electricity

R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
 Gas Turbine driving a Jet Engine

R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
 Gas Turbine Power Plant

fuel hot
Combustion gases
compressed
Chamber (WGT)
air out
Comp- Gas
ressor Turbine

Gen
gases
to the
air stack
 Gas Turbine Power Plant
(QCC)
in
fuel hot
Combustion gases
compressed Chamber (WGT)
air out
Comp- Gas
ressor Turbine
(WC)
in Gen
(WGT) - (WC) gases
out in
ηth= to the
air (QCC) stack
in
Heat Loss
 Gas Turbine Power Plant

(WGT) - (WC)
out in
ηth= = 22 – 28%
(QCC)
in

Energy Loss
= (QCC) in - [ (W GT)
out
- (WC)
in ]
= 72 – 78% of heat released by the fuel

for 50 to 100 MW plant

Steam Turbine Power Plant

Steam
Turbine

Gen
 Steam Turbine Power Plant

hot gases superheated

steam
compressed Steam Generator
water
Steam
C
Pump Turbine

Gen

Condenser
saturated saturated
water cooling water steam
 Steam Turbine to produce Electricity

Oil could be used

instead of coal.

R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
Steam engines are also used to power the train.
 Steam Turbine Power Plant
(QSG) Heat Loss
in
hot gases superheated
steam
compressed Steam Generator
water
(WST)
out
WP Steam
C
Pump in Turbine

Gen

Condenser
saturated saturated
water cooling water steam
Heat Loss
 Steam Turbine Power Plant

(WST) - (WP)
out in
ηth= = 30 – 40%
(QSG)
in
Energy Loss

= (QSG) in- [ (W ST)

out
- (WP)
in ]
= 60 – 70% of heat released by the fuel
for 200 to 800 MW plant
 Combined Power Plant
fuel

GT

gases
atmospheric
to the
air
hot gases stack

ST
C

cooling water
 Combined Power Plant
fuel

GT

gases
atmospheric
to the
air
hot gases stack ST

ST
C

cooling water
 Combined Power Plant

ηth= Net Work out at GT & ST

Heat released by fuel

= 36 – 50%

Energy Loss
= 50 – 64% of heat released by the fuel

for 300 to 600 MW plant

 Nuclear Power Plant
Containment

CORE Control
rods

Pressurized water PWR

ST
C

cooling water
 Nuclear Power Plant to produce Electricity

R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
 Nuclear Power Plant

ηth= Net Work out at ST

Heat released by nuclear fuel

= 31 – 34%

Energy Loss
= 66 – 69% of heat released by the fuel

for 500 to 1100 MW plant

 According to the
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
when heat is converted into work,
part of the heat energy must be wasted
Power generation Unit size Energy wasted
type (MW) (MW)
Diesel engine 10 - 30 7 – 22
Gas Turbine 50 - 100 36 – 78
Steam Turbine 200 - 800 120 – 560
Combined (ST & GT) 300 - 600 150 – 380
Nuclear (BWR & PWR) 500 - 1100 330 – 760
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 Heat engine converts heat into work

Hot reservoir at TH K
ηth = Wout
Qin
Qin
TC
Wout η
Carnot
= 1 - TH
Qout
ηth < η
Carnot
Cold reservoir at TC K
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
 Where does all the lost heat
from power plant go?
Waste heat from power plant can be used for
domestic or industrial heating purposes.

It is known as cogeneration, and efficiency can be

increased up to 80% in cogeneration applications.

Discussion Point 2:
What are the possibility for cogeneration
applications in Sri Lanka?
R. Shanthini Take 10 mins.
20 Aug 2010
50% - 70% lost
in producing
electricity

2% - 20% lost
in transmitting
electricity

Generation, transmission
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010 and end-use losses
 Typical energy losses in an
industrialised country
Electric
power sector 70% energy losses

Transportation
sector 80% energy losses

Residential
& Commercial
sector 25% energy losses

Industrial
sector 20% energy losses
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Transport mostly uses Internal Combustion Engines
sector

EffCarnot = 1 - TC
TH
TH = Flame temperature

TC = Exhaust Temperature

600 K
EffCarnot = 1 -
2000 K
= 70%
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010
A Typical Car:
Engine losses in fuel energy conversion,
63 kJ
In engine cooling and with exhaust gases

6 kJ Driveline losses
Fuel
Energy 18 kJ
Aerodynamic
2.5 kJ drags
100 kJ
12 kJ

Rolling
4 kJ resistance
17 kJ Standby Idle

5.5 kJ Braking
Energy for
2 kJ accessories
R. Shanthini
15 Aug 2010 Source: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml
Discussion Point 3:
Why oil, coal, natural gas and
nuclear fuel are unsustainable?

Use the following definition of SD:

“Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs."

Take 10 mins.
R. Shanthini
20 Aug 2010
Discussion Point 4:

Is there a problem in burning oil

and coal to make electricity and
to drive automobiles in such an
inefficient manner?

R. Shanthini Take 15 mins.

15 Aug 2010